【命題意圖】 閱讀理解從能力的角度來講，考查學(xué)生運用英語的能力，具體地說，就是通過閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考試方向】科普類文章是高考英語的?？碱}材。文章中詞匯的意思比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點。為了描述一個客觀事物，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的觀點，作者經(jīng)常會使用集多種語法現(xiàn)象于一體的長句。所以，文中出現(xiàn)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)通常較復(fù)雜，語法分析較困難。
1.結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯性強(qiáng)?？破疹愇恼聦儆谡f明文，一般由導(dǎo)語（intrductin）、背景（backgrund）、主體（main bdy）和結(jié)尾（end）四部分構(gòu)成，在句首和句尾常出現(xiàn)主題句。這類文章通常有明確的主題，并且論證主題的事實邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次分明，段落清晰。
2.從詞匯角度來看，在科普類文中，詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點。由于科普類文章讀者對象是大眾，所以語言上力求淺顯易懂，用通俗的語言解釋某種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象和科學(xué)道理，但其中有些詞匯仍帶有很強(qiáng)的術(shù)語性的烙印。但通過上下文解釋考生可以推定詞義，從而順利解題。因此，科普類文章中盡管有專業(yè)詞匯和術(shù)語，但可以通過上下文、構(gòu)詞法等來理解題目，猜出題意。
3.從語法和句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面看，句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，長難句較多，語法分析較困難，為了描述一個客觀事實，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會使用及多種語法現(xiàn)象與一體的長句。常用被動語態(tài)、定語從句等
【得分要點】1、學(xué)生需先通讀短文，把握文章大意，了解該短文是解釋何種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象或科學(xué)道理的，抓住體現(xiàn)本文主題的關(guān)鍵詞和關(guān)鍵句，提高閱讀速度。
2、要做好科普類文章試題，考生還要掌握這類文章的特點和結(jié)構(gòu)，真正讀懂并理解它。在閱讀這類文章時要遵循此類文章的一般結(jié)構(gòu)：導(dǎo)語、背景、主體和結(jié)尾。閱讀時要注意開頭和結(jié)尾，往往可以歸納出文中的中心思想。
3、在了解全文大意和結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，學(xué)會解決what/hw/why等一類的問題，他們是文章的關(guān)鍵，如果能夠帶著這些問題去閱讀，則會更迅速地抓住文章的主題。
另外，還要通過讀書看報等多普及科普知識，比如：太空與海洋、環(huán)境與污染、科技與創(chuàng)造發(fā)明、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生，動物世界等。這樣長期堅持，既開闊了視野又能正確迅速地做好此類題。
【真題再現(xiàn)1】【2020·全國卷I，C】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接觸) with the grund at all times. It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries(卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt’s strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
28. Why are race walkers cnditined athletes?
A. They must run lng distances.
B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.
D. They are gd at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage des race walking have ver running?
A. It’s mre ppular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s mre effective in bdy building.
D. It’s less likely t cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Nrberg’s suggestin fr smene trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ pinins.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced cach.
D. Ding regular exercises.
31. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
A. Skeptical.B. Objective.
C. Tlerant.D. Cnservative.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B
【解析】這是一篇說明文。短文介紹了競走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢，但是之前受過傷的人，要想從事這樣運動要謹(jǐn)慎，最好咨詢專家的建議。
28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact with the grund at all times.”可知，但這項運動的規(guī)則要求競走者的膝蓋在擺動腿的大部分時間保持伸直，一只腳始終與地面接觸。由此可知，競走運動員是需要具備某些條件的運動員是因為運動員需要遵守特殊的規(guī)則。故選C項。
29.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers.”可知，一些與跑步有關(guān)的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，在競走者中并不常見。由此可知，競走與跑步相比的優(yōu)勢是不太可能導(dǎo)致膝蓋受傷。故選D項。
30.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Dr. Nrberg說的話“In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique(事實上，任何想嘗試競走的人都應(yīng)該首先咨詢教練或有經(jīng)驗的競走運動員，學(xué)習(xí)適當(dāng)?shù)募记伞?”可知，Dr. Nrberg建議想嘗試競走的人征詢專家的建議。故選A項。
31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.”可知，研究表明，競走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過，它也有自己的問題。由此判斷出作者對于競走的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B項。
【真題再現(xiàn)2】 【2020·全國卷II，B】
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(認(rèn)知) after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋轉(zhuǎn))and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
24. In which aspect d children benefit frm puzzle play?
A. Building cnfidence.B. Develping spatial skills.
C. Learning self-cntrl.D. Gaining high-tech knwledge.
25. What did Levine take int cnsideratin when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imaginatin.
C. Parents’ educatin.D. Child-parent relatinship.
26. Hw d by differ frm girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles mre ften.
B. They tend t talk less during the game.
C. They prefer t use mre spatial language.
D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd.B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgistD. A teaching prgram.
