?高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型專練（新高考）11
科學(xué)技術(shù)類閱讀理解
【命題意圖】 閱讀理解從能力的角度來講，考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語的能力，具體地說，就是通過閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考試方向】科普類文章是高考英語的?？碱}材。文章中詞匯的意思比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點(diǎn)。為了描述一個客觀事物，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，作者經(jīng)常會使用集多種語法現(xiàn)象于一體的長句。所以，文中出現(xiàn)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)通常較復(fù)雜，語法分析較困難。
1.結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯性強(qiáng)?？破疹愇恼聦儆谡f明文，一般由導(dǎo)語（introduction）、背景（background）、主體（main body）和結(jié)尾（end）四部分構(gòu)成，在句首和句尾常出現(xiàn)主題句。這類文章通常有明確的主題，并且論證主題的事實(shí)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次分明，段落清晰。
2.從詞匯角度來看，在科普類文中，詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點(diǎn)。由于科普類文章讀者對象是大眾，所以語言上力求淺顯易懂，用通俗的語言解釋某種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象和科學(xué)道理，但其中有些詞匯仍帶有很強(qiáng)的術(shù)語性的烙印。但通過上下文解釋考生可以推定詞義，從而順利解題。因此，科普類文章中盡管有專業(yè)詞匯和術(shù)語，但可以通過上下文、構(gòu)詞法等來理解題目，猜出題意。
3.從語法和句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面看，句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，長難句較多，語法分析較困難，為了描述一個客觀事實(shí)，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會使用及多種語法現(xiàn)象與一體的長句。常用被動語態(tài)、定語從句等
【得分要點(diǎn)】1、學(xué)生需先通讀短文，把握文章大意，了解該短文是解釋何種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象或科學(xué)道理的，抓住體現(xiàn)本文主題的關(guān)鍵詞和關(guān)鍵句，提高閱讀速度。
2、要做好科普類文章試題，考生還要掌握這類文章的特點(diǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu)，真正讀懂并理解它。在閱讀這類文章時要遵循此類文章的一般結(jié)構(gòu)：導(dǎo)語、背景、主體和結(jié)尾。閱讀時要注意開頭和結(jié)尾，往往可以歸納出文中的中心思想。
3、在了解全文大意和結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，學(xué)會解決what/how/why等一類的問題，他們是文章的關(guān)鍵，如果能夠帶著這些問題去閱讀，則會更迅速地抓住文章的主題。
另外，還要通過讀書看報等多普及科普知識，比如：太空與海洋、環(huán)境與污染、科技與創(chuàng)造發(fā)明、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生，動物世界等。這樣長期堅(jiān)持，既開闊了視野又能正確迅速地做好此類題。
【真題再現(xiàn)1】【2020·全國卷I，C】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接觸) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building.
D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B
【解析】這是一篇說明文。短文介紹了競走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢，但是之前受過傷的人，要想從事這樣運(yùn)動要謹(jǐn)慎，最好咨詢專家的建議。
28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動的規(guī)則要求競走者的膝蓋在擺動腿的大部分時間保持伸直，一只腳始終與地面接觸。由此可知，競走運(yùn)動員是需要具備某些條件的運(yùn)動員是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動員需要遵守特殊的規(guī)則。故選C項(xiàng)。
29.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些與跑步有關(guān)的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，在競走者中并不常見。由此可知，競走與跑步相比的優(yōu)勢是不太可能導(dǎo)致膝蓋受傷。故選D項(xiàng)。
30.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Dr. Norberg說的話“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事實(shí)上，任何想嘗試競走的人都應(yīng)該首先咨詢教練或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的競走運(yùn)動員，學(xué)習(xí)適當(dāng)?shù)募记伞?”可知，Dr. Norberg建議想嘗試競走的人征詢專家的建議。故選A項(xiàng)。
31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，競走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過，它也有自己的問題。由此判斷出作者對于競走的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B項(xiàng)。
【真題再現(xiàn)2】 【2020·全國卷II，B】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(認(rèn)知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist D. A teaching program.
