詞匯晨讀22- 江蘇高考英語3500詞匯讀練測-課件下載-教習網(wǎng)

說明：①本系列資料的例句盡可能多地選自高考真題或各地模擬試題；
②凡是形容詞+ly構(gòu)成的副詞在本系列資料【拓展】欄目里不予列出。
(state—systematic)
state n.①狀態(tài)，情形：
“Hongmeng” was once used to describe the original state of the universe before matter existed.
“鴻蒙”曾被用來描述物質(zhì)存在之前宇宙的原始狀態(tài)。
He was in a poor state of health.他的健康狀況不佳。
He?is?in?a?state?of?deep?depression?on?account?of?his?failure?to?pass?the?examination.?
他因考試不及格深感沮喪。
Researchers are now conducting hibernation experiments and can use chemicals to put living cells into sleep-like state where they don’t age.(注意state作先行詞時引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞的運用)
研究人員現(xiàn)在正在作冬眠實驗，他們可以使用化學藥物使活著的細胞進入睡眠狀態(tài)，在這個狀態(tài)中他們不會變老。
②國家：Should industry be controlled by the state?工業(yè)應該受國家控制嗎?
③(美國的)州：The USA is divided into 50 states.美國被分為50個州。
v.說，說明，陳述，聲明：
State your name and address.請說出你的姓名和地址。
All the photographs in this book, unless stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.
除非另有說明，書中其余所有的圖片都可以追溯到20世紀50年代。
This?is?a?very?difficult?question?to?state.這是一個陳述起來非常困難的問題。
We’re?willing?to?state?for?the?record?that?it?has?enormous?value.
我們愿意鄭重聲明那是有極大價值的。
statement n.陳述，敘述，說法，聲明：
Neither statement is true.兩種說法都不正確。
The suspect issued a statement on Sunday denying any involvement in the murder.
周日，嫌疑人發(fā)表聲明，否認與謀殺案有關(guān)。
station n.站，所，局，車站，臺：
A great number of small power stations have been set up in their province since 1960.
1960年以來，他們省建立了大量的小型電站。
Two?police?officers?arrested?him?and?took?him?to?Kensington?police?station.
兩名警察逮捕了他并把他帶到了肯辛頓警察局。
Mary?went?with?him?to?the?railway?station?to?see?us?off.瑪麗和他一起去火車站送我們。
This is the TV station that we visited last year.這就是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那個電視臺。
【拓展】v.部署，駐扎：
The police were stationed outside the hall in large numbers.大廳外面部署了大量警察。
As is reported, many a military medical worker has been stationed in Wuhan to help fight the
deadly epidemic.正如報道的那樣，為了抗擊這場致命的流行病，很多部隊醫(yī)療工作者已
經(jīng)被派駐扎在武漢。
He?stationed?himself?at?the?door.他在門口守候著。
I?was?stationed?there?just?after?the?war.戰(zhàn)爭剛結(jié)束，我就被派駐到那里。
It is reported?that troops?have been?stationed?there.據(jù)報道那兒已經(jīng)駐扎了部隊。
statistics n. ①統(tǒng)計，統(tǒng)計數(shù)字/數(shù)據(jù)：
With regard to the consequences of the chemical leaks，the specialists haven’t given final conclusion before they obtain accurate statistics.關(guān)于化學泄露所產(chǎn)生的后果，專家在拿到準確的數(shù)據(jù)之前，還沒有給出最后結(jié)論。
Official?statistics?show?real?wages?declining?by?24%.官方統(tǒng)計數(shù)字表明實際工資下降了24%。
(表示“統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)”，表復數(shù)意義，可用 these, those 等修飾，用作主語時謂語要用復數(shù))
②統(tǒng)計學：Statistics is taught in some universities.有些大學教授統(tǒng)計學。
Statistics?is?a?branch?of?mathematics.統(tǒng)計學是數(shù)學的一個分支。
(表示“統(tǒng)計學”，不可數(shù)，表單數(shù)意義)
statue n.雕像，塑像：
Approaching the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
接近市中心的時候，我們看到一個10米高的石頭雕像。
A?small?crowd?attempted?to?pull?down?a?statue.一小伙人試圖推倒一尊塑像。
A?visit?to?the?Statue of Liberty?is?an?inspiring?experience?for?both?Americans?and immigrants.?
去參觀自由女神像對美國人和移民來說都是鼓舞人心的經(jīng)歷。
status n.①身份，地位，名望：
This?conduct?is?suitable?to?your?status.這行為適合你的身份。
With the progress of the society, women all over the world have improved their social status and rights.
隨著社會的進步，世界各地的女子已經(jīng)提升了她們的社會地位和權(quán)利。
The success of her book has given her high social status.她的書的成功給了她很高的社會名望。
②情況，狀態(tài)：
What?is?your?current?financial?status??你目前的經(jīng)濟狀況如何？
Please?keep?us?informed?of?the?status?of?this?project.請隨時告知我們該項目的進展情況。
stay n.停留，逗留：I hope you have a pleasant stay.希望你呆在這里很愉快。
v.①停留，留下，呆：
Tom’s father as well as his mother suggests that he stay at home.湯姆的父親和母親都建議他呆在家里。
②保持原狀，維持：The weather stays fine.天氣繼續(xù)放晴。
③暫住，留宿：My mother is staying this week.我媽媽這星期來住。
【拓展】①stay away from不去，不接近，避開，遠離：
Why did you stay away from the school?你為什么不去上學？
The?doctor?told?him?to?stay?away?from?fat?food.醫(yī)生叫他不要吃高脂肪的食物。
One way to stay away from the strong sunlight is to apply some sun-cream to your body before
you have to be exposed to the sun.遠離強烈陽光的一個方法是在你必須暴露在陽光下之前，
在你的身體上涂抹一些防曬霜。
②stay up不睡，熬夜，停留，不倒，不沉：
Tom, you must have stayed up to watch the singing program named I’m a Singer last night, for your eyes are red.湯姆，你昨晚一定熬夜看了名為“我是歌手”這檔節(jié)目了，因為你的眼睛是紅的。
Tell him to stay up till I come back.叫他等我回來再睡。
If?necessary,?the?airship?can?stay?up?there?for?days?to?keep?out?of?danger
必要時，飛艇能在那里停留數(shù)天以躲避危險。
The temporary roof won’t?stay?up?much longer.那臨時屋頂挺不了多久。
If his temperature stays?up?all day，call the doctor.假如他的體溫居高不下，就請醫(yī)生吧。
③表示在某地的停留期間，其前可用介詞during，但不用in：
I went to see my aunt during my stay in Beijing.在北京逗留期間，我去看了我姑姑。
steady adj.(平)穩(wěn)的，不搖晃的，穩(wěn)定的，持續(xù)的，不斷的，不變的，恒定的，穩(wěn)重的，可靠的：
Hold that candle steady.把蠟燭拿穩(wěn)了。
Some experts subscribe to the view that house prices will remain steady next year.
一些專家贊同明年房價將保持穩(wěn)定的觀點。
He’s making steady progress in his studies.他的學習在不斷進步。
Does he have a steady job?他有穩(wěn)定工作嗎？
He’s a steady young man.他是個穩(wěn)健的年輕人。
steak n.牛/肉/魚排：The steak was overdone.牛排烤的時間太久了。
steal(stole, stolen) v.
①偷：He was sent to prison for stealing.他由于盜竊被送入監(jiān)獄。
②把……(偷偷地)弄到手：I stole a kiss from her.我偷偷地吻了她一下。
【拓展】注意steal不常見的意義：
He stole her heart.他在不知不覺間得到了她的愛情。
She?loves?to?steal?the?show.?她就喜歡出風頭。
He?had?no?intention?of?letting?the?Foreign?Secretary?steal?any?of?his?thunder.
他無意讓外交大臣搶他的風頭。
What a steal!(美)真便宜! steal可用作名詞，表示“便宜貨，物美價廉就像是白送的”：
Did you see the sofa? He is selling it for just $100.What a steal!
你看到這個沙發(fā)了嗎？他才賣100美元。真便宜！
steam n.①汽，水蒸氣：A sauna is a type of steam bath.桑拿浴是一種蒸汽浴。
②蒸汽動力，蒸汽壓力：The engines are driven by steam.發(fā)動機是由蒸汽驅(qū)動的。
steel n.鋼，鋼鐵：
By?that?time?the?steel?output?will?have?greatly?increased.到那會兒鋼的產(chǎn)量將大大增加。
About three-fifths of the workers in that steel works are young people.
那家鋼鐵廠大約五分之三的工人是年輕人。
steep adj.①險峻的，陡峭的：
There?is?only?one?narrow?passageway?up?the?steep?mountain.那座險峻的山上只有一條羊腸小道。
On rainy days, accidents can happen sometimes on steep roads.
