?（6） 科教科普類

一、
An extremely rare manuscript(手稿) signed by English naturalist Charles Darwin is expected to fetch up to $790,000 at a Sotheby's auction next month.
The document contains a passage from the famous 1859 work On the Origin of Species, in which Darwin put forth his theory of evolution. The document was once thought to be a deserted page from an earlier manuscript of the work. But experts now understand it was written in 1865 and sent to the editor of the Autographic Mirror who had requested a signed writing sample from Darwin.
"While some of Darwin's notes and manuscript pages have survived over the last hundred or more years, he was known to keep revising his publications, often throwing away pages from working drafts as waste paper, making them extremely rare," Sotheby's said in a statement.
On the Origin of Species was voted the most influential academic book of all time in a public poll held during Academic Book Week in 2015. The book offers Darwin's revolutionary idea that species evolve over generations in the process of natural selection.
Darwin backed up his theory with evidence collected during his 1831-1836 voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle, during which he observed and collected specimens(標(biāo)本)from a number of species. On the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador, Darwin noted that the finches(鳴雀) on the island were similar to finches on the mainland; however, the availability of different foods in each area had led to differences in beak shapes.
The manuscript will be placed on display at Sotheby's in New York between Nov. 30 and Dec 8, and online bids will be accepted between Nov. 25 and Dec. 8. The auction house estimates that the document will fetch between $600,000 and $790,000.
The auction, which is titled Age of Wonder, will also include a first edition of On the Origin of Species and a copy of scientific paper by Darwin and another naturalist.
1.What do we know about the manuscript?
A.It's a page of On the Origin of Species. B.It's a draft of Darwin's scientific paper.
C.It's a signed writing sample to an editor. D.It's waste paper from Darwin's study.
2.What makes Darwin's On the Origin of Species the most influential academic book?
A. His methods of research. B. His adventure on the sea.
C. The rare manuscript. D. His theory of evolution.
3.What does the underlined phrase "backed up" mean in Paragraph 5?
A. supported B.explained C.declared D.created
4.What is the purpose of the auction?
A. To put the manuscript on sale. B. To display Darwin's works.
C. To vote the best academic books. D. To release a new discovery.
二、
Researchers from Singapore said in their new study that in older adults, doing housework was tied to a better memory and attention span, and stronger legs, which helps prevent falls. Shiou-Liang Wee, a researcher said, “Housework is a purposeful activity performed by many older adults and represents a significant share of their self-reported physical activity.”
For the study, Wee’s team investigated nearly 500 healthy Singaporeans between 21 and 90 years of age. Among younger participants, 36% said they engaged in enough physical activity to meet the goal researchers set as beneficial, as did 48% of older participants. But 61% of younger and 66% of older participants met this target only through housework, the study revealed.
After taking other types of regular physical activity into consideration, the researchers found that housework was tied with sharper mental abilities and better physical capacity, but only among the older participants. Scores on tests of mental ability were as much as 8% higher among those who did lots of housework, compared with those who did little, Lee’s team found.
And among older participants, balance and the time it took to stand up from sitting, which the investigators used as an indication of physical ability, were better for those who did lots of housework than for those who didn’t.
Dr. Maria Carney, chief of geriatric(老年病的) medicine at Northwell Health, N.Y., noted that exercise benefits your brain, and housework is exercise that also involves mental activity and requires detailed thought processes to complete. Physical activity increases blood circulation to your muscles and your brain, which helps mental function. Housework can be an important part of your exercise routine. Carney said, “It’s a task you’ve got to plan for. You’ve got to use devices; you’ve got to use equipment. There’s planning involved, so there’s mental exercise along with physical exercise.”
5.According to Paragraph 1, what do we know about the study?
A. Older adults benefit from doing housework.
B. Older adults doing housework do not fall.
C. Doing housework is a rising trend in Singapore.
D. Doing housework is older adults’ favorite exercise.
6.Which of the following was considered in the study by the researchers?
A. Participants’ ages, sexes and occupations.
B. Goals of physical ability participants set.
C. Ways in which participants do housework.
D. Types of physical activity participants do.
7.What are the research findings based on?
