?北京市各地區(qū)2023屆高考英語(yǔ)二模試題分類(lèi)匯編-05七選五

一、七選五
（2023屆北京市昌平區(qū)高三二模英語(yǔ)試卷）Communion is a very difficult art. To commune with one another over many problems that we have requires listening and learning, which are both very difficult to do. ____1____ To commune with each other, we require a certain capacity, a certain way of listening-not merely to gather information, which any schoolboy can do, but rather listening in order to understand.
____2____ Learning is not merely the accumulation (積累) of knowledge. Knowledge never changes the way you think; experience never flowers into the beauty of understanding. Most of us listen with the background of what we know and we have experienced. Perhaps you have never noticed the difference between the mind that really learns and the mind that merely gathers knowledge.
____3____ It is always translating what it hears in terms of its own experience or in terms of the knowledge which it has gathered. It is caught up in the process of accumulating and adding to what it already knows, and such a mind is incapable of learning. I do not know if you have noticed this. So it seems to me very important that we commune with each other quietly, in a dignified manner, and for that there must be a listening and a learning.
When you commune with your own heart, when you commune with your friend, when you commune with the skies, with the stars, with the sunset, with a flower, then surely you are listening so as to learn. It does not mean that you accept or deny. ____4____ When you commune with the sunset, with a friend, with your wife or with your child, you do not criticize, you do not deny or support, translate or identify. You are communing. You are learning. You are searching out. ____5____
I think it is important to understand that a man who accumulates can never learn. Self-learning implies a fresh and eager mind-a mind that is not committed, that does not belong to anything and that is not limited to any particular field. It is only such a mind that learns.
A．Most of us hardly listen, and we hardly learn.
B．Here is a personal story that illustrates this difference.
C．The mind that is accumulating knowledge never learns.
D．How can we make the shift from accumulating to learning?
E．It seems to me of the utmost importance that we do listen in order to learn.
F．From this inquiry comes the movement of learning, which is never accumulative.
G．You are learning and either acceptance or denial of what is being said puts an end to learning.

（2023屆北京市朝陽(yáng)區(qū)高三二模英語(yǔ)試題）In our modern world, there are endless alternatives. Have you ever found yourself wondering whether you should quit or stay in your job, accept an offer or give it up for another? There is a simple and practical method that solves this problem.____6____When you understand the concept, you have the power to measure every alternative with precision and make the right decision.
In the field of economics, opportunity cost is the value that you have to give up when you choose an option over another good option.____7____Every time you choose something, you give up other alternatives together with their financial benefits. It is not all the other options, but the most valued one that is defined as the opportunity cost.
____8____Take the simple example of trying to decide whether to take public transportation for 80 minutes or to drive for 40 minutes. You might save on the cost of gas while riding the bus but double the trip length and miss out on other things you could have done during that time.____9____This is how you create priorities in your daily life.
Though useful in decision making, the biggest drawback of opportunity cost is that it’s often related to what’s hard to quantify.____10____After all, putting a number to your peaceful mind or happiness can be difficult.
Opportunity cost isn’t cut and dried. It varies from person to person. At the end of the day, you are in charge of what you own and what you want to gain.
A．It is about finding out the opportunity cost.
B．Weigh the losses and gains, and make your decision.
C．Opportunity cost matters not only in economics but also in real life.
D．This is especially true when the opportunity cost is of non-financial benefit.
E．The key principle underlying the idea is that there is no such thing as free lunch.
F．Most people overlook opportunity cost because the benefits are usually hidden from view.
G．It is the development of important skills that would help you move forward in your daily life.

（2023屆北京市海淀區(qū)高三下學(xué)期二模英語(yǔ)試題）Humans have long tried to conquer water. We’ve straightened once-winding rivers for shipping purposes. We’ve constructed levees (防洪堤) along rivers and lakes to protect people from flooding—We’ve erected entire cities on drained and filled-in wetlands. We’ve built dams on rivers to store water for later use. ____11____ But it’s not, argues environmental journalist Erica Gies,author of Water Always Wins.
Levees, which narrow channels causing water to flow higher and faster, nearly always break. Cities on former wetlands flood regularly—often disastrously. Dams starve downstream areas of sediment (沉積物) needed to protect coasts against rising seas. Straightened streams move faster than winding ones, giving water less time to flow downward. And they wash away riverbed ecosystems.
