UNIT 4 Scientists who changed the world閱讀教材P53－54中的材料，選出最佳選項1．What's the main idea of the passage?A．It tells us science is of great value in our lives.B．It tells us science only makes good things for people.C．It tells us science represents the destruction of people and often puts us at risk.D．It tells us science can't be measured by being good or evil.2．Which value of science is not mentioned in the passage?A．Scientific knowledge enables us to invent something.B．Science can provide people with intellectual enjoyment.C．Science can make people feel ignorant，doubtful and uncertain about something.D．Science makes people form a habit of thinking freely and effectively.3．According to the passage，what's the scientists' responsibility?A．Declaring the value of the freedom of thought.B．Teaching that doubt isn't to be feared but to be welcomed.C．Knowing the progress is the fruit of freedom of thought.D．Ensuring the freedom of thought is for all coming generations.[答案]　1－3　ADCWords and Phrases知識要點1　surround vt.圍繞，環(huán)繞；包圍；與……緊密相關(教材P48)He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead.他觀察到霉菌周圍的細菌都死了。[例1]　The original builders surrounded the city with a wall.最初的建設者們在該城的周圍修起了城墻。[例2]　To some，happiness is being surrounded by family and friends.對一些人來說，幸福就是有家人和朋友陪伴在自己身邊。[造句]　這是一個綠樹環(huán)繞的小池塘。This is a small pond surrounded by/with green trees.[知識拓展](1)surround sb./sth.(with...) (以……)圍繞，包圍be surrounded by/with... 被……環(huán)繞/包圍(2)surrounding adj. 周圍的，附近的(3)surroundings n. 環(huán)境；周圍的事物[即學即練]　單句語法填空① Surrounded(surround) by beautiful rivers，the country has attracted a lot of visitors.②The policemen decided to search the surrounding(surround) area.③When Mr.Brown got off the train，he found himself  surrounded (surround) by his students.④There are a lot of fans surrounding(surround) the young star over there.[小片段助記]Once upon a time，a king who was very polite to surrounding countries lived in a castle surrounded by tall trees and with wonderful surroundings.知識要點2　by accident 偶然，意外地(教材P48)One might think Fleming discovered penicillin by accident，but actually this is far from the truth.有人可能會認為弗萊明發(fā)現(xiàn)青霉素是出于偶然，然而實際上，這遠非事實。[例1]　As a matter of fact，I landed in Britain by accident.事實上，我在英國上岸是偶然的。[例2]　Success in life doesn't happen by accident.生活的成功并不是偶然發(fā)生的。[造句]　我只是碰巧找到這些老照片的。I only found these old photos by accident.[知識拓展]accidentally adv. 意外地，偶然地by accident＝by chance 偶然；無意中；不小心by mistake 錯誤地by design＝on purpose 故意地[即學即練]　單句語法填空①I can't find my book.Someone may have taken it by mistake.②Your words sound as if I did it by design!③I met one of my old friends in the street accidentally(accident)．④He did it on purpose，knowing it would annoy her.知識要點3　favour vt.較喜歡；偏袒；有助于n.幫助，好事；贊同；偏袒(教材P48)As Louis Pasteur said，“Fortune favours the prepared mind.” 正如路易斯·巴斯德所說：“幸運垂青于有準備的人。”[例1]　The warm climate favours many types of tropical plants.溫暖的氣候有利于多種熱帶植物的生長。[例2]　The man asked me to do him a favour the other day.不久前的一天，那個人讓我?guī)退粋€忙。[造句]　你支持這個決定嗎？Are you in favour of the decision?[知識拓展](1)in favour of 支持，贊同in sb.'s favour 對某人有利show favour to 對……偏愛/偏袒do sb.a favour/do a favour for sb. 幫某人一個忙ask sb.a favour/ask a favour of sb. 請某人幫個忙(2)favourable adj. 給人好印象的；贊同的；有利的[即學即練]　單句語法填空①The terms of the agreement are favourable(favour) to both sides.②The exchange rate is in our favour at the moment.③The mother is careful to show no favour to any child.④Most people are in favour of bringing down the housing prices.知識要點4　charge vt.& vi.充電；收費；控告；譴責；使承擔責任；使充滿n.收費；控告；譴責；掌管(教材P49)When a thunderstorm approached，the lightning would charge the key.當雷雨來臨時，閃電就會給鑰匙充電。[例1]　How much do you charge a room with a bath?一間帶浴室的房間多少錢？[例2]　The restaurant charged ￡ 20 for dinner.這家餐館收了20英鎊的餐費。[造句]　他們收了多少修理費？What did they charge for the repairs?[知識拓展]in charge of 主管；負責；掌管in/under the charge of sb.＝in one's charge 在某人的掌管下；由某人管理take charge of 負責；掌管；接管charge sb.with sth./doing sth. 控告某人犯某罪；指責某人做某事charge...for... 就……向某人索取……費用[即學即練]　單句語法填空①He was charged with stealing(steal) a car last week.②He charged me 50 yuan for repairing the mobile phone.③The company is in the charge of Miss Green.④He was charged with murder.[小片段助記]I found the shop assistant charged me more money for the service，so I asked to see the manager who is in charge of the shop. The assistant felt angry at being charged by her leader.