A. Research data. B. Scientific theory.
C. Related documents. D. Daily observation.
8.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. Why tools are used in doing housework.
B. How housework works for mental ability.
C. What physical activities should be done.
D. Who are more suitable to do housework.
三、
We all know that unpleasant feeling when we’re talking about something interesting and halfway through our sentence we’re interrupted. But was that really an interruption? The answer depends on whom you ask, according to new research led by Katherine Hilton from Stanford University.
Using a set of controlled audio clips (錄音片段), Hilton surveyed 5,000 American English speakers to better understand what affects people’s perceptions of interruptions. She had participants listen to audio clips and then answer questions about whether the speakers seemed to be friendly and engaged, listening to one another, or trying to interrupt.
Hilton found that American English speakers have different conversational styles. She identified two distinct groups: high and low intensity speakers. High intensity speakers are generally uncomfortable with moments of silence in conversation and consider talking at the same time a sign of engagement. Low intensity speakers find it rude to talk at the same time and prefer people speak one after another in conversation.
The differences in conversational styles became evident when participants listened to audio clips in which two people spoke at the same time but were agreeing with each other and stayed on topic, Hilton said. The high intensity group reported that conversations where people spoke at the same time when expressing agreement were not interruptive but engaged and friendlier than the conversations with moments of silence in between speaking turns. In contrast, the low intensity group perceived any amount of simultaneous (同時) chat as a rude interruption, regardless of what the speakers were saying.
“People care about being interrupted, and those small interruptions can have a massive effect on the overall communication,” Hilton said. “Breaking apart what an interruption means is essential if we want to understand how humans interact with each other.”
9.What does Hilton’s research focus on?
A. What interruptions mean to people. B. Whether interruption is good or not.
C. How to avoid getting interrupted. D. Why speakers interrupt each other.
10.What do participants of the study need to do?
A. Record an audio clip. B. Answer some questions.
C. Listen to one another. D. Have a chat with a friend.
11.What do low intensity speakers think of simultaneous chat?
A. It’s important. B. It’s interesting.
C. It’s inefficient. D. It’s impolite.
12.What can we learn from Hilton’s research?
A. Human interaction is complex. B. Communication is the basis of life.
C. Interruptions promote thinking. D. Language barriers will always exist.
四、
It is generally acknowledged that the older we get the more slowly we react. However, the new findings suggest that mental speed—the speed at which we can deal with issues requiring rapid decision-making—does not change substantially over decades.
Under the leadership of Dr Mischa von Krause and Dr Stefan Radev, psychologists at Heidelberg University evaluated data from a large-scale online experiment with over a million participants. They came to the conclusion that the speed of cognitive information processing remains largely stable between the ages of 20 and 60, and only deteriorates at higher ages.
In the online experiment, subjects had to press a button to sort pictures of people into the categories “white” or “black” and words into the categories “good” or “bad”. According to Dr Mischa von Krause, the content focus was of minor importance. Instead, the researchers used the large number of data as an example of a response-time task to measure the duration of cognitive decisions.
When evaluating the data, Dr Mischa von Krause and his colleagues noted that, on average, the response time of the test subjects rose with increasing age. However, with the aid of a mathematical model, they were able to show that this phenomenon was not due to changes in mental speed. They think that older test subjects are slower mainly because they reply more cautiously and concentrate more on avoiding mistakes. At the same time, motor function speed slows down during the course of adult life: older participants in the experiment needed longer to press the appropriate key after they had found the right answer.
Another finding of the study was that average information processing speed only progressively declined with participants over the age of 60. “It looks as though, in the course of our life, we don’t need to fear any substantial losses of mental speed—particularly not in the course of a typical working life,” says Dr Mischa von Krause.
13.What is the common assumption about the adults’ mental speed?
A. It declines with age. B. It is faster at the old age.
C. It is not affected by the age. D. It is constantly changing with age.
14.What does the underlined word “deteriorates” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Stays stable. B. Becomes worse. C. Changes suddenly. D. Increases rapidly.
15.What does Dr Mischa von Krause think causes the older subjects’ response time to rise?
A. Their emotional stability. B. The decline of mental speed.
C. Their mature and cautious nature. D. The lack of exercise for the older.
16.What is the purpose of the text?
