專題09 名詞、冠詞、連詞、代詞、數(shù)詞 名詞（Nouns） 重點(diǎn)用法① 名詞的分類 用法：1.專有名詞，指人名、地名、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等特有的名稱。它的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫(xiě)。Professor Smith史密斯教授          the United Nations聯(lián)合國(guó)Yale University耶魯大學(xué)             Children’s Day兒童節(jié)2.普通名詞，指一類人或事物或一個(gè)抽象的名稱，包括個(gè)體名詞、集體名詞、抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞四類。dog狗                    people人民                    fruit水果milk牛奶                 cold寒冷                      beauty美麗 重點(diǎn)用法② 可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 用法：名詞有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)之分。表示可以計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物的名詞稱為可數(shù)名詞，表示不能計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物的名詞稱為不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞分為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面一般要加不定冠詞a/an，代詞my，his或數(shù)詞one等，不可單獨(dú)使用。a desk一張桌子          my computer我的電腦          three desks3張桌子提示：不定冠詞a/an常用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前。a加在以輔音音素開(kāi)頭的名詞前，如a computer（一臺(tái)電腦）。an加在以元音音素開(kāi)頭的名詞前，如an orange（一個(gè)橘子）。注意：在“a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)名詞”的用法中，判斷用a還是an，要看緊跟其后的形容詞開(kāi)頭字母的發(fā)音，而不是看名詞首字母的發(fā)音。如an elephant（一頭大象），a strong elephant（一頭強(qiáng)壯的大象）。 重點(diǎn)用法③ 可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的規(guī)則變化用法：1.一般情況下，詞尾加-s。bed→beds床     page→pages頁(yè)2.以s，x，sh，ch結(jié)尾，詞尾加-es。box→boxes盒子     watch→watches手表3.以f或fe結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v，再加-es。leaf→leaves樹(shù)葉     knife→knives刀子4.以o結(jié)尾，詞尾加-es或-s。hero→heroes英雄     radio→radios收音機(jī)5.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，變y為i，再加-es。baby→babies嬰兒     city→cities城市6.以元音字母加y結(jié)尾，直接加-s。boy→boys男孩兒     toy→toys玩具7.以th結(jié)尾，詞尾加-s。mouth→mouths嘴     month→months月份提示：少數(shù)以f或fe結(jié)尾的可數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，只需在詞尾直接加-s。belief→beliefs信仰          chief→chiefs領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人roof→roofs屋頂             safe→safes保險(xiǎn)箱注意：有些的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有兩種，如zero（零）的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以是zeros，也可以是zeroes。 重點(diǎn)用法④ 可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的不規(guī)則變化 用法：元音變化：tooth→teeth牙齒     man→men男人詞尾變化：ox→oxen牛     child→children孩子單復(fù)數(shù)同形：fish→fish魚(yú)     sheep→sheep綿羊只有復(fù)數(shù)形式：clothes衣服     glasses眼鏡提示：表示“某國(guó)人”的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式因習(xí)慣不同而異。詞尾加-s：German→Germans德國(guó)人單復(fù)數(shù)同形：Chinese→Chinese中國(guó)人注意：合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。（1）第一個(gè)或最后一個(gè)詞變復(fù)數(shù)。passer-by→passers-by過(guò)路人     girl student→girl students女學(xué)生（2）構(gòu)成合成名詞的詞都變復(fù)數(shù)。man teacher→men teachers男老師     woman doctor→women doctors女醫(yī)生 重點(diǎn)用法⑤ 不可數(shù)名詞的量用法1：用“數(shù)詞+單位名詞+of”表示不可數(shù)名詞具體的量。a cup of tea一杯茶     a pound of meat一磅肉The professor gave him two pieces of advice after class.下課后教授給他提出了兩條建議。2.用much，a lot of，a little，little，some，plenty of，a great deal of等表示不可數(shù)名詞大概的量。I have some/much money.我有一些/許多錢(qián)。There is plenty of room in my bag.我包里還很空。 重點(diǎn)用法⑥ 抽象名詞具體化 用法：有些抽象名詞用作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)表示抽象的概念，而用作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)則表示具體的人或事物，可以和不定冠詞a/an連用，這種用法被稱為抽象名詞具體化。in surprise驚訝地     surprise意為“驚奇”，表示抽象概念。a surprise一件令人吃驚的事     surprise意為“令人吃驚的事”，表示具體事物。 重點(diǎn)用法⑦ 名詞所有格 用法：表示有生命物的名詞所有格，用加’s結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。表示無(wú)生命物的所有關(guān)系多用“of+名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。雙重所有格由“of+名詞所有格”或“of+名詞性物主代詞”構(gòu)成。children’s school bags孩子們的書(shū)包     ‘s表示有生命物的名詞所有格。the title of the song歌名     of表示無(wú)生命物的名詞所有格。a brother of my father’s我父親的一個(gè)兄弟     of和’s表示雙重所有格。提示：兩人或多人共同擁有一樣?xùn)|西時(shí)，只需在最后一個(gè)人的名字后加’s。若表示各自擁有時(shí)，則需要在每個(gè)名字后都加’s。如Andy’s and Jane’s mother（安迪的媽媽和簡(jiǎn)的媽媽）。注意：用于表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、地點(diǎn)、自然現(xiàn)象等無(wú)生命事物的名詞，可以加’s構(gòu)成所有格，有一些已經(jīng)成為固定用法，如a week’s time（一周的時(shí)間）。 