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D 27. B
【解析】本文是說明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。
24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better spatial skill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。B. Developing spatial skills(發(fā)展空間能力)符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)。
25.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after controlling for difference in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.( Levine說，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數(shù)后，拼圖游戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)測)可知Levine在設(shè)計(jì)這個試驗(yàn)時考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的次數(shù)。C. Parents' education.(父母的教育)符合以上說法，故選C項(xiàng)。
26.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復(fù)雜的謎題，即他們可能會玩難度更大的謎題。D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.(他們有可能玩更復(fù)雜的謎題)符合以上說法，故選D項(xiàng)。
27.主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)研究的。B. A scientific study(一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究)符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)。
【題型演練】
1
Two American astronauts were greeted by more than a dozen private boats on Sunday as their SpaceX capsule landed safely in the Gulf of Mexico. A few boats went for a closer look at the capsule, which, aided by parachutes, gently hit the water off the coast of Florida. As the capsule bounced in the water, a recovery team instructed the boaters to stay away.
This raised concerns among NASA and SpaceX officials about security and safety procedures. The NASA administrator, Jim, acknowledged that the unprotected reception should not have happened. "If there is an emergency, the boats might have made recovery efforts, but there were poisonous smokes from the capsule. We need to do better next time," he said.
The Coast Guard waned boaters to stay clear of the area in a radio broadcast two hours before the splashdown, but many boaters ignored the requests and decided to enter the area, putting themselves in potential danger.
Robert L. Behnken and Douglas G. Hurley, the NASA astronauts, returned to Earth after nearly 64 days in orbit, most of them spent aboard the International Space Station. Their trip home was aboard the Crew Dragon, built by the private company SpaceX to transport NASA astronauts. The agency has relied on Russia for trips to space since the space shuttles were retired in 2011.
While the shuttles, like airplanes, landed on runways, SpaceX chose water landings, which NASA has not done since 1975, when the last of the Apollo modules went to space.
1. What were the boaters asked to do at the landing of the capsule?
A. Come to rescue the capsule.
B. Keep away from the capsule.
C. Take a photo with the capsule.
D. Warn others out of the landing area.
2. What does Jim think about the private boaters?
A. They were exposed to risks.
B. They were well organized.
C. They were scared of the capsule.
D. They dreamed of going to space.
3. What happened in 1975 according to the text?
A. The last of the Apollo modules went back to earth.
B. Water landings were introduced for space capsule.
C. The International Space Station was put to work.
D. NASA stopped using water landings for capsules.
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. NASA Begins to Send Spaceships on its Own after 45 Years
B. SpareX Capsule Made a Breakthrough by landing on Water
C. NASA Astronauts Returned to Earth after Working at ISS
D. Boats Entering Capsule Landing Area Raised Safety Concerns
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D
【解析】這是一篇新聞報道。美國SpaceX太空艙在返回地球時降落在一片水域，此時附近的漁船上前觀看，由此引起作者對相關(guān)人員的安全擔(dān)憂。
1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“As the capsule bounced in the water, a recovery team instructed the boaters to stay away.”（當(dāng)太空艙在水中反彈時，一個救援小組指示船員離開。）可知，當(dāng)太空艙著陸時，救援小組叫周圍那些船上的人離遠(yuǎn)一些。故選B項(xiàng)。
2. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中美國宇航局局長Jim所說“If there is an emergency, the boats might have made recovery efforts, but there were poisonous smokes from the capsule. We need to do better next time.”（“如果發(fā)生緊急情況，救生艇可能已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了搶救，但是太空艙里冒出了有毒的煙霧。我們下次需要做得更好?！保┛赏浦?，太空艙發(fā)出的有毒煙霧會對船員有危險，所以說船員們面臨危險。故選A項(xiàng)。
3. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“While the shuttles, like airplanes, landed on runways, SpaceX chose water landings, which NASA has not done since 1975, when the last of the Apollo modules went to space.”（當(dāng)飛行器像飛機(jī)一樣在跑道上著陸時，SpaceX 選擇了水上著陸，這是 NASA 自1975年以來從未做過的，當(dāng)時最后一個阿波羅組件進(jìn)入了太空。）可以推斷，在1975年，NASA最后使用太空艙水上著陸，在這之后就停用了。故選D項(xiàng)。
4. 主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容和第二段第一句“This raised concerns among NASA and SpaceX officials about security and safety procedures.”（這引起了 NASA 和 SpaceX 官員對安保和安全程序的擔(dān)憂。）可知，本文講述美國SpaceX太空艙返回地球時降落在一片水域，一些船只前去觀看而引起的人們對相關(guān)人員的安全擔(dān)憂。選項(xiàng)D“船只進(jìn)入太空艙著陸區(qū)引起安全擔(dān)憂”圍繞主題，簡明扼要，適合作標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。
2
Do you want something different for dinner? Try some space food. Many scientists are living for months aboard the International Space Station high above the earth. It's too expensive to carry food to feed people living in space. Therefore, people in space will need to grow food for themselves. But how can they grow food without soil and sunlight?