A. To describe an online experiment.
B. To appeal to people to respect the elderly.
C. To tell people how to improve mental speed.
D. To reveal the conclusion of an online experiment.
五、
I’ve just asked Julie Gray, a biologist at the University of Sheffield, which species she thinks would be the last ones standing if we don’t take transformative(變革性的) action on climate change. “I don’t think it will be humans. I think we’ll go quite early on,” says Gray. Humans probably won’t be among the survivors, partly because humans produce young extremely slowly and generally just one or two at a time.
It may seem like just a thought experiment. But discussing which species are able to survive climate change is disturbingly concrete. As a report stated recently, one in four species currently faces extinction, which is closely linked to climate change. While the seriousness of climate change is undeniable, we can make some educated guesses about which species will have a better shot at going far.
According to Jen Lau, a biologist at University Bloomington, heat tolerant and drought resistant plants, like those found in deserts, are more likely to survive. So are plants whose seeds can be spread over long distances, for example by wind or ocean currents. Plants that can adjust their flowering times may also be better able to deal with higher temperatures.
We can also look to history as a guide. Cockroaches(蟑螂) adapted to an increasingly dry Australia tens of millions of years ago, by starting to dig holes in soil to hide. Cockroaches also tend to not be picky eaters. Having broad diets means that climate change will be less of a threat to them.
Furthermore, species called “mobile generalists” by experts can move and adapt to different environments and are more likely to last long in face of climate change. For example, deer in the US are common in suburban areas and manage to live where forests have been removed or are regularly disturbed.
Certainly, some animals would also survive if they could find a buffer: an area that is relatively protected from climate change’s consequences, such as deep sea canyons(峽谷), underground caves.
17.What does the author probably think of the answer given by Gray?
A. Ridiculous. B. Unreasonable. C. Upsetting. D. Exciting.
18.Which of the following can replace the underlined part in Paragraph 2?
A. Peacefully wait. B. Quickly die out.
C. Greatly change. D. Possibly survive.
19.Which of the following species is likely to survive climate change?
A. Trees growing in the rainforest and flowering at fixed time every year.
B. Animals good at digging holes and not particular about food.
C. Creatures mainly living in trees and spending most time sleeping.
D. Fishes that do not enjoy deep diving and like to stay in a bay.
20.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. How Climate Will Change in the Future
B. What Species May Survive Climate Change
C. Why Some Species Have Broader Diets
D. Where Species Can Hide in Climate Change
六、
Humans have always assumed that there is a huge gulf between animal behavior and human development. However, recent research into animals shows that animals are continuously designing innovative methods to finish their tasks. Examining the nature and results of their creativity can help us understand evolution.
Research shows that animals can also be creative. By inventing new behavioral patterns and adjusting their behavior to new contexts, as well as to changes in social and ecological environments, researchers show that animal innovation can also be diverse. For instance, chimpanzees(黑猩猩) use tools such as sharp spines and stalks to remove the hearts of palm vegetables from trees. Herring gulls(鷗) find out quite a cruel way of killing rabbits-drowning them in the sea.
Innovative species tend to survive when they enter new places, but novel behavior cannot be recognized unless "normal" behavior is studied. Researchers can now count and document the innovations that have been created by species, which would help them to quantify their creativity. Studies also show us that all animals are not equally inventive, with primates(靈長類) tending to be more innovative due to their bigger brains.
The greatest scientific significance has been the innovation shown by animals such as apes, capuchins and macaques among primates. These species of primates possess the biggest brains compared to their body sizes. They are also heavy tool users. Their broad diets and complex forms of learning are also insightful. They show an evolutionary strategy that gives them new solutions to life's challenges.
However, even if these animals show innovativeness, they do not have the ability to improve upon the solutions of others. Unless they share information accurately and copy each others' inventions, their creative inventions are likely to disappear before they can be innovated further. This ability can be managed only by humans, for we are able to build on shared knowledge.
21.What does the underlined word "gulf" in the first paragraph mean?
A. Difference. B. Conflict. C. Balance. D. Connection.
22.Why does the author mention "chimpanzees" and "herring gulls" in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To support a viewpoint.