In addition to laying out this damage done by supposed water control, Gies takes readers on a hopeful global tour of solutions to these problems. Along the way, she introduces “water detectives” —scientists,engineers,urban planners, and many others. ____12____
These water detectives have found ways to give the slippery substance the time and space it needs to flow slowly underground. Around Seattle’s Thornton Creek, for instance, reclaimed land now allows for regular flooding, which has renewed riverbed habitat and created an urban oasis. In California’s Central Valley, scientists want to find ways to move unpolluted storm water into subsurface valleys that make ideal aquifers (含水層). ____13____
While some people are exploring new ways to manage water, others are leaning on ancient knowledge. Researchers in Peru are now studying old-style methods of water storage, which don’t require dams, in hopes of ensuring a steady flow of water to Lima—Peru’s populous capital that’s periodically affected by water shortage. ____14____ “Decision makers come from a culture of concrete,” Gies writes, “in which dams, pipes and desalination factories are standard.”
Understanding how to work with, not against, water will help humankind weather this age of drought and flood that’s being worsened by climate change. ____15____ Instead, we must learn to live within our water means because water will undoubtedly win.
A．Controlling water, Gies convincingly argues, is a false belief.
B．Instead of trying to control water, they ask: What does water want?
C．It seems that water is cooperative and willing to flow where we direct it.
D．These old-style underwater concrete techniques pave the way for the construction of dams.
E．To further understand the whole ecosystem, they believe effective water control requires effort.
F．The study may help convince those who favor concrete-centric solutions to try something new.
G．Feeding groundwater supplies will in turn sustain rivers from below, which helps to maintain water levels and ecosystems.

（2023屆北京東城區(qū)高三二模英語(yǔ)試卷）We have all been guilty of being over optimistic when predicting how long a task will take because of the planning fallacy. First identified in 1977, the planning fallacy was defined as: “the tendency to underestimate the amount of time needed to complete a future task, due in part to the reliance on overly optimistic performance scenarios (預(yù)測(cè)).”
It is extremely common._____16_____For instance, a study conducted with psychology students found that only 30% of them managed to complete their senior papers in the amount of time they predicted.
What’s more, the planning fallacy is an incredibly stubborn problem._____17_____While we are able to recognise past predictions where we have been over-optimistic, we often keep on insisting that our current predictions are realistic.
The planning fallacy is such a deep-rooted behavior. However, there are a few systematic strategies you can use to start building the habit of double-checking your time estimates. For instance, you can take the outside view._____18_____Make sure to consult experts and people who have attempted to complete similar projects in the past. If you’re a student, talk to senior students; if you’re writing a book, join a network of writers.
_____19_____You need to differentiate between tasks that are urgent and important, important but not urgent, urgent but not important, neither urgent nor important.
Once you have an objective estimate of the time it will take to complete a project, you need to make sure you have the time and resources to carry out your plan._____20_____Breakdown big tasks into smaller, manageable chunks. Don’t wait until the last minute to let people know you may need their help in the near future.
A．Defining your priorities also helps.
B．We don’t learn from our previous mistakes.
C．Do not base your estimates on your own criteria.
D．Focusing on fine details is the recommended practice.
E．We can see many failed or late projects, which lead to timewasting.
F．There have been lots of studies confirming the existence of the planning fallacy.
G．Block time in your calendar, and make sure the resources you need are available.

（2023屆北京市豐臺(tái)區(qū)高三下學(xué)期二模英語(yǔ)試題）The term “growth mindset” has become something of a buzzword in our life. You can find it everywhere you look—in the seminars of motivational speakers, in the education course descriptions, and in the mission statements of companies.____21____
One of the biggest misconceptions about growth mindset is that it is the same thing as being open-minded in your beliefs. This is untrue. Being open-minded in your beliefs is often the belief on what true growth mindset is, but this is actually called “false growth mindset” in the research community.____22____What this means is that they have a fixed belief on their intelligence level, which is exactly what a fixed mindset is. They believe that they are growing, when in reality they are not.
Being open-minded to other people’s beliefs and new things is great, but it does not mean that you are actually learning anything. Furthermore, there is no way to ever have a truly complete growth mindset.____23____It is important that you accept this and embrace it, while still desiring to experience growth anyway. This is the only way you can truly foster as m’ of a growth mindset as humanly possible.
____24____Unproductive efforts that are merely done for the reward or outcome are not considered to be growth mindset. True growth mindset has nothing to do with reward or outcome. Rather, it is based entirely on the learning and growing process itself. When you are invested in a growth mindset, you are invested in the process regardless of the outcome.
____25____You cannot simply “have” a growth mindset. You have to want one, and invest in having one. Understanding the truth about growth mindset will enable you to understand exactly how this trait can assist you in life.
A．Mindset is a lot harder than “just do it”.
B．It is virtually impossible, as we are all fixed in some way or another.
C．Another false belief is that growth mindset is about rewarded efforts.
D．A second misconception is that people’s motivation comes from the process.
E．But despite its popularity, some people don’t understand what it actually means.
F．This is essentially people who have an “I already have it, and I always have” attitude.
G．Growth mindset assists people in having greater results from what they set out to accomplish.