Today, we already have hydroponic vegetables. The science of hydroponics is not new. Many writers believe that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually a large hydroponic system. This system could have used fresh water that was rich in oxygen and minerals for the plants. Hydroponic systems need light. In addition to sunlight, hydroponic farms can use artificial lights. Instead of soil, hydroponic farms use mixtures of chemicals to feed the plants. And in addition to a natural climate, most hydroponic farms often use greenhouses. One advantage of hydroponics is that diseases and insects that travel through the soil are avoided. Another advantage is there are no weeds to pull out.
Farmers know how to grow a few kinds of hydroponic vegetables, such as lettuces, tomatoes, and cucumbers. But in space, people will need to eat more than salad. So scientists are learning how to grow hydroponic rice, beans and potatoes. As they do these experiments, they are analyzing their results and examining how to apply these results to a real life situation providing tasty meals for space travelers.
The scientists make imitation meat dishes, such as carrot drumsticks, made from carrots, garlic, and bread, instead of chicken. How do these unusual foods taste? The scientists have been inviting a group of taste testers into their laboratories. So far, they have tested 200 different recipes. The carrot drumstick dish was a hit. Perhaps soon, people will eat meals made from hydroponic vegetables that are truly out of this world.
5. Why do scientists grow space food?
A. To reduce food costs. B. To support space travelers.
C. To find new varieties of food. D. To increase agricultural production.
6. What is a must to grow hydroponic vegetables?
A. Sunlight. B. Warm weather.
C. Soil to grow the plants in. D. Chemicals to feed the plants.
7. What is one advantage of hydroponic plants?
A. They don't get diseases. B. They aren't affected by weeds.
C. They can grow in a lightless place. D. They are bigger than common ones.
8. What is the author's attitude towards scientists' space food experiment?
A. Uninterested. B. Doubtful. C. Optimistic. D. Cautious.
【答案】5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了科學(xué)家通過種植太空食物，來給太空旅行者提供補(bǔ)給。沒有土壤和陽光，他們采用了水培的方式種植蔬菜，文章介紹了水培蔬菜的所需條件和優(yōu)點(diǎn)。科學(xué)家們正在學(xué)習(xí)如何種植水培水稻、豆類和土豆，作者相信不久的將來人們就能吃到由水培蔬菜制成的美味佳肴了。
5. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Many scientists are living for months aboard the International Space Station high above the earth. It's too expensive to carry food to feed people living in space. Therefore, people in space will need to grow food for themselves.(許多科學(xué)家要在地球上空的國際空間站上生活幾個月。運(yùn)送食物給住在太空的人吃成本太貴了。因此，太空中的人們將需要為自己種植食物)”可知，科學(xué)家要種植太空食物，是為了給太空旅行者提供食物補(bǔ)給。故選B。
6. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Instead of soil, hydroponic farms use mixtures of chemicals to feed the plants.(水培農(nóng)場用化學(xué)混合物代替土壤來喂養(yǎng)植物)”可知，種植水培蔬菜必須具備的條件是喂養(yǎng)植物的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。故選D。
7. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Another advantage is there are no weeds to pull out.(另一個優(yōu)點(diǎn)是沒有雜草需要拔除)”可知，水培植物的一個優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它們不受雜草的影響。故選B。
8. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“The scientists have been inviting a group of taste testers into their laboratories. So far, they have tested 200 different recipes. The carrot drumstick dish was a hit. Perhaps soon, people will eat meals made from hydroponic vegetables that are truly out of this world.(科學(xué)家們邀請了一組味覺測試者進(jìn)入他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。到目前為止，他們已經(jīng)測試了200種不同的食譜。胡蘿卜雞腿這道菜很受歡迎。也許不久之后，人們就能吃到由水培蔬菜制成的美味佳肴了)”可推知，作者對科學(xué)家的太空食品實(shí)驗(yàn)持樂觀態(tài)度。故選C。
3
Bricks are one of the oldest known building materials, dating back thousands of years. But researchers at Washington University in St. Louis have found a new use for bricks: as energy storage units. A team of engineers and chemists have found a way to transform an ordinary house brick into a pseudo-battery — allowing it to conduct and store electricity. The bricks are powerful enough to illuminate（點(diǎn)亮）an LED light bulb and cost only about $ 3 to make.