下雨天，在陡峭的道路上有時會發(fā)生事故。
②急劇的：The statistics?show?a?steep?rise?in?unemployment.統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示失業(yè)(率)急速上升。
step n.①腳步，邁步：Watch your steps.腳下留神。
②一步的距離，短距離：She moved a step closer to me.她朝我靠近一步。
③腳步聲：We heard steps outside.我們聽見外面有腳步聲。
④臺階，一級：There are two steps up onto the bus.上公共汽車有兩級踏板。
v.走，跨步(踩到)：Please step this way.請這邊走。
Sorry, did I step on your foot?對不起，我踩你的腳了嗎？
【拓展】①step by step按部就班，一步步地，逐步地：
Study?must?proceed?step?by?step?in?the?proper?order.學習應該按部就班，循序漸進。
He improved step by step.他一步步有了改進。
②take steps(to do sth.)采取措施(行動)(做某事)：
We must take steps to prevent it happening again.我們必須采取措施防止它再次發(fā)生。
④step into走進，stepped out走出：
Harry?stepped?into?the?passage?and?closed?the?door?behind?him.哈里走進過道，隨手關(guān)上了門。
Neither the old lady nor her cats have stepped out of the house since her husband passed away last month. 自從丈夫上個月去世后，老太太和她的貓都沒有走出家門。
③step up(使)增加/加快速度，走上前去：
He urged donors to?step?up?their efforts to send aid to?Somalia.
他敦促各捐贈方加快速度將援助物資送往索馬里。
The?meeting?ended?with?a?pledge?to?step?up?cooperation?between?the?six?states?of?the?region.?
會議以承諾加快這一地區(qū)六國間的合作而結(jié)束。
⑤step into sb’s shoes頂替，接替：
Who do you?think?will?step?into?Sarah’s?shoes?when she goes?
莎拉走后，你認為誰會接替她的工作？
stick(stuck, stuck)
v.①粘住，釘?。篐e put the letter into an envelope, stuck a stamp on the envelope and posted it.
他把信放進一個信封里，在信封上貼了一張郵票就寄出了。
②戳，刺：I found a nail sticking in the tyre.我發(fā)現(xiàn)輪胎上戳了一根釘子。
n.①木棍，枝條：We gathered some sticks to build a fire.我們撿了些枝條來生一堆火。
②手杖，拐杖：The old man walks with a stick.這位老人拄著拐杖走路。
【拓展】含有stick的動詞短語的意義見下列例句：
If we stick at it, we can finish the job today.要是我們堅持干下去，我們今天就可以完成這工作。
She made a face and stuck out her tongue at him.她做了個鬼臉，向他吐了吐舌頭。
What?had?Cutter?done?to?make?him?stick?out?from?the?crowd??
卡特做了些什么，讓他從眾人之中脫穎而出？
If?you?put?a?purple?sofa?in?a?white?room?it?will?stick?out?like?a?sore?thumb.
如果在白色屋子里放個紫色沙發(fā)就太扎眼了。
We should stick to the principles and be flexible as well.
我們既要堅持原則，又要靈活。
Let’s stick to the point讓我們關(guān)注重點。
I?don’t?want?to?get?stuck?in?another?job?like?that.我不想陷入另一份那樣的工作中。
She wanted to ask if he had news of Williams, but words stuck in her throat.
她想問他是否有威廉姆斯的消息，只是難以啟齒。
still adj.不動的，靜的：The sea was calm and still.大海風平浪靜。
adv.仍然，(盡管如此)還(要)，更：
Despite the wind and the rain, I still enjoy working outside in the world.
盡管風吹雨打，我仍然喜歡在外面工作。
My back still hurts.我的背還痛。
The next day she got up still earlier.第二天她起床更早些。
It is raining; still I’d like to go.天在下雨，但我還是要去。
stock n.①庫存：The?store?keeps?a?large?stock?of?goods?for?winter?sale.這家商店庫存大批貨物，供冬季銷售。
②股份，股票：
The?Fisher?family?holds?40%?of?the?stock.費希爾家族持有40%的股份。
Losses?on?the?stock?market?caused?him?to?fall?on?hard?times.股票市場上的損失使他倒了霉。
【拓展】①in stock(商店等中)有現(xiàn)貨的，備有現(xiàn)貨，現(xiàn)存；out of stock(商店等中)無現(xiàn)貨的：
We have many patterns in stock for you to choose from.我們有多種現(xiàn)存的式樣供你選擇。
Lemon?and?lime?juice?were?both?temporarily?out?of?stock.檸檬汁和酸橙汁暫時都缺貨。
②a laughing stock笑柄(料)：
—They say you're going to dress like superman at the party.
—No way! That would make me a laughing stock.
“聽說你要在派對上穿得像超人一樣?！薄安挪涣ǎ∧菚屛易兂尚Ρ??！?br /> ③stock還可以作動詞用：
The?refrigerator?is?stocked?with?fresh?fruit.冰箱里放有許多新鮮水果。
The?shop?is?well?stocked?with?goods?of?all?kinds.商店里各色貨物，一應俱全。
stocking n.長統(tǒng)襪：He?noticed?a?wrinkle?in?her?stocking.他注意到她長筒襪上有一道褶兒。
stomach n.胃：Avoid?drinking?on?an?empty?stomach.不要空腹飲酒。
We?were?lucky?to?get?our?stomachs?full.填飽肚子對我們來講已算是幸運的了。
【拓展】have butterflies in one’s stomach緊張，忐忑不安：
?I?am?so?worried?about?this?English?contest.?I?have?butterflies?in?my?stomach?now!
我很擔心這次的英語比賽?，F(xiàn)在心里感到很不安，很緊張。
stone n.石頭，石料：
It is not known yet how these huge stones were conveyed over a distance of 380 kilometers.
至今都沒人知道，這些巨石是怎么被運送了380千米那么遠的。
He?is?merely?throwing?the?idea?forward?for?discussion,?it?is?not?cast?in?stone.
他只是提出這個觀點供討論，它還沒板上釘釘。
stop n.(停車)站：I am getting off at the next stop.我在下一站下車。
v.①停，停止：
The rain has stopped.雨停了。
He stopped reading.他停止看書(即不看書了)。stop doing sth.=停止正在做的事(動名詞為賓語)
He stopped to read.他停下來開始看書。stop to do sth.=停止某事做另一事(不定式為目的狀語)。
【拓展】參看cease與pause詞條。
②阻止，阻擋：Her parents are trying to stop me from seeing her.她父母企圖阻止我見她。
【拓展】①come to a stop停下來：The train came to a sudden stop.火車突然停了下來。
②put a stop to使……停下：I must put a stop to this.我必須要制止這事。
③stop by順便拜訪/看望：
Perhaps I’ ll stop by the hospital
也許我會順路去一下醫(yī)院。
I’ ll stop by to see Tom before going home.
我回家前將順道去看望一下湯姆。
④stop…from…阻止……做某事：
He?knows?we?can’t?stop?him?from?leaving?this?country.?
他知道我們不能阻止他離開這個國家。
⑤unstoppable adj.不可阻擋的，不能防止的：
The progress of science is unstoppable.科學的前進步伐不可阻擋。
storage n.①貯藏，儲存：
Some?of?the?space?will?at?first?be?used?for?storage.一部分空間將首先用于貯藏。
The?strawberries?are?kept?in?cold?storage?to?prevent?them?spoiling?during?transportation.?
草莓在運輸過程中要冷藏，以防止變質(zhì)。
②儲藏所，倉庫：We need more storage now.現(xiàn)在我們需要更多的貯存場所。
store n.①商店：Our?goods?are?sold?only?at?this?store.我們的貨物只在這一家商店經(jīng)銷。
We?have?more?than?100?chain?stores?in?this?city?selling?our?own?products.
這個城市有100家以上的連鎖店賣我們的產(chǎn)品。
②貯藏，儲備：We have a good store of food.我們貯藏有許多食物。
③許多，大量：He had a store of funny jokes.他知道許多有趣的笑話。
v.儲藏，存儲，儲存：
He’s stored away nearly one ton of potatoes.他已經(jīng)儲藏了近 1 噸馬鈴薯。
—It’s really great to have a computer to store my photos.
—Don’t count on it too much. It can break down and you’d better make a copy of them.
“有一臺計算機來儲存照片真是太棒了?！?br /> “不要過度依賴它。它有時候也會出故障，你最好做一個備份?！?br /> 【拓展】in store儲備，貯藏，將要發(fā)生，就要出現(xiàn)：
There?are?2,000?boxes?of?wine?in?store.有庫藏葡萄酒2000箱。
Who?knows?what?lies?in?store?for?the?President?誰知道總統(tǒng)將要面臨什么？
Sometimes?she?wondered?what?fate?had?in?store?for?her?next.
有時候她不知道等待她的命運是什么。
Many graduates aren’t prepared for what the future has in store when they come out of school.
許多畢業(yè)生在畢業(yè)后并沒有為未來做好準備。
storm n.風暴，暴(風)雨：
Enjoy your time in the sun; it won’t last long before the storm rolls in.
享受你在陽光下的時光吧；暴風雨要來臨了，這樣的時光持續(xù)不了太久了。
【拓展】①storm的熟詞僻義：
His?speech?was?greeted?with?a?storm?of?applause.人們對他的演講報以雷鳴般的掌聲。
He?burst?into?a?storm?of?abuse.他破口謾罵一氣。
After?a?bit?of?an?argument,?he?stormed?out.爭吵了幾句后，他氣沖沖地走了出去。
He?stormed?into?an?office,?demanding?to?know?where?the?head?of?department?was.?
他氣沖沖地闖進一間辦公室，質(zhì)問部門經(jīng)理在哪里。
②stormy adj.暴風雨般的，有暴風雨的，激烈的，熱烈的：
You can’t go out since you haven’t finished your homework; besides, it is a stormy night.