C. To explain a natural phenomenon. D. To compare the two species.
23.What aspect of animals does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A. Their failure to share information accurately.
B. Their unwillingness to learn from each other.
C. Their inability to take creativity forward.
D. Their ability to cooperate effectively.
24.Where is this text most likely from?
A. A biography. B. A book review.
C. A short story. D. A science report.
七、
In habitats across the planet, animals periodically drop everything to walk, fly or swim to a new place. Wildlife such as whales and geese learn migration paths by following their parents. Others, including small songbirds, gain the distance and direction of their migration within their genetic code. And some animals use a combination of genetics and culture to guide their migration.
Another group of migrators does not quite fit either model, and researchers have only recently started to figure out how they find their way. Take the Cory’s shearwater, an oceangoing sea bird that migrates over the Atlantic every year. The young do not migrate with their parents, so culture cannot explain their journeys. And the exact paths vary wildly from individual to individual, making genetics equally unlikely.
Cory’s shearwaters are long-lived, rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the “exploration-refinement”, and until now it has been hypothetical (假設(shè)的) because of difficulties in tracking migratory animals’ movements.
But a team of researchers has done that by attaching small geolocators to more than 150 of the birds aged four to nine. They found that younger birds traveled longer distances, for longer periods, and had more diverse paths than older birds. “We finally have evidence of the ‘exploration-refinement’ for migratory birds,” says Letizia Campioni, who led the study. Younger Cory’s shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults—but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.
Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies, “exploration refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes,” says Barbara Frei. “It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe.”
25.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.It describes animals’ habitats. B.It talks about migration models.
C.It compares different species. D.It introduces a tracking technology.
26.What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.The opening for learning and practice.
B.The unique living habit of Cory’s shearwaters.
C.The way Cory’s shearwaters form their migration patterns.
D.The process scientists track Cory’s shearwaters’ movements.
27.What does Letizia’s study find about the younger Cory’s shearwaters?
A.They travel as much as adult birds.
B.They move in a predictable manner.
C.They lower the speed for exploration.
D.They look for a course with their parents.
28.What can we conclude from the last paragraph?
A.Man-made changes make migration easier.
B.Animals make a safer journey via a fixed track.
C.Course exploration contributes to birds’ adaptability.
D.A combination of strategies assures migration success.
八、
A good conversation should proceed like a tennis match: players each take turns responding, knowing instinctively(本能) when to speak and when to listen. This kind of complicated and back-and-forth talk is often considered to be possessed only by humans. However, according to a recent study, animals also seem to know when to speak and when to listen.
The study involved over 300 animals including birds, mammals(哺乳動物), insects, and frogs which practice turn-taking behavior. These animals alternate their call and response in a similar way humans communicate. Monkeys, for example, often exchange calls to locate each other in the wild and figure out whether they know one another.
While forms of communication are mostly sound-based, several species have more creative forms of viewable communication. Baby monkeys let their parents know they want to be carried with arm gestures, while birds, insects and frogs can get their messages across through colorful displays.
Kobin Kendrick, the main co-author on the study, says that making comparisons among animals that take turns when communicating can give us a better understanding of how this feature evolved in humans and our ancestors. "We know very little about the evolution and origin of the human language, so any possibility of gaining insight into it is worth going after," he says.
Additionally, while the idea of turn-taking might bring to mind a picture of orderly, well-mannered animals, Kendrick stresses that this isn't always the case. Owl(貓頭鷹) chicks may try to outdo each other by making louder sounds in an effort to attract favor from their mothers during feeding. "This can be seen as an exception to the rule, highlighting the importance of turn-taking in general," says Kendrick.
One problem with the study is that researchers themselves don't know how to communicate with others outside their particular species of interest. Kendrick stresses another goal of the study is to create a wider framework that can bring together all the different researches on turn-taking, allowing scientists to conduct more cross-species comparisons. "We all believe strongly these fields can benefit from each other, and we hope the study will drive more cross talk between humans and animals in the future," says Kendrick.
29.What can we learn about the turn-taking behavior?
A. It is a unique human quality. B. It is an acquired athletic skill.
C. It occurs between familiar relations. D. It features complexity and interaction.
30.Which of the following is a form of visual intercommunication?