“I love the idea of adding value to things that are inexpensive, things that are affordable, things that we kind of take for granted, ”said Julio D’Arcy, an assistant professor of chemistry at Washington University and one of the researchers on this project.
The brick battery relies on the reddish pigment（色素）known as iron oxide, or rust, that gives red bricks their color. The scientists pumped the bricks with several gases that react with iron oxide to produce a network of plastic fibers. These microscopic fibers coat the empty spaces inside the bricks — and conduct electricity.
“What we’re trying to do is: we’re trying to make specialized plastics that are only used on the nano（納米）scale — where we use very little of the plastic, and we can actually insert that plastic inside construction materials. ” The study is in the journal Nature Communications.
In the future, D’Arcy says, a brick wall could potentially serve a double purpose: providing structural support and storing electricity generated from renewable energy sources, such as solar panels.
The technology is still at least a few years away from being ready for the commercial market. And right now the energy storage capacity of the bricks is still pretty low — about 1 percent of a lithium battery. But the team is now testing ways to improve brick performance — because it looks like you can teach an old brick new tricks.
9. What appeals to Julio D’Arcy listing bricks as their subjects?
A. Their low expense. B. Their common existence.
C. Their additional value. D. Their internal composition.
10. What is the last step of making a brick conduct electricity?
A. Pump the brick with gases.
B. Color the brick red.
C. Produce microscopic fibers.
D. Cover its inner vacancy with microscopic fibers.
11. What will the future bricks be like according to the passage?
A. Construction materials possessing low energy storage capacity.
B. Construction materials generating renewable energy resources.
C. Construction materials used for electricity storage.
D. Construction materials with built-in common plastic.
12. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to the technology?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Conservative. D. Controversial.
【答案】9. C10. D11. C12. B
【解析】這是一篇說明文。講述了一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：圣路易斯華盛頓大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了磚塊的新用途：作為儲能單元，可以用來貯存電力。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“Julio D’Arcy”定位到第二段中“I love the idea of adding value to things that are inexpensive, things that are affordable, things that we kind of take for granted, ” （我喜歡把價值賦予那些不貴的東西，那些我們可以負(fù)擔(dān)得起的東西， 那些我們認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的東西的這個想法）。即Julio D’Arcy認(rèn)為可以在磚塊上面實(shí)現(xiàn)附加價值。故選C。
2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“a brick conduct electricity”定位到第三段“The brick battery relies on the reddish pigment（色素）known as iron oxide, or rust, that gives red bricks their color. The scientists pumped the bricks with several gases that react with iron oxide to produce a network of plastic fibers. These microscopic fibers coat the empty spaces inside the bricks — and conduct electricity.”（磚塊電池依賴于紅色的顏料，氧化鐵，或鐵銹，使紅磚呈現(xiàn)出它們的顏色。科學(xué)家們用幾種氣體與氧化鐵反應(yīng)生成一個塑料纖維網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這些微小的纖維覆蓋了磚塊內(nèi)部的空隙，并導(dǎo)電。）