知識要點5　involve vt.牽涉，影響；包含；(使)參加 (教材P53)I had to ask myself，“Is there some evil involved in science？”我不得不問自己：“科學里是不是有罪惡？”[例1]　Many of the crimes involved drugs.許多犯罪都與毒品有關。[例2]　There was a serious incident involving a group of youths.有一起涉及一群年輕人的嚴重事件。[造句]　這次撞車事故涉及多少輛汽車？How many vehicles were involved in the crash?[知識拓展]involve sb.in(doing) sth. (使)某人參與(做)某事be involved in 包含在……；與……有關； 被卷入；專心地(做)be involved with 涉及become involved in 卷入，陷入get involved with 給……纏住[即學即練]　單句語法填空①What kind of organizations will be involved in setting(set) up these projects?②He was involved(involve) in reading the novel all morning.③There was a lot of work involved(involve) in setting up the festival.④Parents should involve themselves in their children's education.[小片段助記]It is said that he got involved in an involved case. In my view，he and the other people involved may be sent to prison.知識要點6　let sb.down 使某人失望(教材P54)Never concerned that the answer may let us down，with pleasure and confidence we turn over each new stone to find unimagined strangeness leading on to more wonderful questions and mysteries.我們從不擔心答案可能會令人失望，總是快樂而自信地開始每一次新探索，發(fā)現(xiàn)一些意想不到、稀奇古怪的東西，隨之而來的是更加奇妙的問題和奧秘。[例1]　We'll try our best to do it well.We don't want to let him down.我們會盡全力做好這件事。我們不想讓他失望。[例2]　Don't worry.Xiao，I won't let you down.不要擔心。肖，我不會讓你失望的。[造句]　我會努力工作。我不想讓老板失望。I'll work hard.I don't want to let the boss down.[知識拓展]let off 排放；不懲罰，寬恕let out 泄露；發(fā)出叫聲let sb.alone 不要管某人，不打擾某人let alone 更不用說，更談不上let sth.down 使某物降低let in 讓……進來[即學即練]　單句語法填空①I'll let him off this time but next time he'll be punished.②I'm counting on you to make it—don't let me down．③It remains unknown who let out the secret.④When my father is upset，he would rather we let him alone．知識要點7　ignorance n．無知(教材P54)The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty，and this experience is of very great importance.科學家經(jīng)常會經(jīng)歷無知、疑惑和不確定。而這種經(jīng)歷是十分重要的。[例1]　They fought a long battle against prejudice and ignorance.他們同偏見與無知進行了長期的斗爭。[例2]　I am beginning to feel embarrassed by my complete ignorance of world history.我開始為自己對世界歷史的一無所知感到尷尬。[造句]　貧窮和愚昧阻礙進步。Poverty and ignorance are the enemies of progress.[知識拓展](1)be in ignorance of sth.　 不知某事；對某事不了解(2)ignore vt. 忽視；對……不予理會(3)ignorant adj. 無知的；愚昧的be ignorant of/about sth. 不知道某事be ignorant that... 不知道……[即學即練]　單句語法填空①Sometimes children do dangerous things out of ignorance (ignore)．②We are ignorant of/about your plan.③The singer held his head and walked past, ignoring(ignore) his fans.④She ignored(ignore) him and carried on with her work.知識要點8　take it for granted 想當然地認為，認為……是理所當然(教材P54)Now，we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.現(xiàn)在，我們科學家理所當然地認為，人類生而有所不知是完全有可能的。[例1]　I just took it for granted that he'd always be around.我還想當然地以為他總能隨叫隨到呢。[例2]　 He seemed to take it for granted that he should speak as a representative.他似乎理所當然地認為他應當作為代表發(fā)言。[造句]　這位男士想當然地認為他是最好的。The man took it for granted that he was the best.[知識拓展]take...seriously 認真對待……take one's time 不用急，慢慢來take pride in 以……自豪take...for granted 認為……理所當然take charge of 負責，掌管take advantage of 利用[即學即練]　單句語法填空①He began to take science seriously (serious) only when he did some research in farming.②We take it for granted(grant) that everyone should have the chance to be educated.③I'm going to take advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle.④We take pride in offering you the highest standards.知識要點9　permit vt.& vi.允許，準許，許可；使有可能 n．許可證(教材P54)Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure.允許我們質(zhì)疑、懷疑、不確定。[例1]　No one is permitted to go into the building at present.現(xiàn)在不允許任何人進入這座大樓。[例2]　The guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape recorder.守衛(wèi)允許我?guī)舷鄼C和錄音機。[造句]　 如果天氣允許，午飯時盡量出去散散步。Try to go out for a walk at lunchtime，if the weather permits.[知識拓展](1)permit sb.to do sth. 允許某人做某事permit(doing) sth. 允許(做)某事(2)permission n. 允許；許可；同意ask sb.for permission＝ask permission from sb. 請求某人許可with/without(one's) permission 得到/未經(jīng)(某人的)允許[即學即練]　單句語法填空①The rules of the club don't permit smoking(smoke)．②Strangers can enter the building with a permit.③Smoking is not permitted(permit)in the cinema.④You are not allowed to camp here without permission(permit)．