高考頻度：★★★★★

議論文是英語中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。
議論文就是說理性的文章，一般由論點、論據(jù)和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點、提供充分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點或得出結(jié)論。議論文的寫法通常有以下三種形式：
寫法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我認為……
寫法二：提出問題，分析問題，解決問題。
寫法三：論點，理由(證據(jù))，重申論點。
議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時候，我們要認真把握作者的態(tài)度，領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實做出合理的推斷。
　　注意事項：
　　1. 避免讀得太快，做題靠印象和直覺。(要求每一道題回到原文去找答案)
　　2. 要先看題目，后讀文章。(與先讀文章，后看題目的比較)
　　高考材料閱讀方法：先通讀全文，重點讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略讀，再審題定位，比較選項，選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。
　　3. 閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號的有：
　　(1)標志類、指示類的信息。
　　①表示并列關(guān)系：and, also, coupled with等；
　　②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；
　　③表示因果關(guān)系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；
　?、鼙硎具f進關(guān)系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等；
　　⑤表示重要性的詞：prime, above all, first等。
　　以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。
　　(2)具有感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞：blind盲目的(貶), excessively過分的(貶), objective(客觀)等。
　　4. 常見問題：
　　(1)讀不懂怎么？
　　問題本身太空泛，應(yīng)該仔細分析問題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識到自身問題所在。
　　unconscious incompetent (無意識無能力)屬于問題認知的第一階段；
　　conscious incompetent (有意識無能力)屬于問題認知的第二階段；
　　conscious competent (有意識有能力)屬于問題認知的第三階段；
　　unconscious competent (無意識有能力)屬于問題認知的第四階段。
　　從認知的第三階段達到第四階段，是一個反復(fù)熟練的過程。
　　(2)讀懂了文章之后還做錯題怎么辦？
　　(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦？
　　(4)做題技巧用不上怎么辦？
　　能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。
在課堂聽明白之后，還需要回去自己思考，針對自己的實際進行分析，從而對癥下藥。
【命題分析】
議論說理類文章就是議論文，是高考閱讀理解題中一種較難的題目。議論說理類文章具有以下特點：
1. 題材多樣化、知識化，它包括社會科學(xué)的多種領(lǐng)域，以及和自然科學(xué)交叉學(xué)科，體現(xiàn)以人為本的特點。具體說來：
(1)一般按提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點問題、社會上的重大問題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問題入手，即提出問題。然后，分析利弊，舉例說明，推理判斷，即分析問題。最后，闡述觀點，提出辦法，即解決問題。
(2)以作者的觀點或情感為核心，對細節(jié)推理等方面進行考查。
(3)文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點問題、重大問題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問題等。
2. 側(cè)重考查學(xué)生對文章深層意義的理解。通常情況下，深層理解題占多數(shù)，這就要求學(xué)生讀議論文時，不能僅限于對文章的表層理解，只抓一些事實細節(jié)，而且要注重對文章的意圖、作者的觀點以及內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的審視。
3. 深層理解題的主要表現(xiàn)形式：
(1)主旨性題目：此類題常針對文章主題、中心思想、標題或作者的寫作意圖，通常有以下提問方式：
a. What would be the best title for the text?
b. The text is mainly about _________.
c. From the passage we know that _________.
d. The main idea of the paragraph is _________.
e. The writer’s purpose of writing this text is _________.
f. The passage could be titled _________.
g. The passage deals with _________.
h. What’s the subject discussed in the text?
(2)推理判斷題：此題主要考查學(xué)生對文章內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的把握，通常有以下出題方式：
a. 回答對why和how的提問。
b. According to the text, which of the statements is true/wrong?
c. From the text, we can infer that _________.
d. Where can this text be selected from?
e. What can you imagine will be dealt with/written in the following passage?
