動詞-ing作定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語[觀察例句]①Walking in the park，she saw an old friend. 時間狀語②Being ill，he couldn't go to school. 原因狀語③Working hard，you'll make great progress. 條件狀語④The boy ran even faster，reaching the school out of breath.結(jié)果狀語⑤All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem. 伴隨狀語⑥Is there a swimming pool in your school？ 前置定語⑦I know the boy sitting besides you just now. 后置定語⑧I heard him singing next door. 賓語補(bǔ)足語[歸納用法]一、動詞-ing形式作定語1．表示被修飾詞的某種性能或用途，相當(dāng)于for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語。No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.閱覽室里不準(zhǔn)大聲說話。2．和被修飾詞之間有邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，表示所修飾詞進(jìn)行的動作，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother.＝The boy that/who is playing football on the playground is my younger brother.在操場上踢足球的那個男孩是我弟弟。[名師點(diǎn)津]　動詞-ing表示正在進(jìn)行或習(xí)慣性的動作；過去分詞表示被動或完成意義；不定式表示動作尚未發(fā)生。You should adapt to the changing situation.你應(yīng)該適應(yīng)不斷變化的形勢。The ground is covered with fallen leaves.地上滿是落葉。I'm looking for a room to live in.我正在找房子住。[即學(xué)即練1]　單句語法填空①When we got a call saying(say) she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.②Make less noise.There's a sleeping(sleep) child.③Look！There are some leaves floating(float) on the water.④There is a page missing(miss)from this book.⑤The library being built(build) now will be the biggest one in our city.二、動詞-ing形式作狀語(一)具體用法1．作時間狀語常放在句首，相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句。Hearing the noise，I turned round.＝When I heard the noise，I turned round.聽到響聲我轉(zhuǎn)過身去。2．作原因狀語相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句，也可以放在句首。Being poor，he couldn't afford a TV set.＝Because he was poor，he couldn't afford a TV set.由于貧窮，他買不起電視機(jī)。3．作條件狀語相當(dāng)于一個if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。Working hard，you'll certainly succeed.＝If you work hard，you'll certainly succeed.只要努力學(xué)習(xí)，你肯定會成功的。4．作結(jié)果狀語通常放在句末，中間用逗號隔開，表示一種順其自然、意料之中的結(jié)果。The fire lasted a whole night，causing great damage.大火持續(xù)了一整夜，造成了巨大損失。[名師點(diǎn)津]　動詞-ing形式作結(jié)果狀語，是隨著謂語動詞的發(fā)生而產(chǎn)生的自然結(jié)果，其邏輯主語往往是前面整個句子所描述的情況，前面有時候可以加thus。而不定式作結(jié)果狀語時常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，常用only to do結(jié)構(gòu)，其被動形式為only to be done。He was caught in the rain，thus making himself catch a cold.被雨淋后他感冒了。I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday.我匆忙趕到學(xué)校，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)是星期天。5．作讓步狀語相當(dāng)于although/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。Living miles away，he attended the course on time every day.＝Although/Though he lived miles away，he attended the course on time every day.盡管離幾英里遠(yuǎn)，他每天都按時上課。 6．作方式和伴隨狀語動詞-ing表示的動作和主句的動作同時發(fā)生，此時它可轉(zhuǎn)換成由連詞連接的并列謂語。Mary sat by the window of the classroom，reading a book.＝Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book.瑪麗坐在教室的窗邊讀書。(二)注意事項(xiàng)1．時態(tài)以do為例，其-ing形式有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)。(1)當(dāng)表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生時，用動詞-ing的一般式。Walking in the street，I met an old friend of mine.我走在街上的時候，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和謂語動詞met同時發(fā)生)(2)當(dāng)表示的動作先發(fā)生，而謂語動詞的動作后發(fā)生時，用動詞-ing的完成式。Having finished the letter，he went to post it.他寫完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先發(fā)生的，went是后發(fā)生的)2．語態(tài)使用動詞-ing的主動式還是被動式，主要取決于它和句子主語之間的關(guān)系。表示主動關(guān)系就用主動式，表示被動關(guān)系就用被動式。Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy.被領(lǐng)著參觀了工廠后，他們很高興。Having finished his homework，he went to bed.完成了作業(yè)后，他上床睡覺。3．動詞-ing形式的否定式：not＋v.-ing；not having＋v.-edNot knowing this，he didn't come.他不知道這件事，所以沒來。Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting.因?yàn)闆]有做好充分的準(zhǔn)備，我們把運(yùn)動會延期了。4．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)動詞-ing形式作狀語，有時它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，通常用來表示伴隨的動作或情況，也可以表示時間、原因或條件。Those trees are extremely tall，some measuring over 90 metres.那些樹非常高，其中一些高達(dá)90多米。The weather being fine，we went out for a walk.由于天氣好，我們?nèi)ド⒉搅恕?