重點(diǎn)用法⑧ 名詞作定語(yǔ)用法：名詞可以用作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞，說(shuō)明另一個(gè)名詞的性質(zhì)或特性。movie star電影明星   soap opera肥皂劇   orange juice橘子汁   science fiction科幻小說(shuō)express train特快列車(chē)   gold chain金鏈子   season ticket季票   history lesson歷史課提示：名詞若沒(méi)有同根形容詞，用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的作用和形容詞差不多，但若有同根形容詞，還是用形容詞作定語(yǔ)較好，有時(shí)兩者都可以用作定語(yǔ)，但意思上有差別。gold ring金戒指                    golden sunshine金色的陽(yáng)光stone house石頭房子                  stony heart鐵石心腸rain drops雨點(diǎn)                         rainy season雨季注意：名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般用單數(shù)形式，但在個(gè)別情況下也有用復(fù)數(shù)的。sports meet運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)                    jeans shop牛仔褲商店customs officer海關(guān)官員                women drivers女司機(jī) 重點(diǎn)用法⑨ 名詞作其他句子成分 用法：名詞在句子中可以擔(dān)任除謂語(yǔ)以外的任何成分，因此名詞除了可以作定語(yǔ)以外，還可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)（包括動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)）、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。Students should make enough time for the hobbies.     名詞作主語(yǔ)學(xué)生應(yīng)該為自己的愛(ài)好留足夠的時(shí)間。Hepburn is an actress.     名詞作表語(yǔ)赫本是一名女演員。My mother grows vegetables herself.     名詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)我媽媽自己種蔬菜。He drives to school every day.     名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)他每天開(kāi)車(chē)去學(xué)校。They named their son Mike.     名詞作賓補(bǔ)他們給兒子取名叫邁克。You should study English step by step.     名詞作狀語(yǔ)你們應(yīng)該循序漸進(jìn)地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。 代詞（Pronouns） 重點(diǎn)用法① 人稱代詞 用法：用于指代人或事物，有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化。人稱代詞在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用主格；作賓語(yǔ)、表格時(shí)用賓格。We are all good students.我們都是好學(xué)生。It looks like snow.看來(lái)要下雪。提示：it可用作人稱代詞，代替前文提到的事物，或者指代小孩、嬰兒或身份不明的人。若it用作非人稱代詞，還可表示天氣、時(shí)間、距離、溫度等。it還可用作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)，也可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句中。 重點(diǎn)用法② 物主代詞 用法：用于表示所屬關(guān)系，可以分為形容詞性物主代詞（my，your，his，her，its，our，their）和名詞性物主代詞（mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，theirs）。形容詞性物主代詞在句中只可做定語(yǔ)，名詞性物主代詞在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。It isn’t your ruler.Yours is in your desk.     yours=your ruler，作主語(yǔ)。這不是你的尺子，你的在你的書(shū)桌里。I have lost my dictionary.Please lend me yours.     yours=your dictionary，作賓語(yǔ)。我弄丟了我的字典，請(qǐng)把你的借我吧。注意：形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的作用，后必須接一個(gè)名詞。      名詞性物主代詞起名詞的作用，后不能再接名詞。 重點(diǎn)用法③ 指示代詞 用法：起指示作用，用來(lái)指示人或事物。this，these指事件或空間上較近的人或物；that，those指時(shí)間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。指示代詞在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。This is Ann and that is her mother.     this作主語(yǔ)，that作主語(yǔ)。這位是安，那位是她的媽媽。I don’t like these colours but I like those.     these作定語(yǔ)，those作賓語(yǔ)。我不喜歡這些顏色，但是我喜歡那些。提示：that和those還可替代上文提及的名詞，以避免重復(fù)。      this和that有時(shí)還可替代句子或句中的一部分。      this和these可用于下指，指代下面將要提到的事；that和those可用于上指，指代前面提到的事情。His handwriting is as good as that of Jim’s.     that=the handwriting他的書(shū)法和吉姆的一樣好。He failed in the exam.That’s why he was not happy.     that=He failed in the exam他沒(méi)有通過(guò)考試，那就是他不高興的原因。 重點(diǎn)用法④ 反身代詞 用法：表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我們自己”、“你們自己”和“他們自己”等的代詞，由人稱代詞或物主代詞加后綴-self/-selves構(gòu)成，有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中作同位語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。You can go and ask the teacher himself.     himself作同位語(yǔ)你可以去問(wèn)問(wèn)老師本人。The boy hides himself under the bed.     himself作賓語(yǔ)那個(gè)小男孩把自己藏在了床底下。I am not myself today.     myself作表語(yǔ)我今天不舒服。提示：反身代詞可以構(gòu)成習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。by oneself獨(dú)自地                    devote oneself to獻(xiàn)身于enjoy oneself玩得愉快                 for oneself為自己help oneself to自取（食物等）         lose oneself in沉溺于 重點(diǎn)用法⑤ 相互代詞 用法：表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在它所涉及的各個(gè)對(duì)象間是相互存在的，有賓格（each other，one another）和所有格（each other’s，one another’s）兩種形式。賓格在句中作賓語(yǔ)，所有格作定語(yǔ)。Don’t talk to each other/one another.不要互相說(shuō)話。They know each other’s favourite(s).