UNIT 1 Nature in the balance1．harm n．& vt.傷害，損害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.無害的2．long adj.長(zhǎng)的，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的→length n．長(zhǎng)，長(zhǎng)度；時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短；篇幅，(電影)片長(zhǎng)3．survive vi.生存，存活vt.幸存，幸免于難→survival n．殘存物；幸存事物→survivor n．幸存者；生還者4．disappear vi.不復(fù)存在，滅絕，消亡；消失；失蹤→disappearance n．消失；失蹤5．agriculture n．農(nóng)業(yè)，農(nóng)學(xué)→agricultural adj.農(nóng)業(yè)的1．variety n．不同種類；變化，多樣性；變種，變體①I was impressed by the variety of dishes on offer. 不同種類②When preparing meals, we need to think about variety and taste as well as nutritional value.????????????? 變化，多樣性③Apples come in a great many varieties. 變種，變體2．living adj.活著的，活的；在使用的 n．生計(jì)，謀生；生活方式①She earns her living as a part-time tutor. 生計(jì)②Chinese is one of the most beautiful languages that is living in the world.????????????? 在使用的③He is the finest living pianist that I have ever seen. 活著的Words and Phrases知識(shí)要點(diǎn)1　harm n．& vt.傷害，損害(教材P1)The human race has done much harm.人類已經(jīng)造成了許多危害。[例1]　What should be done to punish people who do harm to the animals?應(yīng)該做些什么來懲罰那些傷害動(dòng)物的人呢？[例2]　Too much direct sunlight will harm the plants.過多的陽光直射會(huì)損害植物。[造句]　他們對(duì)熱帶雨林造成了嚴(yán)重危害。They did serious harm to tropical rainforest.[知識(shí)拓展](1)do sb./sth.harm＝do harm to sb./sth. 對(duì)……有害There is no harm in doing sth. 做某事并無害處。(2)harmful adj. 有害的be harmful to... 對(duì)……有害(3)harmless adj. 無害的[即學(xué)即練]　單句語法填空①Walking in the air full of smog is harmful(harm) to us.②Drinking too much does harm to your health.③There is no harm  in saying(say) sorry to him first.④We all know that smoking does(do) harm to our health.知識(shí)要點(diǎn)2　variety n．不同種類；變化，多樣性；變種，變體(教材P3)The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife.雨林的不同層次使種類多到難以置信的野生動(dòng)植物得以生存。[例1]　We all need variety in our diet.我們都需要飲食多樣化。[例2]　I'm always pleased to try out a new variety.我一直樂于嘗試新品種。[造句]　我們有各種款式和尺碼的貨品。We stock a wide variety of styles and sizes.[知識(shí)拓展](1)a variety of＝varieties of  各種各樣的；不同種類的(2)vary v. 變化多；變化；使多樣化vary from...to... 從……到……不等； 在……到……之間變動(dòng)vary with... 隨……而變動(dòng)vary in... 在……方面不同(3)various/varied adj. 各種不同的；各種各樣的[即學(xué)即練]　單句語法填空①For various(variety) reasons，we couldn't attend her wedding.②Students are offered varieties(variety) of courses in this department.③That sort of thing varies from person to person in African countries.④The menu in the restaurant varies with the season.[小片段助記]I am glad that our students have varieties of questions to ask in class，and I would love to answer them in various ways.In addition，the questions vary from person to person.知識(shí)要點(diǎn)3　survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于難(教材P3)While a significant number of jaguars survive here，they are only one element of this forest's food chain.盡管相當(dāng)多的美洲豹在這里生存，但它們僅是這個(gè)雨林食物鏈的一個(gè)要素。[例1]　Is it enough to have survived for a long time?能保存很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間就足夠了嗎？[例2]　I can't survive on ￡20 a week.我每周靠20英鎊難以生存。[造句]　很多鳥死于這次嚴(yán)冬。Many birds didn't survive the severe winter.[知識(shí)拓展](1)survive sth. 幸免于；從……中挺過來/活過來survive on 依靠……生活survive sb.by... 比某人多活……(2)survival n. 生存；幸存(3)survivor n. 生還者，幸存者[名師點(diǎn)津]　survive作“幸存；幸免于難”解時(shí)為及物動(dòng)詞，其后直接接賓語，不用介詞in或from。[即學(xué)即練]　單句語法填空①The old woman survived her own daughter by ten years.②If you develop AIDS，your chances of survival(survive) are very small.③He is lucky to have survived(survive) the terrible accident.