北師大版 (2019)選擇性必修第三冊(cè)Unit 9 Human BiologyLesson 1 To Clone or Not to Clone?優(yōu)秀ppt課件-課件下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

TO CLONE OR NOT TO CLONE
What d yu knw abut clning?
Clning can create identical genes.Clning can be used t edit genes.Clning can make an exact cpy f an animal.Scientists have brken lts f technical barriers when studying clning.We’ve clned several species, like sheep, cattle and dgs.Scientists want t prduce animal mdels that are helpful fr medical research.
similar in every detail
t make changes t sth.
classes f plants r animals
What additinal infrmatin wuld yu like t knw?
When was the first clned animal created?Why are scientists s interested in clning?What achievements have we made in clning?What prblems are we facing nw?…
Read thrugh the article. Draw a structural map t shw hw the paragraphs are rganised.
Fllw these steps:1. Lcate the key wrds in each paragraph.2. Find ut the tpics in each paragraph.3. Wrk ut the lgic between the tpics.4. Shw it in yur map.
Paragraph 1
① Clning is the prcess f making an exact cpy f a plant r animal and develping it either naturally r artificially. ② Natural clning has been ging n fr generatins. ③ Fr example, gardeners have been using a frm f clning when they take a cutting frm a plant and place it in a suitable medium, such as sil. ④ Anther example f natural clning is identical twins, wh are prduced frm the same egg.
identical: exactly the same
Paragraph 1 Key Wrds
Paragraph 1: Tpics
natural clning
Structural Map
T clne r nt t clne
Try t wrk n Paragraph 2.
Fr years, there had been attempts t clne animals artificially. The first successfully clned animal was a sheep named Dlly in 1996. At first, Dlly grew nrmally, but later she develped an illness... After Dlly, scientists have clned mre than 20 mammal species, including... Hwever, they have fund a similar pattern f health prblems…
Paragraph 2: Key Wrds
Paragraph 2: Tpics
artificial clning: clned mammals
Read the rest 4 paragraphs.
Paragraph 3: Key Wrds
In January 2018, the clning f tw lng tailed mnkeys, Zhng Zhng and Hua Hua, was annunced by Chinese scientists. They were the first-ever primates… t have been clned! In cmparisn with ther species, clning primates has prved t be “much harder”… Dr. Sun Qiang, directr f the research team, said they had been whlly devted t the research… The reasn they wrked s hard t break this technical barrier was…
Paragraph 3: Tpics
artificial clning: clned primates
Paragraph 4: Key Wrds
The successful clning f primates has led t wrldwide praise as a huge breakthrugh that might lead t cures fr varius diseases and may als ffer clues n hw t prevent the aging prcess. With this technlgy, we have the ptential t raise a large number f mnkeys with identical genes... This culd help save research time…
Paragraph 4: Tpics
the significance f clning f primates
Paragraph 5: Key Wrds
Clning, hwever, cntinues t be an issue that causes a great deal f disagreement and prvkes strng emtins. While sme peple believe it is crucial fr scientific advancement, thers raise mral cncerns. They believe it is bund t lead t... Fr example, they wnder if... Furthermre, clnes may... Finally, they wrry...
prvke: t cause
be bund t: be certain t
Paragraph 5: Tpics
mral cncerns
Paragraph 6: Key Wrds
S far, it is still unknwn what will happen t Zhng Zhng and Hua Hua as they grw up. Researchers insist that the science f clning shuld be further explred and advanced. As Einstein said, “Science is a pwerful instrument...”
Paragraph 6: Tpics
Find ut the tpics in each paragraph.
Wrk ut the lgic between the tpics.
Shw it in yur map.
Read fr details
1. What was the first clned mammal? What happened t her?2. Hw was the science f clning mammals develped since the first clned mammal?3. What develpment in clning was annunced in 2018? What was special abut it?4. Fr hw lng did Dr. Sun Qiang’s team wrk? Why did they wrk s hard?5. Why was it significant t clne primates?
paragraph 2
paragraph 3
paragraph 4
Natural clning has taken place fr generatins. An example f this is identical 1_____. A sheep called Dlly was the first mammal t be clned 2__________. Since Dlly, mre than 20 mammal 3_______ have been clned including camels and gats. In 2018, China annunced that tw mnkeys had been clned. In cmparisn with ther species, scientists have had t wrk hard t break the technical 4_______ t get primates with 5_______ genes.
artificially
Cmplete the summary using the infrmatin in the article.
Scientists say that this majr breakthrugh ffers the 6________ t create mnkeys with 7__________ genes t give mre 8________ research results and perhaps lead t 9_____ fr varius diseases. Whilst (While) scientists insist it is 10______ t cntinue research, thers raise 11_____ cncerns and wrry that the technlgy might be 12______ by sme rganizatins.
G ver the article again and answer the fllwing questins.
1. Why d researchers insist that the science f clning shuld be further explred and advanced?2. What is the writer’s attitude twards clning? Find evidence.
1. Why d researchers insist that the science f clning shuld be further explred and advanced?
Para. 3: t get animals with edited genes and prduce animal mdels that are helpful fr medical research and human health.Para. 4: a huge breakthrugh that might lead t cures fr varius diseases and may als ffer clues n hw t prevent the aging prcess… change their genes t suit research needs… save research time… prduce mre accurate results… mre effective treatments.
Researchers insist n explring clning t cntinue making prgress in curing diseases and develping treatments.
2. What is the writer’s attitude twards clning? Find evidence.
The writer feels that clning can be a helpful tl in medical research but that it can als becme dangerus. Evidence f this is in the writer’s use f Einstein’s qute.
“Science is a pwerful instrument. Hw it is used, whether it is a blessing r a curse t mankind, depends n mankind and nt n the instrument. A knife is useful, but it can als kill.”
Evidence can be fund in the rest part f the article.
After reading this article, d yu think clning is a gd idea? Use what yu have learnt t try t persuade smene t accept yur pint f view.
It’s a gd idea: the ptential f clning scientists’ devtin Einstein’s qute
It’s a bad idea: clnes’ health prblems mral cncerns Einstein’s qute
Clning is a gd idea. Clning might lead t cures fr varius diseases and may als ffer clues n hw t prevent the aging prcess. Besides, clning can change animals’ genes t suit research needs s as t save research time, prduce mre accurate results and lead t mre effective treatments. At the same time, it als reduces the number f animals required fr testing. S it benefits nt nly mankind but als animals in a way. Accrding t Einstein, science is just a tl. S, we shuld regulate the way we use tls instead f giving them up.