/span>[名師點(diǎn)津]　有些動詞-ing形式在句中沒有邏輯主語，它們往往作為句子的評注性狀語來修飾整個句子，表明說話者的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等。例如：generally speaking “一般來說”，judging by/from...“從……判斷”，taking everything into consideration “從全盤考慮”。Judging from his behaviour，he must be mad.從他的行為來判斷，他一定是瘋了。Generally speaking，girls are more interested in literature than boys.一般來說，女孩比男孩對文學(xué)更感興趣。[即學(xué)即練2]　用動詞-ing短語改寫句子①The storm left and had caused a lot of damage to this area.→The storm left，having caused a lot of damage to this area．②Do be more careful when you cross the street.→Do be more careful when crossing the street．③As it was a wet day，we couldn't go for a walk.→It being a wet day，we couldn't go for a walk.④Because he did not know how to do it，he went to her for help.→Not knowing how to do it，he went to her for help.⑤As soon as she had made the beds，she started making breakfast.→Having made the beds，she started making breakfast.三、動詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語1．動詞-ing形式及其短語可以用在表示感覺的動詞(如see，observe，notice，watch，hear，smell，listen to，look at，feel等)以及其他動詞(如catch，have，make，get，start，leave，keep，find等)的賓語后面，作賓語補(bǔ)足語。I saw a small girl standing in front of a goldfish pond.我看到一個小女孩站在金魚缸前。[名師點(diǎn)津]　在一些感官、使役動詞后既可以接省略to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，也可以接動詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，其區(qū)別是：動詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作正在進(jìn)行，不是指全過程；不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作的完成，指全過程。I saw the thief getting on the train.我看見那個賊正在上火車。I saw the thief get on the train and disappear.我看見那個賊上了火車，消失了。2．用于with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，作賓語補(bǔ)足語I couldn't do my homework with the noise going on.由于噪音不斷，我沒法做家庭作業(yè)。With so many people looking at her，she felt nervous.這么多人看著她，她感到緊張。[即學(xué)即練3]　單句語法填空①Suddenly we heard someone knocking(knock) gently on the window.②I suddenly felt myself being hit(hit) by a heavy fist.③They use computers to keep the traffic running(run) smoothly.④When I got there，I saw the famous star being surrounded(surround) by some girls.⑤With the crowds cheering(cheer)，they drove to the palace.Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．The waiting(wait) room is always full of all kinds of people.2．I saw a stranger coming(come) into the manager's office.3．The boys gathering(gather) at the school gate are my classmates.4．Those wishing(wish) to join this club should sign here.5．Having missed (miss) the bus，we had to walk home.6．Watching(watch) the play，she couldn't keep back her tears.7．Not having(have) much money, Mary decided to thumb a ride to New York.8．The student talking(talk) with the foreigners over there is my brother.9．When I saw the dog being beaten(beat) by several boys，I came up to stop them.10．The man left us standing(stand) alone，unable to find any help.Ⅱ.短文語法填空Buying books on the Internet is a great way 1.to save(save) time and money.Online bookstores offer new books and used books 2.that/which can save you a lot of money.What's more，they are far better 3.compared(compare) to traditional bookstores as they offer much broader kinds of books.You can either click the kind of e-books online or type the book title and get it in seconds.Another advantage of 4.shopping(shop) online is that you can also read the book reviews as well as readers' reviews to get an idea whether the book is worth 5.buying(buy)．Online bookstores offer great discounts，which is a big attraction for book lovers.For book lovers，it is most important 6.to get(get) books in time.Therefore，you need to find a reliable online bookstore that will be able to provide fast deliveries.Here are some tips to use when 7.selecting(select) an online bookstore.Some online bookstores are popular for fiction books；some are for non-fiction books or novels，etc.8.Understanding(understand) their specialization will help you to get the right kinds of books in time.Check whether you will buy the books from a third-party seller 9.or directly from the websites.Never jump at stores that offer super cheap prices，as books 10.sold(sell) at such low price could be in very bad condition. 

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