既然你沒有完成你的作業(yè),你不能出去；此外，今晚有暴風雨。
The?letter?was?read?at?a?stormy?meeting.這封信是在一次爭吵激烈的會議上念的。
story n.①故事：Her story moved me deeply.她的故事使我深受感動。
②描述，敘述：His story is hard to believe.他的說法難以讓人相信。
③層：The house has five stories.這房子有5層。
stove n.火爐，煤爐，電爐，爐子：
She?put?the?kettle?on?the?gas?stove.她將水壺放在煤氣爐上。
I?have?to?buy?a?more?economical?stove.我得買一個更節(jié)省燃料的火爐。
straight adj.①直的：
A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.兩點之間最短的距離是直線。
②坦誠的，直率的：It’s time for some straight talking.現(xiàn)在該開誠布公地談談了。
③簡單明了的，非此即彼的：
It was a straight choice between taking the job and staying out of work.
要么接受這份工作，要么繼續(xù)失業(yè)，此外別無其他選擇。
④連續(xù)的：For seven straight seasons, he led the NBA in scoring.
他連續(xù)七個賽季都是NBA得分最多的球員。
adv.①筆直地，平正地，成直線：
Keep straight on for two miles.一直向前走兩英里。
Can you stretch your arms out straighter?你能把胳膊伸得再直一些嗎？
He was too tired to walk straight.他累得走都走不直了。
She looked me straight in the eye.她直視著我。
②直接，徑直，立即：
Come straight home after school.放學后直接回家來。
I was so tired I went straight to bed.我太累，徑直上床睡了。
She went straight from college to a top job.她大學一畢業(yè)就干上了一份優(yōu)越的工作。
I’m going to the library straight after the class.我一下課就馬上去圖書館。
I’ll come straight to the point ─your work isn’t good enough.
我開門見山地說吧——你的工作做得不夠好。
③正，直，平正地：
Sit up straight!坐直了！
She pulled her hat straight.她把帽子拉正了。
④坦率地，直截了當?shù)兀?br /> I told him straight that I didn’t like him.我坦率地告訴他說我不喜歡他。
Are you playing straight with me?你沒跟我耍花招吧？
⑤連續(xù)不斷地，一連?：They had been working for 16 hours straight.他們已經(jīng)一連工作了16個小時。
straightforward
adj.①簡明/單的，易懂的：
The book is written in straightforward language.這本書是用淺易的文字寫成的。
②坦誠的，坦率的，直率的，率直的：
His?wife?was?straightforward?woman?and?often?asked?some?quite?straightforward?questions.
他的妻子是個坦率的人，常常會問一些很率直的問題。
He’s?a?straightforward?man?and?told?everything?he’d?seen.他是個直性子把看到的事兒都捅出來了。
③直接，直截了當?shù)模?br /> The policy of the mainland is very clear and straightforward，and the key problem is whether the leaders of Taiwan will accept it.大陸的政策很清楚也很直接，關(guān)鍵問題是臺灣領導人是否接受。
I?must?insist?that you?should give?me?a?straightforward?answer.我一定要你給我一個直截了當?shù)幕卮稹?br /> adv.直截了當?shù)?，坦誠地，坦率地，直率/率直地：
Let me put it more straightforward.讓我把它說得更直截了當一些。
He is a straightforward pleasant person.他是一個率直人。
strait n.海峽：The ship passed through the strait between two islands.船從兩島之間的海峽穿過。
strange adj.①奇怪的：It is strange that you don’t know him.真奇怪，你居然不認識他。
②陌生的，生疏的：My mother told me not to talk to strange men.媽媽叫我不要和陌生人交談。
stranger n.①陌生人，不認識/素昧平生的人：
The dog suddenly started barking as if aware of the stranger’s approach.
那只狗突然叫了起來，好像意識到了陌生人的到來。
If?a?stranger?asks?for?your?help,?will?you?accept?provided?you?are?very?busy?
正當你十分忙碌，不認識的人請求你的幫助，你會欣然應允嗎。
Telling a complete stranger about your life is difficult.
要對一個素昧平生的人談自己的生活經(jīng)歷是比較困難。
②外地人，外人：
As?a?stranger,?he?lost?his?way?in?the?street.因為是外地人，他在街上迷路了。
Don’t?stand?on?ceremony.?I’m?no?stranger.別客氣，我又不是外人。
③生手，外行，(對……)一無所知的人：
We?were?both?strangers?to?diplomatic?life.我們倆在外交方面都是生手。
④局外人：You?still?remain?a?stranger?to?him.你對他來說還是個局外人。
straw n.①稻草，麥稈：A drowning man will clutch at a straw.將要溺死的人連一根稻草也要去抓。
②吸管：He drank the milk through a straw.他用吸管喝牛奶。
strawberry n.草莓：I?have?bought?a?jar?of?strawberry?jam.我買了一瓶草莓醬。
stream n.小河，溪流：The stream ran into the lake.溪水流入湖中。
【拓展】a stream of一連串：There?was?a?stream?of?traffic?behind?him.在他身后是長長的車流。
street n.街，街道：He lives at 66 Bingfield Street.他住在賓菲爾德大街 66 號。
I?saw?Mr.?Zhang?in?the?street.我在街上看見了張先生。
strength n.①力量，體力：His strength ran out after he covered that long distance.
他跑完那么遠的距離后，體力耗盡了。
②強度，結(jié)實度：He?checked?the?strength?of?the?cables.他檢查了一下鋼索的強度。
③長處，優(yōu)點：Chinese is his strength.中文是他的長處。
Take?into?account?your?own?strengths?and?weaknesses.考慮一下你自己的優(yōu)缺點。
【拓展】in strength大量，大批：
The financial crisis emerged in January this year and has been growing in strength ever since.
金融犯罪在今年一月爆發(fā)后，就一直在大量地增長。
strengthen v.加強，增強：
The BRICS leaders reached a consensus that member countries should strengthen mutual cooperation.
金磚國領導人達成了共識，那就是成員國應該加強相互之間的合作。
Their opposition only strengthened her resolve.他們的反對只是增強了他們的決心。
stress n.壓力，精神壓力，心理壓力/負擔，重音：
It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work.
大家普遍認為壓力是由太多的工作導致的。
Katy?could?think?clearly?when?not?under?stress.在沒有精神壓力的情況下凱蒂思路清晰。
Stress is often a factor in the development of long-term sickness.心理壓力常常是形成長期病的一個因素。
The?stress?falls?on?the?second?syllable.重音在第二個音節(jié)上。
v.強調(diào)，重讀：
While?in?the?past?we?stressed?aid,?now?we?stress?economic?cooperation.?
我們過去側(cè)重提供援助，現(xiàn)在強調(diào)經(jīng)濟合作。
In?English,?speakers?can?stress?or?emphasize?words?they?think?are?important.
在英語中，說話者可以重讀或強調(diào)他們認為重要的單詞。
【拓展】①stressed緊張的，感到有壓力的：
It worries the public a lot the way the students are getting more and more stressed out.
學生們壓力越來越大，這讓公眾非常擔憂。
I felt quite stressed when I made my first speech in front of so many people.
當我第一次在這么多人面前演講的時候，我感覺非常緊張。
②stressful adj.有壓力的：
Voluntary teaching is a difficult and stressful job but one where you can really help children in
rural areas.支教是一項困難而有壓力的工作，但是你可以真正幫助農(nóng)村地區(qū)的孩子們。
stretch v.延伸，鋪開，伸展，展開：
There?are?over?one?hundred?islands?that?actually?make?up?Hawaii?and?they?stretch?almost?to?Japan.?
夏威夷由一百多個島嶼組成，幾乎延伸到了日本。
Having finished his morning work, the manager stood up behind his chair, stretching?himself.
早上的工作做完后，經(jīng)理站在椅子后面，伸懶腰。
【拓展】stretch out伸出，綿延，伸展：
I stretched out a hand and picked up the book.我伸出一只手，把書撿起來。
Fields and hills stretched out as far as we could see.放眼望去，田野山丘綿延不絕。
Moira?stretched?herself?out?on?the?lower?bench.莫伊拉在較矮的長椅上躺下了。
She?would?be?able?to?stretch?out?her?cramped?limbs?and?rest?for?a?few?hours.
她將能伸展一下蜷縮的四肢，休息幾個小時。
strict adj.嚴格的：He is a strict teacher.他是個嚴格的老師。
【拓展】①表示對人嚴格和對事嚴格時，其后所接介詞不同：對人時，用with；對事時，用in：
He is strict with himself in his work.他對自己的工作要求嚴格。
②strictly adv.嚴格地，完全地：
The industry is strictly regulated.這個行業(yè)有嚴格的管理。
This is not strictly true.這不完全正確。
strike(struck, struck/stricken)
v.①打，敲，撞，(襲)擊，劃(火柴)：
Strike while the iron is hot.趁熱打鐵。
She struck him in the face.她打/摑了他一耳光。
The?clock?struck?nine.鐘敲了9下。
The child ran into the road and was struck by a car.孩子跑到公路上給車撞了。
The stone struck her on the forehead.石頭擊中她的額頭。
A?violent?storm?had?struck?the?area.一場猛烈的暴風雨襲擊/席卷了該地區(qū)。
The explorer could not even strike a match, frozen after the long journey on the freezing day.