Clning is a bad idea. Clnes always develp a similar pattern f health prblems and die at an early age, which is an unslved prblem. Besides, clning raises mral cncerns. Sme believe it is bund t lead t clning f ther species. The identity f clnes is als questined. Are they bjects r individuals with identity? Will the technlgy be abused by sme rganizatins? Accrding t Einstein, used in a wrng way, useful tls can als kill. S, we shuld stp clning s as t avid the ptential prblems.
Accrding t Einstein, …
Accrding t Einstein, science is just a tl. S, we shuld regulate the way we use tls instead f giving them up.
Accrding t Einstein, used in a wrng way, useful tls can als kill. S, we shuld stp clning s as t avid the ptential prblems.
Different interpretatins f the same qutatin.
1. Plish up yur writing.2. Finish the wrkbk.
Language pints
教材原句p.52 it’s nrmal t have high expectatins when a lm f a favurite bk is made. ……如果人們最喜歡的書籍被翻拍成電影，他們對(duì)電影的期待高，這很正常。
1 expectatin n. 期待，預(yù)期，預(yù)料in（the）expectatin f 期待，期望abve/belw expectatins 高于/ 低于預(yù)期搭配beynd（ne’s）expectatins 出乎意料（好于預(yù)期） against/cntrary t expectatins 出乎意料（與預(yù)期相反） cme/live up t（ne’s）expectatins 達(dá)到預(yù)期He ffered t undertake the task in the expectatin f btaining his bss’s appreciatin.他主動(dòng)承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)任務(wù)，希望得到老板的賞識(shí)。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ We did s well —beynd all ur expectatins. 我們做得非常好——超過(guò)了我們所有人的預(yù)期。Against all expectatins，he accumulated s much wealth in such a shrt time. 完全沒(méi)想到，他在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)積累了如此多的財(cái)富。The hliday lived up t all ur expectatins. 假期過(guò)得一點(diǎn)兒也沒(méi)有讓我們失望。
Ⅰ 閱讀理解（根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容選擇正確答案） 1. It can be inferred frm the passage that a clned animal 　　　　. A. usually lives as lng as the riginal ne B. usually lives lnger than the riginal ne C. usually dies earlier than the riginal ne D. is usually as healthy as the riginal ne 2. Why did Chinese scientists wrk s hard t break this technical barrier t clne Zhng Zhng and Hua Hua? A. They thught it helpful fr medical research and human health. B. They wanted t earn much mney and fame as well. C. They culd be the first t have clned primates species. D. They wanted t surpass the ther scientists.
3. Which f the fllwing is nt an advantage f clning? A. Clning can be used fr medical purpses. B. Large quantities f fd can be prduced by clning. C. Clning can help keep animals frm becming extinct. D. Famus persns wh have passed away can be clned. 4. We can use the skill f clning t 　　　　. A. bring abut glbal peace B. create ther famus scientists C. cure sme special diseases D. clne a mre perfect self t the wrld
Ⅱ 語(yǔ)法填空（根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)法規(guī)則完成短文）　　Clning is the prcess f making an exact cpy f a plant r animal and 1______________（develp）it either naturally r artificially. Natural clning has been ging n fr generatins. 　　Fr years，there had been attempts t clne animals artificially. The first 2 ______________ （successful）clned animal was a sheep 3　　　　（name）Dlly in 1996. After Dlly，scientists have clned mre than 20 mammal species. In January 2018，the clning f tw mnkeys，the first-ever primates 4 ______________ （annunce）by Chinese scientists. With this technlgy，we have the ptential 5　　　　（raise）a large number f mnkeys and can even change their genes t suit research needs. Clning， hwever，cntinues t be 6_______ issue that causes a great deal f disagreement and 7　　　?。╬rvke） strng emtins. Sme peple raise mral cncerns. Furthermre，clnes may als suffer 8　　　　 feelings that they are merely a cpy f anther individual. Finally， sme peple wrry that sme 9 ______________（rganisatin） may abuse the technlgy fr unethical purpses. 　　S far，it is still unknwn 10　　　　 will happen t the clned mnkeys as they grw up. Researchers insist that the science f clning shuld be further explred and advanced.
develping 　
successfully 　
was annunced
rganisatins
教材原句p.52 Clning is the prcess f making an exact cpy f a plant r animal and develping it either naturally r artificially. 克隆是通過(guò)自然或人為的方式，對(duì)植物或動(dòng)物進(jìn)行精確復(fù)制、培育的過(guò)程。1 artificially adv. 人為地；虛假地 Why des the scientist need an artificially intelligent cmputer as an assistant? 為什么這位科學(xué)家需要人工智能電腦當(dāng)助手呢？［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ Therefre learning ccurs wherever evlutin is，even if artificially. 因此，凡有進(jìn)化，哪怕是人工進(jìn)化的地方就會(huì)有學(xué)習(xí)?！驹~語(yǔ)積累】 artificial adj. 人工的；假的　artificial intelligence（AI）人工智能
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］They were taking advantage f an 　　　　 ?。╝rtificial）lw cst f capital. （2） They have kept the price f sugar 　　　　　（artificial）high and s fattened the cmpany’s prfits. 完成句子（3）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］It was the first cmmercially available machine t emply ________________________（人工智能）.
artificially 　
artificial intelligence
教材原句p.52 Anther example f natural clning is identical twins... 自然克隆的另一個(gè)例子是同卵雙胞胎…… 2 identical adj. 完全相同的，非常相似的搭配be identical t/with 與……完全相同be identical in 在……方面極其相似a rw f identical huses 完全一樣的一排房子 Her dress is almst identical t mine. 她的連衣裙和我的幾乎一模一樣。 The sisters were identical in appearance and character. 這對(duì)姐妹在相貌和性格上極其相似?！驹~語(yǔ)積累】 identity n. 特性；身份　identify vt. 確認(rèn)；認(rèn)出；發(fā)現(xiàn)Scientists have identified a link between diet and cancer. 科學(xué)家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了飲食與癌癥之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］Tm must have taken yur dictinary by mistake. Yur dictinary is identical ___　　　　　 his. （2） The tw cmputers were identical 　　　　　 design. （3） The number n the card shuld be 　　　　　（identity）with the ne n the chequebk. （4） The thief used a false 　　　　　（identify） s that he culdn’t be discvered. （5） The child may be 　　　　 ?。╥dentify）by his clthing.