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D 27. B
【解析】本文是說明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。
24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中…fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develp better spatial skill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。B. Develping spatial skills(發(fā)展空間能力)符合以上說法，故選B項。
25.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin after cntrlling fr difference in parents' incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.( Levine說，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數(shù)后，拼圖游戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)測)可知Levine在設(shè)計這個試驗時考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的次數(shù)。C. Parents' educatin.(父母的教育)符合以上說法，故選C項。
26.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復(fù)雜的謎題，即他們可能會玩難度更大的謎題。D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.(他們有可能玩更復(fù)雜的謎題)符合以上說法，故選D項。
27.主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)研究的。B. A scientific study(一項科學(xué)研究)符合以上說法，故選B項。
【題型演練】
1
Tw American astrnauts were greeted by mre than a dzen private bats n Sunday as their SpaceX capsule landed safely in the Gulf f Mexic. A few bats went fr a clser lk at the capsule, which, aided by parachutes, gently hit the water ff the cast f Flrida. As the capsule bunced in the water, a recvery team instructed the baters t stay away.
This raised cncerns amng NASA and SpaceX fficials abut security and safety prcedures. The NASA administratr, Jim, acknwledged that the unprtected receptin shuld nt have happened. "If there is an emergency, the bats might have made recvery effrts, but there were pisnus smkes frm the capsule. We need t d better next time," he said.
The Cast Guard waned baters t stay clear f the area in a radi bradcast tw hurs befre the splashdwn, but many baters ignred the requests and decided t enter the area, putting themselves in ptential danger.
Rbert L. Behnken and Duglas G. Hurley, the NASA astrnauts, returned t Earth after nearly 64 days in rbit, mst f them spent abard the Internatinal Space Statin. Their trip hme was abard the Crew Dragn, built by the private cmpany SpaceX t transprt NASA astrnauts. The agency has relied n Russia fr trips t space since the space shuttles were retired in 2011.
While the shuttles, like airplanes, landed n runways, SpaceX chse water landings, which NASA has nt dne since 1975, when the last f the Apll mdules went t space.
1. What were the baters asked t d at the landing f the capsule?
A. Cme t rescue the capsule.
B. Keep away frm the capsule.
C. Take a pht with the capsule.
D. Warn thers ut f the landing area.
2. What des Jim think abut the private baters?
A. They were expsed t risks.
B. They were well rganized.
C. They were scared f the capsule.
D. They dreamed f ging t space.
3. What happened in 1975 accrding t the text?
A. The last f the Apll mdules went back t earth.
B. Water landings were intrduced fr space capsule.
C. The Internatinal Space Statin was put t wrk.
D. NASA stpped using water landings fr capsules.
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. NASA Begins t Send Spaceships n its Own after 45 Years
B. SpareX Capsule Made a Breakthrugh by landing n Water
C. NASA Astrnauts Returned t Earth after Wrking at ISS
D. Bats Entering Capsule Landing Area Raised Safety Cncerns
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D
【解析】這是一篇新聞報道。美國SpaceX太空艙在返回地球時降落在一片水域，此時附近的漁船上前觀看，由此引起作者對相關(guān)人員的安全擔(dān)憂。
1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“As the capsule bunced in the water, a recvery team instructed the baters t stay away.”（當(dāng)太空艙在水中反彈時，一個救援小組指示船員離開。）可知，當(dāng)太空艙著陸時，救援小組叫周圍那些船上的人離遠(yuǎn)一些。故選B項。
2. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中美國宇航局局長Jim所說“If there is an emergency, the bats might have made recvery effrts, but there were pisnus smkes frm the capsule. We need t d better next time.”（“如果發(fā)生緊急情況，救生艇可能已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了搶救，但是太空艙里冒出了有毒的煙霧。我們下次需要做得更好。”）可推知，太空艙發(fā)出的有毒煙霧會對船員有危險，所以說船員們面臨危險。故選A項。
3. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“While the shuttles, like airplanes, landed n runways, SpaceX chse water landings, which NASA has nt dne since 1975, when the last f the Apll mdules went t space.”（當(dāng)飛行器像飛機(jī)一樣在跑道上著陸時，SpaceX 選擇了水上著陸，這是 NASA 自1975年以來從未做過的，當(dāng)時最后一個阿波羅組件進(jìn)入了太空。）可以推斷，在1975年，NASA最后使用太空艙水上著陸，在這之后就停用了。故選D項。
4. 主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容和第二段第一句“This raised cncerns amng NASA and SpaceX fficials abut security and safety prcedures.”（這引起了 NASA 和 SpaceX 官員對安保和安全程序的擔(dān)憂。）可知，本文講述美國SpaceX太空艙返回地球時降落在一片水域，一些船只前去觀看而引起的人們對相關(guān)人員的安全擔(dān)憂。選項D“船只進(jìn)入太空艙著陸區(qū)引起安全擔(dān)憂”圍繞主題，簡明扼要，適合作標(biāo)題。故選D項。
2
D yu want smething different fr dinner? Try sme space fd. Many scientists are living fr mnths abard the Internatinal Space Statin high abve the earth. It's t expensive t carry fd t feed peple living in space. Therefre, peple in space will need t grw fd fr themselves. But hw can they grw fd withut sil and sunlight?