在嚴寒的一天這個探險家經(jīng)歷了長途旅行之后凍僵了，連一根火柴也劃不著了。
②給(某人以……)印象，打動：How does the idea strike you?你感覺那主意怎么樣？
③突然想到：It?struck?me?that?I?should?ask?him?for?help.我突然想起我應該找他幫忙。
④罷工：The union has voted to strike for a pay increase of 6%.工會投票決定罷工，要求加薪6%。
n.①打擊：They made a strike on the enemy base.他們對敵人的基地發(fā)動攻擊。
②罷工：The workers are on strike.工人們在罷工。
The?workers?will go?on?strike?to?ask?for?higher?pay.為了提高工資，工人們要舉行了罷工。
【拓展】①strike out獨立出去，自立謀生，畫掉，刪去：
I knew it was time I struck out on my own.我知道我該獨立謀生了。
The editor struck out the whole paragraph.編輯把整段全部刪去了。
②strike out(at sb./sth.)揮拳猛擊，猛打，抨擊：
He lost his temper and struck out wildly.他發(fā)了脾氣，大打出手。
In a recent article she strikes out at her critics.她最近寫了一篇文章，對批評她的人予以駁斥。
③strike out(for/towards sth.)奮力朝某處去，趕往(某處)：
He struck out towards the shore.他奮力朝岸邊游去。
④strike up(樂隊等)開始演奏，(和某人)建立友誼，開始來往，交談起來：
The orchestra struck up and the curtain rose.管弦樂隊奏起音樂，幕啟。
He would often strike up conversations with complete strangers.他愛和根本不相識的人攀談。
⑤stricken可以作為形容詞用：
She raised her stricken face and begged for help.她仰起苦悶的臉，乞求幫助。
We went to the aid of the stricken boat.我們前去救助那艘失事的船。
string n.細繩，線，帶：Puppets are worked by strings.木偶是用線來操縱的。
strong adj.強大的，強壯的，堅固的，堅強的，結(jié)實的，強烈的，濃烈的：
When we Chinese need help in a foreign land, at our back stands a strong motherland.
當我們中國人在國外需要幫助的時候，記得我們身后永遠站著我們強大的祖國。
Man is not always stronger than woman.男人并不總比女人強壯。
Please don’t sit on that chair, it’s not very strong.請別坐那把椅子，它不很結(jié)實。
She?had?a?strong?will?and?power?of?rapid?decision.她具有堅強的意志和速決的才能。
The teacher decided to give the task to whoever had a strong sense of duty.
老師決定把這項任務交給有強烈責任感的人。
The coffee is too strong.這咖啡太濃了。
structure n.結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)造，(尤指)建筑物：
There was no significant difference between a girl and a boy in terms of the structure and function of their brains.就他們大腦的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能來說，男孩和女孩之間沒有什么重大的區(qū)別。
Doctors?study?the?structure?of?the?human?body.醫(yī)生研究人體構(gòu)造。
Appreciating poetry is more than getting to know the structure of every sentence.
欣賞詩歌不僅僅是了解每個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
About half of those funds has gone to repair public roads, structures and bridges.
那些基金中大約有一半已被用來維修公路、公共建筑物和橋梁。
【拓展】structured有結(jié)構(gòu)的，有組織的：
Many experienced teachers believe that when knowledge is structured, it can be most readily
grasped by the learners.很多有經(jīng)驗的老師都認為結(jié)構(gòu)化的知識最容易被學習者掌握。
struggle v.斗爭，奮斗，掙扎：
They had to struggle with/against all kinds of difficulties.他們得和各種各樣的困難作斗爭。
Paul struggled out of his wheelchair.保羅掙扎著下了輪椅。
Nowadays, many people struggle to maintain the delicate balance between work and family.
如今，很多人艱難的維持著工作和家庭之間微妙的平衡。
n. ①斗爭，戰(zhàn)斗，掙扎：This?is?an?uncompromising?struggle.這是一場毫不調(diào)和的斗爭。
②費力的事，難事：Losing weight was a terrible struggle.減肥是一件非常艱難的事。
【拓展】struggle?to?one’s feet?掙扎著站起來：
Finally the hunter shot at the wild animal. But it struggled to its feet before falling down.
終于獵人向那只野獸開了槍。但是它掙扎著站了起來，然后就倒下了。
stubborn adj.堅決的，固執(zhí)的，頑固的，倔強的：
He is so stubborn that it’s no use persuading him to change his mind once he makes a decision.
他很固執(zhí)，一旦做了決定就勸他改變主意是沒有用的。
You?won’t?get?Glenda?to?change?her?mind;?she’s?as?stubborn?as?a?mule.
你別想使格倫達改變主意，她非常頑固。
He has a stubborn personality.他性格倔強。
student n.學生：Quiet student as he may be, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.
盡管他可能是個沉默寡言的學生，但課下談論喜愛的歌手時，他話很多。
He was a student teacher at that time.那時他是個實習教師。
studio n.工作室，演播室，播音室，畫室，攝影室：
His dream was to open a photo studio that could transport people back to the past.
他的夢想是開辦一個能夠把人們帶回過去的攝影工作室。
The?main?body?of?the?church?had?been?turned?into?a?massive?television?studio
該教堂的主體部分已被改造成了一個大型電視演播室。
They?often?come?to?my?studio?to?play.他們經(jīng)常來我畫室玩。
The?studio?isn’t?soundproof.這個攝影室并不隔音。
They?may?have?been?visiting?a?film?studio.他們可能是參觀一家電影制片廠來著。
study v.①學習：I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, most of whom were from Germany.我聽說學校有大約50名外國留學生在學中文，大部分來自德國。
②研究，研讀：She used to study the stars and planets.她過去是研究恒星和行星的。
n.①學習，學業(yè)，研究：
The problem is under study.這問題正在研究。
He has made great progress in his studies.他在學業(yè)上獲得了很大的進步。
②書房：The?study?links?the?main?living?area?to?the?kitchen.書房把主要的生活區(qū)與廚房連在一起。
stuff n.東西，原料，特質(zhì)：
I?mean,?how?could?they?possibly?eat?that?stuff??我的意思是，他們怎么可能吃那東西呢？
Here’s?the?stuff?you?wanted.這是你要的原料。
stupid adj.①愚蠢的，糊涂的：
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本來能夠輕松地通過這次考試的，但是我犯了太多愚蠢的錯誤。
②無聊的，討厭的：
I?wouldn’t?call?it?art.?It’s?just?stupid?and?tasteless.我不認為這是藝術(shù)。它簡直無聊透頂，毫無品位。
【拓展】drink oneself stupid喝得爛醉如泥：
—John is feeling extremely fragile after his friend’s wedding ceremony last night.
—Well, he must have drunk himself stupid during it and he should have a good rest.
“約翰昨晚參加朋友的婚禮后，感覺非常虛弱?！?br /> “他一定是喝得爛醉如泥，他應該好好休息一下?！?br /> style n.①(生活、行為等的)作風，方式，風格，風尚：
You’d better change your style of living.你最好改變一下你的生活方式。
The style can be adjusted to personal taste.風格可根據(jù)個人口味調(diào)節(jié)。
In matters of style, swim with the current; in matters of principle, stand like a rock.
風尚的事情，隨波逐流；原則問題，堅如磐石。
②(藝術(shù)、建筑等的)技巧，樣式：It?is?a?classic?style?of?Gothic?buildings.這是哥特式建筑的典型樣式。
③文體，風格，文風：I don’t like this writer’s style.我不喜歡這個作家的文風。
④(服裝等的)時尚，流行式樣：That dress is in the latest style.那套衣服是最新式樣的。
⑤(商品等的)種類，式樣：This is a new style of car.這是一款新型小汽車。
⑥(外表、動作等)風度，格調(diào)，氣派：He has style.他很有風度。
【拓展】go out of style過時：
This?pair?of?shoes?is?out?of?style,?why?not?buy?a?new?one??
這雙鞋過時了，你為什么不再買雙新的？
Trends?come?and?go,?fashion?changes,?but?love?never?goes?out?of?style.
潮流來去匆匆，時尚也總在變化，但愛永不過時。
subject n.①科目，學科：History and biology are my favourite subjects.歷史和生物是我最喜歡的科目。
②題目，主題，話題，(議論的)對象：
The subject of her book is sailing.她那本書的主題是航海。
I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless.
關(guān)于這個話題我已經(jīng)知道很多了，但是她的演講還是很有趣的。
Over the past few years,?some of the positions Mr. Meredith has adopted have made him the?subject?of criticism.在過去的幾年里，梅雷迪恩先生所采取的一些立場已使他成為了被批評的對象。
③主語，主體：
A verb must agree with its subject in person and number.
動詞必須和它的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。
【拓展】subject to使遭受，使服從：
I?have?been?subjected?to?a?great?deal?of?trouble.我遭到了不少麻煩。
subjective adj.主觀的：
We?should?not?put?subjective?reasons?on?a?par?with?objective?reasons?in?our?analysis.?
我們不應該把客觀原因與主觀原因平列起來分析。
submission n.①投降，屈服，就范，服從：
He?was?faced?with?two?alternatives—death?or?submission.他面臨兩種選擇——死亡或者投降。
No?enemy?can?frighten?us?into?submission.任何敵人的恐嚇都不能使我們屈服。
I?shall?give?up?my?claim,?in?submission?to?your?wish.我將服從你的意愿，放棄我的要求。
②提交，呈遞：
Students are not required to take the TOEEL or the IELTS test but we welcome the submission of your score if you have taken either.我們不要求學生參加托?；蜓潘伎荚?，但是如果你參加了這兩種考試中的一種，我們歡迎你提交你的分數(shù)。
submit v.①服從，順從，使降服：
After a bitter struggle the rebels were forced to submit.經(jīng)過苦戰(zhàn)，反叛者被迫投降。
②提出，提交：I submitted my papers to the examiner.我把試卷交給主考老師。
③主張，認為：I submit that he is mistaken.我認為他錯了。
【拓展】submit to向……呈交/遞送，順從/屈從/服從……，使(自己)聽命于/聽從于……：
I have decided to submit my proposal for urban development to the city council.