f. 以短語according to the writer of the text或 in the writer’s opinion等引出的其他問題。
(3)詞義猜測題：判斷詞義的詞可能有四種情況，一是詞未學(xué)過，二是詞已學(xué)過，但在該篇中不是已學(xué)過的詞義，三是某個代詞it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句話的意思。
【應(yīng)試策略】
議論文體閱讀理解題的應(yīng)對策略
解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個方面著手考慮：
作者在開始敘述一個現(xiàn)象，然后對現(xiàn)象進行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因—結(jié)果(Cause & Effect)型。還有一種比較常見的是問題—答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問句提出一個問題(相當(dāng)于一個現(xiàn)象)，然后給出該問題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對文中問題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。
這里強調(diào)一點，答題時優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案)，然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解答特征等其他角度對選項進行檢驗；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮。
考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時，記?。菏紫葟恼w上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解題方法：
1. 把握文章的論點、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語言。
2. 互推法：在議論之后，總會再列舉一些具體的例子來支持觀點或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論?？忌诶斫庾h論時，可以借助文中所給的實例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。
3. 推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒有明確表達的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對文章進行推理判斷?？忌晌淖值谋韺有畔⑼诰虺鑫恼碌纳顚雍x，要能透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。
二、解題技巧
歷年全國高考英語閱讀理解的題型無非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測、推理判斷和細節(jié)理解四大題型。其中，命題以細節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測題和主旨大意題。細節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對原文具體細節(jié)的理解和把控能力，難度相對較小，廣大考生除了平時必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定的解題技巧對解答閱讀理解題來說也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說來：
1. 主旨大意型
干擾項 可能是文中某個具體事實或細節(jié)。
干擾項 可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實或細節(jié)片面推出的錯誤結(jié)論。
干擾項 可能是非文章事實的主觀臆斷。
正確答案 根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實或以偏概全。
主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點、文章標題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。
選擇＂主題＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語或句子來概括。常見的提問方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly about?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.
標題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個合適的標題。通常標題由一個名詞或名詞短語充當(dāng)，用詞簡短、精練。常見的提問方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text?
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
不管是選擇＂主題＂還是選擇＂標題＂，實質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，都是圍繞一個主題來展開的。在試題設(shè)計上，3個干擾項的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別。
2. 事實細節(jié)型
細節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對文章中某些細節(jié)或重要事實的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語意理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。
做此類題時可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位)，然后進行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換)，從而選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時可能是幾個句子)或段落，然后進行簡單分析、推理等，從而找出正確答案。
(1)解題原則：忠實于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。
文章中心是論點，事實細節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細節(jié)問題常對文中某個詞語、某句子、某段落等細節(jié)及事實進行提問，所提問題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。
提問的特殊疑問詞常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實和特定細節(jié)的問題常有以下幾種命題方式：
①Which of the following statements is true?
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干擾項：范圍過大、過?。煌祿Q概念；正誤并存，某個分句是正確的。
閱讀理解中細節(jié)理解題的干擾項的設(shè)置有以下幾個原則：
①包含項原則
在答案選項分析中，假如對A選項的理解概括了對其他三項 (或其中某一項)的理解，那么我們就說選項A與其他三項是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項A往往就是正確答案。如在＂花＂與＂玫瑰＂兩選項中，正確答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反項原則
所謂正反項，是指兩選項陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項中A、B互為正反項，那我們通常先排除C、D項，正確答案一般在A、B項當(dāng)中。
③委婉項原則
所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達，如：probably, possibly,?may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有絕對語氣的表達往往不是正確答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。
④同形項原則
命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細微變化來考查考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項中有正確答案的存在。
⑤常識項原則
議論文中，那些符合一般常識、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。
⑥因果項原則
閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進。然而，在推理題的選項中，有的選項會推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理過頭(止于后果)，這就是所謂的干擾項。因果項原則啟示我們：假如四個選項中有兩項互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是兩個因果項中的其中之一。如果因項可產(chǎn)生幾個結(jié)果，那么答案就是因；如果果項可以對應(yīng)幾個原因，那么答案就是果。
解題方法：原文定位法。
查讀法：(1)帶著問題找答案，把注意力集中在與who, what, when, where問題有關(guān)的細節(jié)上。
(2)細心!
3. 詞義猜測型
閱讀理解的測試中經(jīng)常有猜測詞、短語、習(xí)語、句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞義猜測題的考查方法呈多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語境推測詞義將會越來越多。有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需猜測其意義的詞或短語，后文接著會出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。
除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行判斷。俗話說，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語、習(xí)語要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。
(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進行判斷。
(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。
(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行選擇。文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。
(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。
(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行判斷。俗話說，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。
(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進行判斷。閱讀中有時出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋。
(7)利用標點符號和提示詞猜測詞義。分號還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義；破折號表示解釋說明。
常見的問題形式有：
(1)The?word?＂…＂?in?Line?…?means/can?be?best?replaced?by?…
(2)As?used?in?the?passage,?the?phrase?＂…＂?suggests…
(3)From?the?passage,?we?can?infer?that?the?word/phrase?/the?sentence?＂…＂?is/refers?to?/means…
(4)The?word?＂…＂?is?closest?in?meaning?to?…
常用應(yīng)對方法：
同義法：常在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or，它們連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進的，由此可以推測詞義。
反義法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定。總之，互為反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。
釋義法：對文章中的生詞用定語(從句)、表語，甚至用逗號、破折號等標點符號引出并加以解釋說明。
此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。
做題要領(lǐng)
(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；
(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；
(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。
(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！
4. 推理判斷型
做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過文章表面文字信息推測文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見的命題方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出結(jié)論) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推論)?