Tday, we already have hydrpnic vegetables. The science f hydrpnics is nt new. Many writers believe that the Hanging Gardens f Babyln were actually a large hydrpnic system. This system culd have used fresh water that was rich in xygen and minerals fr the plants. Hydrpnic systems need light. In additin t sunlight, hydrpnic farms can use artificial lights. Instead f sil, hydrpnic farms use mixtures f chemicals t feed the plants. And in additin t a natural climate, mst hydrpnic farms ften use greenhuses. One advantage f hydrpnics is that diseases and insects that travel thrugh the sil are avided. Anther advantage is there are n weeds t pull ut.
Farmers knw hw t grw a few kinds f hydrpnic vegetables, such as lettuces, tmates, and cucumbers. But in space, peple will need t eat mre than salad. S scientists are learning hw t grw hydrpnic rice, beans and ptates. As they d these experiments, they are analyzing their results and examining hw t apply these results t a real life situatin prviding tasty meals fr space travelers.
The scientists make imitatin meat dishes, such as carrt drumsticks, made frm carrts, garlic, and bread, instead f chicken. Hw d these unusual fds taste? The scientists have been inviting a grup f taste testers int their labratries. S far, they have tested 200 different recipes. The carrt drumstick dish was a hit. Perhaps sn, peple will eat meals made frm hydrpnic vegetables that are truly ut f this wrld.