④How does the family survive on such a small monthly wage?知識(shí)要點(diǎn)4　break down 使分解(為)，使變化(成)(教材P3)When a jaguar dies，a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.當(dāng)美洲豹死亡時(shí)，一小群微生物幫助分解它的尸體，并將營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)還給大地。[例1]　Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.兩國(guó)之間的和平談判破裂，沒有達(dá)成協(xié)議。[例2]　The computer system broke down suddenly while he was searching for information.在他搜尋資料時(shí)，電腦系統(tǒng)突然壞了。[例3]　With the increasing burden of his work, he finally broke down and had to take a complete rest.隨著工作負(fù)擔(dān)的日益加重，他的身體終于垮了，不得不好好休息一下。[造句]　塑料袋很難分解。Plastic bags are difficult to break down.[知識(shí)拓展]break up 破裂，絕交；解散；破碎break in 闖進(jìn)；打斷break into 闖入；侵占break out (戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、火災(zāi)、疫病等)暴發(fā)break through 突破；沖破；有重要發(fā)現(xiàn)break away from 逃脫；脫離[即學(xué)即練]　單句語法填空①It's very impolite of you to break in while we're talking.②His house was broken(break) into last night.③When the war broke out，he was only four.④My girlfriend has broken up with me.[小片段助記]Unfortunately，the peace talks broke down in the end.As a result，a war broke out between the two countries.The native people had to break away from their homes and suffered a lot from the war.知識(shí)要點(diǎn)5　due to 由于，因?yàn)?/span>(教材P3)Over the past 50 years，about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.在過去的50年里，由于農(nóng)耕和養(yǎng)牛等人類活動(dòng)，約17%的雨林已經(jīng)消失了。[例1]　In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates.在印度北部，由于出生率高，人口正在迅速增長(zhǎng)。[例2]　Due to the widespread use of penicillin，many lives were saved during the war.正因?yàn)榍嗝顾氐膹V泛應(yīng)用，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間很多生命得以挽救。[造句]　比賽因下雨而延期。The game was put off due to the rain.[知識(shí)拓展](1)due adj. 應(yīng)付的；應(yīng)得的；適當(dāng)?shù)?；預(yù)期的；到期的be due to do sth. 預(yù)期/預(yù)定要做某事be due to sb. 應(yīng)支付/應(yīng)給予/應(yīng)歸于某人(2)表示“由于”的詞組還有：owing to 由于because of 因?yàn)椋挥捎?/span>as a result of 由于thanks to 多虧；由于on account of 由于，因?yàn)?/span>[即學(xué)即練]　單句語法填空①The team are due to fly(fly) to Italy next month.②The meeting isn't due to start(start) until three.③Have they been paid the money that is due to them?④The sports meeting had to be put off due to the bad weather.知識(shí)要點(diǎn)6　damage vt.& n．損害，傷害，損壞，破壞(教材P3) ...can we afford to damage the “l(fā)ungs of the planet”？……我們能承擔(dān)得起損傷“地球之肺”的后果嗎？[例1]　The damage is usually more serious on the first plant.對(duì)第一株植物造成的損害通常更嚴(yán)重一些。[例2]　As we all know，eating too much fat will damage our health.眾所周知，攝入太多脂肪會(huì)損害我們的健康。[造句]　暴雨對(duì)莊稼造成了很大的損害。The heavy rain has done/caused great damage to the crops.[知識(shí)拓展]do/cause damage to... 對(duì)……造成損害damage one's health 損害某人的健康[即學(xué)即練]　單句語法填空①The earthquake caused great damage to the city.②It will take several months to repair the ship damaged(damage) in the storm.③As we know，smoking seriously damages(damage) our health.④They have repaired the buildings damaged(damage)in the fire.知識(shí)要點(diǎn)7　build up 逐漸增加，擴(kuò)大(教材P5)For another thing，due to the Amazon's hot climate，it is difficult for the soil to build up enough nutrients.另一方面，由于亞馬孫的炎熱氣候，土壤很難積累足夠的養(yǎng)分。[例1]　The secret to oil painting is to build up layer on layer on a canvas.畫油畫的秘訣就是在畫布上涂上一層又一層(的顏料)。[例2]　Traffic is building up on roads into the city.來往的車輛在通往市區(qū)的道路上越聚越多。[造句]　當(dāng)時(shí)各方面的壓力逐漸增加，那家工廠每況愈下。All the pressure built up at that time and the factory went from bad to worse. [知識(shí)拓展]build sth.up 創(chuàng)建；開發(fā)build up one's strength 恢復(fù)體力build sb.up 增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)build up one's vocabulary 增加詞匯量build on 把……建立于；依賴[即學(xué)即練]　單句語法填空①You can build on his honesty.