identical 　
identified
原句p.52 In cmparisn with ther species，clning primates has prved t be“much harder”... 與其他的物種相比，克隆靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物被證明要“困難得多”…… 3 cmparisn n. 比較搭配：by/in cmparisn with 與……相比In cmparisn with the Americans，Chinese are mre sensitive abut their faces. 與美國(guó)人相比，中國(guó)人對(duì)他們的臉面更加敏感。By cmparisn with ther clleagues，he has greater capability t deal with such prblems. 與其他同事相比，他處理這類問(wèn)題的能力更強(qiáng)。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］【歸納拓展】 cmpare v. 比較，對(duì)比
把……與……對(duì)比把……與……對(duì)比，把……比作…… cmpared with/t 與……相比cmpare ntes（with sb）（與某人）交換意見(jiàn)beynd/withut cmpare 無(wú)與倫比Bks can be cmpared t friends. 書可被比作朋友。 Cmpared with/t ur small flat，Bill’s huse seems like a palace. 與我們的小公寓相比，比爾的房子就像一座宮殿。Accrding t my mther，the mvie directed and starred by him is beynd cmpare. 據(jù)我媽媽所說(shuō)，他導(dǎo)演并主演的電影是無(wú)與倫比的。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1） When we cmpare ur films 　　　　　 freign nes，we find many differences. （2） Recently a survey 　　　　 ?。╟mpare） prices f the same gds in tw different supermarkets has caused a heated debate amng citizens. （3） Film has a much shrter histry，especially when 　　　　 ?。╟mpare）t such art frms as music and painting. （4） The yung persns are ften cmpared 　　　　　 the rising sun in the mrning. （5）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］In 　　　　 ?。╟mpare）with the previus study，the new study expanded research subjects. （6）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］I lve watching films abut rmance and I think they are 　　　　　 cmpare.
教材原句p.52 Dr. Sun Qiang，directr f the research team， said they had been whlly devted t the research... 研究小組的負(fù)責(zé)人孫強(qiáng)博士說(shuō)，他們?nèi)硇牡赝度氲窖芯恐小?4 be devted t 專心于/ 致力于……的；獻(xiàn)身……的；摯愛(ài)……的They are devted t their children. 他們深愛(ài)著自己的孩子。 The specialist has been devted t helping the farmers t raise crp prductin these years. 這些年來(lái)，這位專家一直致力于幫助農(nóng)民提高農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］【歸納拓展】 devte neself t 獻(xiàn)身于，致力于devte ne’s life/time/energy/attentin t... 把某人的生命/ 時(shí)間/ 精力/ 注意力奉獻(xiàn)于…… Qian Xuesen devted himself entirely t science. 錢學(xué)森把一生都獻(xiàn)給了科學(xué)事業(yè)。He devted mst f his time t his painting.他把大部分時(shí)間用于繪畫。【誤區(qū)警示】和 be devted t 中的 t 均為介詞，后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］As we all knw，he is a generus，　　　　 ?。╠evte），reliable and warm-hearted friend. （2）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］Mr Reed made up his mind t devte all he had t 　　　　 ?。╯et）up sme schls fr pr children. （3） Fans will shw their 　　　　 ?。╠evte） by waiting fr hurs t get tickets fr their favurite singer’s cncert. （4）We devted a lt f time t 　　　　　（persuade）the stubbrn ld man t change his mind. 完成句子（5） Yu will never achieve success unless yu _____________________________________（致力于）yur wrk. （6）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］He was determined t ________________________________（將自己的余生獻(xiàn)給）flk music.
persuading
devte yurself t/are devted t 　
devte the rest f his life t
教材原句p.52 There had been a number f failures... 歷經(jīng)多次失敗…… 5 a number f 若干，一些；許多He held a number f patents fr his many innvatins. 他為他的許多革新申請(qǐng)了幾項(xiàng)專利。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］【學(xué)法點(diǎn)撥】 a（great）number f（許多，大量的）+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+ 復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)the number f（……的數(shù)量）+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+ 單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)A number f participants have participated in the activity and the number f them has been calculated t ver 500. 許多人參加了這次活動(dòng)，據(jù)計(jì)算，人數(shù)已超過(guò)500。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
【歸納拓展】以下短語(yǔ)接名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化：　a large amunt f + 不可數(shù)名詞+ 單數(shù)謂語(yǔ) 　large amunts f + 不可數(shù)名詞+ 復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ) 　a（large）quantity f + 　不可數(shù)名詞 + 單數(shù)謂語(yǔ) 　　　　　　可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ) ?。?large）quantities f + 不可數(shù)名詞/ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］During the last three decades，the number f peple participating in physical fitness prgrammes 　　　　 ?。╥ncrease） sharply. （2） A large number f peple 　　　　 ?。╞e） fluent English speakers，and the number f peple learning English 　　　　 ?。╞e） increasing rapidly. 選詞填空（a number f/the number f）（3）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］He has edited 　　　　　　　 articles this mrning. （4）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］　　　　　　　　 the passengers abard killed in the accident cmes t 12.
has increased 　
a number f
The number f
教材原句p.53 This culd help save research time，reduce the number f animals required fr testing，prduce mre accurate results，and lead t mre eective treatments. 這有助于節(jié)省研究時(shí)間，減少實(shí)驗(yàn)所需動(dòng)物的數(shù)量，使實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果更準(zhǔn)確、治療方法更有效。6 accurate adj. 準(zhǔn)確的，精確的搭配be accurate in 在……方面準(zhǔn)確t be accurate 精確地說(shuō)Bradcast news was accurate and reliable but deadly dull. 新聞廣播準(zhǔn)確、可靠，但極其枯燥。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ Jurnalists are nt always accurate in what they write. 新聞工作者的報(bào)道并非總是準(zhǔn)確的。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］【詞語(yǔ)積累】 accurately adv. 精確地，準(zhǔn)確地　accuracy n. 精確度，準(zhǔn)確性
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］It will be many years befre anyne can predict a hurricane’s behaviur with much 　　　　　（accurate）. （2）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］The test can 　　　　 ?。╝ccurate） predict what a bigger explsin wuld d. （3）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］The jurnalist’s reprt f the event was accurate 　　　　　 every detail. 完成句子（4）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］　　　　　　　　　?。ň_地說(shuō)），the number f the participants is
accurately 　
T be accurate
7 treatment n. 診療，治療，療法；對(duì)待方式搭配：under treatment 在治療中At last he had n ptin but t g t hspital fr treatment. 最后他別無(wú)選擇，只能去醫(yī)院治療。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ This watch is nt designed fr rugh treatment. 這塊手表不可重拿重放。【詞語(yǔ)積累】 treat vt. 治療；對(duì)待；處理；視為；請(qǐng)客 n. 請(qǐng)客；款待treat sb fr 治療某人的……病treat sb t 請(qǐng)某人…… It’s my treat. 我請(qǐng)客。 The physician is treating him fr his back injury. 醫(yī)生正在治療他背部的傷。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ After he was devted t his research fr nearly three weeks，the prfessr treated himself t a film. 在花了近三個(gè)星期的時(shí)間進(jìn)行研究之后，這位教授請(qǐng)自己看了一場(chǎng)電影。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1） Thse wh gt injured in the accident are nw 　　　　　 treatment in a lcal hspital. （2）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］With gd 　　　　 ?。╰reat）and care，Prfessr Smith unbelievably recvered frm a heart attack within a week. （3）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］He guaranteed that he wuld treat us 　　　　　 a big dinner if we finished the wrk n time. 完成句子（4） When I visited them last year，they ___________________________________（請(qǐng)我吃了一頓大餐）. （5） His parents have cllected many different drugs t _________________________________（治療他的肺癌）. （6） Tday yu dn’t need t pay fr the meal. 　　　　　　?。ㄎ艺?qǐng)客）.