（2023屆北京市順義區(qū)高三下學(xué)期第二次英語(yǔ)統(tǒng)練題）Confirmation bias(偏見(jiàn)) is our tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs. It also describes how we try to find ways to look at unclear information in ways that support rather than challenge those beliefs — or simply ignore information that contradicts them. ____26____
People usually don't engage in confirmation bias on purpose.____27____ For example, if you heard that a politician you support was caught in a scandal(丑聞), you might be more likely to believe explanations that make them look less guilty. Meanwhile, people who dislike that politician would probably be more likely to believe stories that make them look worse.
So what can we do to avoid confirmation bias? ____28____ This can help us check if we only believe certain things because we never seriously considered other possibilities. It's also easy to surround ourselves with an “echo chamber” of people who think the same way we do—especially on social media.____29____ It can help us understand that there may be other ways to see the same issue.
And perhaps most importantly: we have to be careful not to jump to conclusions.____30____ We should try to learn more before deciding how we feel about something, even if it's very important to us. But that's often easier said than done.
A．The thing we most want to believe might not actually be true.
B．But research has found that it is real and affects our judgment.
C．But it can be helpful to talk to people who don't share our beliefs.
D．Research has shown that confirmation bias occurs in several contexts.
E．Most of all, accept that you have biases that impact your decision-making.
F．One thing we can do is try to look for evidence that contradicts our beliefs.
G．This is especially true for information about things that feel very important to us.


參考答案：
1．A 2．E 3．C 4．G 5．F

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了交流是一門(mén)非常困難的藝術(shù)，為了相互交流，我們需要一定的能力，一定的傾聽(tīng)方式——不僅僅是為了收集信息，就像任何一個(gè)小學(xué)生都會(huì)做的那樣，而是為了理解而傾聽(tīng)。
1．根據(jù)上文“To commune with one another over many problems that we have requires listening and learning, which are both very difficult to do.(就我們所面臨的許多問(wèn)題彼此交流需要傾聽(tīng)和學(xué)習(xí)，而這兩者都很難做到)”以及后文“To commune with each other, we require a certain capacity, a certain way of listening-not merely to gather information, which any schoolboy can do, but rather listening in order to understand.(為了相互交流，我們需要一定的能力，一種特定的傾聽(tīng)方式——不僅僅是為了收集信息，就像任何小學(xué)生都能做的那樣，而是為了理解而傾聽(tīng))”可知，上文提到了面臨的問(wèn)題，可知本句是在說(shuō)明人們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)對(duì)這樣的問(wèn)題的：大多數(shù)人幾乎不聽(tīng)，也幾乎不學(xué)。故A選項(xiàng)“我們大多數(shù)人幾乎不聽(tīng)，也幾乎不學(xué)”符合語(yǔ)境，故選A。
2．根據(jù)后文“Learning is not merely the accumulation (積累) of knowledge. Knowledge never changes the way you think; experience never flowers into the beauty of understanding. Most of us listen with the background of what we know and we have experienced. Perhaps you have never noticed the difference between the mind that really learns and the mind that merely gathers knowledge.(學(xué)習(xí)不僅僅是知識(shí)的積累。知識(shí)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)改變你的思維方式;經(jīng)驗(yàn)決不會(huì)開(kāi)出理解之美。我們大多數(shù)人傾聽(tīng)的背景是我們所知道的和我們所經(jīng)歷的。也許你從來(lái)沒(méi)有注意到真正學(xué)習(xí)的頭腦和僅僅收集知識(shí)的頭腦之間的區(qū)別)”可知，本段主要強(qiáng)調(diào)了傾聽(tīng)的作用，故E選項(xiàng)“在我看來(lái)，為了學(xué)習(xí)，傾聽(tīng)是最重要的”符合語(yǔ)境，故選E。