②It may take a few weeks for you to build up your strength again.③She has built up a very successful business.④Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere，causing the global temperature to go up.[小片段助記]He has built up a very successful business. Now he is practicing Chinese kung fu. In his opinion, not only can it build up his health, but it can also build up his confidence.Sentence Patterns重點(diǎn)句式1　倍數(shù)＋the size of...(教材P2)With an area of around 6 million square kilometres，the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China．亞馬孫雨林面積約600萬平方公里，相當(dāng)于中國(guó)面積的一半以上。[句式分析]本句中用了“倍數(shù)＋the＋名詞(size/length/width/height/weight...)＋of＋被比較的對(duì)象”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。[例1]　Beijing is ten times the size of my hometown.北京是我家鄉(xiāng)的十倍大。[例2]　This river is three times the length of that one.這條河是那條河的三倍長(zhǎng)。[造句]　那架飛機(jī)的飛行高度是那只風(fēng)箏的十倍。The plane flew ten times the height of the kite.[知識(shí)拓展]常見的倍數(shù)表示法：兩倍常用twice或double，三倍以上用“基數(shù)詞＋times”，倍數(shù)也可以是分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)。(1)倍數(shù)＋as＋adj./adv.(原級(jí))＋as...(2)倍數(shù)＋比較級(jí)＋than...(3)倍數(shù)＋what從句[即學(xué)即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子①This bridge is five times the width(wide) of that one.②The red ruler is four times longer(long) than the yellow one.③The city is ten times as big(big)as my hometown.④A new iPhone costs about three times the price of a second-hand one.⑤This table is three times longer(三倍長(zhǎng))than that one.⑥The price of the house this year is twice what it was last year(是去年的兩倍)．重點(diǎn)句式2　“表語＋系動(dòng)詞＋主語”倒裝句式(教材P3)Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor.在那之上是在黑暗的雨林地面上的大量落葉。[句式分析]本句為完全倒裝句。作表語的介詞短語above that位于句子開頭，整句進(jìn)行了全部倒裝。正常語序?yàn)門he mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor is above that.[例1]　In the middle of the hall was standing a tall young man.在大廳中央站著一個(gè)高個(gè)子的年輕人。[例2]　Among the guests is the person you are looking for.你找的那個(gè)人就在客人當(dāng)中。[造句]　窗戶旁邊是一位悲傷的母親。Near the window is a sad mother.[知識(shí)拓展]需要完全倒裝的情況：(1)當(dāng)作表語的“介詞短語/形容詞/分詞”置于句首時(shí)，句子要用全部倒裝，構(gòu)成“表語(介詞短語/形容詞/分詞)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋主語”結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方向等的介詞短語放在句首時(shí)。常見的介詞有：among，between，in，at，beneath等。(3)表示方向、地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間的副詞in，out，down，up，off，back，away，over，there，now，then，here等放于句首，若主語是名詞而不是代詞時(shí)，要全部倒裝。[即學(xué)即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子①Sitting in the hall were(be) the two astronauts who were very young.②Here comes(come) a good chance that you can use your summer vacation to go on study tours.③On the wall are(be) hanging two old paintings.④Present at the evening party on Thursday was(be) our English teacher.⑤Here comes the bus(汽車來了)．⑥In front of our school stands(我們學(xué)校前面矗立著)a tower.1．(教材P2) The Amazon River，from which the rainforest gets its name，is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.[分析]　此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中from which the rainforest gets its name為 “介詞＋ which ”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞The Amazon River。[譯文]　亞馬孫雨林得名于亞馬孫河，亞馬孫河接近6 400千米，比長(zhǎng)江還長(zhǎng)約100千米。2．(教材P3)Each level of the forest forms its own little world，home to different kinds of living things.[分析]　此句為簡(jiǎn)單句。