treatment 　
treated me t a big dinner
treat him fr his lung cancer 　
It’s my treat
教材原句p.53 Clning，hwever，cntinues t be an issue that causes a great deal f disagreement and prvkes strng emtins. 但是，克隆仍是一個(gè)會(huì)引起很多爭(zhēng)議、激起強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)情緒的問(wèn)題。8 emtin n. 強(qiáng)烈的情感；激情Basing an imprtant decisin mre n emtin than n reasn，yu will regret it sner r later. 如果你做一個(gè)重要的決定時(shí)更多的是基于情感而不是理性，你遲早會(huì)后悔的。We ften have little cntrl ver when we are swept by emtin. 當(dāng)情緒席卷而來(lái)的時(shí)候，我們往往無(wú)法控制自己。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］【詞語(yǔ)積累】 emtinal adj. 情緒的，情感的；有感染力的；情緒激動(dòng)的emtinally adv. 感情上；情緒上；令人激動(dòng)地；情緒沖動(dòng)地
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1） They have suffered physically and 　　　　　（emtin）. （2） Men g thrugh a change f life 　　　　 ?。╡mtin）just like wmen. （3） He tends t get 　　　　 ?。╡mtin）n these ccasins. 完成句子（4） The decisin was based n _______________________________（情感而不是深思熟慮）.
emtin rather than careful thught
教材原句p.53 While sme peple believe it is crucial fr scientic advancement... 盡管有些人認(rèn)為這對(duì)于科學(xué)的進(jìn)步至關(guān)重要…… 9 crucial adj. 至關(guān)重要的，關(guān)鍵性的搭配be crucial t/fr... 對(duì)……至關(guān)重要be crucial that... ……是至關(guān)重要的 Talent，diligence and whle devtin are all crucial t career success. 才能、勤奮和全身心投入對(duì)于事業(yè)的成功都是至關(guān)重要的。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ It is crucial that we get this right. 我們把這個(gè)問(wèn)題弄正確是至關(guān)重要的。She brke in n the cnversatin at a crucial mment. 她在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻打斷了談話。Yung peple play a crucial rle in wrking fr peace. 年輕人在爭(zhēng)取和平的事業(yè)中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用?！驹~語(yǔ)積累】 crucially adv. 關(guān)鍵地；至關(guān)重要地
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）Winning this cntract is crucial 　　　　　the success f the cmpany. （2）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］It was the schlar wh helped me ut 　　　　　 the crucial mment. （3） Chewing prperly is 　　　　 ?。╟rucial） imprtant. 完成句子（4） Parents 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（起著至關(guān)重要的作用）in preparing their child fr schl. （5） He wasn’t there 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　?。ňo要關(guān)頭）.
play a crucial rle
at the crucial mment
教材原句p.53 They believe it is bund t lead t clning f ther species... 他們認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)技術(shù)必將導(dǎo)致其他物種的克隆…… 10 bund adj. 很有可能，肯定會(huì)搭配be bund t d 一定會(huì)，必定會(huì)，很可能會(huì)；有義務(wù)做，有責(zé)任做be bund fr 前往……的If yu keep n wrking hard like this，chances are bund t favur yu. 如果你繼續(xù)這么努力工作的話，機(jī)會(huì)一定會(huì)垂青你的。I am bund t say yur absence frm the meeting is unwise. 我必須告訴你，你缺席會(huì)議是不明智的。We’d better take a plane bund fr China. 我們最好乘坐飛往中國(guó)的飛機(jī)。
完成句子（1）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］The rules are nt suitable fr the develpment f sciety. They _______________________（一定會(huì)被廢除）sme day. （2） He is s ambitius that I believe he 　　　　　　　　　　?。ㄒ欢〞?huì)成功）. 單句語(yǔ)法填空（3） Yu have dne an excellent jb and are bund ________________（admit）int the cmpany. （4） The train bund 　　　　　 New Yrk is piled with gds.
are bund t be ablished 　
is bund t succeed
t be admitted
教材原句p.53 Furthermre，clnes may be viewed as mere cpies f riginals thus being seen as inferir. 而且，克隆體可能僅被看作母體的副本，因此被認(rèn)為更低等。11 mere adj. 僅僅，只不過(guò)；極小的，極不重要的It tk her a mere 20 minutes t win the cmpetitin. 她只花了20 分鐘就贏了這場(chǎng)比賽。The mere thught f eating made him feel sick. 他一想到吃東西就覺(jué)得惡心?！驹~語(yǔ)積累】 merely adv. 僅僅，只不過(guò)；只是
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1） D yu really want t g r are yu 　　　　　（mere）shwing yu are plite? 完成句子（2） But the cntainer itself is 　　　　　　　　　　　?。▋H僅是一個(gè)容器）. （3） Fr them these are nt 　　　　　　　　　　　　 ?。兇獾淖帜富騿卧~）.
a mere cntainer
mere letters r mere wrds
教材原句p.53 Finally，they wrry that sme rganisatins may abuse the technlgy fr unethical purpses. 最后，他們擔(dān)心某些組織可能會(huì)出于不道德的目的濫用該技術(shù)。12 abuse vt. & n. 濫用；虐待；辱罵gvernment fficials’ abuse f pwer 政府官員的濫用職權(quán) alchl/drug abuse 酗酒 / 吸毒 Much f the crime in this area is related t drug abuse. 這一地區(qū)的許多犯罪都與吸毒有關(guān)。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ He abused his pwer t help his family and was put int prisn eventually. 他濫用職權(quán)幫助自己的家人，最終被關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。He was accused f abusing his wife last week. 上周他被指控虐待他的妻子。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
完成句子（1） His plitical reputatin was ruined by his 　　　　　　　　　?。E用職權(quán)）. （2）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］T ur srrw，it was 　　　　　　　　　（酗酒）that ruined his fitness and life. （3）Williams 　　　　　　　　　　　　 ?。E用職務(wù)）as mayr t give jbs t his friends. （4）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］If yu 　　　　　　　?。ㄎ荆?， yu are bund t end up in prisn.