可知，第—步∶color the brick red；第二步∶pump the brick with gaes；第三步∶produce microscopicfibers；第四步∶coat the empty spaces inside the bricks，所以最后一步是用顯微纖維覆蓋磚塊內(nèi)部的空隙。故答案為D。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中第五段中“In the future, D’Arcy says, a brick wall could potentially serve a double purpose: providing structural support and storing electricity generated from renewable energy sources, such as solar panels.”（ D’Arcy說：“在未來，磚墻可能有雙重用途： 提供結(jié)構(gòu)支撐和儲存可再生能源產(chǎn)生的電力，比如太陽能電池板?！保┛芍磥淼拇u墻是能夠貯存電力的建筑材料。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。故選C。
4.推理判斷題。結(jié)合最后一段“The technology is still at least a few years away from being ready for the commercial market. And right now the energy storage capacity of the bricks is still pretty low”（這項(xiàng)技術(shù)至少還需要幾年才能投入商業(yè)市場?，F(xiàn)在磚塊的儲能能力仍然很低）可推知，此處作者是從客觀實(shí)際闡述這種新技術(shù)。所以態(tài)度上市很客觀的。選項(xiàng)A.“懷疑的”；選項(xiàng)B.“客觀的”符合題意。選項(xiàng)C.“保守的，守舊的”；選項(xiàng)D.“有爭議的”。故選B。
4
Self-driving cars are just around the corner. Such vehicles will make getting from one place to another safer and less stressful. They also could cut down on traffic, reduce pollution and limit accidents. But how should driverless cars handle emergencies (突發(fā)情況)? People disagree on the answer. And that might put the brakes on this technology, a new study concludes.
To understand the challenge, imagine a car that suddenly meets some pedestrians in the road. Even with braking, it’s too late to avoid a crash. So the car’s artificial intelligence must decide whether to swerve (急轉(zhuǎn)彎). To save the pedestrians, should the car swerve off the road or swerve into oncoming traffic? What if such options would likely kill the car’s passengers?
Researchers used online surveys to study people’s attitudes about such situations with driverless cars. Survey participants mostly agreed that driverless cars should be designed to protect the most people. That included swerving into walls (or otherwise sacrificing their passengers) to save a larger number of pedestrians. But there is a hitch (困境). Those same surveyed people want to ride in cars that protect passengers at all costs—even if the pedestrians would now end up dying. Jean Bonnefon is a psychologist at the Toulouse School of Economics in France. He and his colleagues reported their findings in Science.
“Autonomous cars can completely change transportation”, says study coauthor Iyad Rahwan. But, he adds, this new technology creates a moral dilemma (道德兩難) that could slow its acceptance.
Makers of driverless cars are in a tough spot, Bonnefon’s group warns. Most buyers would want their car to be programmed to protect them in preference to other people. However, regulations might one day instruct that cars must act for the greater good. That would mean saving the most people. But the scientists think rules like this could drive away buyers. If so, all the potential benefits of driverless cars would be lost.
Compromises might be possible, Kurt Gray says. He is a psychologist at the University of North Carolina. He thinks that even if all driverless cars are programmed to protect their passengers in emergencies, traffic accidents will decrease. Those vehicles might be dangerous to pedestrians on rare occasions. But they “won’t speed, won’t drive drunk and won’t text while driving, which would be a win for society.”
