
預(yù)習(xí)案 Previewing Case
一、什么是概要?該如何下筆寫?
概要寫作(summary)《牛津高階英語詞典》(第 8 版)對它的定義如下:
“A summary is a brief statement that gives nly the main pints f smething nt the details.”在整體把握原文的前提下,用自己簡潔、精練的語言,對原文的主旨大意進(jìn)行高度的濃縮,寫出一篇語義連貫的短文。
《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明》對概要寫作的題型要求為:提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文,要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。(滿分25分)詞數(shù)少于40的和多于80的,從總分中減去2分。
老師閱卷時(shí)將主要考慮以下內(nèi)容:
(1)對原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況; (2)應(yīng)用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性;
(3)上下文的連貫性; (4)對各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。
二、注意事項(xiàng)
1.客觀性:
概要寫作其實(shí)是一種客觀的復(fù)述,在正確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上,用自己的語言忠實(shí)地再現(xiàn)作者的思想,寫作內(nèi)容要全面,既不能漏掉任何要點(diǎn),也不能隨意增加內(nèi)容。特別需要注意的是,考生不能對原文進(jìn)行解釋和評論,也不能摻雜任何個(gè)人想法,或做出任何評判,因此不能出現(xiàn)“I believe”,“I think”等字句。
2.簡潔性:
能簡則簡,避免繁復(fù)。概要寫作是一種對原文“濃縮”后產(chǎn)生的新語篇,通過刪除細(xì)節(jié),減少例證,簡化描述以及去除重復(fù)來實(shí)現(xiàn)語言的簡潔性,但是簡潔的同時(shí)還要做到意義的完整。
3. 連貫性:
概要寫作并不是寫提綱那樣只是要點(diǎn)的羅列。寫概要時(shí),必須在各要點(diǎn)之間增加一些體現(xiàn)邏輯的關(guān)系詞,使概要銜接緊密、脈絡(luò)清晰。寫出的概要讀起來要完整連貫、獨(dú)立成篇。
切記:概要寫作不分段!
三、寫作方法
Step1: Read fr the genre (體裁) Step2: Read fr the structure(結(jié)構(gòu))
Step3: Read fr the key pints(要點(diǎn))
Step4: Paraphrase(改寫)the key pints accurately and briefly
Step5: Cmbine the paraphrases t frm a cherent(連貫的)summary
記敘文,常按照時(shí)間順序來鋪排語篇順序,其核心六要素是Wh, When, Where, What, Why, Hw. 情節(jié)的發(fā)展包括開端、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局。
開端:介紹背景,交代時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物等因素,引出故事的開端。
正文:包括情節(jié)、發(fā)展和高潮三部分。
結(jié)尾:故事結(jié)局。
說明文,說明文可分為舉例說明文、類比/對比說明文、因果說明文。
開頭—概說:引出文章主題(現(xiàn)象/問題/研究結(jié)果)
正文—分說:分項(xiàng)具體解釋說明(舉例子、析原因、析結(jié)果、作對比)
結(jié)尾—總說:總結(jié)陳述
議論文,作者的觀點(diǎn)。作者如何論證自己的觀點(diǎn)的
引論(開頭):引出觀點(diǎn)
本論:擺出證據(jù),闡明觀點(diǎn)(闡理由、析利弊、列實(shí)例、提舉措)
結(jié)論:重申觀點(diǎn)
結(jié)構(gòu)①:原文 【總-分/總-分-總(末段與首段觀點(diǎn)相同)】
結(jié)構(gòu)②:原文 【總-分-總(末段與首段觀點(diǎn)相反)】
加銜接詞表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
結(jié)構(gòu)③:原文 【并列結(jié)構(gòu)(段與段的觀點(diǎn)并列、遞進(jìn)或相反)
加銜接詞表并列/轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系
說明文:【解釋一個(gè)理論】那么這個(gè)理論的特點(diǎn)和實(shí)際用途是什么?
【解釋一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)等】實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的、對象、結(jié)果分別是什么?
Step 1:找準(zhǔn)體裁,
Step 2:分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)
?提取每段主題句(通常在段首;也可在段中,主題句一般就在but, hwever, yet,
Anyhw, nevertheless等轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞后;也可在段尾,總結(jié)全段的內(nèi)容)
?無主題句時(shí),按體裁和內(nèi)容,找出關(guān)鍵詞(話題或主題),取出要點(diǎn)。
切記:刪除細(xì)節(jié)(刪除具體例子,或歸納總結(jié)例子的過程、作用和結(jié)果)
Step 3 找要點(diǎn)并列出
Step 4、5 改寫:改寫列出的要點(diǎn),注意要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系,通過連接詞/過渡詞使之變成一篇連貫的概要作文。
探究案Explring Case
閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。
Weight lss is mst likely t be successful when peple change their habits. Here are several ways t make that happen.
Regular physical activity burns calries and builds muscles ---bth f which help yu lk and feel gd and keep weight ff. Walking the family dg, cycling t schl, and ding ther things that increase yur daily level f activity can all make a difference.
One reasn peple get less exercise these days is because f an increase in “screen time”--- the amunt f time spent watching TV, lking at the cmputer, r playing vide games. Limit recreatinal screen time t less than 2 hurs per day. When yu really get away frm “screens”, such as TV, cmputers, I Pad r mbile phnes, yu will really benefit a lt.
Prtin(份量) sizes are bigger than they used t be, and these extra calries cntribute t besity. Anther key factr in weight gain is that mre peple drink sugary drinks, such as sdas, juice drinks, and sprts drinks. S chse smaller prtins (r share restaurant prtins) and g fr water r lw-fat milk instead f sda.
Peple wh skip breakfast ften feel s hungry that they eat mre later n. S they get mre calries than they wuld have if they ate breakfast. In fact, peple wh skip breakfast tend t have higher BIMs than peple wh eat breakfast.
If yu really put the abve int practice at nce, yu will definitely reduce yur weight gradually. And wish yu have a gd figure.
Step1: Read fr the genre (體裁)
What’s the genre f the passage?
A. Narratin. B. Argumentatin(議論文). C. Expsitin(說明文).
Step2: Read fr the structure(結(jié)構(gòu))
What’s the structure f the passage?
B. C.
Step 3: Read fr the key pints (underline them n the passage)
Step 4: Paraphrase(改寫) the key pints
Para1:_______________________________________________________________________________________Para2:_______________________________________________________________________________________Para3:______________________________________________________________________________________
Para4:_______________________________________________________________________________________
Para5:_______________________________________________________________________________________
Para6:_______________________________________________________________________________________
Step5: Cmbine the paraphrases t frm a cherent(連貫)summary
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
訓(xùn)練案Exercise
閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。
Punishing children is a cntrversial (爭議的) tpic. Everybdy has different pinins abut hw t act t crrect a child’s behavir. Peple have disagreements abut whether it is gd fr a child’s educatin t punish him.
The wrd “punish” means different things t different peple. Punishment can be physical r emtinal. Physical punishment is when the parent hits the child. On the ther hand, emtinal punishment is when the parent, in rder t educate the child, desn’t let him watch TV, g t play with his friends, r d things like that.
Althugh many surveys and studies have shwed what the crrect way is t raise a child,nbdy has the answer r the truth. There is n such thing as agreed standard abut raising a child, s I think it will be very difficult t get everyne t agree.
I think parents shuld lve their child and give him r her the best educatin, but at the same time, they shuld punish the child prperly if he r she deserves it. The parent’s gal is t have a gd man r wman in sciety in the future, s smetimes yu shuld d what is necessary t get yur child t behave well.
Summary(寫到作文本上)__________________________________________________________________________________________
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