home to different kinds of living things 是名詞 world 的同位語。[譯文]　雨林的每一層都形成了自己的小世界，成為各種生物的家園。3．(教材P3)As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer，we are left with a question：can we afford to damage the “l(fā)ungs of the planet”？[分析]　此句為主從復(fù)合句。其中 As 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)候，隨著……”。can we afford to damage the “l(fā)ungs of the planet”是名詞 question 的同位語。[譯文]　隨著人類活動(dòng)的影響不斷增加，瀕危物種名單越來越長(zhǎng)，這就留給我們一個(gè)問題：我們能承擔(dān)得起損傷“地球之肺”的后果嗎？教材高考1.The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife.(2021·浙江卷)When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America，the skies and lands were alive with astonishing variety of wildlife.2.When a jaguar dies，a tiny army of micro-organisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.(2020·天津卷)Jones' idea has been fully realized—the “HAPPY TO CHAT” benches help break down the invisible social barrier that keeps people from saying hello.3.As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer，we are left with a question：can we afford to damage the “l(fā)ungs of the planet”？(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Coffee drunk on an empty stomach is not recommended because it can be harmful(harm) to your body.2．He was ordered to pay damages (damage)totaling $3，000.3．With the price rising so quickly, I find 1，000 yuan a month can hardly cover the cost of living(live)．4．She is the only survivor(survive) in the accident.5．A police officer came to our help when our car broke down on the way.6．The band's first album is due to come(come) out this month.7．Build yourself up to peak performance on the day of the exam.8．The production is now three times what it was five years ago.9．In front of our house lies(lie) a river where we used to swim.10．The island offers such a wide variety(vary) of scenery and wildlife.Ⅱ.短語填空in turn；break down；breathe life into；due to；build up；feed on；in danger of；play a role in；more than；be known as1．Increased production will，in turn，lead to increased profits.2．The graduates hired last month breathed life into our business.3．As is known to all，the panda is in danger of becoming extinct.4．I like her more than her sister.5．The country needs new leadership if she is to play a role in future development.6．Birds feed on nuts and berries in the winter.7．Many people were expecting that the peace talks would break down．8．This design came to be known as the oriental style.9．The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding.10．She has always been encouraged to swim to build up the strength of her muscles.Ⅲ.課文語法填空As the 1.largest (large) rainforest in the world, the Amazon rainforest plays a significant role 2.in maintaining the balance of the Earth's ecosystem. The Amazon River, from 3.which the rainforest gets its name, supports many different ecosystems, 4.giving (give) this area the richest biodiversity on  the Earth.From the tall and ancient brazil nut trees to the water  lilies, the forest's different levels support 5.an unbelievable variety of wildlife. The Amazon rainforest is also home to more than 1, 300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals. For example, the jaguar, can 6.be found (find) here.7. Known (know) as the “l(fā)ungs of the planet”， the Amazon rainforest 8.breathes (breathe) life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen. 9.However，about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human  10.activities (activity) such as agriculture and  cattle farming. 

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