A.Frogs show skin colors. B. Bees release smells.
C. Eagles scream in the sky. D. Monkeys exchange calls.
31.Why are "owl chicks" mentioned in paragraph 5?
A. To propose a definition. B. To give a contrast.
C. To present an argument. D. To make a prediction.
32.What aspect of research does the last paragraph highlight?
A. Research budget. B. Research range.
C. Research frequency. D. Research background.
答案以及解析
一、
1.答案：C
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“But experts now understand it was written in 1865 and sent to the editor of the Autographic Mirror who had requested a signed writing sample from Darwin.(但專家們現(xiàn)在知道,這份手稿寫于1865年,被寄給了《自傳鏡》的編輯,他曾向達爾文索要一份簽名的寫作樣本。)”可知,這份手稿是一份給編輯的簽名寫作樣本。故選C。
2.答案：D
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“On the Origin of Species was voted the most influential academic book of all time in a public poll held during Academic Book Week in 2015.The book offers Darwin's revolutionary idea that species evolve over generations in the process of natural selection.(在2015年學(xué)術(shù)圖書周期間舉行的公眾投票中,《物種起源》被評為有史以來最具影響力的學(xué)術(shù)書籍。這本書提出了達爾文的革命性觀點,即物種在自然選擇的過程中經(jīng)過幾代人的進化。)”可知,達爾文的進化論使達爾文的《物種起源》成為最有影響力的學(xué)術(shù)著作。故選D。
3.答案：A
解析：詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第五段“Darwin backed up his theory with evidence collected during his 1831-1836 voyage on the H.MS. Beagle, during which he observed and collected specimens(標(biāo)本) from a number of species.(達爾文在1831-1836年乘坐英國皇家海軍貝格爾號航行期間,觀察并收集了許多物種的標(biāo)本,以此來back up他的理論。)”可知,達爾文觀察收集物種標(biāo)本來支持自己的理論。劃線詞是support的意思。故選A。
4.答案：A
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“An extremely rare manuscript(手稿) signed by English naturalist Charles Darwin is expected to fetch up to $790,00 at a Sotheby's auction next month.(一份由英國博物學(xué)家查爾斯·達爾文簽名的極其罕見的手稿預(yù)計將在下個月的蘇富比拍賣會上拍出790000美元。)”可知,拍賣的目的是將手稿出售。故選A。
二、
5.答案：A
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一句話中的“doing housework was tied to a better memory and attention span, and stronger legs,”可知，A項正確。根據(jù)第一句中的“which helps prevent falls.”可知，做家務(wù)有助于預(yù)防摔倒，而不是做家務(wù)的老人就不摔倒，故B項錯誤。文中沒有提及在新加坡做家務(wù)現(xiàn)象呈上升的趨勢，故C項錯誤。研究中并沒有說做家務(wù)是老年人最喜歡的鍛煉形式，故D錯誤。
6.答案：D
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“After taking other types of regular physical activity into consideration, ...”可知，D項正確。根據(jù)第二段第一句“For the study, Wee’s team investigated nearly 500 healthy Singaporeans between 21 and 90 years of age.”可知，研究人員考慮了參與者的年齡，但是沒有考慮性別和職業(yè)，故A項錯誤。根據(jù)第二段第二句中的“...36% said they engaged in enough physical activity to meet the goal researchers set as beneficial...”可知：36%的人表示，他們參加了足夠的體力活動，以達到研究人員設(shè)定的有益目標(biāo)，文中并沒有提及參與者設(shè)定的目標(biāo)。故B項錯誤。C項關(guān)于參與者做家務(wù)的方式，文中沒有提及，故C錯誤。
7.答案：A
解析：寫作手法題。在第二、三段中研究人員通過對多項研究數(shù)據(jù)的對比分析，得出幾項具體的發(fā)現(xiàn)，故選A項。
8.答案：B
解析：主旨大意題。 根據(jù)最后一段第一句中的“...housework is exercise that also involves mental activity and requires detailed thought processes to complete.”、第二句中的“...increases blood circulation to your muscles and your brain, which helps mental function.”及引語中“It’s a task you’ve got to plan for...There’s planning involved, so there’s mental exercise along with physical exercise.”可知：本段主要內(nèi)容為做家務(wù)是如何有助于提升大腦功能的。故選B項。