他們了解彼此的愛(ài)好。 重點(diǎn)用法⑥ 不定代詞 用法：1.不定代詞one單獨(dú)使用，泛指“人”，“人們”，“一個(gè)人”。one，ones可指代具體的人或物，也可指代前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的名詞。One should take care of himself at any time.     泛指“一個(gè)人”。一個(gè)人無(wú)論什么時(shí)候都應(yīng)該照顧好自己。I like small cars better than large ones.     為避免重復(fù)，用ones指代名詞cars。2.不定代詞some及其合成詞someone，somebody，something用在肯定句中表肯定含義，用在疑問(wèn)句中表期待肯定回答的請(qǐng)求、建議等。There’s someone at the door.門(mén)口有個(gè)人。3.不定代詞either，neither，both都表示兩者之間。either指“兩者中任意一個(gè)”，表肯定；neither指“兩者都不”，表否定；both指“兩者都”，表肯定。You may drop in or just give me a call,either will do.你可以來(lái)或者給我打電話，隨便怎樣都可以。Neither of the answers is correct.兩個(gè)答案都不對(duì)。Both of the women are French.兩名婦女都是法國(guó)人。4.不定代詞each側(cè)重于個(gè)體，意為“每一個(gè)”；形容詞every側(cè)重于全體，意為“每個(gè)”。Each of the answers is worth six points.每題為6分。I don’t go to school every day.我不是每天都上學(xué)。5.不定代詞all指“（三個(gè)及以上）都”，表肯定；none指“（三個(gè)及以上）都不”，表否定。All of the food has gone.食物全沒(méi)了。None of them would like to dance.沒(méi)有人愿意跳舞。6.不定代詞another表泛指，指“（眾多中的）又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”，前面不能加冠詞；the other表特指，指“（兩個(gè)或兩部分中的）另一個(gè)”。I don’t like this pen,please show me another.我不喜歡這支鋼筆，請(qǐng)給我另一支。It is hard to tell the twin sisters one from the other.這對(duì)孿生姐妹很難辨認(rèn)。7.不定代詞many，much都表示“許多”。many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。How many people came to the meeting?有多少人參加了會(huì)議？I don’t have much free time.我沒(méi)有太多空閑的時(shí)間。8.不定代詞a few，a little都表肯定，指“一些，一點(diǎn)兒”，a few修飾可數(shù)名詞，a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。few，little都表否定，指“很少，幾乎沒(méi)有”，few修飾可數(shù)名詞，little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。I need a few things from the store.我需要從商店買(mǎi)些東西。He spends little money on clothes.他買(mǎi)衣服的開(kāi)銷很少。 重點(diǎn)用法⑦ 疑問(wèn)代詞 用法：1.疑問(wèn)代詞用來(lái)表達(dá)疑問(wèn)，引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句。疑問(wèn)代詞who是主格，用于詢問(wèn)別人的姓名、身份或關(guān)系，在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)；whom是賓格，在句中作賓語(yǔ)。Who put the light out?誰(shuí)把燈熄滅了？Whom do you want to see?你想見(jiàn)誰(shuí)？2.疑問(wèn)代詞whose可作名詞或形容詞用，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。Whose computer is this?這是誰(shuí)的計(jì)算機(jī)？3.疑問(wèn)代詞what可作名詞或形容詞用，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。What makes him so happy?什么使他如此高興？What are you looking for in the bedroom?你在臥室找什么呢？What’s your father?你父親是做什么工作的？4.疑問(wèn)代詞which在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。This is mine. Which is yours?這是我的。哪一個(gè)是你的？Which would you like, tea or milk?你想喝茶還是牛奶？ 重點(diǎn)用法⑧ 關(guān)系代詞 用法：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，有who，whom，which，that，whose。關(guān)系代詞代表定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞，即先行詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。選用關(guān)系代詞時(shí)，先看先行詞是人還是物，再看其在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。指人?/span>who/whom/that。指物用which/that。既指人又指物用that，whose可表示“某人的”，也可表示“某物的”。數(shù)詞（Numerals） 重點(diǎn)用法① 基數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成 用法：1.基數(shù)詞1-12是獨(dú)立的單詞，需逐個(gè)記憶。1   one          2   two          3   three          4   four5   five          6   six           7   seven          8   eight9   nine         10  ten          11   eleven         12  twelve2.基數(shù)詞13-19以-teen結(jié)尾。     13   thirteen      14  fourteen      15   fifteen        16   sixteen     17   seventeen    18  eighteen      19  nineteen3.基數(shù)詞20-90的整十位數(shù)以-ty結(jié)尾。     20   twenty       30   thirty       40    forty         50   fifty     60    sixty        70  seventy      80    eighty        90  ninety4.基數(shù)詞21-99的非整十位數(shù)是在十位數(shù)與個(gè)位數(shù)之間加連字符“-”。     64  sixty-four                      89   eighty-nine5.基數(shù)詞101-999在百位數(shù)與十位數(shù)之間，或者（沒(méi)有十位數(shù)時(shí)）在百位數(shù)與個(gè)位數(shù)之間加“and”。422  four hundred and twenty-two     302  three hundred and two6.1000以上的基數(shù)詞從右向左用分節(jié)號(hào)“，”分節(jié)，每三個(gè)數(shù)字為一節(jié)，第一個(gè)分節(jié)號(hào)前用thousand，第二個(gè)分節(jié)號(hào)前用million，第三個(gè)分節(jié)號(hào)前用billion（美國(guó)）或one thousand million（英）。