5. Why d scientists grw space fd?
A. T reduce fd csts.B. T supprt space travelers.
C. T find new varieties f fd.D. T increase agricultural prductin.
6. What is a must t grw hydrpnic vegetables?
A. Sunlight.B. Warm weather.
C. Sil t grw the plants in.D. Chemicals t feed the plants.
7. What is ne advantage f hydrpnic plants?
A. They dn't get diseases.B. They aren't affected by weeds.
C. They can grw in a lightless place.D. They are bigger than cmmn nes.
8. What is the authr's attitude twards scientists' space fd experiment?
A. Uninterested.B. Dubtful.C. Optimistic.D. Cautius.
【答案】5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了科學(xué)家通過種植太空食物，來給太空旅行者提供補(bǔ)給。沒有土壤和陽光，他們采用了水培的方式種植蔬菜，文章介紹了水培蔬菜的所需條件和優(yōu)點?？茖W(xué)家們正在學(xué)習(xí)如何種植水培水稻、豆類和土豆，作者相信不久的將來人們就能吃到由水培蔬菜制成的美味佳肴了。
5. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Many scientists are living fr mnths abard the Internatinal Space Statin high abve the earth. It's t expensive t carry fd t feed peple living in space. Therefre, peple in space will need t grw fd fr themselves.(許多科學(xué)家要在地球上空的國際空間站上生活幾個月。運送食物給住在太空的人吃成本太貴了。因此，太空中的人們將需要為自己種植食物)”可知，科學(xué)家要種植太空食物，是為了給太空旅行者提供食物補(bǔ)給。故選B。
6. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Instead f sil, hydrpnic farms use mixtures f chemicals t feed the plants.(水培農(nóng)場用化學(xué)混合物代替土壤來喂養(yǎng)植物)”可知，種植水培蔬菜必須具備的條件是喂養(yǎng)植物的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。故選D。
7. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Anther advantage is there are n weeds t pull ut.(另一個優(yōu)點是沒有雜草需要拔除)”可知，水培植物的一個優(yōu)點是它們不受雜草的影響。故選B。
8. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“The scientists have been inviting a grup f taste testers int their labratries. S far, they have tested 200 different recipes. The carrt drumstick dish was a hit. Perhaps sn, peple will eat meals made frm hydrpnic vegetables that are truly ut f this wrld.(科學(xué)家們邀請了一組味覺測試者進(jìn)入他們的實驗室。到目前為止，他們已經(jīng)測試了200種不同的食譜。胡蘿卜雞腿這道菜很受歡迎。也許不久之后，人們就能吃到由水培蔬菜制成的美味佳肴了)”可推知，作者對科學(xué)家的太空食品實驗持樂觀態(tài)度。故選C。
3
Bricks are ne f the ldest knwn building materials, dating back thusands f years. But researchers at Washingtn University in St. Luis have fund a new use fr bricks: as energy strage units. A team f engineers and chemists have fund a way t transfrm an rdinary huse brick int a pseud-battery — allwing it t cnduct and stre electricity. The bricks are pwerful enugh t illuminate（點亮）an LED light bulb and cst nly abut $ 3 t make.
“I lve the idea f adding value t things that are inexpensive, things that are affrdable, things that we kind f take fr granted, ”said Juli D’Arcy, an assistant prfessr f chemistry at Washingtn University and ne f the researchers n this prject.
The brick battery relies n the reddish pigment（色素）knwn as irn xide, r rust, that gives red bricks their clr. The scientists pumped the bricks with several gases that react with irn xide t prduce a netwrk f plastic fibers. These micrscpic fibers cat the empty spaces inside the bricks — and cnduct electricity.
“What we’re trying t d is: we’re trying t make specialized plastics that are nly used n the nan（納米）scale — where we use very little f the plastic, and we can actually insert that plastic inside cnstructin materials. ” The study is in the jurnal Nature Cmmunicatins.
In the future, D’Arcy says, a brick wall culd ptentially serve a duble purpse: prviding structural supprt and string electricity generated frm renewable energy surces, such as slar panels.
The technlgy is still at least a few years away frm being ready fr the cmmercial market. And right nw the energy strage capacity f the bricks is still pretty lw — abut 1 percent f a lithium battery. But the team is nw testing ways t imprve brick perfrmance — because it lks like yu can teach an ld brick new tricks.
9. What appeals t Juli D’Arcy listing bricks as their subjects?
A. Their lw expense.B. Their cmmn existence.
C. Their additinal value.D. Their internal cmpsitin.
10. What is the last step f making a brick cnduct electricity?
A. Pump the brick with gases.
B. Clr the brick red.
C. Prduce micrscpic fibers.
D. Cver its inner vacancy with micrscpic fibers.
11. What will the future bricks be like accrding t the passage?
A. Cnstructin materials pssessing lw energy strage capacity.
B. Cnstructin materials generating renewable energy resurces.
C. Cnstructin materials used fr electricity strage.
D. Cnstructin materials with built-in cmmn plastic.
12. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t the technlgy?