3．根據(jù)后文“It is always translating what it hears in terms of its own experience or in terms of the knowledge which it has gathered. It is caught up in the process of accumulating and adding to what it already knows, and such a mind is incapable of learning. I do not know if you have noticed this. So it seems to me very important that we commune with each other quietly, in a dignified manner, and for that there must be a listening and a learning.(它總是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或收集到的知識(shí)來(lái)翻譯它所聽(tīng)到的東西。它陷入了積累和增加它已經(jīng)知道的東西的過(guò)程中，這樣的頭腦是無(wú)法學(xué)習(xí)的。我不知道你是否注意到了這一點(diǎn)。因此，在我看來(lái)，我們以一種有尊嚴(yán)的方式安靜地彼此交流是非常重要的，為此，必須有一種傾聽(tīng)和學(xué)習(xí))”可知，本段主要說(shuō)明了積累導(dǎo)致頭腦無(wú)法學(xué)習(xí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)彼此交流的重要性，故C選項(xiàng)“不斷積累知識(shí)的頭腦永遠(yuǎn)學(xué)不會(huì)東西”符合語(yǔ)境，故選C。
4．根據(jù)上文“When you commune with your own heart, when you commune with your friend, when you commune with the skies, with the stars, with the sunset, with a flower, then surely you are listening so as to learn. It does not mean that you accept or deny.(當(dāng)你與自己的心交流時(shí)，當(dāng)你與你的朋友交流時(shí)，當(dāng)你與天空、星星、日落、一朵花交流時(shí)，那么你當(dāng)然是在傾聽(tīng)，以便學(xué)習(xí)。這并不意味著你接受或拒絕)”可知，本句總結(jié)上文與心和朋友交流的意義以及接受或拒絕的影響：你正在學(xué)習(xí)，接受或否認(rèn)別人所說(shuō)的話都會(huì)結(jié)束學(xué)習(xí)，故G選項(xiàng)“你正在學(xué)習(xí)，接受或否認(rèn)別人所說(shuō)的話都會(huì)結(jié)束學(xué)習(xí)”符合語(yǔ)境，G選項(xiàng)“acceptance or denial”是提示，與上文“accept or deny”呼應(yīng)，故選G。
5．根據(jù)上文“When you commune with the sunset, with a friend, with your wife or with your child, you do not criticize, you do not deny or support, translate or identify. You are communing. You are learning. You are searching out.(當(dāng)你與日落、與朋友、與妻子或孩子交流時(shí)，你不批評(píng)、不否認(rèn)、不支持、不翻譯或認(rèn)同。你在交流。你在學(xué)習(xí)。你在尋找)”可知，上文列舉了種種交流的方式，本句為本段最后一句，應(yīng)總結(jié)上文：從這種探索中產(chǎn)生了學(xué)習(xí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，這永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)累積。故F選項(xiàng)“從這種探索中產(chǎn)生了學(xué)習(xí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，而學(xué)習(xí)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)累積”符合語(yǔ)境，故選F。
6．A 7．E 8．C 9．B 10．D

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了機(jī)會(huì)成本。
6．根據(jù)上文“There is a simple and practical method that solves this problem.( 有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用的方法可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。)”和下文“When you understand the concept, you have the power to measure every alternative with precision and make the right decision.(當(dāng)你理解了這個(gè)概念，你就有能力精確地衡量每一個(gè)選擇，并做出正確的決定。)”可知，空處提到了一個(gè)概念，就是機(jī)會(huì)成本。A項(xiàng)中的“the opportunity cost”和下文中的“the concept”對(duì)應(yīng)。A項(xiàng)：It is about finding out the opportunity cost.(這是關(guān)于找出機(jī)會(huì)成本。)符合語(yǔ)境。故選A。
7．根據(jù)下文“Every time you choose something, you give up other alternatives together with their financial benefits.(每次你選擇某樣?xùn)|西，你就放棄了其他的選擇以及它們的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。)”可知，下文舉例說(shuō)明機(jī)會(huì)成本的具體實(shí)施原則，選擇了某樣?xùn)|西，就要放棄其他的選擇以及它們的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。E項(xiàng)：The key principle underlying the idea is that there is no such thing as free lunch.(這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵原則是，天下沒(méi)有免費(fèi)的午餐。)符合語(yǔ)境。故選E。