(4)What is the tone (語氣) of the author?
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear?

題組一（2019年高考真題）
Passage1(2019·天津卷，D)
Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉訶德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate（視……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
Passage2(2019·江蘇卷，C)
Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造業(yè)) with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.
61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to __________.
A. a lack of confidence in technology
B. a slow progress in technology
C. a conflict of public opinions
D. a waste of limited resources
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should __________.
A. take people's essential needs into account
B. make their programmes attractive to people
C. ensure that each child gets financial support
D. provide more affordable internet facilities
63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B. Believing that the world has become borderless.
C. Ignoring the power of economic development.
D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
64. What can we learn from the passage?
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.
Passage3(2019·新課標III卷，B)
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(來源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(時尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美學(xué))on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?
A. It promoted the sales of artworks. B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
25. What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world.
26. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with D. competing against
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
題組二（2018年高考真題）
Passage1(2018·新課標II卷，D)
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(潤滑劑) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
Passage2(2018·新課標III卷，D)
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.
33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A. Saving up for her holiday B. Raising money for a poor girl
C. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother
34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?
A. To try out an idea B. To show a parent's love
C. To train his attention D. To help him start a hobby
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Take It or Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids
C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving
Passage3(2018·北京卷，D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責(zé)任與維護問題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affordability. D. Management.
49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
Passage4(2018·天津卷，D)
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的) to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(癡迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.
51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more _____________.
A. anxious to do wonders B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them
52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions. B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice. D. To admit mistakes honestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they ____________.
A. are very patient in their observation
B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds
D. question the accuracy of the field guides
54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.
B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
題組三（2017年高考真題）
Passage1(2017·天津卷，D)
I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let’s take a look at three types of ＂waits＂.
The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.
A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. ＂Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.＂ I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience.
Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.
Turning one’s life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn’t come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.
We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you’re standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you’ll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don’t be desperate. You’re probably just as busy as the next guy.
51. While doing a Watched-Pot Wait, we tend to ___________.
A. keep ourselves busy B. get absent-minded
C. grow anxious D. stay focused
52. What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait?
A. The Forced Wait requires some self-control.
B. The Forced Wait makes people passive.
C. The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions.
D. The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain.
53. What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait?
A. It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.
B. It doesn’t always bring the desired result.
C. It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.
D. It doesn’t give people faith and hope.
54. What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?
A. Take it seriously. B. Don’t rely on others.
C. Do something else. D. Don’t lose heart.
55. The author supports his view by _________.
A. exploring various causes of ＂waits＂
B. describing detailed processes of ＂waits＂
C. analyzing different categories of ＂waits＂
D. revealing frustrating consequences of ＂waits＂
Passage2(2017·浙江卷，B )
Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(調(diào)查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.
How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.
＂More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(機會) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,＂ says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
25. What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?
A. American kids’ sleeping habits. B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.
26. How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?
A. 7 hours. B. 8 hours.
C. 10 hours. D. 18 hours.
27. Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?
A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.
B. They tend to do things that excite them.
C. They follow their parents’ examples.
D. They don’t need to go to school early.
題組四（名校模擬題）
Passage 1(黑龍江省哈爾濱市第三中學(xué)2019屆高三第二次調(diào)研考試)
Someone sent me an email urging me to acquire a lot more resources, suggesting could do so much more good if I had an 8 or 9 figure net income of 6 like I’ve been doing for years.He claimed to have acquired a great deal of wealth himself and found it highly beneficial to fueling his path with a heart.
As I consider his suggestion, I find myself not having much clarity(清晰的思維)as to what I'd do with I million or 10 million more money flowing through my life. I put so much attention on creativity, fulfillment, exploration, relationships, etc. that I find it difficult to intelligently imagine how more financial resources could provide extra fuel for that, except in small ways or in ways that aren’t particularly meaningful to me.
Lately I've been considering what it would be like to deliberately reduce my income for a while and see if I could live on much less，just for the experience. What if I capped my net personal income at $10,000 per year, for instance? That isn’t such a big deal to me, though, since I already went through a period of low income like that during the 1990s,and I learned that I could still do what I love regardless of income.