abuse f pwer 　
alchl abuse 　
abused his psitin 　
abuse drugs
教材原句p.53 it is a blessing r a curse t mankind， depends n mankind... ……究竟是給人類帶來(lái)幸福還是帶來(lái)災(zāi)難，完全取決于人類自己…… 13 blessing n. 祝福；福氣，幸運(yùn)；贊同；許可pray fr blessing 祈求降福 The gvernment gave its blessing t the new plans. 政府已批準(zhǔn)這些新計(jì)劃。Lack f traffic is ne f the blessings f cuntry life. 往來(lái)車輛少是鄉(xiāng)村生活的一大好處。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ Great intelligence can be a curse as well as a blessing. 大智是福亦是禍。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ This activity has been a great blessing t ur family. 這個(gè)活動(dòng)一直是給我們家人的偉大祝福。
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1） Rivers are 　　　　　 blessing fr an agricultural cuntry. 完成句子（2） He went with 　　　　　　　　　　　?。ㄋ改傅耐猓? （3）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（幸好）I grabbed the by by the arm. Otherwise， he wuld have been drwned in the river. （4） Instead f advice，in ther wrds，what mst peple seek is ______________（你的祝福）.
his parents’ blessing 　
It’s a blessing that
yur blessing
14 depend n （1）取決于，由……決定Whether yu can dispse f these gds will depend n the price. 你能否處理掉這些貨物將取決于價(jià)格。（2）依靠，依賴depend n sb fr sth 依靠某人獲得某物搭配depend n sb t d sth指望/ 依靠某人做某事depend n sb ding sth 指望/ 依靠某人做某事 Yu can depend n him t help yu ut f the situatin，fr he is reliable. 你可以依靠他來(lái)幫助你擺脫困境，因?yàn)樗侵档眯刨嚨?。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
【誤區(qū)警示】（ 1）上面所有的 depend 都可以用 rely 替代。（ 2）depend n 后不能直接跟 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，須先接形式賓語(yǔ) it，再接 that 從句。能這樣用的短語(yǔ)還有 see t，answer fr，rely n，insist n，stick t 等。Yu may depend n it that Tm will assist yu with yur English. 你放心，湯姆會(huì)幫助你學(xué)英語(yǔ)的。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］【歸納拓展】 That depends./It（all）depends. 表示“那得看情況”。—Is he cming? 他會(huì)來(lái)嗎？ —That depends. He may have a meeting t attend. 　那得看情況。他可能有個(gè)會(huì)議要參加。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］Dn’t always depend 　　　　　 the gvernment fr the preservatin f the rare species，which is als ur duty. （2） The yung birds depend n their parents 　　　　　 fd fr several weeks. （3） Yu may depend n _______that they will always supprt yu. 完成句子（4） —Are yu ging t Emma’s party? — 　　　　　　　　　?。堑每辞闆r）. We might be ging away that weekend. （5）［2019·山東泰安一中高二期中］When cming acrss new wrds，instead f always __________________________________（依賴）the dictinary，use yur head first. （6）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］Yu can’t ____________________________（指望著）he will fllw in yur ftsteps. He isn’t interested in what yu are ding.
That/It depends
depending/relying n 　
depend/rely n it that
教材原句p.52 They were the first-ever have been clned! 它們是有史以來(lái)首次被克隆的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物……！【句式分析】不定式短語(yǔ) t have been clned 作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾 the first-ever primates，名詞與不定式之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)前，用不定式完成被動(dòng)式。1 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ) 當(dāng)被修飾詞前有序數(shù)詞（first，secnd 等）、最高級(jí)或 the next，the nly，the very 等修飾時(shí)，常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。The jurnalist was the first persn t get t the scene where the accident happened. 那位記者是第一個(gè)到達(dá)事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的人。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ He is the nly ne t get a bachelr’s degree in his family. 他是家中唯一取得學(xué)士學(xué)位的人。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ She was the first wman t be appinted t the bard. 她是第一位被任命進(jìn)入董事會(huì)的女性。
完成句子（1） ______________________（最后一個(gè)到的人）pays fr the meal. （2）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］Vlunteering gives yu a chance 　　　　　　　　　　　（改變生活）， including yur wn. 單句語(yǔ)法填空（3）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］He is the last applicant 　　　　　（submit）his applicatin frm. （4）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］He deserves the achievement fr he is always the first 　　　　　（get）t the ffice and the last 　　　　 ?。╨eave）.
The last ne t arrive 　
t change lives
教材原句p.53 Researchers insist that the science f clning shuld be further explred and advanced. 研究人員主張，克隆科學(xué)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步得到探索與發(fā)展?！揪涫椒治觥勘揪涫且粋€(gè)復(fù)合句，insist后接了that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。 2 insist 后的賓語(yǔ)從句（ 1）insist 后接 that 從句，表示“堅(jiān)持，堅(jiān)決要求”時(shí)，從句用虛擬語(yǔ) 氣，即從句謂語(yǔ)用“shuld + 動(dòng)詞原形”，shuld 可以省略。（2）insist 表示“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)，從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。Our English teacher insists that we shuld speak English in and ut f class. 英語(yǔ)老師堅(jiān)持要我們?cè)谡n堂內(nèi)外都講英語(yǔ)。The schlar insisted that this graduatin paper was partly based n ne in a magazine and that the student（shuld）write it a secnd time. 這位學(xué)者堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，這篇畢業(yè)論文部分是基于一本雜志上的一篇文章，堅(jiān)決要求該學(xué)生應(yīng)該再寫一遍。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
【歸納拓展】后跟名詞性從句，從句謂語(yǔ)用“（shuld +）動(dòng)詞原形”的動(dòng)詞：一個(gè)“堅(jiān)持”（insist）；兩道“命令”（rder，cmmand）；四條“建議”（suggest，prpse，advise，recmmend）；四點(diǎn)“要求”（demand，desire，request，require）。It is recmmended that we shuld be retrained t keep up with the times. 有人建議我們應(yīng)該接受再次培訓(xùn)，以跟上時(shí)代的步伐。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ It is required that students（shuld）d sme exercise fr at least an hur every day. 要求學(xué)生們每天至少鍛煉一個(gè)小時(shí)。
完成句子（1） She was stubbrn and insisted that the wrk _________________（完成）ahead f schedule. （2） The dctr requested that yu 　　　　　　　　　?。ú灰匀魏螙|西）within half an hur after ding sme sprts. 單句語(yǔ)法填空（3） He insisted that he 　　　　 ?。╠）nthing wrng and _________________ （set）free. （4）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］The captain demanded that all the seamen ______________（prepare）fr sail. （5） He advised that his grandma _________________ （make）gd use f her spare time. （6）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］It is required that all the crps ________________________ （harvest）befre daybreak.