A. Skeptical.B. Objective.
C. Cnservative.D. Cntrversial.
【答案】9. C10. D11. C12. B
【解析】這是一篇說明文。講述了一項新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：圣路易斯華盛頓大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了磚塊的新用途：作為儲能單元，可以用來貯存電力。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“Juli D’Arcy”定位到第二段中“I lve the idea f adding value t things that are inexpensive, things that are affrdable, things that we kind f take fr granted, ” （我喜歡把價值賦予那些不貴的東西，那些我們可以負(fù)擔(dān)得起的東西， 那些我們認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的東西的這個想法）。即Juli D’Arcy認(rèn)為可以在磚塊上面實現(xiàn)附加價值。故選C。
2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“a brick cnduct electricity”定位到第三段“The brick battery relies n the reddish pigment（色素）knwn as irn xide, r rust, that gives red bricks their clr. The scientists pumped the bricks with several gases that react with irn xide t prduce a netwrk f plastic fibers. These micrscpic fibers cat the empty spaces inside the bricks — and cnduct electricity.”（磚塊電池依賴于紅色的顏料，氧化鐵，或鐵銹，使紅磚呈現(xiàn)出它們的顏色?？茖W(xué)家們用幾種氣體與氧化鐵反應(yīng)生成一個塑料纖維網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這些微小的纖維覆蓋了磚塊內(nèi)部的空隙，并導(dǎo)電。）可知，第—步∶clr the brick red；第二步∶pump the brick with gaes；第三步∶prduce micrscpicfibers；第四步∶cat the empty spaces inside the bricks，所以最后一步是用顯微纖維覆蓋磚塊內(nèi)部的空隙。故答案為D。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中第五段中“In the future, D’Arcy says, a brick wall culd ptentially serve a duble purpse: prviding structural supprt and string electricity generated frm renewable energy surces, such as slar panels.”（ D’Arcy說：“在未來，磚墻可能有雙重用途： 提供結(jié)構(gòu)支撐和儲存可再生能源產(chǎn)生的電力，比如太陽能電池板?！保┛芍?，未來的磚墻是能夠貯存電力的建筑材料。選項C符合題意。故選C。
4.推理判斷題。結(jié)合最后一段“The technlgy is still at least a few years away frm being ready fr the cmmercial market. And right nw the energy strage capacity f the bricks is still pretty lw”（這項技術(shù)至少還需要幾年才能投入商業(yè)市場?，F(xiàn)在磚塊的儲能能力仍然很低）可推知，此處作者是從客觀實際闡述這種新技術(shù)。所以態(tài)度上市很客觀的。選項A.“懷疑的”；選項B.“客觀的”符合題意。選項C.“保守的，守舊的”；選項D.“有爭議的”。故選B。
4
Self-driving cars are just arund the crner. Such vehicles will make getting frm ne place t anther safer and less stressful. They als culd cut dwn n traffic, reduce pllutin and limit accidents. But hw shuld driverless cars handle emergencies (突發(fā)情況)? Peple disagree n the answer. And that might put the brakes n this technlgy, a new study cncludes.
T understand the challenge, imagine a car that suddenly meets sme pedestrians in the rad. Even with braking, it’s t late t avid a crash. S the car’s artificial intelligence must decide whether t swerve (急轉(zhuǎn)彎). T save the pedestrians, shuld the car swerve ff the rad r swerve int ncming traffic? What if such ptins wuld likely kill the car’s passengers?
Researchers used nline surveys t study peple’s attitudes abut such situatins with driverless cars. Survey participants mstly agreed that driverless cars shuld be designed t prtect the mst peple. That included swerving int walls (r therwise sacrificing their passengers) t save a larger number f pedestrians. But there is a hitch (困境). Thse same surveyed peple want t ride in cars that prtect passengers at all csts—even if the pedestrians wuld nw end up dying. Jean Bnnefn is a psychlgist at the Tuluse Schl f Ecnmics in France. He and his clleagues reprted their findings in Science.
“Autnmus cars can cmpletely change transprtatin”, says study cauthr Iyad Rahwan. But, he adds, this new technlgy creates a mral dilemma (道德兩難) that culd slw its acceptance.
Makers f driverless cars are in a tugh spt, Bnnefn’s grup warns. Mst buyers wuld want their car t be prgrammed t prtect them in preference t ther peple. Hwever, regulatins might ne day instruct that cars must act fr the greater gd. That wuld mean saving the mst peple. But the scientists think rules like this culd drive away buyers. If s, all the ptential benefits f driverless cars wuld be lst.
Cmprmises might be pssible, Kurt Gray says. He is a psychlgist at the University f Nrth Carlina. He thinks that even if all driverless cars are prgrammed t prtect their passengers in emergencies, traffic accidents will decrease. Thse vehicles might be dangerus t pedestrians n rare ccasins. But they “wn’t speed, wn’t drive drunk and wn’t text while driving, which wuld be a win fr sciety.”