I've never worked in a business environment-the only job I've ever had was working for $6/hour in a video game store while I was in college. So I’ve never seen how larger operations allocate resources. That's probably why I haven’t pushed myself to acquire more. As I mentioned in my book. Money and Your Path With a Heart，my main financial goal in life was to make money irrelevant in my life.
I’m not interested in building an empire. What interests me is exploring personal growth and sharing what I learn along the way. In some ways I feel that acquiring and acquiring and allocating more resources could become a big distraction. I’m already doing what I want to be doing, so why rick distracting myself to acquire more resources, especially when I lack the idea about how I should treat such resources? I like having freedom and flexibility，and I don't really see how more resources would meaningfully improve that.
1.Why did the man email the author?
A. To ask the author to fuel his path. B. To lend some money to the author.
C. To share his opinion about wealth. D. To urge the author to earn more money.
2.Which of the following can describe the author's personality?
A. Optimistic and devoted. B. Independent and cooperative.
C. Unfortunate but positive. D. Wealthy but hardhearted.
3.What does the underlined word “capped” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Limited B. Spent
C. Increased D. Distributed
4.The following are true EXCEPTA________.
A. the author might be a professional writer
B. the author is good at designing video games
C. the author is interested in exploring his personal growth
D. the author might be a person who likes sharing his knowledge
Passage 2(福建省莆田第九中學(xué)2019屆高三調(diào)研考試)
More and more comments sections are being shut down online.
Autumn Phillips had had enough. On Aug. 19, the executive editor of the Quad- City Times in Iowa, and Illinois, US visited her website, qctimes.com, and saw a story about a man who had been shot to death. When she got to the readers’ comments sections at the end, she was shocked by what she saw. Below the story was a growing number of comments—a racist remark about democratic votes, a negative comment about police …So Phillips decided to do something she had been thinking about for a long time: she shut down the comments sections.
Phillips was not alone in making such a move. Last week, NPR announced k too was closing its online comments sections. The decisions don’t mean that the news outlets are no longer interested in what their audiences are thinking. Both stressed their eagerness to hear from readers and listeners on social networks. But both agreed that comments had deviated from their original intention. And so they had.
In early days of digital journalism, comments were seen as a key part of this new media, a wonderful opportunity for strengthening the dialogue between news producers and their audiences. It was a welcome change, given that for long many news organizations were far too separated from their readers. Much more back and forth conversation seemed like healthy and welcome evolution. Sadly, that’s not the way things turned out. Rather than a place for exchanging ideas, comments sections became the home of ugly name-calling, racism and anti-women language. Besides their poisonous quality, comments seem out of place today.
“Since we made the announcement, I’ve received an outpouring of responses from our readers,” she says. “I’ve heard from parents whose children were hurt by our online comments. I’ve heard from people who said they wouldn’t send in letters to the editor because they were attacked so fiercely by comments, and wasn’t worth it.”
1.Why did Autumn Phillips shut down the comments sections?
A. They were put to wrong use.
B. Her website was attacked heavily.
C. They exposed many illegal issues.
D. She was angry about readers’ comments.
2.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 indicate about comments?
A. They were out of date.
B. They had gone against their original intentions.
C. They were full of sensitive information.
D. They couldn’t interest the audience.
3.What was the welcome change in the early digital journalism?
A. Readers, having more access to news.
B. Readers’ making less negative comments.
C. Readers’ freedom to express their thoughts.
D. Readers’ active involvement in the news industry.
4.How do many readers feel about Autumn Phillips, move according to the last paragraph?
A. Cautious. B. Hopeful.
C. Surprised. D. Supportive.
Passage 3(湖南省長沙市雅禮中學(xué)2019屆高三一模)
Laughter is part of the universal human vocabulary. All members of the human species understand it. Unlike English or French or Swahili, we don’t have to learn to speak it. We re born with the capacity to laugh.
Very little is known about the specific brain mechanisms responsible for laughter. Contrary to folk wisdom, most laughter is not about humor; it is about relationships. To find out when and why people laugh, I went with several assistants to local malls and recorded what happened just before people laughed. Over a 10-year period, we studied over 2,000 cases of naturally occurring laughter.
We found that most laughter does not necessarily follow jokes. People may laugh after a variety of statements, such as, “Here comes Mary,” “How did you do on the test?” or “Do you have a rubber band?” These certainly aren’t jokes.
We believe laughter evolved from the panting (喘氣的) behavior of our ancient ancestors. Today, if we tickle (使發(fā)癢) chimps, they don’t laugh. But, instead, they produce a panting sound. That’s the sound of ape laughter, and it’s the root of human laughter.