13. The underlined word “challenge” in paragraph 2 refers to____________.
A. people’s negative attitudes towards self-driving cars
B. how self-driving cars reduce traffic accidents
C. the technical problems that self-driving cars have
D. how self-driving cars handle emergencies
14. According to the text, online surveys show that_____________.
A. self-driving cars’ artificial intelligence needs improvement
B. the busy traffic may be a problem for self-driving cars
C. people are in a moral dilemma about driverless cars
D. self-driving cars should be designed to protect drivers
15. What can we learn from the fifth paragraph?
A. Regulations are in favour of drivers.
B. Most people dislike self-driving cars now.
C. Self-driving car makers are in a difficult situation.
D. The potential benefits of driverless cars are ignored.
16. What is Kurt Gray’s attitude toward self-driving cars?
A. Favorable. B. Doubtful.
C. Critical. D. Disapproving.
【答案】13. D 14. C 15. C 16. A
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。這篇文章主要講了在遇到緊急情況時，對于無人駕駛汽車是先保護(hù)行人還是先保護(hù)乘客的問題，道德的難題可能會限制無人駕駛汽車的吸引力。
13. 詞義猜測題。由第一段“But how should driverless cars handle emergencies? People disagree on the answer.(但是無人駕駛汽車應(yīng)該如何處理緊急情況呢？人們對此有不同意見)”及劃線詞后的“imagine a car that suddenly meets some pedestrians in the road.(想象一輛汽車突然在路上遇到一些行人)”可推知,“challenge”指的是無人駕駛汽車如何處理緊急事件。故選D。
14. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段“Survey participants mostly agreed that driverless cars should be designed to protect the most people. That included swerving into walls (or otherwise sacrificing their passengers) to save a larger number of pedestrians. But there is a hitch (困境). Those same surveyed people want to ride in cars that protect passengers at all costs — even if the pedestrians would now end up dying.(調(diào)查參與者大多同意無人駕駛汽車的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該保護(hù)大多數(shù)人。這包括為了拯救更多的行人而撞向墻壁（或者犧牲乘客）。但有一個問題。同樣是這些被調(diào)查者，他們希望乘坐不惜一切代價保護(hù)乘客的汽車，即使行人會因此喪命)”可知，網(wǎng)上調(diào)查表明人們關(guān)心在遇到緊急情況時，對于無人駕駛汽車是先保護(hù)行人還是先保護(hù)乘客的問題上陷入了道德困境。故選C。
15. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第五段“Makers of driverless cars are in a tough spot, Bonnefon’s group warns.(Bonnefon的團(tuán)隊(duì)警告稱，無人駕駛汽車制造商處境艱難)”可知，無人駕駛汽車的制造者處于艱難的處境。故選C。
16. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Those vehicles might be dangerous to pedestrians on rare occasions. But they “won’t speed, won’t drive drunk and won’t text while driving, which would be a win for society.(這些車輛在極少數(shù)情況下可能會對行人造成危險。但他們不會超速，不會酒后駕車，也不會邊開車邊發(fā)短信，這對社會來說是一種勝利)”可推知，作者對無人駕駛的汽車的態(tài)度是支持和贊成的。故選A。
5
As heat waves continue to ravage the planet, air conditioners are becoming more and more common. However, these "active" cooling devices are posing problems because the electricity consumption which most people are concerned about and the release of ozone-damaging chemicals worsen the greenhouse gas effect, resulting in the creation of heat islands and further thermal pollution. Therefore, "passive" cooling, which doesn't have such effects, has attracted considerable attention from both scientists and ordinary people in recent years.
In a recent study, a team of researchers from China and US presented an eco-friendly, low-cost smart coating to keep buildings cooler while consuming zero electricity. Infrared radiation-based passive cooling has been investigated since 2014, but challenges, mainly the expensive and unsustainable design, have greatly limited their large-scale and widespread application. Besides, the imbalance in cooling ability of these coatings during the day and night tends to lead to great day-night temperature differences as more heat is lost than gained at night.
The solution therefore requires a "smart" mechanism that can both enhance daytime cooling and minimize nighttime heat loss. To do this, the researchers created a new smart coating comprised of conventional building materials, including titanium dioxide nanoparticles, fluorescent microparticles, and glass microspheres that were engineered to reflect most of the sunlight. Specifically, the titanium dioxide particles effectively reflect sunlight through light scattering（撒播）while the fluorescent particles increase the amount of reflection by changing the absorbed sunlight into fluorescence emissions, which drive more heat away from the building. Meanwhile, the glass microspheres re-send mid-infrared broadband radiation, allowing not only heat loss, but allowing heat exchange to take place between the building and the sky.
The coating was tested on a model concrete building. Through this efficient heat exchange with the sky, daytime cooling was strengthened while nighttime cooling was reduced. The building's inside temperature was always maintained at around 26℃, even when the out-side temperature varied from 24℃ to 37℃ during the day. We believe this new coating will make it to commercialization soon, enabling a sustainable, passive cooling technology that could help to fight climate change and the global energy crisis.