三、
9.答案：A
解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第二句But was that really an interruption? The answer depends on whom you ask, according to new research led by Katherine Hilton from Stanford University.(但這真的是打擾嗎?根據(jù)斯坦福大學(xué)凱瑟琳·希爾頓領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一項新研究,答案取決于你問誰。)和第四段第二、三句The high intensity group reported that conversations where people spoke at the same time when expressing agreement were not interruptive but engaged and friendlier than the conversations with moments of silence in between speaking turns. In contrast, the low intensity group perceived any amount of simultaneous(同時) chat as a rude interruption, regardless of what the speakers were saying.(高強度組報告說,人們在表達一致意見時同時講話的對話并不是打斷,而是比在兩次談話之間保持沉默的對話更投入、更友好。相比之下,低強度組認為任何數(shù)量的同時聊天都是粗魯?shù)拇驍?不管說話人在說什么。)可知,希爾頓的研究說明了打斷對不同的人來說意義不同,由此可知希爾頓的研究重點是打斷對人們意味著什么。故選A。
10.答案：B
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句She had participants listen to audio clips and then answer questions about whether the speakers seemed to be friendly and engaged, listening to one another, or trying to interrupt.(她讓參與者聽一些音頻片段,然后回答一些問題,比如說話者看起來是否友好、投入、彼此傾聽,還是試圖打斷)可知,參與者們需要在聽完音頻后回答一些問題。故選B。
11.答案：D
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Low intensity speakers find it rude to talk at the same time and prefer people speak one after another in conversation.(低強度說話者覺得同時說話很不禮貌,他們更喜歡人們在交談中一個接一個地說話)可知,對于低強度聊天者來說,同時聊天是不禮貌的。故選D。
12.答案：A
解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"People care about being interrupted, and those small interruptions can have a massive effect on the overall communication," Hilton said. "Breaking apart what an interruption means is essential if we want to understand how humans interact with each other."("人們很在意被打斷,而這些小的干擾會對整體交流產(chǎn)生巨大影響,"希爾頓說。"如果我們想了解人類之間是如何互動的,弄清中斷意味著什么至關(guān)重要。")可推知,人類的互動是復(fù)雜的。故選A。
四、
13.答案：A
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段It is generally acknowledged that the older we get, the more slowly we react.(人們普遍認為,我們年齡越大,反應(yīng)越慢。)可知關(guān)于成年人的思維速度,共同的假設(shè)是它隨著年齡的增長而下降,故選A。
14.答案：B
解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段They came to the conclusion that the speed of cognitive information processing remains largely stable between the ages of 20 and 60, and only deteriorates at higher ages.(他們得出的結(jié)論是,認知信息處理的速度在20歲至60歲之間基本保持穩(wěn)定,只有在較高年齡段才會惡化。)可知deteriorates意為"惡化"。A.Stays stable保持穩(wěn)定;B.Becomes worse惡化;C.Changes suddenly突然變化;D.Increases rapidly快速增加。故選B。
15.答案：C
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段They think that older test subjects are slower mainly because they reply more cautiously and concentrate more on avoiding mistakes. At the same time, motor function speed slows down during the course of adult life: older participants in the experiment needed longer to press the appropriate key after they had found the right answer.(他們認為年齡較大的受試者反應(yīng)較慢,主要是因為他們回答時更謹慎,更專注于避免錯誤。同時,成年后,運動功能速度減慢:實驗中年齡較大的參與者在找到正確答案后需要更長時間按下相應(yīng)的鍵。)可知米沙·馮·克勞斯博士認為成熟謹慎的天性導(dǎo)致老年受試者的反應(yīng)時間增加。故選C。