Apes laugh in the kinds of situations that lead to human laughter, like games that involve chasing. Other animals produce sounds during play, but they are so different from laughter. Rats, for example, produce high sounds during play and when tickled, but these are very different in sound from human laughter.
Laughter is often positive, but it can be negative too. There’s a difference between “l(fā)aughing with” and “l(fā)aughing at”. People who laugh at others may be trying to drive them out of the group.
No one has actually counted how much people of different ages laugh, but young children probably laugh the most. At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less.
Work now underway will tell us more about the brain mechanisms behind laughter, how it has evolved, and why we’re so susceptible to tickling.
1. What was the purpose of the decade’s research?
A. To prove that people laugh because of humour.
B. To find out the real reason for people s laughter.
C. To research people s different reaction on jokes.
D. To record conversations among shoppers in malls.
2. What can we learn from the text?
A. People who play more tend to laugh more.
B. Apes produce high sounds when tickled.
C. Scientists know the brain mechanisms responsible for laughter well.
D. The situations in which apes laugh are very different from those in which humans laugh.
3. What does the underlined word “susceptible” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A. Sensitive. B. Flexible.
C. Addictive. D. Reliable.
4. Which of the following might be the best title for the text?
A. The Impact of Laughter
B. The Meaning of Laughter
C. A Big Mystery: Why Do We Laugh?
D. Laughter: The Most Beautiful Words
Passage 4(東北三省四市2019屆高三二模聯(lián)考英語試題)
Connecting with people has become so much easier with advancing technology. Tasks that once required a postage stamp or carrier pigeon are now as simple as tapping a name or even a face on your screen, and you’re connected. But also easier is unconsciously getting caught up in a dilemma by violating certain new rules for communicating. A big one for some: Don’t call until you’ve texted to confirm it’s OK to call. But that’s just the beginning.
“I’m usually pretty mild and not much bothers me,” said Mark Angielle, a 29-year-old office manager from White Plains, New York. But the one thing that he hates more than anything else in life is the terrible one-word message — “K.” “At the very least reply with, Got it.” he said “At least give me a few words here. You’re not that busy.”
There are hundreds, perhaps even thousands, of others who have taken Lo social media to express their distaste for people who don’t follow the unwritten rules of digital communication.
“These rules are simply a new display of a phenomenon we’ve seen in the past,” said James Ivory, professor of communication a Virginia Tech. In the same way that generations and small groups of friends have their own slang and customs, internet culture has given birth to technology-dependent beings that have their own unique set of routine.
But not everyone gets the point. Unlike language, digital communication can be filled with ambiguous clues (線索、跡象) that the person on the other end of the call, text or email may or may not easily understand.
“As soon as people aren’t talking face to face, the first thing that gets lost is some of the richness of the body language,” Ivory said, “People immediately fill that gap by using emoji (表情符號) to sum up a feeling in seconds.
“There's great potential for danger,” Ivory warned. “What's considered polite in one form might be inappropriate or rude in another occasion.”