我已決定提交我的城市發(fā)展建議給市議會
The people had to submit to the new rulers when they lost the war.
當他們輸?shù)袅藨?zhàn)爭之后，人們不得不屈服于新的條款。
Those who tend to submit to their fate are sure not to make any achievements.
那些容易屈服于命運的人一定不會取得成就的。
subscribe v.①捐款，捐助：How much did you subscribe(to it)?你(給它)捐了多少錢？
②訂購(報紙、雜志等)：
If you subscribe to this newspaper, you’ll get an extra magazine.
如果你訂這份報紙，你可以額外得到一份雜志。
③同意，贊同：
Some experts subscribe to the view that house prices will remain steady next year.
一些專家贊同明年房價將保持穩(wěn)定的觀點。
④在……上簽署：
Who’s the first man to subscribe to the Declaration of Independence?
誰是第一個在“獨立宣言”上簽名的人？
substance n.①物質(zhì)，材料：
Tea contains a variety of substances beneficial to human health.
茶葉中含有多種對人體有益的物質(zhì)。
This?substance?must?be?treated?with?acid.這材料得用酸來處理。
②實質(zhì)，本質(zhì)，內(nèi)容：
Nothing of any substance was achieved in the meeting.會議沒有取得任何實質(zhì)性成果。
He has been considering the substance of religion.他一直在思索宗教的本質(zhì)。
You?need?to?consider?the?main?substance?of?the?agreement.你需要考慮合同的主要內(nèi)容。
③主旨，要旨，宗旨，真意：
Tell me the substance of your activity, please.請告訴我你們活動的宗旨。
substitute v.代替，取代：
We?mustn’t?substitute?our?personal?feelings?for?policy.我們不能用感情去代替政策。
I don’t like drinking milk. Please substitute coffee for milk.我不喜歡喝牛奶。請幫我換成咖啡。
If?you?cannot?go?yourself,?try?to?find?someone?to?substitute?for?you.?
你要是自己不能去，可以找個人來代替。
【拓展】①substitute n.替代(人或物)，代理人：
The doctor advised her to eat more bean products as a substitute for meat which might be
harmful to her heart disease.醫(yī)生建議她多吃豆制品來替代可能對她的心臟有害的肉類。
The newly coming college student will be your?substitute?in your absence.
你不在時，新來的大學生會代替你的位置。
②substitution n.替換，代替，代用，取代(作用)：
The South Korean coach requests substitution.韓國隊教練要求換人。
It was merely the substitution of one piece of nonsense for another.
這不過是用一個謊話來代替另一個謊話。
succeed v.①成功：In order to succeed, it is compulsory that you should work with every fiber of your being.
為了成功，你竭盡全力地工作是必須的。
I’m not sure whether I’ll succeed in persuading her to join us. Anyhow, I’ll try my best to make
it.我不確定我是否能成功地說服她加入我們。
He succeeded in getting(=managed to get) the job.他成功地謀到了那份工作。
②繼承，繼任，繼位，隨……之后：
As?the?Duke?has?no?children,?who?might?succeed?him?is?still?a?question.
由于公爵無子女，由誰繼承他還是個問題。
If?the?president?can?not?serve,?who?will?succeed?him??假如總統(tǒng)無法任職，由誰繼任呢？
The?North?Korean?leader?has?apparently?chosen?a person?who?will?eventually succeed?him.?
北韓領導人金正日看來確定了繼位人選。
success n.①成功：Failure is the mother of success.失敗是成功之母。
Patience is a quality where success feeds on itself.耐心是成功的源泉。
②成功的人或事：The party was a great success.晚會非常成功。
successful adj.成功的：
They were successful in launching a communication satellite.他們成功地發(fā)射了一顆通訊衛(wèi)星。
That film is so successful that it has been on for weeks on end.
那部電影太成功了，已經(jīng)連續(xù)上映好幾個星期了。
such adv.那么，如此地，這樣地，這等：
I’ve never seen such beautiful scenery.我從沒見過這樣美麗的景色。
pron.①像這樣的人或物：
People believed that he was foolish, but he wasn’t such in fact.人們以為他蠢，但事實上并非如此。
②這，那：Such is life!這就是人生！
Such can be easily done.那可能很容易做。
adj.這樣的，那樣的：Don’t be in such a hurry.不要如此匆忙。
【拓展】①such as像……這樣的，例如，諸如此類：
Take such as you need.你需要什么就拿什么。
Don’t do anything silly such as marry him.不要做什么蠢事，比如說去嫁給他。
“There are loads of things to do.” “Such as?”(= give me an example)?
“該做的事有一大堆。”“比如呢？”
Opportunities such as this did not come every day.這樣的機會不是天天都有的。
②…and such諸如此類的事物或人：
The centre offers activities like canoeing and sailing and such.
這個中心開展劃艇、帆船之類的活動。
③as such從字面意義看，嚴格說來：
The new job is not a promotion as such, but it has good prospects.
擔任這一新的職務算不上是真正的提職，不過有美好的前途。
“Well, did they offer it to you?” “No, not as such, but they said I had a good chance.”
“那么，他們把它給你了？”“不，不完全是那樣，可是他們說我很有希望?！?br /> ④such as it is/they are(數(shù)量不多或質(zhì)量不好時說)雖說不多，盡管不好：
The food, such as it was, was served at nine o’clock.
那飯雖說是粗茶淡飯，卻到九點鐘才端上來。
⑤such as to到如此程度以致；如此……以致：
His injuries were not?such?as?to?need a surgeon.
他的傷還不是那種需要外科醫(yī)生治的傷。
⑥such...that如此……以致：
He is such a clever boy that we all like him.他這個孩子這樣聰明，我們都喜歡他。
⑦受such修飾的名詞后跟定語從句時，引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞只能是as：
Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming.認識湯姆的女人都認為他很有魅力。
suck v.吸吮：Many kids develop problems from finger sucking that can cause life-long problems unless treated
properly.許多孩子因吮吸手指而出現(xiàn)問題，除非得到適當治療，否則會導致終身問題。
【拓展】Do not teach your grandmother to?suck?eggs.不要班門弄斧。
—Let me teach you how to cook the fish.讓我教給你如何烹制魚。
—Teach me? You are trying to teach your granny how to suck eggs! I know how to do it earlier.
教我？你在班門弄斧，我很早就知道怎么做了。
sudden adj.突然的，忽然的：We all jumped at the sudden loud noise.我們聽到突如其來的巨響都嚇了一跳。
【拓展】all of a sudden突然，出乎意料：All of a sudden the lights went out.燈突然熄滅了。
suffer v.①感到疼痛，遭受痛苦，遭受損失：She suffered when her mother died.她媽媽死后她很痛苦。
②承受，遭受，蒙受：
If you break the law, you must be prepared to suffer the consequences.
如果你犯法，你就要準備承擔后果。
③容忍，忍受，忍耐?。篐ow can you suffer his insolence?你怎么能容忍他傲慢無禮？
【拓展】①suffer sth.遭受(不愉快的事情，比如傷害，失敗或者損失)：
The party suffered a humiliating defeat in the general election.該黨在大選中慘敗。
The company suffered huge losses in the last financial year.
公司在上一財政年度出現(xiàn)巨額虧損。
The?peace?process?has?suffered?a?serious?blow?now.現(xiàn)在和平進程遭到重創(chuàng)。
②suffer from?sth.(因疾病，痛苦，悲傷等)受苦，受難，受折磨，患(某種病)：
She is suffering from unspeakable pain.她在遭受難以形容的痛苦。
Refugees?settling?in?Britain?suffer?from?a?number?of?problems.
在英國定居的難民面臨很多問題。
He is suffering from a bad cold.他在患重感冒。
suffering n.受苦，遭難，苦楚，苦難，令人痛苦的事：
I?believe?that?it?will?cause?great?suffering?for?my?family?if?I?do?not?have?the?work.
我認為，沒有了工作，我的家庭都要因此而受苦。
Never should we forget the war and sufferings it caused to the people.
永遠不要忘記戰(zhàn)爭和戰(zhàn)爭給人們帶來的痛苦。
sufficient adj.足夠的，充足的，充分的：
The?money?to?build?the?power?station?ought?to?have?been?sufficient.建設電站的資金本該足夠了。
Guarantee?the?sufficient?rest?and?sleep?of?workers.保證工人有充足的休息和睡眠時間。
I’ve?been?dragged?back?from?Australia?for?no?sufficient?reason.
沒有充分的理由，我就從澳大利亞被硬叫了回來。
【拓展】sufficiency n.自滿，足量，充足，充裕：
Our country has sufficiency of natural resources.我國有足夠的自然資源。
The sufficiency of present laws meets a financial crisis.