（shuld）be finished
（shuld）nt eat anything
（shuld）be set 　
（shuld）prepare
（shuld）make 　
(shuld） be harvested
教材原句p.53 Hw it is used，whether it is a blessing r a curse t mankind，depends n mankind and nt n the instrument. 怎樣使用它，究竟是給人類帶來(lái)幸福還是帶來(lái)災(zāi)難，完全取決于人類自己，而不取決于工具。【句式分析】本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。hw it is used，whether it is a blessing r a curse t mankind 均為主語(yǔ)從句。3 不管……還是…… Whether yu are a farmer r a specialist，yu bth shuld bey the rules. 無(wú)論你是農(nóng)民還是專家，你都應(yīng)該遵守規(guī)則。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ Whether they’ll have a picnic r nt depends n the weather. 他們是否去野餐要看天氣。　
【學(xué)法點(diǎn)撥】（1）“不管……還是……”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，強(qiáng)調(diào)任意選擇，此時(shí)不能把whether 替換為if。（2） nt... 或whether r nt... 表示兩種相對(duì)的選擇。Let me knw whether r nt yu can cme. 讓我知道你是否能來(lái)。Whether the prfessr will cme r nt is nt decided. 教授是否來(lái)，還沒(méi)定下來(lái)。
完成句子（1）無(wú)論你走還是留在這里，我必須回家。　　　　 yu g 　　　　 stay here，I must g hme. （2）不管在這兒還是在上海，我肯定我們很快又會(huì)見(jiàn)面。I am sure we’ll see each ther again sn，　　　　 here 　　　　 in Shanghai. （3）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］無(wú)論你是貧窮還是富有，你都必須為成功而奮斗。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　，yu have t struggle fr success. （4）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］不管你掙錢多還是少，對(duì)我沒(méi)有影響。It makes n difference t me________________________________. （5）無(wú)論你是否喜歡它，我都不會(huì)改變主意。　　　　　　　　　　　　　， I will nt change my mind.
Whether yu are pr r rich 　
whether yu earn mre r less
Whether yu like it r n
FOCUS ON LANGUAGE： The Perfect
Fcus n LanguageThe Perfect 完成時(shí)
present perfect 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)present perfect cntinuus 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)past perfect 過(guò)去完成時(shí)past perfect cntinuus 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
Identify the tense f the sentences. P55 Ex. 11The frms (形式)：present perfect 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has dnepresent perfect cntinuus 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have / has been dingpast perfect 過(guò)去完成時(shí)had dnepast perfect cntinuus 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been ding
1. Natural clning has been ging n fr generatins.2. Gardeners have been using a frm f clning when they take a cutting frm a plant…3. Fr years, there had been attempts t clne animals.4. Clning primates has been prved t be “much harder” than clning ther species.5. Dr. Sun Qiang said they had been whlly devted t the research…6. Dr. Sun Qiang said they had been taking care f mre than 1,000 mnkeys 24 hurs a day, 7 days a week…
(P55 Ex. 11)
1. Natural clning has been ging n fr generatins. present perfect cntinuus 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 2. Gardeners have been using a frm f clning when they take a cutting frm a plant… present perfect cntinuus 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)3. Fr years, there had been attempts t clne animals. past perfect 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
4. Clning primates has been prved t be “much harder” than clning ther species. present perfect passive vice 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)5. Dr. Sun Qiang said they had been whlly devted t the research… past perfect passive vice 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)6. Dr. Sun Qiang said they had been taking care f mre than 1,000 mnkeys 24 hurs a day, 7 days a week. past perfect cntinuus 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
The meanings (意義)：present perfect 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)present perfect cntinuus 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行past perfect 過(guò)去完成時(shí)past perfect cntinuus 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) present perfect tense
1. I ___________ (learn) English fr ver 10 years. 2. Tm __________ (nt be) hme since he was a by. 3. Recently she __________ (arrive) frm New Yrk.4. ______ they ______ (find) the missing child yet?
hasn’t been
have learned
has arrived
already, yet, never, ever, s far
過(guò)去完成時(shí) past perfect tense
1. We cleared up as sn as ur guests _______ (leave).2. The by lved the z. They ____ never _____ (see) wild animals befre.3. I began cllecting stamps in February and by Nvember I ____________ (cllect) mre than 2,000.
had cllected
never, already, yet
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1. Juliet was excited because she ____ never _____ (be) t a dance befre.2. He _____________ (nt finish) by yesterday evening.3. I ___________ (plant) 14 rses s far this mrning.4. I _____ already ______ (pass) my driving test.
hadn’t finished
have planted
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. She is very tired. She ______________ (type) letters all day.2. She was very tired. She ______________ (type) letters all day.3. Jim _______________ (phne) Jenny every night fr the last week.4. Jenny was annyed. Jim _______________ (phne) her every night fr a whle week.
has been typing
had been phning
has been phning
had been typing
Grup 11. My hands are very dirty. I have been repairing the car.2. The car is OK again nw. I have repaired it.
Identify the tenses and wrk ut the meanings.
Grup 21. She has been smking t much recently. She shuld smke less.2. Smebdy has smked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty.
Identify the tenses and match the sentences with the pictures.
1. When I gt hme, I fund that Kevin had been painting his huse.2. When I gt hme, I fund that Kevin had painted his huse.
1. Daisy had been writing letters all day yesterday.2. Daisy had written 18 letters by 7 p.m. yesterday.
完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：動(dòng)作、持續(xù)/重復(fù)
1. I’m tired. We ________________ (walk) fr mre than an hur. Let’s stp and rest fr a while.2. A: Is the pst ffice far frm here? B: Nt at all. I ______________ (walk) there many times.3. We culdn’t pen the dr because it ________________ (snw) heavily all night.4. She lked shcked and she said she __________ (see) a UFO.
have been walking
have walked
had been snwing
Fill in the blanks with the prper frm f the wrds in brackets.