8．空處為段落主題句。根據(jù)下文“Take the simple example of trying to decide whether to take public transportation for 80 minutes or to drive for 40 minutes.(舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，試著決定是乘80分鐘的公共交通工具還是開(kāi)車(chē)40分鐘。)”可知，本段主要講述機(jī)會(huì)成本在日常生活中的應(yīng)用。C項(xiàng)：Opportunity cost matters not only in economics but also in real life.(機(jī)會(huì)成本不僅在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中很重要，在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中也很重要。)符合語(yǔ)境。故選C。
9．根據(jù)上文“You might save on the cost of gas while riding the bus but double the trip length and miss out on other things you could have done during that time.(你可能會(huì)在乘坐公共汽車(chē)時(shí)節(jié)省汽油費(fèi)用，但會(huì)使行程長(zhǎng)度增加一倍，并錯(cuò)過(guò)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)你可以做的其他事情。)”可知，在做決定之前要權(quán)衡利弊。B項(xiàng)：Weigh the losses and gains, and make your decision.(權(quán)衡得失，再做決定。)符合語(yǔ)境。故選B。
10．根據(jù)上文“Though useful in decision making, the biggest drawback of opportunity cost is that it’s often related to what’s hard to quantify. (雖然機(jī)會(huì)成本在決策中很有用，但它最大的缺點(diǎn)是它往往與難以量化的東西有關(guān)。)”可知，此處提出機(jī)會(huì)成本的局限性，結(jié)合下文“After all, putting a number to your peaceful mind or happiness can be difficult.(畢竟，用一個(gè)數(shù)字來(lái)形容你內(nèi)心的平靜或快樂(lè)是很困難的。)”可知，像情緒等非經(jīng)濟(jì)利益機(jī)會(huì)成本難以形容。D項(xiàng)：This is especially true when the opportunity cost is of non-financial benefit.(當(dāng)機(jī)會(huì)成本是非經(jīng)濟(jì)利益時(shí)尤其如此。)符合語(yǔ)境。故選D。
11．C 12．B 13．G 14．F 15．A

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文為一篇說(shuō)明文。人類(lèi)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直試圖征服水，但是《水總是贏》一書(shū)的作者、環(huán)境記者埃里卡·吉斯認(rèn)為：了解如何與水合作，而不是與水對(duì)抗，將有助于人類(lèi)度過(guò)這個(gè)因氣候變化而惡化的干旱和洪水時(shí)代。
11．上文“We’ve straightened once-winding rivers for shipping purposes. We’ve constructed levees(防洪堤)along rivers and lakes to protect people from flooding—We’ve erected entire cities on drained and filled-in wetlands.We’ve built dams on rivers to store water for later use. (為了航運(yùn)的目的，我們把曾經(jīng)蜿蜒的河流拉直了。我們沿著河流和湖泊修建堤壩，保護(hù)人們免受洪水侵襲——我們?cè)谂潘吞钇降臐竦厣辖ㄆ鹆苏鞘?。我們?cè)诤由现涡钏詡浜笥谩?”可知，人類(lèi)為了自己的目的，采用了不同的方式來(lái)管控水，C項(xiàng)“It seems that water is cooperative and willing to flow where we direct it. (看來(lái)水是合作的，愿意向我們指引的方向流動(dòng)。)”可推知，水貌似順應(yīng)了人類(lèi)的要求，人類(lèi)占了上風(fēng)，C項(xiàng)承接上文，下文“But it’s not, argues environmental journalist Erica Gies,author of Water Always Wins. (但《水總是贏》一書(shū)的作者、環(huán)境記者埃里卡·吉斯認(rèn)為，事實(shí)并非如此。)”，C項(xiàng)與下文為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，水總是能贏，下文引出話題。上下文銜接連貫，故選C項(xiàng)。
12．上文“In addition to laying out this damage done by supposed water control, Gies takes readers on a hopeful global tour of solutions to these problems. Along the way, she introduces ‘water detectives’—scientists,engineers,urban planners, and many others. (除了列出所謂的治水所造成的破壞之外，吉斯還帶讀者踏上了一趟充滿希望的全球之旅，尋找解決這些問(wèn)題的辦法。在此過(guò)程中，她介紹了‘水偵探’——科學(xué)家、工程師、城市規(guī)劃師和其他許多人。)”可知，此處介紹了一群關(guān)注治水的人，B項(xiàng)“Instead of trying to control water, they ask: What does water want? (他們不是試圖控制水，而是問(wèn)：水想要什么？)”，B項(xiàng)中的they指代上文中的 “water detectives” —scientists,engineers,urban planners, and many others，結(jié)合下文“These water detectives have found ways to give the slippery substance the time and space it needs to flow slowly underground. (些水偵探已經(jīng)找到了一些方法，讓這種光滑的物質(zhì)有時(shí)間和空間在地下慢慢流動(dòng)。)”可知，這些水偵探知道了水要什么，并找到了對(duì)策，上下文銜接連貫。故選B項(xiàng)。