13. The underlined wrd “challenge” in paragraph 2 refers t____________.
A. peple’s negative attitudes twards self-driving cars
B. hw self-driving cars reduce traffic accidents
C. the technical prblems that self-driving cars have
D. hw self-driving cars handle emergencies
14. Accrding t the text, nline surveys shw that_____________.
A. self-driving cars’ artificial intelligence needs imprvement
B. the busy traffic may be a prblem fr self-driving cars
C. peple are in a mral dilemma abut driverless cars
D. self-driving cars shuld be designed t prtect drivers
15. What can we learn frm the fifth paragraph?
A. Regulatins are in favur f drivers.
B. Mst peple dislike self-driving cars nw.
C. Self-driving car makers are in a difficult situatin.
D. The ptential benefits f driverless cars are ignred.
16. What is Kurt Gray’s attitude tward self-driving cars?
A. Favrable.B. Dubtful.
C. Critical.D. Disapprving.
【答案】13. D 14. C 15. C 16. A
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。這篇文章主要講了在遇到緊急情況時，對于無人駕駛汽車是先保護(hù)行人還是先保護(hù)乘客的問題，道德的難題可能會限制無人駕駛汽車的吸引力。
13. 詞義猜測題。由第一段“But hw shuld driverless cars handle emergencies? Peple disagree n the answer.(但是無人駕駛汽車應(yīng)該如何處理緊急情況呢？人們對此有不同意見)”及劃線詞后的“imagine a car that suddenly meets sme pedestrians in the rad.(想象一輛汽車突然在路上遇到一些行人)”可推知,“challenge”指的是無人駕駛汽車如何處理緊急事件。故選D。
14. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段“Survey participants mstly agreed that driverless cars shuld be designed t prtect the mst peple. That included swerving int walls (r therwise sacrificing their passengers) t save a larger number f pedestrians. But there is a hitch (困境). Thse same surveyed peple want t ride in cars that prtect passengers at all csts — even if the pedestrians wuld nw end up dying.(調(diào)查參與者大多同意無人駕駛汽車的設(shè)計應(yīng)該保護(hù)大多數(shù)人。這包括為了拯救更多的行人而撞向墻壁（或者犧牲乘客）。但有一個問題。同樣是這些被調(diào)查者，他們希望乘坐不惜一切代價保護(hù)乘客的汽車，即使行人會因此喪命)”可知，網(wǎng)上調(diào)查表明人們關(guān)心在遇到緊急情況時，對于無人駕駛汽車是先保護(hù)行人還是先保護(hù)乘客的問題上陷入了道德困境。故選C。
15. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第五段“Makers f driverless cars are in a tugh spt, Bnnefn’s grup warns.(Bnnefn的團(tuán)隊警告稱，無人駕駛汽車制造商處境艱難)”可知，無人駕駛汽車的制造者處于艱難的處境。故選C。
16. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Thse vehicles might be dangerus t pedestrians n rare ccasins. But they “wn’t speed, wn’t drive drunk and wn’t text while driving, which wuld be a win fr sciety.(這些車輛在極少數(shù)情況下可能會對行人造成危險。但他們不會超速，不會酒后駕車，也不會邊開車邊發(fā)短信，這對社會來說是一種勝利)”可推知，作者對無人駕駛的汽車的態(tài)度是支持和贊成的。故選A。
5
As heat waves cntinue t ravage the planet, air cnditiners are becming mre and mre cmmn. Hwever, these "active" cling devices are psing prblems because the electricity cnsumptin which mst peple are cncerned abut and the release f zne-damaging chemicals wrsen the greenhuse gas effect, resulting in the creatin f heat islands and further thermal pllutin. Therefre, "passive" cling, which desn't have such effects, has attracted cnsiderable attentin frm bth scientists and rdinary peple in recent years.
In a recent study, a team f researchers frm China and US presented an ec-friendly, lw-cst smart cating t keep buildings cler while cnsuming zer electricity. Infrared radiatin-based passive cling has been investigated since 2014, but challenges, mainly the expensive and unsustainable design, have greatly limited their large-scale and widespread applicatin. Besides, the imbalance in cling ability f these catings during the day and night tends t lead t great day-night temperature differences as mre heat is lst than gained at night.
The slutin therefre requires a "smart" mechanism that can bth enhance daytime cling and minimize nighttime heat lss. T d this, the researchers created a new smart cating cmprised f cnventinal building materials, including titanium dixide nanparticles, flurescent micrparticles, and glass micrspheres that were engineered t reflect mst f the sunlight. Specifically, the titanium dixide particles effectively reflect sunlight thrugh light scattering（撒播）while the flurescent particles increase the amunt f reflectin by changing the absrbed sunlight int flurescence emissins, which drive mre heat away frm the building. Meanwhile, the glass micrspheres re-send mid-infrared bradband radiatin, allwing nt nly heat lss, but allwing heat exchange t take place between the building and the sky.
The cating was tested n a mdel cncrete building. Thrugh this efficient heat exchange with the sky, daytime cling was strengthened while nighttime cling was reduced. The building's inside temperature was always maintained at arund 26℃, even when the ut-side temperature varied frm 24℃ t 37℃ during the day. We believe this new cating will make it t cmmercializatin sn, enabling a sustainable, passive cling technlgy that culd help t fight climate change and the glbal energy crisis.