5. Jhn decided t cmplain as his neighburs ______________ (have) parties every day fr tw weeks. It was unbearably nisy.6. Jill lked great—she _________ (lse) a few punds and _________ (put n) a smart evening dress.7. I ____________ (read) this chapter in my chemistry text three times, but I still dn’t understand it!8. I ________________________ (live) here fr nly a shrt while. S I dn’t knw this place very well.
have been living/have lived
had been having
Cmplete the passage with the prper frm f the wrds in brackets. (Page 55 Ex. 12)
On Thursday, the Institute f Neurscience annunced it 1)___________ (clne) tw mnkeys using nn-reprductive cells. It is reprted that researchers all arund the wrld 2)___________________ (cnduct) tests n animals such as mice and dgs fr many years, but culdn’t find a way t clne mnkeys. The news f the successful clning 3)___________ (attract) attentin frm arund the wrld. Hwever, clning primates 4)______________ (als raise) ethical cncerns. Fr example, sme peple 5)______ ______________(discuss) issues cncerning hw clnes will be treated in sciety.
have been cnducting
has attracted
has als raised
been discussing
HmewrkP68 Ex. 1P88 Ex. 1P89 Ex. 4
完成時(shí)1 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 由“have/has + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，基本用法如下：（ 1）表示動(dòng)作或過(guò)程發(fā)生在說(shuō)話之前某個(gè)沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)出的過(guò)去時(shí) 間，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，且其結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：lately 近來(lái)；recently 最近；s far 到目前為止；by nw 到現(xiàn)在； up t/till nw 直到現(xiàn)在；in the last/past few days/years 在過(guò)去的幾天/ 幾年里Prgress has been s far very gd and we are sure that the wrk will be finished n time. 到目前為止，工作進(jìn)展得很順利，我們確信工作一定會(huì)按時(shí)完成。The jurnalist has written 50 reprts in the past tw years. 這位記者在過(guò)去兩年里寫了50 篇報(bào)道。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
（ 2）表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù) 進(jìn)行下去，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)；fr + 時(shí)間段His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth. 他的第一部小說(shuō)自上個(gè)月出版以來(lái)獲得了好評(píng)。The librarian has wrked in this library fr nearly twenty years. 這位圖書管理員在這個(gè)圖書館工作了將近二十年。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］（ 3）瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但在肯定句中不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。在否定句中，瞬間動(dòng)詞可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。常用的瞬間動(dòng)詞有：g，cme，arrive，leave，begin， brrw，buy，die，fall，stp，start，kill，clse，graduate，jin，finish， lse 等。若瞬間動(dòng)詞要接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，需要做一些相應(yīng)的變換，如：
buy → have 買 brrw→ keep 借finish → be ver 結(jié)束 leave→ be away 離開(kāi)clse → be clsed 關(guān)閉 pen→ be pen 打開(kāi)cme/g/becme → be 來(lái)/ 去/ 變得；成為 die → be dead 死fall asleep → be asleep 睡覺(jué) fall ill → be ill 生病put n → have/wear 穿 marry→ be married 結(jié)婚jin the army → be a sldier/be in the army 參軍“他已經(jīng)參軍三年了”可以用以下方式表達(dá)： He jined the army three years ag. It is/has been three years since he jined the army. He has been a sldier fr three years. He has been in the army fr three years.
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］S far，the disabled by 　　　　　（accept）three peratins in rder t live a nrmal life. （2）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］Up t nw，the emplyer 　　　　　（hire）mre than ten excellent graduates t wrk fr him. （3） Dn’t get ff the bus until it 　　　　　（stp）. （4） In the last few years thusands f films _______________________（prduce）all ver the wrld. （5）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］It is abut five years since the saleswman 　　　　　（wrk）in this factry. （6）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］He 　　　　 ?。╠）a lt f things fr the elderly in his city since his retirement.
has accepted
has hired 　
has stpped
have been prduced 　
完成句子（7） This is 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　?。ㄎ业谝淮蝸?lái)這里）. （8） Such a thing has 　　　　　　　　　　　　　（聞所未聞）befre. （9）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ?。ê芏嗄赀^(guò)去了）since we met last time. （10） — Mary，I miss yu s much. Where have yu been? — I 　　　　　　　　　　　　?。ㄈヒ凰鶎W(xué)校）in a muntain area fr tw years.
the first time that I have cme here 　
never been heard f 　
A cuple f years have passed 　
have been t a schl
2 過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had+ 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，必須以過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻為基點(diǎn)，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”?；居梅ㄈ缦拢?（ 1）表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或過(guò)去某一事件之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生并完成的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。When I hurried t the statin t see the specialist ff，the train had already left. 當(dāng)我匆忙趕到車站為專家送行時(shí)，火車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］（ 2）表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù) 到過(guò)去這一時(shí)刻，并也可能繼續(xù)下去。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： by then 到那時(shí)為止；by that time 到那時(shí)候；befre 在……之前；by the end f 到……末為止；until then 直到那時(shí)；by the time + 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的從句The wrker had wrked in the wrkshp fr three hurs befre his machine brke dwn. 機(jī)器損壞之前這個(gè)工人已經(jīng)在車間里工作了三個(gè)小時(shí)。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ By the time Jack returned hme frm England，his sn had graduated frm cllege. 杰克從英國(guó)回到家時(shí)，他的兒子已大學(xué)畢業(yè)。
【溫馨提示】如果表示到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間或某件事情為止，某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成，要用將來(lái)完成時(shí)，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有“by + 將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間”或“by the end f + 將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間”或 by the time 引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句等?！猅mmy is planning t buy a car. 湯米計(jì)劃要買一輛汽車。 —I knw. By next mnth，he’ll have saved enugh fr a new ne. 我知道。到下個(gè)月他就攢夠買一輛新車的錢了。（ 3）intend，mean，hpe，want，plan，suppse，expect，think 等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)，可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法等。I had intended t visit yu yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitr. 我本來(lái)打算昨天去看你的，但來(lái)了一個(gè)不速之客。（實(shí)際上沒(méi)去） I had meant t g t see the dentist t have ne f my brken teeth pulled ut，but I had t attend an imprtant meeting. 我本想去看牙醫(yī)把其中一顆壞了的牙齒拔掉，但我不得不參加一個(gè)重要的會(huì)議。（實(shí)際上沒(méi)去）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