1,003  one thousand and three7,657,000  seven million,six hundred and fifty-seven thousand1,214,000,000  one billion,two hundred and fourteen million             one thousand,two hundred and fourteen million提示：當(dāng)百、千、百萬(wàn)、十億（hundred，thousand，million，billion）等基數(shù)詞表示確切數(shù)目時(shí)不能加-s；但在表示不確切數(shù)目時(shí)可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，與of連用表示“數(shù)以……計(jì)的”。一萬(wàn)   ten thousand                    十萬(wàn)   a hundred thousand成百上千   hundreds of                  成千上萬(wàn)   thousands of 重點(diǎn)用法② 序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成 用法：1.序數(shù)詞1-3需逐個(gè)記憶，4-19的序數(shù)詞都是“基數(shù)詞+th”。第一  first          第二  second          第三  third第八  eighth        第九  ninth           第十二  twelfth2.以-th結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞時(shí)，將y變?yōu)?/span>i，再加-eth。第二十  twentieth                    第四十  fortieth3.表示第幾十幾時(shí)，用十位的基數(shù)詞形式加上連字符“-”，再加上個(gè)位序數(shù)詞形式來(lái)表示。第三十一  thirty-first                 第五十七  fifth-seventh4.第一百以上的多位序數(shù)詞將基數(shù)詞結(jié)尾部分變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞形式。第二百零九  two hundred and ninth第一千三百四十五  one thousand,three hundred and forty-fifth提示：序數(shù)詞的縮寫(xiě)形式由阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字加上序數(shù)詞最后兩個(gè)字母構(gòu)成。1st-first          2nd-second          3rd-third 重點(diǎn)用法③ 基數(shù)詞的用法 用法：基數(shù)詞在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。Three of us have been to Beijing.我們有3個(gè)人去過(guò)北京。The seven girls are from Guangdong.這7個(gè)女孩子是廣東人。We five will go to Tokyo with her.我們5個(gè)人將和她一起去東京。提示：基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用來(lái)表示人的歲數(shù)或年代。You’re sharpest in your twenties.你在20多歲時(shí)反應(yīng)最快。That was in the early forties.那是40年代初的事情了。注意：由基數(shù)詞和名詞合成的形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其中的名詞只能用單數(shù)形式。Tom is an eleven-year-old boy.湯姆是個(gè)11歲的男孩。 重點(diǎn)用法④ 序數(shù)詞的用法 用法：1.序數(shù)詞在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。The third is what I really need.第3個(gè)是我真正需要的。He chose the fifth.他選擇了第5個(gè)。They are to carry out the first plan.他們將執(zhí)行第一個(gè)計(jì)劃。Danny was the eighth to arrive.丹尼是第8個(gè)到的。2.序數(shù)詞前一般要加定冠詞或物主代詞等限定詞。We took the elevator to the tenth floor.我們乘電梯到10層。It was my second visit to Shanghai.那是我第2次去上海。3.序數(shù)詞前面有a/an時(shí)，表示“再、又……”，其“順序”的含義減弱。Shall i ask him a third time?我還要問(wèn)他第3次嗎？提示：當(dāng)序數(shù)詞在be之后，表示比賽的名次時(shí)，它前面不加冠詞。Bill was first in the race.比爾在田徑比賽中得了第一。 重點(diǎn)用法⑤ 數(shù)詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用 用法：1.章節(jié)、頁(yè)數(shù)用“名詞（不加冠詞，首字母大寫(xiě)）+基數(shù)詞”或“the+序數(shù)詞+名詞”表示。Chapter One/the first Chapter第一章     Page two three six第236頁(yè)2.房間號(hào)、門(mén)牌號(hào)用“名詞+基數(shù)詞”表示。Room two zero three203房間     seventy-six Chang’an street長(zhǎng)安街76號(hào)3.電話號(hào)碼用基數(shù)詞表示，可單個(gè)讀，重復(fù)的數(shù)字也可用double。304-2245，讀作three zero four two two(double two)four five4.年份用基數(shù)詞表示，年代是四位數(shù)時(shí)，先讀前兩位，再讀后兩位。日期用序數(shù)詞或基數(shù)詞均可。in twenty fifty2050年          December 2nd12月2日5.分?jǐn)?shù)的分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞。分子大于1時(shí)，分母用序數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式；小數(shù)的整數(shù)部分和小數(shù)部分都用基數(shù)詞，小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀作point。百分?jǐn)?shù)用“基數(shù)詞+percent”表示。one third 1/3                    three fifths 3/50.49，讀作zero point four nine          1.8，讀作one point eight23.17%，讀作twenty-three point one seven percent6.次數(shù)用“基數(shù)詞+times”表示，但是“一次”用once表示，“兩次”用twice表示。three times3次                    nine times9次7.“加”用plus/and表示，“減”用minus表示，“乘”用times表示，“除”用divided by表示。Two plus/and three is five.2加3等于5。Ten minus six is four.10減6等于4。Three times five is/are fifteen.3乘5等于15。Nine divided by three is three.9除以3等于3。提示：表示長(zhǎng)、寬、高、面積可以用“基數(shù)詞+單位詞+形容詞”表示，或者用“基數(shù)詞+單位詞+in+名詞”表示。three meters long/in length3米長(zhǎng)          five meters high/in height5米高注意：數(shù)詞的倍數(shù)的表示方法可用于以下句型：      主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)（或分?jǐn)?shù)）+as+形容詞+asI have three times as many as you.我有你的3倍那么多。主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)（或分?jǐn)?shù)）+the size/amount/length...+of...      The earth is 49 times the sizes of the noon.地球是月球的49倍。      主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+倍數(shù)（或分?jǐn)?shù)）+形容詞（或副詞）比較級(jí)+than...      