16.答案：A
解析：寫作意圖題。通讀全文可知本文介紹了一個實驗得出的結(jié)論與人們的看法不同。文中涉及到了實驗的過程與結(jié)論。故選A。
五、
17.答案：C
解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句話“It may seem like just a thought experiment. But discussing which species are able to survive climate change is disturbingly concrete”.“這可能看起來只是一個思想實驗。但是,討論哪些物種能夠經(jīng)受住氣候變化的考驗是令人不安的具體問題?！奔跋戮涞闹尉洹癆s a report stated recently, one in four species currently faces extinction, which is closely linked to climate change.”說明這個問題并不是沒有依據(jù)的,而是有可能真實發(fā)生的。由此可知:就連這個問題本身都是“disturbing”的,何況在第一段中Gray給出的答案是:“I don’t think it will be humans. I think we’ll go quite early on,”人類不會在氣候變化下幸存下來。因此可以推斷,作者的感受是不安的。故選擇C項。
18.答案：D
解析：詞義猜測題。 結(jié)合一二段內(nèi)容，尤其根據(jù)“which species she thinks would be the last ones standing”以及“which species are able to survive climate change”可以猜測出劃線部分中的going far與上面提到的standing和survive同義。此外，本句作為過渡句具有引起下文的作用，下文介紹了幾種在氣候變化中幸存下來的動植物。因此可以推測劃線部分的含義為“可能存活下來”的意思。故答案為D。
19.答案：B
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句中“heat tolerant and drought resistant plants, like those found in deserts, are more likely to survive”以及最后一句“Plants that can adjust their flowering times may also be better able to deal with higher temperatures.”可排除A項；根據(jù)第四段可知，蟑螂通過挖洞來躲避日益干燥的環(huán)境及它不挑食的特點，成功地活了成百上千萬年，可知有著同樣特點的動物可能會幸存下來，故B項正確；根據(jù)第五段可知，移動多能者類動物適應(yīng)環(huán)境能力強，很有可能在氣候變化中幸存下來，而C中這種動物的特點與此相反，故C項錯誤。根據(jù)最后一段可知，能夠找到海底峽谷或地下洞穴等緩沖區(qū)的動物，也是可以幸存下來的，但D項中提到的魚類不屬于此類，故排除D項。
20.答案：B
解析：主旨大意題。全文圍繞“哪些物種可以在氣候改變的情況下存活”這一話題進行合理的猜想和科學(xué)的解釋，故選擇B項。
六、
21.答案：A
解析：詞義推測題。根據(jù)第一段可知, 人們對動物的普遍認知是動物不具備創(chuàng)造性, 因此動物與人存在著差異。
22.答案：B
解析：推理判斷題。第二段提出“動物的創(chuàng)新也是多樣化的”這一觀點, 緊接著用猩猩和銀鷗的例子來證明它。
23.答案：C
解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知, 動物不能將創(chuàng)造力發(fā)揚光大。
24.答案：D
解析：推理判斷題。通讀全文可知, 本文最有可能來自一篇科學(xué)報告。
七、
25.答案：B
解析：段落大意題。根據(jù)第一段In habitats across the planet, animals periodically drop everything to walk, fly or swim to a new place. Wildlife such as whales and geese learn migration paths by following their parents. Others, including small songbirds, gain the distance and direction of their migration within their genetic code. And some animals use a combination of genetics and culture to guide their migration.(在地球上的棲息地里,動物會周期性地放下所有東西去散步、飛行或游泳到一個新的地方。像鯨魚和鵝這樣的野生動物通過跟隨它們的父母來學(xué)習(xí)遷徙的路徑。其他的,包括小鳴禽,在它們的遺傳密碼和一些密碼中獲得它們遷徙的距離和方向動物利用遺傳和文化的結(jié)合來指導(dǎo)它們的遷徙。)可知本段主要講述了動物遷徙的模式。故選B。
26.答案：C
解析：代詞指代題。根據(jù)第三段Cory's shearwaters are long-lived, rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the "exploration–refinement", and until now it has been hypothetical (假設(shè)的) because of difficulties in tracking migratory animals' movements.(科里的海鷗壽命很長,很少在九歲前成功繁殖后代。這為學(xué)習(xí)和實踐提供了機會,來發(fā)展它們的遷徙模式。研究人員稱之為"探索精煉",由于難以追蹤遷徙動物的行動,迄今為止,這種方法一直是假設(shè)性的。)可知this指代的是Cory's shearwaters 形成遷移模式的方式。故選C。
27.答案：C
解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段Younger Cory's shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults- but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.(年輕的Cory's shearwaters 能像成年海鷗一樣飛得那么快,但它們沒有,這表明年輕海鷗進行了更多的探索,隨著它們的成熟,這些探索逐漸消失,并進入一個更好的路線。)可知萊蒂齊婭·坎皮奧尼的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了年輕的Cory's shearwaters 他們降低了探險的速度。故選C。