3 將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)由“will/shall + have + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成： Hpefully after three years at university I will have matured and mastered the essential skills abut life. 希望經(jīng)過(guò)三年的大學(xué)生活，我將成熟并掌握生活的基本技能。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ Only five years later，yur mney will have grwn by ＄94，000. 僅僅5 年后，你的錢就會(huì)增多 94 000 美元。（ 1）將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示“將來(lái)完成”：即表示到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間為止勢(shì)必會(huì)完成或預(yù)計(jì)要完成的動(dòng)作。When we get there，ur client will have already waited fr us at the htel. 當(dāng)我們到那里的時(shí)候，我們的客戶將已經(jīng)在酒店等我們了。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］
I expect yu will have changed yur mind by tmrrw. 我預(yù)計(jì)到明天你就會(huì)改變主意了。（ 2）表示“持續(xù)”：即表示某種狀況將一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話人所提及的某一將來(lái)時(shí)間。We will have been married a year n June 25th. 到6 月25 日我們倆就結(jié)婚1 年了。By this time next week，I will have been wrking as the assistant fr the specialist fr 2 years. 到下周的這個(gè)時(shí)候，我就已經(jīng)給這位專家做了兩年的助理了。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］（ 3）表示“推測(cè)”：即表示根據(jù)某情況作出的推測(cè)。 There will have been a definite result befre Friday. 周五之前會(huì)有明確的結(jié)果。
4 常使用完成時(shí)的句型（1）It was/had been + 一段時(shí)間+ since 從句.（從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)） It was ten years since we had had such a wnderful time. 我們十年沒(méi)感受這么高興的時(shí)光了。（2）It is the + that 從句.（從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)） It was the + that 從句.（從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)） It is the first time that the intelligent by has made such a silly mistake. 這是這個(gè)聰明的男孩第一次犯這樣愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ The teacher said it was the first time that little Jhn had listened s attentively. 老師說(shuō)這是小約翰第一次那么聚精會(huì)神地聽(tīng)講。
（3）That/This/It is/was + 最高級(jí)+ 名詞+ 定語(yǔ)從句.（從句常用完成時(shí)） The film directed and starred by him is ne f the mst impressive films I have ever seen. 由他導(dǎo)演和主演的這部電影是我看過(guò)的令人印象最深刻的電影之一。［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］ That dinner was the mst expensive meal we had ever had. 那頓晚飯是我們吃過(guò)的最貴的一頓飯。（4）在及n （一……就……）句型中，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)且 hardly/ scarcely 及 n sner 位于句首時(shí)用部分倒裝。Hardly had I reached the bus stp when the bus started. 我剛到公共汽車站，公共汽車就開(kāi)了。
5 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have/has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，基本用法如下：（ 1）表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能剛完成，也可能仍在進(jìn)行。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： all this mrning 整個(gè)早上；this mnth 這個(gè)月；recently 最近；these few days 這幾天；all night 整個(gè)晚上；since 自……以后I’m tired ut. I have been shpping all afternn and I dn’t seem t have finished anything. 我累壞了。我整個(gè)下午都在購(gòu)物，而且我好像什么事也沒(méi)完成。The librarian has been wrking in the library every night ver the last three mnths. 在過(guò)去的三個(gè)月里，那位圖書管理員每天晚上都在圖書館工作。（ 2）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作并不是一直在不停地進(jìn)行，而是在斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地重復(fù)。I have been ringing yu several times in tw days. 這兩天內(nèi)我給你打過(guò)幾次電話。
單句語(yǔ)法填空（1） Since 1978 abut 5.2 millin Chinese _________________（study）abrad and amng thse wh graduated abut 83.7 percent returned t China. （2） In the last few years，China _________________ （make）great achievements in envirnmental prtectin. （3）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］I _________________（read）half f the English nvel，and I’ll try t finish it at the weekend. （4） The students _________________ （wrk）hard n their lessns and their effrt will be rewarded. （5） In my hmetwn，there is always a harvest supper fr the farmers after all the wheat __________________（cut）. （6） It’s reprted that by the end f this mnth，the utput f cement in the factry __________________ （rise）by abut 10%.
have studied 　
have read 　
have been wrking 　
has been cut
will have risen
（7） As I walked，he explained that he 　　　　　（win）the shw the week befre and wasn’t allwed t g n again. （8） Hpefully in 2025 we will n lnger be e-mailing each ther，fr we __________________（develp）mre cnvenient electrnic cmmunicatin tls by then. （9） That was the first time I 　　　　 ?。╞e）t Hng Kng s I had great difficulty finding the htel. （10） She is surprised t find the fridge empty；the children ______________________ （eat）up everything! （11） Mther wants t be a gd prvider，a rle she ______________________ （shulder）since her marriage t father. （12） I ______________________ （write）a bk recently describing my respnse t the eclgical dilemma we’re nw in.
will have develped 　
have eaten 　
has been shuldering 　
have been writing
（13） Scientists in Australia declare prudly that they __________________（develp）the wrld’s first bld test t find a deadly skin cancer in its early stages. （14） Over the last tw years the park __________________ （receive）650 mnkeys frm a breeding farm that shut dwn. （15）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］I hpe that when we return tmrrw， yu __________________ （ adjust） yur plan. 完成句子（16）那是我第一次見(jiàn)到那位在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域作出巨大貢獻(xiàn)的專家。_______________________________________________________wh has made great achievements in this field. （17）在過(guò)去的幾個(gè)月里，我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了巨大的變化。____________________________________________________________________________in the past few mnths.
have develped
has received 　
will have adjusted 　
It is the first time that I have met with the specialist 　
Our schl has changed a lt/Great changes have taken place in ur schl
（18）到下個(gè)月為止，這個(gè)廚師在這家餐館工作滿三年。By the end f next mnth，the chef 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 fr three years. （19）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］當(dāng)這個(gè)銷售員匆忙趕到車站時(shí)，火車已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。When the salesman hurried t the statin，　　　　　　　　　　　　. （20）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］據(jù)說(shuō)這家公司的財(cái)政危機(jī)在春節(jié)前已經(jīng)得到了解決。It is said that 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 befre the Spring Festival. （21）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　?。ㄎ覄傋鐾昃毩?xí)）when the bell rang. （22） By the end f last year，we 　　　　　　　　　　　?。ㄒ呀?jīng)生產(chǎn)）20，000 cars.
will have wrked in this restaurant 　
the train had already left
the cmpany’s financial crisis had been slved
Scarcely had I finished the exercise 　
had prduced
（23） When I arrived，my friends 　　　　 ?。ㄒ呀?jīng)離開(kāi)了）. （24） T much 　　　　　　　　　　　　 ?。òl(fā)生）recently. （25）［詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)］N wnder he is s tired ut. The applicant _____________________________________________（在公司外焦急地等）fr nearly tw hurs.
has been happening 　
has been waiting anxiusly utside the cmpany

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