17. What is the virtue of passive cooling?
A. It is simple to design. B. It uses no chemicals.
C. It is smart. D. It uses no power.
18. Why couldn't the former coating be applied commercially?
A. It was hard to design.
B. Its material was hard to produce.
C. Its heat loss and cooling are imbalanced.
D. It wasn't tested on a model concrete building.
19. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "mechanism" in paragraph 3?
A. Metal. B. System. C. Platform. D. Building.
20. What is the text mainly about?
A. The principle of air-conditioning.
B. The differences between active and passive cooling.
C. A new coating to keep buildings cool without electricity.
D. A new building to maintain its inside temperature without electricity.
【答案】17. D 18. C 19. B 20. C
【解析】本文是說明文。本文介紹了一種環(huán)保型智能涂料，使用這種涂料不用電就能保持室內(nèi)涼爽。
17. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“In a recent study, a team of researchers from China and US presented an eco-friendly, low-cost smart coating to keep buildings cooler while consuming zero electricity.” （在最近的一項(xiàng)研究中，一組來自中國和美國的研究人員提出了一種環(huán)保、低成本的智能涂層，可以在零用電的情況下保持建筑物的涼爽。）”可知，被動冷卻的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它不用電。故選D。
18. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Infrared radiation-based passive cooling has been investigated since 2014, but challenges, mainly the expensive and unsustainable design, have greatly limited their large-scale and widespread application. Besides, the imbalance in cooling ability of these coatings during the day and night tends to lead to great day-night temperature differences as more heat is lost than gained at night.（基于紅外輻射的被動制冷技術(shù)自2014年開始研究，但是由于其昂貴且不可持續(xù)的設(shè)計(jì)，使其大規(guī)模的廣泛應(yīng)用受到了很大的限制。此外，這些涂層的冷卻能力在白天和晚上的不平衡，往往導(dǎo)致日夜溫差很大，因?yàn)槭サ臒崃勘纫归g獲得的熱量多）”可知，為什么原有的涂層不能商業(yè)化應(yīng)用是因?yàn)樗纳岷屠鋮s是不平衡的。故選C。
19. 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“that can both enhance daytime cooling and minimize nighttime heat loss.（既能加強(qiáng)白天的降溫，又能最大限度地減少夜間的熱量損失。）”由此判斷出，因此，解決方案需要一種“智能” 系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)既能加強(qiáng)白天的降溫，又能最大限度地減少夜間的熱量損失。所以劃線詞指的是一種“系統(tǒng)”。故選B。
20. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句“We believe this new coating will make it to commercialization soon, enabling a sustainable, passive cooling technology that could help to fight climate change and the global energy crisis.（我們相信，這種新的涂料將很快實(shí)現(xiàn)商業(yè)化，使可持續(xù)的被動冷卻技術(shù)成為可能，有助于應(yīng)對氣候變化和全球能源危機(jī)。）”可知，文章主要介紹了一種不用電就能保持室內(nèi)涼爽的新型涂料。故選C。
6
Experts have long predicted that 3D printing will revolutionize (變革) the construction industry. The world's first two-story home printed in a single piece emerged in Antwerp, Belgium.
“What makes this house so unique is that we printed it with a fixed 3D concrete printer,” said Emiel Ascione, project manager at Kamp Construction Company, which pioneered the project. “Other houses that were printed around the world only have one floor. In many cases, the components were printed in a factory and were fitted together on-site. We, however, printed the entire building envelope in one piece on-site.”
The construction process began in November 2019 and took only 3 weeks, with the delivery of a massive 32-foot x 32-foot cement (水泥) 3D printer, known as BOD2. While it needed some human help to set up, once in operation, BOD2 was fully autonomous, requiring just one person to monitor the work from a nearby computer.
The two-story, 986-square-foot home, which has a small kitchen, two living rooms and a bathroom, as well as many human-installed eco-friendly features, such as underfloor heating and solar panels, was open from July 2020 to the end of September. It is aimed to encourage the construction industry to adopt emerging 3D printing technologies in its construction techniques.
“The 3D printed structure cost about 60 percent less than a typical brick home and was also much stronger,” Ascione said. “It shows the construction industry the accessibility and potential of this technique.”