1. What can you infer about Mark from Paragraph 2?
A. He is a businessman with a bad temper.
B. He complains about social manners.
C. He can’t bear one- word messages.
D. He dislike a busy business life.
2. According to the text, which of the following breaks the rules for communicating?
A. John says “I got it.” to his boss face to face.
B. Jim calls Bill without confirming in advance.
C. Mary texts Lily to make sure if she can call her.
D. Jack sends “Thanks a lot” to his business friends.
3. Why may people misunderstand each other during digital communication?
A. Emoji cannot sum up feelings.
B. People use their own slang and customs.
C. There are large quantities of written rules.
D. People gets wrong messages without clear clues.
4. What are people expected to do after reading tie passage?
A. To obey their own digital communication rules.
B. To be aware of rules during digital communication.
C. To use advancing technology even with disadvantages.
D. To keep pace with digital communication development.


題組一
Passage1
【語篇解讀】本文屬于議論文，講述要成功，就需要不斷的學(xué)習(xí)，這樣的生活才會有意義。
51.B
【解析】推理判斷題。第一段講述塞萬提斯一生不幸，負債累累，因為戰(zhàn)爭受傷左手殘疾，同時還身陷囹圄，在53歲的時候決定寫書，最終寫出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根據(jù)后文可知，所有的困境都沒有阻擋他的成功，年齡也是如此，故選B。
52.D
【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者談?wù)摰牟皇悄切]有到達巔峰的人，而是談?wù)撃切┎辉賹W(xué)習(xí)成長的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止學(xué)習(xí)，故選D。
53.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我們失去了好奇感，但是如果我們愿意學(xué)習(xí)，機會無處不在，故可知，機會總是留給那些好奇心的人，故選C。
54. D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段we learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我們學(xué)會承受那些無法改變的事情，學(xué)會避免自憐，也學(xué)會了無論我們怎么去取悅別人，有些人是無法喜歡我們的，這個觀點起初讓我們苦惱，但是之后會讓我們釋懷，故可知，本段作者告訴我們要學(xué)會使用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞絹韺Υ?，故選D。
55.A
【解析】主旨大意題。本文講述要成功，就需要不斷的學(xué)習(xí)，這樣的生活才會有意義，故本文作者的目的是為了指導(dǎo)我們過一個有意義的成年人生活，故選A。
Passage2
【語篇解讀】本文屬于議論文，講述對信息技術(shù)的過分迷戀對國家，對個人，對慈善事業(yè)都會有不利的影響。
61.D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. 可知，對信息技術(shù)的錯誤判斷會導(dǎo)致有限資源的錯誤使用，也就是資源的浪費，故選D。
62.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.可知，與其給那些貧困地區(qū)孩子筆記本電腦或者建網(wǎng)絡(luò)中心，還不如給錢打井，鋪電網(wǎng)或者生產(chǎn)他們買得起的洗衣機，這些東西更能改善他們的生活。作者不是說這些東西一定更重要，但是很多捐贈者沒有仔細考慮捐贈的東西的長期成本，因此作者建議捐贈者要考慮接受捐贈的人的實際情況，而不是一味地追求信息化，故選A。
63.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". 以及Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.可知，對新東西的迷戀讓人們認為如今通訊技術(shù)和交通的變革讓我們生活在一個無國界的世界。正是認為我們生活在這樣一個世界，很多政府取消了關(guān)于跨國界的資本、勞動力以及商品流動的法律法規(guī)，故選B。
64.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造業(yè)) with negative consequences for their economies.可知，對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)呈現(xiàn)的通訊技術(shù)變革的迷戀讓很多富裕國家做出一個錯誤的結(jié)論，制造產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)過時了，他們應(yīng)該靠創(chuàng)意生活，因而忽略了制造業(yè)，從而對經(jīng)濟造成不利影響，故可知傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)依然傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)依然有它的地位，不能新興的信息技術(shù)取代，故選B。
Passage3
【語篇解讀】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講了中國文化對世界時尚屆的影響，中國年輕的設(shè)計師和模特如何最終在許多方面被認可。中國成了世界時尚的風(fēng)向標。
24.B
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。答案定位在第三段The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.（此次展覽吸引的參觀者人數(shù)創(chuàng)下了記錄，顯示出人們對中國影響的濃厚興趣。）由此可知，紐約的展覽吸引了許多參觀者，故選B。
25.A
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。答案定位在第四段Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion-they are central to its movement . （中國模特是向全世界女性推銷夢想的美和時尚活動的代言人，這意味著中國女性不僅僅是時尚的消費者——她們是這場運動的核心。）由此可知，Hill說中國女性開創(chuàng)了新時尚，故選A。
26.D
【解析】詞義猜測題。下文and beating them hands down in design and sales說并在設(shè)計和銷售上擊敗他們。由此推斷出上文Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Mare Jacobs的意思是Vera Wang、Alexander Wang和Jason Wu正在與Galliano、Albaz和 Mare Jacobs競爭。taking on意思是“競爭”，故選D。