[小片段助記]Strangers are not permitted to enter the school during the outbreak of investigation without the president's permission.If you have to go to school，you must ask the president for permission.知識要點10　(教材P54)It is our responsibility as scientists，knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought，to declare the value of this freedom...作為科學家，我們明白巨大進步源于思想自由，因此，我們有責任聲明這一自由的價值……(1)responsibility n．責任，負責；職責，義務[例1]　Childhood activities help a child develop a sense of responsibility.兒童時期的活動有助于培養(yǎng)孩子的責任感。[例2]　No one admitted responsibility for the attacks.沒有人對這些襲擊負責。[造句]　對于一個孩子來說，這責任是太重了。That's too much responsibility for a child.[知識拓展](1)take/have responsibility for 對……負責a sense of responsibility 一種責任感(2)responsible adj. 負責任的，對……負責的be responsible for 對……負責[即學即練]　單句語法填空①You have responsibility(responsible) for clearing up the classroom after class.②It is their responsibility to ensure(ensure) that the rules are carried out.③She feels a strong sense of responsibility towards her employees.④He takes the view that children are responsible for their own actions.(2)declare vt.表明，宣稱；公布，宣布；申報[例1]　The government has declared a state of emergency.政府已宣布進入緊急狀態(tài)。[例2]　The area has been declared a national park.該地區(qū)已被宣布為國家公園。[造句]　他聲稱他已經(jīng)愛上了她。He declared that he had fallen in love with her.[知識拓展]declare war(on/against) (向……)宣戰(zhàn)declare sb./sth.(as/to be)＋n./adj. 宣布某人/物為declare sth./that... 宣布……declare for/against... 贊成/反對……It is/was declared that... 據(jù)宣布……[即學即練]　單句語法填空①They declared him to be(be) the winner.②The government has declared war on/against drug dealers.③It was declared(declare) that the plane would not take off due to the bad weather.④The doctor finally declared(declare) that the woman was dead.主旨大意題主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中?？嫉念}型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、選擇標題的形式出現(xiàn)。思維建?！炀?步解題流程[技巧點撥]1．文章大意題——不同文體不同解法(1)議論文主要是論述作者的某個觀點，往往采用“總—分”或“總—分—總”的模式，所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段。(2)說明文則是說明一個事物的用途或制作過程，主題句一般在首段。(3)記敘文一般沒有明顯的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索來概括文章大意。但是如果文章末段出現(xiàn)說理性的句子，則這個句子為主題句。2．標題歸納題——兩大技巧(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎上，揣摩哪個選項能準確概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去設想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對照，一一排除不符選項。3．段落大意題——根據(jù)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)精準定位主題句(1)總分順序組織段落：主題句在段首；(2)分總順序組織段落：主題句在段尾；(3)分總分順序組織段落：主題句在段中。[例文]Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight，bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats，four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition，which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month，can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground，it gets 35 miles per gallon.Around 100 people have already put down a$10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale，and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show.But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways.It's expected to cost $279，000.And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic.The car needs a runway.※What is the first paragraph mainly about?A．The basic data of the Transition.B．The advantages of flying cars.C．The potential market for flying cars.D．The designers of the Transition.A　[段落大意題。根據(jù)第一段中提到飛行汽車的兩個座位、四個輪子以及車翼、飛行速度、油耗等情況可知，該段是在介紹飛行汽車Transition的基本數(shù)據(jù)，故選A項。B項曲解文意，該段最后三句只是列舉了這款飛行汽車在路上和在空中行駛時的一些數(shù)據(jù)對比，并沒有提及其優(yōu)勢；C項無中生有，該段并沒有提及這款飛行汽車的潛在市場問題；D項以偏概全，文中確實提到了飛行汽車的設計者，但它不是本段的主要內(nèi)容。][即學即練]請快速確定下面這道主旨大意題的答案。When I was eleven，my parents gave me the first book I ever owned—The Tales of Edgar Allan Poe.I distinctly remember opening it，reading the first lines of the book，and remarking to myself，“So this is what reading is！” My delight was unbounded.Little did I know at the time that I was at the beginning of a lifelong journey.※What does the paragraph mainly talk about?A．The author's good memories.B．The author's childhood before 11.C．The author's parents' reading habits.D．The author's affection for his first book.D　[段落大意題。根據(jù)“‘So this is what reading is！’My delight was unbounded.”可知，作者在11歲時讀了The Tales of Edgar Allan Poe這本書，它喚起作者對書籍的熱愛。故選D。] 

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