This is not the only 3D printed housing project in the works. In Tabasco, Mexico, the world's first 3D printed neighborhood has been built. The two-bedroom homes, designed to accommodate the homeless, are strong enough to withstand natural disasters like hurricanes and earthquakes. At this rate, 3D printers may soon become a fixture at construction sites worldwide.
21. What is BOD2 used for?
A. Producing concrete. B. Printing building outlines.
C. Making engineering drawings. D. Putting together house components.
22. What does the underlined word "it" in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. The construction process. B. The two-story house.
C. The cement 3D printer. D. The nearby computer.
23. Why was the two-story house open to the public?
A. To shelter the homeless.
B. To attract more investment.
C. To demonstrate its multi-functions.
D. To promote 3D printing in the building industry.
24. What can be the best title for the text?
A. 3D Printing: A Solution to Housing Problems
B. BOD2: New Trend of the Construction Industry
C. Mexico's 3D Printed Neighborhood Is Well Received
D. World's First Two story Home Was Wholly-printed in Belgium
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. D 24. D
【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了世界上第一個兩層樓的住宅被打印成一件作品這個項(xiàng)目以及3D打印技術(shù)在建筑行業(yè)的推廣和應(yīng)用。
21. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Other houses that were printed around the world only have one floor. In many cases, the components were printed in a factory and were fitted together on-site. We, however, printed the entire building envelope in one piece on-site.” “世界上其他打印過的房子只有一層。在很多情況下，這些部件是在工廠打印出來，然后在現(xiàn)場組裝起來的。然而，我們在現(xiàn)場打印了整個建筑圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)?！焙偷谌巍癟he construction process began in November 2019 and took only 3 weeks, with the delivery of a massive 32-foot x 32-foot cement (水泥) 3D printer, known as BOD2.”施工過程于2019年11月開始，只花了3周時間，交付了一臺名為BOD2的32英尺x 32英尺的巨型水泥3D打印機(jī)。由此可知BOD2是水泥3D打印機(jī)，用來打印建筑輪廓的，故選B。
22. 詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第三段“The construction process began in November 2019 and took only 3 weeks, with the delivery of a massive 32-foot x 32-foot cement (水泥) 3D printer, known as BOD2. While it needed some human help to set up, once in operation, BOD2 was fully autonomous, requiring just one person to monitor the work from a nearby computer.” 施工過程于2019年11月開始，只花了3周時間，交付了一臺名為BOD2的32英尺x 32英尺的巨型水泥3D打印機(jī)。雖然它需要一些人的幫助來設(shè)置，但一旦投入運(yùn)行，BOD2是完全自動的，只需要一個人在附近的計(jì)算機(jī)上監(jiān)視工作。由此可知BOD2是一臺水泥3D打印機(jī)。解析可知，句中的it指代的是BOD2，故我們可知it指的就是水泥3D打印機(jī)，故選C。
23. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“The two-story, 986-square-foot home, which has a small kitchen, two living rooms and a bathroom, …It is aimed to encourage the construction industry to adopt emerging 3D printing technologies in its construction techniques.” 這座兩層樓高、986平方英尺(約465平方米)的住宅，有一間小廚房、兩間客廳和一間浴室，以及許多人為安裝的環(huán)保設(shè)施，如地暖和太陽能電池板，于2020年7月至9月底開放。該計(jì)劃旨在鼓勵建造業(yè)在其建筑技術(shù)中采用新興的3D打印技術(shù)。由此可知，向公眾開放的兩層房子是為了在建筑行業(yè)推廣3D打印，故選D。
24. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Experts have long predicted that 3D printing will revolutionize (變革) the construction industry. The world's first two-story home printed in a single piece emerged in Antwerp, Belgium.” 專家們早就預(yù)測3D打印將給建筑業(yè)帶來一場革命。在比利時安特衛(wèi)普，世界上第一個兩層樓的住宅被打印成一件作品。由此引出下文，對世界上第一個兩層樓的住宅被打印成一件作品這個項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行了描述以及3D打印技術(shù)在建筑行業(yè)的推廣和應(yīng)用。因此D選項(xiàng)World's First Two story Home Was Wholly-printed in Belgium世界上第一個兩層樓的住宅在比利時被打印，符合文章主題，適合作標(biāo)題，故選D。

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