28.答案：C
解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies, “exploration refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes,” says Barbara Frei. “It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe.”(雖然這種方法看起來沒有其他方法有效, "在這個由于不可預(yù)知的人為變化而快速變化的世界里,探索精細化可能對鳥類和其他有機體有益,"Barbara Frei說。"重復(fù)最近成功的行為可能比依賴很久以前完善但可能不再安全的模式更安全。")可知從最后一段我們能得出結(jié)論:航線的探索有助于鳥類的適應(yīng)性。故選C。
八、
29.答案：D
解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段A good conversation should proceed like a tennis match: players each take turns responding, knowing instinctively when to speak and when to listen. This kind of complicated and back-and-forth talk is often considered to be possessed only by humans.(一場好的談話應(yīng)該像一場網(wǎng)球比賽一樣進行:球員們輪流做出反應(yīng),本能地知道什么時候該說,什么時候該聽。這種復(fù)雜而反復(fù)的談話通常被認為只有人類才擁有)可知,我們能從輪流行為中了解到,它具有復(fù)雜性和交互性。故選D項。
30.答案：A
解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段While forms of communication are mostly sound-based, several species have more creative forms of viewable communication. Baby monkeys let their parents know they want to be carried with arm gestures, while birds, insects and frogs can get their messages across through colorful displays.(雖然交流形式主要是基于聲音,但一些物種有更有創(chuàng)意的可視交流形式。猴子寶寶用手勢讓父母知道它們想被抱著,而鳥類、昆蟲和青蛙可以通過彩色的展示來傳達信息)可知,青蛙展示皮膚顏色屬于視覺交流的一種形式。故選A項。
31.答案：B
解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段Additionally, while the idea of turn-taking might bring to mind a picture of orderly, well-mannered animals, Kendrick stresses that this isn't always the case. Owl(貓頭鷹) chicks may try to outdo each other by making louder sounds in an effort to attract favor from their mothers during feeding. "This can be seen as an exception to the rule, highlighting the importance of turn-taking in general," says Kendrick.(此外,雖然輪流的想法可能會讓人想到一幅有序、彬彬有禮的動物畫面,但肯德里克強調(diào),情況并非總是如此。在喂食過程中,貓頭鷹雛鳥可能會試圖通過發(fā)出更大的聲音來吸引母親的青睞。Kendrick說:"這可以被視為規(guī)則的一個例外,突出了輪流的重要性。")可知,第5段提到了“owl chicks”是為了和有序、彬彬有禮的動物畫面做對比。A.To propose a definition.提出一個定義;B.To give a contrast.來做個對比;C.To present an argument.提出論點;D.To make a prediction.做一個預(yù)測。故選B項。
32.答案：B
解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段One problem with the study is that researchers themselves don't know how to communicate with others outside their particular species of interest. Kendrick stresses another goal of the study is to create a wider framework that can bring together all the different researches on turn-taking, allowing scientists to conduct more cross-species comparisons. "We all believe strongly these fields can benefit from each other, and we hope the study will drive more cross talk between humans and animals in the future," says Kendrick.(這項研究的一個問題是,研究人員自己不知道如何與他們感興趣的特定物種之外的其他人交流。Kendrick強調(diào),這項研究的另一個目標(biāo)是創(chuàng)建一個更廣泛的框架,將所有不同的輪轉(zhuǎn)研究匯集在一起,使科學(xué)家能夠進行更多的跨物種比較。Kendrick說:"我們都堅信這些領(lǐng)域可以相互受益,我們希望這項研究將在未來推動人類和動物之間更多的交流。")可知,最后一段強調(diào)了研究的目標(biāo),也就是研究范圍。A.Research budget.研究預(yù)算;B.Research range.研究范圍;C.Research frequency.研究頻率;D.Research background.研究背景。故選B項。

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