The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.      今年的糧食產(chǎn)量比去年增加了8%。      還可以用“by+倍數(shù)”，表示增加了多少倍。      The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.      今年的糧食產(chǎn)量增加了4倍。連詞（Conjunctions） 重點(diǎn)用法① 常用的并列連詞 用法：1.并列連詞用來(lái)連接平行對(duì)等、互不從屬的詞、短語(yǔ)或分句，可表示并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、選擇或因果等關(guān)系。常見(jiàn)的并列連詞的用法如下：2.and意為“和，并且”，用于連接對(duì)等關(guān)系的詞、詞組或分句；常用于句型“祈使句+逗號(hào)+and...”。Tom and I went to the bookstore yesterday.     and連接兩個(gè)并列的詞我和湯姆昨天去了書(shū)店。He stood up and put on his hat.     and連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)作他站起來(lái)，戴上了帽子。Fishing is his hobby,and collecting coins also gives him great pleasure.     and連接兩個(gè)分句他愛(ài)好釣魚(yú)，收集硬幣也令他感到快樂(lè)。Try again,and you’ll succeed.     在祈使句中，and前面的部分用來(lái)表示條件再試一下，你就會(huì)成功的。3.or和or else表示選擇關(guān)系。表示兩者之間選擇其一，意為“或者”；用于祈使句時(shí)，意為“否則，不然”。Tom or I am right.或者湯姆，或者我是對(duì)的。Hurry up,or else you’ll miss the last bus.快點(diǎn)兒，不然你就會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)最后一班車(chē)。Put on your overcoat,or you will catch cold.穿上衣服，要不然你會(huì)著涼的。4.but意為“但是，可是，而是”，連接兩種并列成分，表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，不能和although連用。It was a sunny but not very warm day.那一天天氣晴朗，但卻不太暖和。5.so意為“所以，于是，也，同樣”，表示結(jié)果，連接句子。It was too dark,so I couldn’t see anything.天太黑了，我什么也看不見(jiàn)。6.for意為“因?yàn)椤保硎驹?，連接句子。I soon went to sleep,for I was tired.我很快就入睡了，因?yàn)槲姨哿恕?/span>7.both...and意為“和，既……也……”，由它構(gòu)成的詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Both Lucy and Mary are ten.露西和瑪麗都10歲了。Both he and his brothers are good at dancing.他和他的兄弟們都擅長(zhǎng)跳舞。8.either...or意為“或……或……；不是……就是……”，由它構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞隨or后面的詞而定（就近原則）。The shoes were either too big or too small.鞋子要么太大，要么太小。Either you or he is right.不是你，就是他是對(duì)的。9.neither...or意為“既不……也不……”，由它構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞隨nor后面的詞而定（就近原則）。It is neither hot in summer,nor cold in winter.夏天不熱，冬天不冷。Neither he nor I speak a foreign language.他和我都不會(huì)說(shuō)外語(yǔ)。10.not only...but also意為“不但……而且……”，由它構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞隨but also后面的詞而定（就近原則）。Jane is not only beautiful but also kind.簡(jiǎn)不但漂亮，而且人也非常好。Not only the students but also the teachers was against the plan.不但學(xué)生，而且老師也反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃。11.as well as...意為“又，不但……而且……”，由它構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞隨其前面的詞而定。Mr.Lin as well as his parents joins in the party.不但林先生的父母，而且林先生也參加宴會(huì)。提示：在口語(yǔ)中，and常用在come，go，run，stay，try等之后表示目的，and在此相當(dāng)于不定式符號(hào)to。Go and ask him.去問(wèn)問(wèn)他。Try and finish the work in a month.設(shè)法在一個(gè)月內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作。 重點(diǎn)用法② 常用的從屬連詞 用法：1.that無(wú)詞義，用于引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句）和定語(yǔ)從句。I think that she is tired.我想他累了。The trouble is that I’ve lost his address.麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。2.when，while和as意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”，用于引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，都可表示從句和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，when也可表示先后發(fā)生。While I read,she sang.我在看書(shū)時(shí)，她在唱歌。When/While/As he was doing his homework,I came in.當(dāng)他寫(xiě)作業(yè)時(shí)我走了過(guò)來(lái)。There were chairs left over when everyone had sat down.當(dāng)大家就座后還剩下幾把椅子。3.since意為“自從……以來(lái)”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Many things have happened since I last saw him.從我上次見(jiàn)到他以來(lái)發(fā)生了很多事。How long is it since we last went to the theatre?我們多久沒(méi)去看戲了？4.as soon as意為“剛一……就”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。As soon as I get the present,I’ll tell you.我一收到禮物就告訴你。I’ll tell Ann the good news as soon as she comes back.安一回來(lái)，我就告訴她這個(gè)好消息。5.before意為“在……之前”，after意為“在……之后”，都可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。Did she leave a message before she went?她走之前留言了嗎？I found her bag after she had left.她走了以后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了她的包。6.till和until意為“直到……時(shí)”，可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。