27.D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段china and its culture have long been an inspiration for western creations.以及最后一段If you talk about fashion today , you are talking about China - its influences , its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."（如果你今天談?wù)摃r尚，你談?wù)摰氖侵袊挠绊懀姆较?，它令人驚嘆的服裝，以及年輕的設(shè)計師和模特如何最終在許多方面被認可。），結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容，可知這篇文章最恰當(dāng)?shù)念}目是“中國文化助力國際時尚潮流”，故選D。
題組二
Passage1
【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。在當(dāng)今社會，人們在公共場合或沉迷于智能手機，或與不舒服的沉默抗爭，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。但人與人之間是需要適當(dāng)?shù)慕徽勯e聊的，閑聊是人際關(guān)系社會交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好處。
32.C 【解析】主旨大意題。題干問的是：第一段描述了什么現(xiàn)象。在公共場合（比如在電梯里，在銀行排隊，或在飛機上）人們深深地專注于他們的智能手機，或者更糟糕的是，與不舒服的沉默抗爭。有此可知，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。A項意為：沉迷于智能手機。B項意為：在公共場所不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨椤項意為：陌生人之間缺乏溝通。D項意為：對緩慢的服務(wù)不耐煩。故選C項。
33.B 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問得是對于Carducci來說，成功的閑聊中重要的是什么。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功閑聊的關(guān)鍵是學(xué)習(xí)如何與他們交流，而不僅僅是與他們溝通。）由此推斷C符合題意。A項意為：表現(xiàn)出良好的禮貌。B項意為：與他人有關(guān)的。C項意為：專注于一個話題。D項意為：做商業(yè)交易。故選B項。
34.D 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問的是：咖啡店的研究對閑聊有什么建議。根據(jù)第四段的調(diào)查結(jié)果可知，那些與服務(wù)員聊天的人，有顯著的積極情緒和更好的咖啡店體驗。由此可知，D項符合題意。A項意為：閑聊改善了家庭關(guān)系。B項意為：閑聊提高了人們的信心。C項意為：閑聊和正式談話一樣重要。D項意為：閑聊讓人感覺很好。故選D項。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意題。整篇文章剛開始介紹了社會的現(xiàn)象（公共場合人們沉迷于智能手機，陌生人之間缺乏溝通交流），接著分析了這一問題的原因，接下來有專家對閑聊進行了研究，最后得出結(jié)論，閑聊都有什么樣的好處。A項意為：談話很重要。B項意為：閑聊的方法。C項意為：閑聊的好處。D項意為：不舒服的沉默。故選C項。
Passage 2
【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。文章講述作者引導(dǎo)孩子主動捐獻玩具，并從玩耍簡單玩具中獲得快樂的做法。
32.A 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句…I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less可以推斷出，人們通常認為越多越好。故選A。
33.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)可知，當(dāng)我們承諾給她把賣玩具的錢放到她的教育基金里時，她同意賣玩具。故選C。
34.A 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是為了測試自己的一種想法是否可行。故選A。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段可知，作者想要教會孩子how to live more with less，而二三段是作者的嘗試，故C作標題適合。
Passage 3
【文章大意】本文為議論文。文章主要討論有關(guān)無人駕駛汽車的發(fā)展前景和面臨的問題。
47.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 可知，政策制定者應(yīng)該討論無人駕駛車怎么幫助削減交通阻塞，減少尾氣排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行選擇，由此可見人們應(yīng)該多關(guān)注無人駕駛車怎么幫助處理與交通有關(guān)的問題。故選A。
48.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 可知，不管花多長時間，這項技術(shù)都有可能改變我們的交通系統(tǒng)和我們的城市，不管是好是壞，這取決于如何這種轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)绾伪灰?guī)范，再根據(jù)文章最后一句話The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 可知，我們需要為其做好計劃，故作者的主要關(guān)注點是對這種轉(zhuǎn)變的管理規(guī)范，故選D。
49.A 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責(zé)任與維護問題). 可知，鑒于自主駕駛的費用以及責(zé)任和維護問題，無人駕駛車幾乎可以肯定將會被打車服務(wù)使用。故劃線詞是“被應(yīng)用”的意思。A. Employed被應(yīng)用；B. Replaced被取代；C. Shared被分享；D. Reduced被減少。故選A。
50.B 【解析】觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章最后一段The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 中的 advancement，move more people, and more affordably. 以及plan for it可推知，作者是積極的態(tài)度。故選B。
Passage 4
【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。我們有多久沒有仔細觀察我們周圍的世界了。作者通過此文要告訴我們：放慢腳步，帶著我們所有的感官來感受周圍世界的奇妙。
51.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder.可知，與成人相比較，孩子觀察得更多，孩子的一天充滿了魔力、新奇和驚奇。從而可以推斷出孩子更急于探索他們周圍的世界。故選D。
52.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段作者敘述在一個寒冷的夜晚，作者和學(xué)生徒步旅行穿過一條小溪的時候，學(xué)生們抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，結(jié)果事實上那是一個溫泉。作者舉這樣一個事例是為了向讀者傳遞這樣的觀念：避免過早下結(jié)論。故選A。
53.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段全段及首句Another block to awareness is the obsession(癡迷) many of us have with naming things.可知，鳥觀察者發(fā)現(xiàn)鳥后只關(guān)心鳥的名字，并不關(guān)心它在做什么。故選C。