17. What is the virtue f passive cling?
A. It is simple t design.B. It uses n chemicals.
C. It is smart.D. It uses n pwer.
18. Why culdn't the frmer cating be applied cmmercially?
A. It was hard t design.
B. Its material was hard t prduce.
C. Its heat lss and cling are imbalanced.
D. It wasn't tested n a mdel cncrete building.
19. Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd "mechanism" in paragraph 3?
A. Metal.B. System.C. Platfrm.D. Building.
20. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The principle f air-cnditining.
B. The differences between active and passive cling.
C. A new cating t keep buildings cl withut electricity.
D. A new building t maintain its inside temperature withut electricity.
【答案】17. D 18. C 19. B 20. C
【解析】本文是說明文。本文介紹了一種環(huán)保型智能涂料，使用這種涂料不用電就能保持室內(nèi)涼爽。
17. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“In a recent study, a team f researchers frm China and US presented an ec-friendly, lw-cst smart cating t keep buildings cler while cnsuming zer electricity.” （在最近的一項研究中，一組來自中國和美國的研究人員提出了一種環(huán)保、低成本的智能涂層，可以在零用電的情況下保持建筑物的涼爽。）”可知，被動冷卻的優(yōu)點是它不用電。故選D。
18. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Infrared radiatin-based passive cling has been investigated since 2014, but challenges, mainly the expensive and unsustainable design, have greatly limited their large-scale and widespread applicatin. Besides, the imbalance in cling ability f these catings during the day and night tends t lead t great day-night temperature differences as mre heat is lst than gained at night.（基于紅外輻射的被動制冷技術(shù)自2014年開始研究，但是由于其昂貴且不可持續(xù)的設(shè)計，使其大規(guī)模的廣泛應(yīng)用受到了很大的限制。此外，這些涂層的冷卻能力在白天和晚上的不平衡，往往導(dǎo)致日夜溫差很大，因為失去的熱量比夜間獲得的熱量多）”可知，為什么原有的涂層不能商業(yè)化應(yīng)用是因為它的散熱和冷卻是不平衡的。故選C。
19. 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“that can bth enhance daytime cling and minimize nighttime heat lss.（既能加強(qiáng)白天的降溫，又能最大限度地減少夜間的熱量損失。）”由此判斷出，因此，解決方案需要一種“智能” 系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)既能加強(qiáng)白天的降溫，又能最大限度地減少夜間的熱量損失。所以劃線詞指的是一種“系統(tǒng)”。故選B。
20. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句“We believe this new cating will make it t cmmercializatin sn, enabling a sustainable, passive cling technlgy that culd help t fight climate change and the glbal energy crisis.（我們相信，這種新的涂料將很快實現(xiàn)商業(yè)化，使可持續(xù)的被動冷卻技術(shù)成為可能，有助于應(yīng)對氣候變化和全球能源危機(jī)。）”可知，文章主要介紹了一種不用電就能保持室內(nèi)涼爽的新型涂料。故選C。
6
Experts have lng predicted that 3D printing will revlutinize (變革) the cnstructin industry. The wrld's first tw-stry hme printed in a single piece emerged in Antwerp, Belgium.
“What makes this huse s unique is that we printed it with a fixed 3D cncrete printer,” said Emiel Ascine, prject manager at Kamp Cnstructin Cmpany, which pineered the prject. “Other huses that were printed arund the wrld nly have ne flr. In many cases, the cmpnents were printed in a factry and were fitted tgether n-site. We, hwever, printed the entire building envelpe in ne piece n-site.”
The cnstructin prcess began in Nvember 2019 and tk nly 3 weeks, with the delivery f a massive 32-ft x 32-ft cement (水泥) 3D printer, knwn as BOD2. While it needed sme human help t set up, nce in peratin, BOD2 was fully autnmus, requiring just ne persn t mnitr the wrk frm a nearby cmputer.
The tw-stry, 986-square-ft hme, which has a small kitchen, tw living rms and a bathrm, as well as many human-installed ec-friendly features, such as underflr heating and slar panels, was pen frm July 2020 t the end f September. It is aimed t encurage the cnstructin industry t adpt emerging 3D printing technlgies in its cnstructin techniques.
“The 3D printed structure cst abut 60 percent less than a typical brick hme and was als much strnger,” Ascine said. “It shws the cnstructin industry the accessibility and ptential f this technique.”