一般認(rèn)為till不如until正式，在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中不常用。句首通常用until。Can you wait till/until I come back?你能等到我回來(lái)嗎？He didn’t finish his homework until his mother came back.     finish是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，故用否定句。直到他媽媽回來(lái)，他才完成作業(yè)。7.because意為“因?yàn)椤?，引?dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。常用于回答why引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，不能和so連用。I did it because my mother told me to.媽媽吩咐我去做這件事，我才做的。-Why are you late?你為什么遲到？-Because I met a traffic accident on my way here.因?yàn)槲以趤?lái)這兒的路上遇到了車(chē)禍。8.if意為“如果”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。If necessary I will come at once.如果有必要，我會(huì)馬上來(lái)。9.though和although意為“雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。它們都不能與but連用。Though I was tired,I still worked hard.雖然我很累，但我仍然努力工作。10.so...that意為“如此……以至于……”，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。that后面跟的從句是否定句時(shí)，可與too...to互換。The box is so heavy that I can’t lift it.=The box is too heavy for me to lift.箱子太沉了，我抬不起來(lái)。提示：though，although和as都可以表示“雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)的從句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序，即把從句中的表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞原形放在as之前。though和although放在句首時(shí)用法相同，但如放在句末時(shí)用though，不用although，且前面有逗號(hào)。這幾個(gè)詞均不能與and，but連用，但可與yet連用。Try as she might,she couldn’t open the door.     as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。她試過(guò)多次了，可仍然打不開(kāi)那門(mén)。冠詞（Articles） 重點(diǎn)用法① 不定冠詞的用法 用法：1.不定代詞有a，an兩種，a用于輔音（不是輔音字母）開(kāi)頭的單詞前；an用于元音（不是元音字母）開(kāi)頭的單詞前。a pen一支鋼筆                    a European country一個(gè)歐洲的國(guó)家an elephant一頭大象                       an hour一小時(shí)2.用于單詞可數(shù)名詞前，表示某一類人或事物中的一個(gè)。He works six days a week.他一周工作6天。There is an island over there.那兒有一座島嶼。3.用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表示某一類人或事物。A tailor makes clothes.裁縫做衣服。An owl can see in the dark.貓頭鷹在黑暗中能看見(jiàn)東西。4.用于首次提到的人或事物前。She is sitting on a chair.她坐在一張椅子上。Charlie bought a new motorbike.查理買(mǎi)了一輛新的摩托車(chē)。5.a/an相當(dāng)于one，表示數(shù)量“一”。I have a yellow umbrella.我有一把黃色的傘。6.當(dāng)提到某人只知其名而不知其人，此時(shí)的不定冠詞相當(dāng)于some。A Mr.Green called you just now.一位格林先生剛給你打過(guò)電話。7.與表示“成對(duì)”概念的名詞連用。There is a knife and fork on the table.桌上有一副刀和叉。若不表示成對(duì)概念，需分別加不定冠詞：a knife and a fork8.用于一些固定詞組中。have a fever發(fā)燒                    have a look看一看have a bath洗澡，淋浴               have a talk晤談many a time許多次                in a word總之（一句話）提示：如果在and連接的兩個(gè)名詞之前分別加不定冠詞，表示“兩個(gè)人或物”，反之則表示“一個(gè)人或物”。They are a teacher and a writer.     指“一位教師”和“一位作家”，是兩個(gè)人。他們是一位教師和一位作家。She is a teacher and writer.     “教師”和“作家”指的是同一個(gè)人。她是位教師兼作家。 重點(diǎn)用法② 定冠詞的用法 用法：1.特指某（些）人或物，或重新指上文提到過(guò)的人或事物。I bought a cap.The cap is very beautiful.我買(mǎi)了一頂帽子，這頂帽子很漂亮。2.用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表示某一類人或事物。The tiger is a wild animal.老虎是一種野生動(dòng)物。3.用于表示世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或方位名詞等前。the world世界          the universe宇宙4.用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)及only修飾的名詞前。the brightest star in the sky天空中最亮的星星5.用于江河湖海等地理專有名詞和普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。the River Seine塞納河          the Great Wall長(zhǎng)城6.用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前表示一家人或夫婦二人。Don’t forget to invite the Greens.別忘了邀請(qǐng)格林夫婦。7.用于表示樂(lè)器、世紀(jì)、年代等的名詞前。play the violin拉小提琴          in the nineteenth century十九世紀(jì)8.用于一些固定詞組中。at the foot of在……腳下          by the way順便說(shuō)一下 重點(diǎn)用法③ 零冠詞的使用 用法：1.在專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前。China中國(guó)                    milk牛奶                    struggle斗爭(zhēng)2.在表示一類人或物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。We are all students.我們都是學(xué)生。3.在物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾的名詞前。Jane opens her box.簡(jiǎn)打開(kāi)了她的盒子。4.在表示三餐、球類、季節(jié)、月份、星期等的名詞前。have breakfast吃早餐          play volleyball打排球5.在表示家庭成員名稱、稱呼語(yǔ)或職務(wù)、頭銜等名詞前。I will make you king.我將會(huì)讓你當(dāng)上國(guó)王。一、用單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成句子1．“Therefore, daily ________ (supply) were sent to me by my children so I could avoid going out.” (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)2．