現(xiàn)行的法律足以應付一場經(jīng)濟危機。
sugar n.糖，方糖，?一匙糖：Mix?the?sugar?and?the?water?in?a?cup.把糖和水倒在杯子里攪拌一下。
suggest v.①建議，提議：Can anybody suggest ways of raising more money?誰能提出可籌集更多款項的方法？②暗示，表明：His smile suggested that he was satisfied.他的微笑表明他是滿意的。
Though his face suggested that there was nothing serious, the doctor still suggested he(should)stay in bed for a few days.盡管他的臉色表明沒有什么嚴重的事情，但醫(yī)生還是建議他臥床幾天。
【拓展】suggestion n.建議：與之相關(guān)的從句謂語通常用“should+動詞原形”這樣的形式：
He made the suggestion that we (should) go by train.他建議我們坐火車去。
Her suggestion is that we should stay.她建議我們留下。
The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant.
經(jīng)理建議我們應該有一個助手。
suit v. ①適合：That dress suits you.那套衣服你穿起來挺合適。
As global warming increases, the Earth will become less and less suited to life, and many species will face extinction.隨著全球變暖的加劇，地球?qū)⒃絹碓讲贿m合生命生存，許多物種將面臨滅絕。
②滿足，取悅：
He tried to suit everybody.他想討好每個人。
Suit?yourself?then,?young?man.那么隨便你，年輕人。
【拓展】Suit yourself隨你的便，按自己的意愿行事：
—Mom, I’ll stay in to accompany my grandpa this evening.“媽媽，今晚我留下來陪爺爺?！?br /> —Suit yourself!“隨你的便?！?br /> n.一套(衣服)：She?was?wearing?a?simple?light-grey?two-piece?suit.她穿了身樸素的淺灰色兩件式套裝。
【拓展】參見fit, match詞條。
The newly designed shirt doesn’t fit me but the color suits me well.
這件新設計的襯衫大小不適合我，但顏色很適合我。
Her nails were painted bright red to match her dress.她的指甲涂成了大紅色，為的是與裙子相配。
suitable adj.合適的，適宜的，相配的：
Is she suitable for the job?她適合做這項工作嗎？
The film is not suitable for children.那部影片不適合兒童觀看。
suitcase n.(旅行用)小提箱：
I carry one suitcase and a briefcase on business trips.出差時我總是提一個小提箱和一個公事包。
suite n.①一套房間：He booked a hotel suite.他訂了一套旅館房間。
②一套家具：That’s a nice suite of furniture.那是一套漂亮的家具。
sum n.數(shù)目，總數(shù)：
I had to spend a large sum of money to get it back.我得花一大筆錢才把它弄回來。
The?sum?of?all?the?angles?of?a?triangle?is?180?degrees.三角形內(nèi)角總和為180度。
【拓展】①in sum總而言之：
In?sum,?the?two?countries?are?now?true?economic?partners.
總而言之，兩國目前是真正的經(jīng)濟合作伙伴。
②sum up是……的總和(數(shù))，合計，總結(jié)，概括：
We?can?sum?up?the?main?point?of?the?lesson?in?three?sentences.?
我們可以用三句話來概括本課要點。
summary n.摘要，概要：Write me a one-page summary of this report.替我把這份報告寫出一頁紙的摘要。
【拓展】①in summary總的來說，歸納起來，概括地說：
In?summary,?the?management?system?is?a?business?organization?and?systems.
概括地說，管理體制就是一個企業(yè)的組織和制度。
In?summary?there?are?the?following?possibilities?for?the?observation?of?sunspots.
總的來說，對太陽黑子的觀測存在著下列可能性。
②summarize v.總結(jié)，概述：
The results of the research are summarized at the end of the chapter.
在這一章末尾對研究結(jié)果作了總結(jié)。
Basically,?the?article?can?be?summarized?in?three?sentences.
這篇文章基本上可以概述為3句話。
summer n.夏天，夏季：It happened in the summer of 1988.這是1988年夏天發(fā)生的事。
sun n. ①(連用the)太陽：The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。
②陽光：Don’t read in the sun.不要在陽光下看書。
sunlight n.日光，陽光：Our garden gets a lot of sunlight.我們的花園總是陽光充足。
sunny adj.晴朗的，陽光充足的：The weather was fine and sunny.天氣晴朗陽光明媚。
sunshine n.陽光，晴天：The children were playing in the warm sunshine.孩子們在暖和的陽光下玩耍。
super adj.頂好的，超級的，頂呱呱的：
—Do you like pop music?你喜歡流行音樂嗎？
—Yes, I do. Actually I am a super fan of it.是的，喜歡。實際上，我是它的超級粉絲。
superior adj.①優(yōu)秀的，優(yōu)越的：
He’s clearly superior to all the other candidates.他很明顯比其他候選人優(yōu)秀。
Our?side?has?the?superior?position.優(yōu)勢在我們方面。
②上級的：
Superior?courts?may?review?decisions?of?lower?courts.上級法院可復審下級法院的判決。
③自高自大，自負的，傲慢的：
There’s no need to be so superior.不用那么自負。
He smiled a superior smile as he drove past in his expensive new car.
他開著那輛豪華的新車駛過時，傲慢的微微一笑。
n.上級，上司：
I’m going to complain to your superiors.我要去找你的上級投訴。
The?Colonel?lifted?the?phone?and?dialed?his?superior.上校拿起電話，撥通了上司的號碼。
【拓展】表示“比……優(yōu)秀/優(yōu)越”或“勝過……”，其后通常接介詞 to：
Much as we admire Shakespeare’s comedies, we cannot agree that they are superior to his tragedies.雖然我們很欣賞莎士比亞的喜劇，但我們不能認為它們比他的悲劇更優(yōu)秀。
This model is technically superior to its competitors.
這一款式在技術(shù)上超過了與之競爭的產(chǎn)品。
supermarket n.超級市場：Most of us do our food shopping in the supermarket.我們大多數(shù)人去超市購買食品。
supper n.晚餐，晚飯：
I had meat for my supper.我晚飯吃肉。
You have not eaten much supper.你晚飯吃的不多。
supply v.①供給，供應：The government supplies free books to schools.政府免費給學校供應書籍。
②向……提供某物：Cows supply us with milk.奶牛給我們提供牛奶。
n.①供應，供給：Demand and supply can be balanced.供需關(guān)系可加以協(xié)調(diào)。
②(用復數(shù))生活必需品，日用品：
Selling office supplies is our bread and butter.銷售辦公用品是我們的生計。
【拓展】表示供給某人/某地某東西，可用 supply sb/sp. with sth.或supply sth. to sb/sp.：
They supplied us with money and clothes.=They supplied money and clothes to us.
他們供給我們錢和衣服。
support v.①支撐，承受(重力)：Walls support the roof.墻壁支撐屋頂。
②供養(yǎng)，撫養(yǎng)，資助：He’s a large family to support.他要養(yǎng)一大家子。
③贊成，鼓勵，支持：Which football team do you support?你支持哪一個球隊？
n.①支撐，支持，擁護：
Can we have your support at the next meeting?我們在下次會議上能得到你的支持嗎？
②支撐物，支持者：High back provides great support for your neck.高靠背可更好地支撐頸部。
③支撐，支持，贊成，養(yǎng)家：
Neighboring units shall provide support.鄰近單位應當給予支持。
When his father died, Jim was a real support.吉姆的父親死后，吉姆成了真正的頂梁柱。
【拓展】①supportive adj.支持的，擁護的，贊助的：
She sounded very supportive to me at the time.當時感覺她挺支持我的。
②supporter n.支持者，擁護者，贍養(yǎng)者，撫養(yǎng)者：
The candidate’s optimism about his chance of winning encouraged his supporter.
候選人對于獲勝機會的樂觀態(tài)度，鼓勵了他的支持者。
③in support of為了支持/贊助
My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise $50,000 in support of a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger.我的目標是在一年內(nèi)減掉150磅，籌集5萬美元，以支持30年前為結(jié)束饑餓而成立的運動。
Only a few people spoke in support of the proposal.只有幾個人表示支持這一提議。
They?are?raising?a?fund?in?support?of?this?good?cause.
他們正在為贊助這一有益的事業(yè)而集資。
suppose v.①猜想，推測，認為：What do you suppose you will do after school?你放學后想干什么？
②假定：Suppose he was lost.假定他是迷路了。
【拓展】①后接否定的賓語從句時，其否定通常要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上：
I don’t suppose you need to worry.我看你不必著急。
②當do you suppose要連用疑問詞時，疑問詞總是位于其前，而不是其后，如“你估計他什么時候回來？”
應譯為：When do you suppose he will come back?
而不是Do you suppose when he will come back?
③be supposed to應該，按理：
Friends are not supposed to hurt each other.朋友不應該互相傷害。
supreme adj.最高的，至高的，最重要的：
The?general?was?relieved?of?his?office?as?a?supreme?commander.將軍被解除了最高指揮官的職務。
The?decision?of?the?Supreme?Court?shall?not?be?appealed?against.最高法院的判決不容上訴。
Her?approval?was?of?supreme?importance.她的認可是至關(guān)重要的。
sure adj.①確信，肯定，自信：
Are you sure of [about] that?你對此有把握嗎？
He is sure of passing the exam.=He is sure that he can pass the exam.他自信考試會及格。
I’m not sure whether he will come.他是否會來我沒有把握。
②一定，肯定：
Be sure to lock the door when you leave.你離開時一定要鎖門。
Be sure not to forget it.千萬別忘啦。
Be sure you don’t tell anyone.一定不要告訴任何人。
She is sure to pass the exam.她考試肯定會及格。
adv.的確，一定，當然：It sure was cold.的確是冷。
【拓展】①sure與certain：兩者在表示“確信”、“一定”時，都用作表語，其用法異同如下：
▲后接to do sth或of doing sth時，兩者可互換，但這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)的含義稍有差別，前者表示說話者的看法，意為“肯定會”，后者表示句子主語的信念，意為“自信會”：
He is sure/certain to win.他肯定會贏。
He is sure/certain of winning.他自信會贏。
▲在“It is…that結(jié)構(gòu)中只能用certain，不能用sure：
It is certain that he will come tomorrow.他明天一定會來.