13．上文“In California’s Central Valley, scientists want to find ways to move unpolluted storm water into subsurface valleys that make ideal aquifers (含水層). (在加州的中央山谷，科學(xué)家們想要找到一種方法，將未受污染的雨水轉(zhuǎn)移到地下山谷，形成理想的含水層)”可知，通過(guò)雨水補(bǔ)給地下水形成理想的地下含水層，G項(xiàng)“Feeding groundwater supplies will in turn sustain rivers from below, which helps to maintain water levels and ecosystems. (補(bǔ)給地下水反過(guò)來(lái)又會(huì)從地下維持河流，這有助于維持水位和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。)”表明，充足的地下水能保證河流的水量，上下文銜接連貫順暢，故選G項(xiàng)。
14．上文“While some people are exploring new ways to manage water, others are leaning on ancient knowledge. Researchers in Peru are now studying old-style methods of water storage, which don’t require dams, in hopes of ensuring a steady flow of water to Lima—Peru’s populous capital that’s periodically affected by water shortage. (當(dāng)一些人在探索管理水的新方法時(shí)，另一些人則依靠古老的知識(shí)。秘魯?shù)难芯咳藛T現(xiàn)在正在研究不需要水壩的老式蓄水方法，希望能確保水穩(wěn)定地流向利馬——秘魯人口眾多的首都，它經(jīng)常受到水資源短缺的影響。)”可知，秘魯?shù)难芯咳藛T依靠古老的蓄水方式管理水，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)“The study may help convince those who favor concrete-centric solutions to try something new. (這項(xiàng)研究可能有助于說(shuō)服那些喜歡以混凝土為中心的解決方案的人嘗試一些新的東西。)”，此處The study指代上文中的秘魯?shù)乃芾淼难芯?，下文“‘Decision makers come from a culture of concrete,’ Gies writes, ‘in which dams, pipes and desalination factories are standard.’ (‘決策者來(lái)自混凝土文化，’吉斯寫(xiě)道，‘水壩、管道和海水淡化工廠是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的?！?”，下文中的Decision makers come from a culture of concrete與F項(xiàng)中的those who favor concrete-centric solutions相呼應(yīng)，故選F項(xiàng)。
15．上文“Understanding how to work with, not against, water will help humankind weather this age of drought and flood that’s being worsened by climate change. (了解如何與水合作，而不是與水對(duì)抗，將有助于人類(lèi)度過(guò)這個(gè)因氣候變化而惡化的干旱和洪水時(shí)代。)”為對(duì)上文的總結(jié)，A項(xiàng)“Controlling water, Gies convincingly argues, is a false belief. (吉斯令人信服地指出，控制水資源是一種錯(cuò)誤的信念。)”是對(duì)上一句的進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)挛摹癐nstead, we must learn to live within our water means because water will undoubtedly win. (相反，我們必須學(xué)會(huì)用水，因?yàn)樗疅o(wú)疑會(huì)贏。)”，A項(xiàng)與下文為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，說(shuō)明了人類(lèi)與水之間的正確關(guān)系，上下文銜接連貫，故選A項(xiàng)。
16．F 17．B 18．C 19．A 20．G

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹的是規(guī)劃謬誤和避免這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法。
16．空前說(shuō)“It is extremely common.(這是非常普遍的。)”，說(shuō)明規(guī)劃謬誤現(xiàn)象是普遍存在的，空后說(shuō)“For instance, a study conducted with psychology students found that only 30% of them managed to complete their senior papers in the amount of time they predicted.(例如，一項(xiàng)針對(duì)心理學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有30%的學(xué)生能夠在他們預(yù)計(jì)的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成他們的畢業(yè)論文。)”，這說(shuō)明有研究證實(shí)了規(guī)劃謬誤的存在，F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)“There have been lots of studies confirming the existence of the planning fallacy.(已有大量研究證實(shí)了規(guī)劃謬誤的存在。)”說(shuō)明了有研究證明了它的存在，因此承上啟下，符合語(yǔ)境，故選F。
17．空前說(shuō)“What’s more, the planning fallacy is an incredibly stubborn problem.(此外，規(guī)劃謬誤是一個(gè)難以置信的頑固問(wèn)題。)”，說(shuō)明人們會(huì)很頑固，空后說(shuō)“While we are able to recognise past predictions where we have been over-optimistic, we often keep on insisting that our current predictions are realistic.(雖然我們能夠認(rèn)識(shí)到我們過(guò)去的預(yù)測(cè)過(guò)于樂(lè)觀，但我們經(jīng)常堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為我們目前的預(yù)測(cè)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的。)”，說(shuō)明我們堅(jiān)持錯(cuò)誤的預(yù)測(cè)，B選項(xiàng)“We don’t learn from our previous mistakes.(我們不會(huì)從以前的錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)。)”說(shuō)明了我們會(huì)堅(jiān)持錯(cuò)誤的預(yù)測(cè)，不會(huì)吸取教訓(xùn)，因此承上啟下，符合語(yǔ)境，故選B。