The Chinese online literature industry has received increasing ________(recognize) from home and abroad. （所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）3．A collection of archaeological evidence has confirmed the ________(exist) of rhinos in ancient China. （所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）4．She desperately wanted to win her father’s _______________ (approve). (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)5．What made her succeed later on was the kindness and_________(consider) she showed to all her patients. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)6．When it was impossible for ________ (I) to row my boat, I tied it to my waist and pulled it behind me, with my pants rolled to my knees. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)7．No matter when I go to a post office and no matter where the post office is, I always find ________ (me) standing in a line behind someone who has a lot of business to do. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)8．I wish to thank Mr. Smith, and without ________(he) help I would never have got this far. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)9．If you want to go to the party with me, you should behave ________(you) well. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)10．My father kept ________ (him) word and treated me to a wonderful sightseeing trip after I won the contest. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)11．The girl was sitting on the chair quietly, burying ________ (she) in the magazine in the hands. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)12．“Our ocean has been driven to breaking point during ________ past few years but it’s a story that doesn’t get told often enough,” says Will Mccallum, head of ocean at Greenpeace UK. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)13．Besides those measures in schools, 47 football training camps have also been built in _________effort to promote the sport among young people. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)14．This session of Hainan Island Carnival digs deep into all the possible “joyful elements” and fully displays the rich and unique tourism and cultural resources of Hainan so as to engage both tourists and residents to actively participate and interact in building Hainan Island into _________ joyful destination for visitors around the world. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)15．Wikipedia employs_________open editing model. Except for a small number of pages, anyone can edit articles,  anonymously(匿名地) or with a user account. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)16．Some Lu is even alcoholic: Zao Lu is ________ light one made from the fermented rice remains from making Chinese yellow wine. Zao Lu is used across south-eastern China to season vegetables. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)17．After looking at the map, he finds this street is four times the_________(long) of that street. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)18．The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big ________ the present one. （用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空）19．Feeling fearful is healthy ________ it helps you slow down and evaluate risks properly. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)20．She said she would be late,  _________ she arrived on time. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)21．It was beyond Chinese ________(expect) that China entered the FIBA Women’s Basketball World Cup final in 2022.(所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)22．________(rule) of weiqi are extraordinarily simple. There are 180 identical(完全一樣的)white pieces and 181 identical black pieces fighting against each other on a board 19×19 lines. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)23．“I had to wait for the staff to write down my information, which caused much more ________ (convenience) than scanning codes.” (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)24．The boom in the sport’s ________(popular) has meant more calls for stricter safety regulations. （所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）25．