It was certain that our football team would win the game.我們的足球隊一定會贏。
▲在祈使句中通常用sure，不用certain：
Be sure to tell me all the news.一定要告訴我所有的消息。
Be sure and come as soon as possible.一定要盡快來.。
▲作定語時，sure作“有把握的；肯定的；可靠的”解；certain作“某個；某些”解：
Put it in a sure place.把它放在一個確定的地方。
A certain person called on me yesterday.昨天有人來拜訪我。
▲Sure在美語中可用作副詞作肯定答語，用以代替surely，相當于certainly，of course；而certain則不能用作副詞：
—I wonder if I could use your phone. --不知道我能不能用你的電話。
—Sure. Go ahead. 當然可以。用吧。
②for sure肯定地，無疑地：We will win for sure.我們肯定會贏。
③make sure(of)弄清，弄確實，設法，確保：
Make sure you get here before five.確保在5點前趕到這兒。
They love their daughter so much that they are always ready to do everything they can to make sure of her happiness.他們非常愛他們的女兒，以至于總是準備做能做的任何事來確保她的幸福。
④surely adv.肯定，無疑，一定，確實，當然：
Surely?we’ll?profit?from?your?work.我們肯定會從你的工作中得到益處。
Slowly?but?surely?she?started?to?fall?in?love?with?him.雖然過程緩慢，但她無疑開始愛上他了。
He?will?surely?come.他一定會來。
If?I?can?accept?this?situation,?surely?you?can.如果我能接受這種情況，你當然也能。
surface n.表面，地面，水面：
Water covers 71% of Earth’s surface yet only 2% of it is accessible as a source of fresh water.
地球表面的71%被水覆蓋，但只有2%的淡水資源可以利用。
The?road?surface?has?started?breaking?up.路面已開始開裂。
【拓展】on the surface表面上，從外表看，乍一看：
His?politeness?was?only?on?the?surface.他只是表面上客氣。
On the surface, he appeared unchanged.看外表他好像沒變。
It seems like a good idea on the surface but there are sure to be problems.
這主意乍一看不錯，但肯定存在問題。
surgeon n.外科醫(yī)生：He?followed?his?father?and?became?a?surgeon.他子承父業(yè)，成為了一名外科醫(yī)生。
surgery n.外科學，外科手術(shù)，手術(shù)室，診所，診斷時間：
The?surgeon?had?saved?many?lives?by?surgery.這名外科醫(yī)生運用外科學救了很多人。
He will require surgery on his left knee.他的左膝需要做手術(shù)。
Bill was in the doctor’s surgery demanding to know what was wrong with him.
比爾在醫(yī)生的診療室里想要知道自己到底得了什么病。
His surgery always ends at eleven.他的出診時間總是到11點結(jié)束。
surprise v.使驚奇，使詫異：I am surprised to hear you say that.聽你這樣說我感到很驚訝。
It?is?no?surprise?that?New?Zealand’s?pure?natural?environment?is?so?attractive?to?visitors?from other
countries.怪不得其他國家的人都被新西蘭純樸的自然環(huán)境吸引而紛至沓來。
His?parents?were?both?surprised?at?the?surprising?news.他父母對這個令人吃驚的消息都感到吃驚。
n.①驚奇，詫異：His face showed surprise at the news.他聽到這個消息臉上露出吃驚的神色。
②意外之事：What a surprise to see you here!真想不到在這里見到你！
【拓展】①in surprise驚奇地，吃驚地，驚訝地：
He looked at her in surprise.他吃驚地看著她。
②take…by surprise出其不意：
We can go in and take them by surprise.我們可以進去給他們一個出其不意。
③to one’s surprise使……吃驚的是：
To my surprise the door was not unlocked.使我吃驚的是門沒鎖。
surround v.①圍繞，環(huán)繞：She was sitting on the floor surrounded by books.她坐在地板上，周圍都是書。
②包圍：The police surrounded the house.警察包圍了這所房子。
surrounding adj.周圍的，附近的：
The village and its surrounding scenery are very pretty.這座村莊和周圍的風景十分優(yōu)美。
【拓展】①n.(用復數(shù))周圍的事物，環(huán)境：
He felt relaxed and comfortable to be back in familiar surroundings.
他回到熟悉的環(huán)境后感到輕松和舒服。
②surroundings與environment：兩者均可表示“環(huán)境”，有時可互換，但相比之下前者側(cè)重指人周圍具體的(物質(zhì)的)東西，而后者雖然也可指周圍具體的東西，但它更強調(diào)這些周圍的東西對人的心情、情感、品德、思想等影響(即強調(diào)精神方面的因素)。使用時，前者總是用復數(shù)形式，而后者通常用單數(shù)形式：
The?children?grew?up?in?beautiful?surroundings?but?not?in?a?happy?home?environment.
孩子們在美麗的環(huán)境中長大，但是卻缺少一個幸福的家庭環(huán)境。
survey n.調(diào)查，民意調(diào)查，民意測驗：
This?very?thorough?survey?goes?back?to?1784.這個非常全面的調(diào)查可追溯到1784年。
A recent survey showed 75% of those questioned were in favour of the plan.
最近的民意調(diào)查顯示，有75%的調(diào)查對象支持這項計劃。
【拓展】v.①調(diào)查，對……作民意調(diào)查，對……進行民意測驗：
Business Development Advisers surveyed 211 companies for the report.
企業(yè)發(fā)展顧問公司為此報告調(diào)查了211家公司。
②查看，審視，審察：
The next morning we surveyed the damage caused by the fire.
次日清早我們查看了火災的破壞情況。
He surveyed himself in the mirror before going out.
出門前他對著鏡子把自己審視了一番。
He?pushed?himself?to?his?feet?and?surveyed?the?room.他站起來仔細打量整間屋子。
survival n.生存，幸存者，殘存物，幸存物：
We need food and water for survival.我們?yōu)榱松嫘枰澄锖退?br /> Late and raining as it was heavily, the rescue party still occupied themselves in searching for survivals.
盡管已近深夜又下著大雨，救援小組仍然忙著搜尋幸存者。
survive v.①大難不死，幸存，幸免于難：
If people keep polluting the ocean, no creature there will survive in the long run.
如果人們一直污染海洋的話，從長遠來看，沒有生物能夠幸存。
Only 12 of the 140 passengers survived in the plane crash.
140名乘客中只有12人在飛機失事中幸免于難。
②在……之后還活著：Few survived after the flood.洪水過后，生還者極少。
③比……活得久：She survived her husband by five years.她比她丈夫多活了五年。
【拓展】survivor n.生還者，幸存者，殘存物：
A?survivor?was?found?here?just?a?moment?ago.剛剛這里發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個生還者。
He?was?the?only?survivor?of?the?accident.他是這次事故的唯一幸存者。
suspect n.犯罪嫌疑人，嫌疑犯：
The suspect at last admitted receiving stolen goods but denied selling them.
犯罪嫌疑人最終承認收受贓物，但否認出售。
The?police?have?caught?a?suspect?in?the?murder?case.警方已抓住了這起謀殺案的一名嫌疑犯。
v.①懷疑，不信任：I rather suspect his motives for offering to help.我很懷疑他提出幫忙的動機。
②猜想：I suspect you may be right.我覺得你可能是對的。
【拓展】①表示猜測某人做某事，可用suspect sb. of(doing)sth.：
She suspected him of taking her money.她懷疑他拿了她的錢。
②I suspect him to be the thief.=I suspect him of being the thief.=I suspect that he’s the thief.
我懷疑他就是那個賊。
sustainable adj.可持續(xù)的：
One solution to this problem being discussed now is sustainable development.
正在討論的這個問題的解決方法就是可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
swallow v.①吞，咽；忍耐，忍受：
Swallow your medicine!把藥吞下去！
Two people in South Korea survived being swallowed by a sinkhole suddenly occurring in their courtyard.在韓國，有兩個人被突然出現(xiàn)在院子里的一個大坑吞沒，幸免于難。
During?the?1980s?monster?publishing?houses?started?to?swallow?up?smallercompanies.?
20世紀80年代，一些出版巨頭開始吞并一些較小的公司。
Mr. Johnson was so much afraid of losing his job that he had to swallow his pride when the boss called him names in public.
杰森非常害怕丟掉工作以至于當老板在公共場合罵他時，他不得不放下他的自尊。
He?had?to?swallow?the?insult.他不得不忍受侮辱。
②(因為緊張或驚奇等)吞口水，做吞咽動作：
Nancy?swallowed?hard?and?shook?her?head.南希用力咽了口口水，搖了搖頭。
③(輕易地)相信，接受：Such stories are rather hard to swallow.這種故事很難令人相信。
swap v.交換：At the end of the game, players traditionally swap their shirts with each other.