This is nt the nly 3D printed husing prject in the wrks. In Tabasc, Mexic, the wrld's first 3D printed neighbrhd has been built. The tw-bedrm hmes, designed t accmmdate the hmeless, are strng enugh t withstand natural disasters like hurricanes and earthquakes. At this rate, 3D printers may sn becme a fixture at cnstructin sites wrldwide.
21. What is BOD2 used fr?
A. Prducing cncrete.B. Printing building utlines.
C. Making engineering drawings.D. Putting tgether huse cmpnents.
22. What des the underlined wrd "it" in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. The cnstructin prcess.B. The tw-stry huse.
C. The cement 3D printer.D. The nearby cmputer.
23. Why was the tw-stry huse pen t the public?
A. T shelter the hmeless.
B. T attract mre investment.
C. T demnstrate its multi-functins.
D. T prmte 3D printing in the building industry.
24. What can be the best title fr the text?
A. 3D Printing: A Slutin t Husing Prblems
B. BOD2: New Trend f the Cnstructin Industry
C. Mexic's 3D Printed Neighbrhd Is Well Received
D. Wrld's First Tw stry Hme Was Whlly-printed in Belgium
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. D 24. D
【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了世界上第一個兩層樓的住宅被打印成一件作品這個項目以及3D打印技術(shù)在建筑行業(yè)的推廣和應(yīng)用。
21. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Other huses that were printed arund the wrld nly have ne flr. In many cases, the cmpnents were printed in a factry and were fitted tgether n-site. We, hwever, printed the entire building envelpe in ne piece n-site.” “世界上其他打印過的房子只有一層。在很多情況下，這些部件是在工廠打印出來，然后在現(xiàn)場組裝起來的。然而，我們在現(xiàn)場打印了整個建筑圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)?！焙偷谌巍癟he cnstructin prcess began in Nvember 2019 and tk nly 3 weeks, with the delivery f a massive 32-ft x 32-ft cement (水泥) 3D printer, knwn as BOD2.”施工過程于2019年11月開始，只花了3周時間，交付了一臺名為BOD2的32英尺x 32英尺的巨型水泥3D打印機(jī)。由此可知BOD2是水泥3D打印機(jī)，用來打印建筑輪廓的，故選B。
22. 詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第三段“The cnstructin prcess began in Nvember 2019 and tk nly 3 weeks, with the delivery f a massive 32-ft x 32-ft cement (水泥) 3D printer, knwn as BOD2. While it needed sme human help t set up, nce in peratin, BOD2 was fully autnmus, requiring just ne persn t mnitr the wrk frm a nearby cmputer.” 施工過程于2019年11月開始，只花了3周時間，交付了一臺名為BOD2的32英尺x 32英尺的巨型水泥3D打印機(jī)。雖然它需要一些人的幫助來設(shè)置，但一旦投入運行，BOD2是完全自動的，只需要一個人在附近的計算機(jī)上監(jiān)視工作。由此可知BOD2是一臺水泥3D打印機(jī)。解析可知，句中的it指代的是BOD2，故我們可知it指的就是水泥3D打印機(jī)，故選C。
23. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“The tw-stry, 986-square-ft hme, which has a small kitchen, tw living rms and a bathrm, …It is aimed t encurage the cnstructin industry t adpt emerging 3D printing technlgies in its cnstructin techniques.” 這座兩層樓高、986平方英尺(約465平方米)的住宅，有一間小廚房、兩間客廳和一間浴室，以及許多人為安裝的環(huán)保設(shè)施，如地暖和太陽能電池板，于2020年7月至9月底開放。該計劃旨在鼓勵建造業(yè)在其建筑技術(shù)中采用新興的3D打印技術(shù)。由此可知，向公眾開放的兩層房子是為了在建筑行業(yè)推廣3D打印，故選D。
24. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Experts have lng predicted that 3D printing will revlutinize (變革) the cnstructin industry. The wrld's first tw-stry hme printed in a single piece emerged in Antwerp, Belgium.” 專家們早就預(yù)測3D打印將給建筑業(yè)帶來一場革命。在比利時安特衛(wèi)普，世界上第一個兩層樓的住宅被打印成一件作品。由此引出下文，對世界上第一個兩層樓的住宅被打印成一件作品這個項目進(jìn)行了描述以及3D打印技術(shù)在建筑行業(yè)的推廣和應(yīng)用。因此D選項Wrld's First Tw stry Hme Was Whlly-printed in Belgium世界上第一個兩層樓的住宅在比利時被打印，符合文章主題，適合作標(biāo)題，故選D。

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