18．空后說(shuō)“Make sure to consult experts and people who have attempted to complete similar projects in the past. If you’re a student, talk to senior students; if you’re writing a book, join a network of writers.(一定要咨詢(xún)專(zhuān)家和過(guò)去嘗試過(guò)類(lèi)似項(xiàng)目的人。如果你是一名學(xué)生，和高年級(jí)學(xué)生交談；如果你正在寫(xiě)一本書(shū)，加入一個(gè)作家圈子。)”，說(shuō)明要參考別人的意見(jiàn)，C選項(xiàng)“Do not base your estimates on your own criteria.(不要把你的估計(jì)建立在自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上。)”說(shuō)明了要參考別人的意見(jiàn)，因此引起下文，符合語(yǔ)境，故選C。
19．空格處是本段的主旨句，由空后的“You need to differentiate between tasks that are urgent and important, important but not urgent, urgent but not important, neither urgent nor important.(你需要區(qū)分緊急和重要的任務(wù)，重要但不緊急的任務(wù)，緊急但不重要的任務(wù)，既不緊急也不重要的任務(wù)。)”可知，本段主要講的是要明確你的優(yōu)先級(jí)，A選項(xiàng)“Defining your priorities also helps.(明確你的優(yōu)先級(jí)也有幫助。)”說(shuō)明要明確優(yōu)先級(jí)，因此概括了本段內(nèi)容，可作為主旨句，故選A。
20．空前說(shuō)“Once you have an objective estimate of the time it will take to complete a project, you need to make sure you have the time and resources to carry out your plan.(一旦你對(duì)完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目所需要的時(shí)間有了一個(gè)客觀的估計(jì)，你就需要確保你有時(shí)間和資源來(lái)執(zhí)行你的計(jì)劃。)”，說(shuō)明要確保有時(shí)間來(lái)執(zhí)行計(jì)劃，空格處應(yīng)該要說(shuō)具體該怎么來(lái)確保有這個(gè)時(shí)間，G選項(xiàng)“Block time in your calendar, and make sure the resources you need are available.(在你的日歷上留出時(shí)間，確保你需要的資源是可獲得的。)”說(shuō)明了確保執(zhí)行計(jì)劃的時(shí)間的具體方法，因此承接上文，符合語(yǔ)境，故選G。
21．E 22．F 23．B 24．C 25．A

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要講的是成長(zhǎng)型思維模式以及對(duì)成長(zhǎng)型思維模式的誤解。
21．空前“You can find it everywhere you look—in the seminars of motivational speakers, in the education course descriptions, and in the mission statements of companies.(你可以在任何地方找到它——在勵(lì)志演說(shuō)家的研討會(huì)上，在教育課程的描述中，在公司的使命宣言中。)”講述成長(zhǎng)性思維這個(gè)說(shuō)法無(wú)處不在，很受歡迎，下一段“One of the biggest misconceptions about growth mindset is that it is the same thing as being open-minded in your beliefs.(關(guān)于成長(zhǎng)型思維模式的最大誤解之一是，它與你的信仰持開(kāi)放態(tài)度是一回事。)”說(shuō)明很多人不理解成長(zhǎng)型思維模式的真正含義，E選項(xiàng)“But despite its popularity, some people don’t understand what it actually means.(盡管它很受歡迎，但有些人并不理解它的真正含義。)”說(shuō)明很多人不理解成長(zhǎng)型思維模式的真正含義，因此承上啟下，符合語(yǔ)境，故選E。
22．空前“Being open-minded in your beliefs is often the belief on what true growth mindset is, but this is actually called “false growth mindset” in the research community.(對(duì)你的信仰持開(kāi)放態(tài)度通常是對(duì)什么是真正的成長(zhǎng)型思維模式的信念，但這實(shí)際上在研究界被稱(chēng)為“錯(cuò)誤的成長(zhǎng)型思維模式”。)”講述對(duì)你的信仰持開(kāi)放態(tài)度是錯(cuò)誤的成長(zhǎng)型思維模式，空后“What this means is that they have a fixed belief on their intelligence level, which is exactly what a fixed mindset is. They believe that they are growing, when in reality they are not.(這意味著他們對(duì)自己的智力水平有一個(gè)固定的信念，這就是固定思維模式。他們認(rèn)為自己在成長(zhǎng)，而實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有。)”講述錯(cuò)誤的成長(zhǎng)型思維模式的表現(xiàn)，因此空格處應(yīng)該也是介紹錯(cuò)誤的成長(zhǎng)型思維模式，F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)“This is essentially people who have an “I already have it, and I always have” attitude.(這類(lèi)人本質(zhì)上是一種“我已經(jīng)擁有了，而且我一直都有”的態(tài)度。)”承上啟下，符合語(yǔ)境，故選F。