Seven thematic tourism routes will be launched to attract more visitors to travel to Hainan, which will stimulate tourism and facilitate the construction of an international tourism _________ (consume) center. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)26．However, he later finds out that his father was a wizard, and that his mother was a witch, both of ________(they)murdered by an evil wizard. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)27．The self-portrait is nothing new. Painters and photographers have always used _________(they) as subjects. Today, however, almost everyone walks around with a camera in his or her pocket. This is________ most cellphones have cameras on them. (所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)28．Some high schools in the UK will remove analog clocks(石英鐘) ________ exam halls and us digital ________ instead. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)29．So I went to the cash machine, took some cash and gave ________ to the girls. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)30．Born in a town on the southern edge of the Mu Us Desert, Shi remembers how sandstorms easily destroyed the crops the villagers had grown and made their life __________ misery. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)31．The sale of saltpeter(硝酸鹽)to foreigners was banned in 1076. Nonetheless, knowledge of the miraculous substance was carried along the Silk Road to India, the Middle East, and Europe. In 1267,_______ European writer made reference to gunpowder, and in 1280 the first recipes for the explosive mixture were published in the west. China’s secret was out. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)32．“Despite a history of more than 3,000 years, the image of flower arrangement sometimes is still limited bunches of flowers in flower shops.” Zhang Yan, _________ master of the art, said. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)33．Therefore, it is important that the whole society help create ________  barrier-free environment for them. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)34．Over the past year, she has been actively engaged in searching international connections in _________healthcare industry, first for China and later on for her own country. Thanks to the network she built through Tsinghua, she was able to organize donation of personal protective equipment for both China and her own country. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)35．All those secondhand goods are sold at 30% ________low a price as before. （用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空）36．According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer ________a woman. （用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空）37．Peter’s jacket looked just the same as Jack’s, but it cost twice as ________as his. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)38．Staying in a hotel in Shanghai one day costs three times the ________of renting a house in my hometown for a week. （用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空）39．It’s said that the power plant is now twice ________(large) than what it was. （所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）40．This year they have produced as________ grain as they did last year. （用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空）41．According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice ________ many as they would burn walking. （用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空）42．（2022新高考I卷）Covering an area about three times ________ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. （用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空）43．In a word, the prospects are bright, _________ the road has twists and turns. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)44．The children were playing in the street _________ they caught sight of an injured bird. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)45．He must be a good worker, __________ else he wouldn’t be so busy. (用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空) 

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