在比賽的最后，參賽者們通常會和對方交換自己的T恤。
I’d swap my job for hers any day.我愿意隨時和她交換工作。
They?all?sat?together?at?table,?laughing?and?swapping?stories.
他們都坐在桌子旁，有說有笑地講述各自的故事。
swear(swore, sworn)
v.①發(fā)/宣誓：I swear I won’t tell anyone your secret.我發(fā)誓不把你的秘密告訴任何人。
Having sworn in the adult ceremony, the senior students feel they are shouldering heavier responsibilities now.經(jīng)過成人儀式的宣誓，這些高中生覺得現(xiàn)在他們肩負著更重的責任。
②詛咒，罵：Why did you let him swear at you like that?你怎么聽任他那么罵你呢？
【拓展】①表示發(fā)誓做某事，其后可接不定式或that 從句：
He swore to tell the truth.=He swore that he would tell the truth.他發(fā)誓要說實話。
②swear to(肯定，保證)為習語，其中的to是介詞，后接動詞時要用動名詞：
I would swear to having met him somewhere.
=I would swear to it that I had met him somewhere.我敢肯定在什么地方見過他。
sweat n.汗，汗水：She wiped the sweat from her face.她擦去臉上的汗水。
v.出汗，冒汗：
O’Neal works hard. He is often seen sweating heavily before his teammates have even arrived at practice.
奧尼爾工作很努力。人們經(jīng)?？吹剿陉犛褌冞€沒開始訓練之前就已經(jīng)大汗淋漓。
My grandmother always said you should sweat to reduce the fever when you have the flu.
奶奶經(jīng)常說：當你感冒的時候，出汗可以退燒。
【拓展】—Many?thanks.非常感謝。
—No?sweat.?Anything?else?沒什么，還需要別的嗎？
sweater n.運動衫，毛衣：
I can guess you were in a hurry. You are wearing your sweater inside out.
我能猜出你當時很匆忙。你現(xiàn)在把毛衣都穿反了。
sweep(swept, swept)
v.①掃除，掃：Sweep the floor clean.把地掃干凈。
It is every citizen’s duty to go out to sweep up the snow on the street the instant it stops falling so as to make it convenient for traffic to pass.雪一停止下就去清掃積雪是每一個市民的責任，為的是交通的方便。
②刮走，席卷：
The snowstorm sweeping across California delayed my flight, otherwise I would be in Hawaii sunbathing on the beach now.席卷加利福尼亞的暴風雪延誤了我的航班，否則我現(xiàn)在會在夏威夷的海灘上曬太陽。
The wind swept the leaves away.風把樹葉刮走。
③掠過，橫掃：Thunderstorms swept the whole country.雷暴橫掃全國。
sweet n.①糖果：Most?children?like?sweet,?but?there?are?some?exceptions.大多數(shù)孩子喜歡吃糖果，但也有些例外。
②甜食：You have a sweet tooth. It may be hard for you to lose weight.你愛吃甜食。這可能很難減肥。
adj.①甜的：She likes her tea sweet.她喜歡喝甜茶。
②甜美的，愉快的，舒服的：She has a sweet voice.她說話聲音很甜。
③芳香的：These flowers have a sweet smell.這些花有香味。
④可愛的，漂亮的：You looked so sweet last night.昨晚你顯得真可愛。
【拓展】?no sweet without sweat苦盡甘來，先苦后甜。
swell(swelled, swollen)
v.①(使)膨脹，(使)增長，(使)壯大：Wood swells when wet.木材潮濕后會膨脹。
②(使)隆起，(使)上漲：The heavy rain swelled the river.大雨使河水上漲。
③涌起，充滿(某種情感)：She could see her two sons swell with pride.她能看出她的兩個兒子充滿了驕傲。
【拓展】swollen adj.膨脹的，隆起的，腫起的，漲滿的，：
My eyes were so?swollen?that I could hardly?see.我的眼睛腫得很厲害，幾乎看不到東西。
She?laid?her?hands?on?her?swollen?belly.她把雙手放在自己隆起的肚子上。
swift adj.快的，迅速的：
He?is?swift?with?his?judgments.他判斷迅速。
This?problem?calls?for?swift?action?from?the?government.這一問題需要政府迅速行動。
swim(swam, swum)
v.①游泳：Two middle-aged passengers fell into the lake. Unfortunately, neither of them could swim.
兩名中年乘客掉進湖里。不幸的是，他們倆都不會游泳。
②游過，游(一段距離)：He swam(across)the river.他游過了這條河。
【拓展】參看sink詞條中的sink or swim。
swing(swung, swung)
v.①揮舞，擺動：When the wind blew, the door swung shut.風一吹那門就關(guān)了。
②急轉(zhuǎn)身，急回頭，急旋轉(zhuǎn)：He swung round.他驀地回過身來。
③驟變，劇變：She swung from happiness to tears.她轉(zhuǎn)喜為悲。
n.①秋千：The kids were playing on the swings.孩子們在蕩秋千。
②揮舞，揮動：He took a swing at the tree with his axe.他揮斧砍樹。
switch v.改變，變化，換：Could you switch the TV over?請改換電視頻道好嗎？
n.①開關(guān)：There is a switch on the wall for turning on the lights.墻上有一開電燈的開關(guān)。
②改變，變化：a switch in method方法的改變
【拓展】switch動詞短語：
Please switch the radio off.請關(guān)掉收音機。
The boys started to?switch off?after the first speech.
孩子們聽完第一個人發(fā)言后就開始心不在焉了。
I want to go home and switch off — just forget this whole day.
我想回家去，對一切都覺得毫無興趣——簡直想把今天這一天全部忘掉。
Don’t switch on the light yet.暫時不要開燈。
I don’t like to watch this. There is a better program on CCTV6. Please switch over.
我不喜歡看這個節(jié)目。中央六臺有一個更好的節(jié)目。請轉(zhuǎn)換一下臺。
We’d take the train into the city center, then switch to the tram.
我們乘火車到市中心，然后換乘有軌電車。
We are tired of the boring topic. Why not switch it to an interesting one?
我們對這個煩人的話題厭倦了，為什么不換一個有趣的呢？
symbol n.①記號，符號：What is the chemical symbol for silver?銀的化學符號是什么？
②象征，表征：Space exploration provides a symbol of national pride.太空探索是民族自豪感的象征。
【拓展】symboliz(s)e v.象征：
The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War between East and West.
柏林墻的倒塌象征著東西方冷戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束。
sympathy n.①(有時用復)同情，同情心，憐憫：
I have absolutely no sympathy for the students who get caught cheating in exams even though they were seriously punished.我絕對不同情那些考試作弊被抓的學生，即使他們受到了嚴厲的懲罰。
They are full of sympathy.他們充滿同情心。
You have my sympathy/sympathies.我很同情你。
The?psychologist?show?great?sympathy?for?the?disabled?animals?that?soon?died for?lack?of?water.?
那位心理學家對那些因缺水而死亡的殘疾動物深表同情。
We?are?in?sympathy?with?his?misfortune.我們對他的不幸表示同情。
②(有時用復)同意，贊同，同感：
I’m?sure?she?will?be?in?sympathy?with?your?proposal.我確信她一定贊成你的建議。
【拓展】①sympathize v.同情：
Although?he?pretended?to?sympathize,?he?was?laughing?in?his?sleeve.
雖然他假裝同情，但他卻在暗笑。
I?heartily?sympathize?with?you=I?have?every?sympathy?for?you.我很同情你。
②sympathetic adj.同情的，有同情心的，贊同的：
She?was?very?sympathetic?to?the?problems?of?adult?students.
她對成年學生的問題深表同情。
Sue?got?a?sympathetic?round?of?applause.休得到了一片贊成的掌聲。
③sympathetically adv.悲憐地，富有同情心地：
She?listened?sympathetically,?nodding?her?head?now?and?again.?
她富有同情心地傾聽著，不時點點頭。
symphony n.交響樂，交響曲，交響音樂會：
I always reflect on life when listening to Beethoven’s symphony.
聽貝多芬的交響樂的時候，我總是思考人生。
symptom n.①(疾病、壞事等的)癥狀，癥兆：
It is common sense that fever is a symptom of the flu.發(fā)熱是感冒的癥狀，這是常識。
A professor said the rise of the BRICS countries is a symptom of the end of the world in the control of the USA.一位教授說，金磚四國的崛起是由美國操縱的世界終結(jié)的一個征兆。
system n.①體系，系統(tǒng)：
In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from that in the UK.
在很多方面，美國的教育體系和英國的教育體系不太相同。
I don’t want to give away how the system works.我不想泄露這個系統(tǒng)是如何工作的。
②制度，(一套)方法：
Their educational system is similar to that in the United States.他們的教育制度和美國的差不多。
systematic adj.有系統(tǒng)的，有計劃的，有條不紊的：
Developing?the?Yangtze?River?Economic?Belt?is?a?systematic?project?which?calls?for a clear road map and timetable.發(fā)展長江經(jīng)濟帶是一項需要清晰的路線圖和時間表的系統(tǒng)工程。
His statement was very systematic.他的陳述有條不紊。
【拓展】systematical adj.有系統(tǒng)的，有條理的：
The?education?of?person?is?a?systematical?project.人的培養(yǎng)是一個系統(tǒng)的工程。