23．空前說(shuō)“Being open-minded to other people’s beliefs and new things is great, but it does not mean that you are actually learning anything. Furthermore, there is no way to ever have a truly complete growth mindset.(對(duì)別人的信仰和新事物持開(kāi)放的態(tài)度是很好的，但這并不意味著你真的學(xué)到了什么。此外，沒(méi)有辦法擁有一個(gè)真正完整的成長(zhǎng)型思維模式。)”，說(shuō)明人不能擁有一個(gè)真正完整的成長(zhǎng)型思維模式，B選項(xiàng)“It is virtually impossible, as we are all fixed in some way or another.(這實(shí)際上是不可能的，因?yàn)槲覀兌家赃@樣或那樣的方式被固定住了。)”解釋不能擁有一個(gè)真正完整的成長(zhǎng)型思維模式的原因是我們被固定住了，符合語(yǔ)境，與上文是因果關(guān)系。故選B。
24．空后“Unproductive efforts that are merely done for the reward or outcome are not considered to be growth mindset. True growth mindset has nothing to do with reward or outcome.(僅僅為了回報(bào)或結(jié)果而做出的非生產(chǎn)性努力不被認(rèn)為是成長(zhǎng)型思維模式。真正的成長(zhǎng)型思維模式與回報(bào)或結(jié)果無(wú)關(guān)。)”說(shuō)明的是對(duì)成長(zhǎng)型思維模式的另一個(gè)誤解，成長(zhǎng)型思維模式與回報(bào)或結(jié)果有關(guān)，C選項(xiàng)“Another false belief is that growth mindset is about rewarded efforts.(另一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的信念是，成長(zhǎng)型思維模式是關(guān)于有回報(bào)的努力。)”說(shuō)明了另一個(gè)誤解是成長(zhǎng)型思維模式是關(guān)于有回報(bào)的努力，符合語(yǔ)境，下文對(duì)前文進(jìn)行具體的解析。故選C。
25．空后說(shuō)“You cannot simply “have” a growth mindset. You have to want one, and invest in having one.(你不能簡(jiǎn)單地“擁有”成長(zhǎng)型思維模式。你必須想要并為擁有一個(gè)（成長(zhǎng)型思維）而投資。)”說(shuō)明擁有成長(zhǎng)型思維沒(méi)有那么簡(jiǎn)單，因此成長(zhǎng)型思維不是說(shuō)做就做得到的，你必須為之努力，A選項(xiàng)“Mindset is a lot harder than “just do it”.(思維模式比“說(shuō)做就做”要難得多。)”說(shuō)明了思維模式很難獲得，引起下文，符合語(yǔ)境，故選A。
26．G 27．B 28．F 29．C 30．A

【解析】26．上文“It also describes how we try to find ways to look at unclear information in ways that support rather than challenge those beliefs — or simply ignore information that contradicts them. (它還描述了我們?nèi)绾卧噲D找到方法來(lái)看待不清楚的信息，以支持而不是挑戰(zhàn)這些信念——或者簡(jiǎn)單地忽略與它們相矛盾的信息。)”提到關(guān)鍵詞information“信息”，空處承接上文，也需要提到information“信息”。G項(xiàng)“對(duì)于我們覺(jué)得非常重要的事情的信息尤其如此?！敝衖nformation為原文復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選G項(xiàng)。
27．上文“People usually don't engage in confirmation bias on purpose.(人們通常不會(huì)故意產(chǎn)生確認(rèn)偏誤。)”提到confirmation bias不常出現(xiàn)；而下文提到confirmation bias在日常生活中的體現(xiàn)，故空處需要表轉(zhuǎn)折。B項(xiàng) “但是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)它是真實(shí)存在的，而且會(huì)影響我們的判斷。”有轉(zhuǎn)折，且it代指前文confirmation bias，符合文意。故選B項(xiàng)。
28．上文“So what can we do to avoid confirmation bias? (那么我們能做些什么來(lái)避免確認(rèn)偏誤呢？)”作者表示提問(wèn)，如何避免認(rèn)知偏見(jiàn)；下文“This can help us check if we only believe certain things because we never seriously considered other possibilities.(這可以幫助我們檢查我們是否只相信某些事情，因?yàn)槲覀儚膩?lái)沒(méi)有認(rèn)真考慮過(guò)其他可能性。)”承接上文，并且由代詞this,由此可以推測(cè)出，空處承上啟下，this指代一種做法。F項(xiàng)“我們能做的一件事就是試圖尋找與我們的信念相矛盾的證據(jù)?！狈衔囊狻９蔬xF項(xiàng)。
29．下文“It can help us understand that there may be other ways to see the same issue.(它可以幫助我們理解可能有其他方式來(lái)看待同一問(wèn)題。)”中有代詞it，且空處承接上文，故空處需要填另一種做法。C項(xiàng)“但是和與我們信仰不同的人交談是有幫助的。”強(qiáng)調(diào)了做法和看事情需要看兩面，符合段意。故選C項(xiàng)。
30．上文“And perhaps most importantly: we have to be careful not to jump to conclusions.(也許最重要的是：我們必須小心，不要妄下結(jié)論。)”和下文“We should try to learn more before deciding how we feel about something, even if it's very important to us.(在決定我們對(duì)某事的感覺(jué)之前，我們應(yīng)該試著了解更多，即使它對(duì)我們非常重要。)”均強(qiáng)調(diào)不能過(guò)于主觀。A項(xiàng)“我們最想相信的事情可能不是真的?！睘楸径我饬x相近，是在告訴讀者如何更好地避免認(rèn)知誤差，符合段意。故選A項(xiàng)。

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