54.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只關(guān)心能夠及時到達目的地，而很少關(guān)心周圍的事物。故選B。
55.A 【解析】推理判斷題。文章作者想要通過此文要告訴我們：大自然只展現(xiàn)給那些善于觀察和等待的人，帶著我們所有的感官來感受周圍世界的奇妙吧。故選A。
題組三
Passage1
【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。文章主要通過介紹三種不同種類的等待來論述我們花費大量的時間來等待而且說明作者自己的觀點，即充滿希望和信念地等待。
51.B 【解析】根據(jù)第二段的句子During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. 可知選B。
52.A 【解析】根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容，尤其是This one requires a bit of discipline. 及After all, Forced Waiting requires patience. 可知選A。
53.B 【解析】根據(jù)第四段的句子Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.可知選B。
54.D 【解析】根據(jù)最后一段第二句可以判斷出下次當(dāng)我們等待的時候作者建議我們不要灰心、絕望。故選D。
55.C 【解析】通讀全文可以知道，作者通過二、三、四段列舉了三種類型的等待，所以判斷出作者是通過分析不同種類的等待來支持自己的觀點的。故選C。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文屬于議論文，首先用數(shù)據(jù)告訴我們美國孩子的睡眠狀況堪憂，接著告訴我們孩子在不同年齡段需要的睡眠時間不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介紹了一些學(xué)校為了讓孩子們有更多的睡眠時間而推遲了上課的時間。
25.A 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。文中第一段列舉了一些數(shù)據(jù)，向我們說明美國有51%的10到18歲的孩子上床睡覺的時間偏晚，也調(diào)查了60%的7到12歲的孩子在白天感到疲憊，15%的孩子會在學(xué)校睡著，所以這些調(diào)查都是關(guān)于美國孩子的睡眠習(xí)慣的，故選A。
26.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段＂For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal＂可知11歲正在上學(xué)的小孩子的理想睡眠時間是10個小時，故選C。
27.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段＂She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep＂可知她認為孩子們睡覺晚的原因是他們會在睡前做一些讓他們興奮的活動，故選B。
【名師點睛】
本文屬于議論類短文，所考查的三道題均為細節(jié)題中的直接理解題。細節(jié)事實理解題主要考查考生對文章中某一些特定細節(jié)或文章的重要事實的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語義理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要學(xué)生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。
在閱讀中可以使用定位法與跳讀法解決直接理解題。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位)，然后和選項進行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換)，從而找出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時可能是幾個句子)或段落，然后進行分析和推理等找出正確答案。
以本文26題為例，我們根據(jù)題干中＂How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day＂(11歲的孩子每天需要多少小時的睡眠時間)直接定位到第二段第四句For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的)，由此可知上學(xué)的孩子的理想睡眠時間是10個小時，故選擇C項。
題組四
Passage 1
【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講了若擁有百倍于現(xiàn)在的資源，你會如何提升個人生活？
1.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的Someone sent me an email urging me to acquire a lot more resources, suggesting could do so much more good if I had an 8 or 9 figure net income of 6 like I’ve been doing for years.可知，有人給我發(fā)了封郵件，力勸我獲得更多財富資源，故選D。
2.A 【解析】推理判斷題。第三段談到最近我一直在考慮，如果有意減少個人收入一段時間，會是什么樣子。我只想經(jīng)歷這種體驗?？醋约耗芊裨谑杖肷俚那闆r下好好生活。比如把個人年收入減少到1萬美元，自己將如何生活。不過這對我來說也不算什么問題。因為在上世紀90年代，我有過一段這種低收入生活時期，而且我已經(jīng)學(xué)到，不管收入如何，仍舊可以做自己喜愛的事情。由此可推斷出作者是一位樂觀且專注的人，故選A。
3.A 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的That isn’t such a big deal to me, though, since I already went through a period of low income like that during the 1990s（在上世紀90年代，我有過一段這種低收入生活時期），由此推斷出What if I capped my net personal income at $10,000 per year,for instance?意思是把個人年收入減少到1萬美元。“capped”意思是限定，A. Limited限定；B. Spent花費；C. Increased增長；D. Distributed分布，故選A。
4.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段As I mentioned in my book.可推知作者可能是一名作家，故A選項正確；根據(jù)最后一段What interests me is exploring personal growth and sharing what I learn along the way.可知真正令作者感興趣的是探索個人成長，并與人一路分享自己所學(xué)，由此可知C和D正確，故選B。
Passage 2
【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要講述的是“越來越多的評論部分在網(wǎng)上被關(guān)閉?！?br /> 1.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中When she got to the readers’ comments sections at the end, she was shocked by what she saw. Below the story was a growing number of comments—a racist remark about democratic votes, a negative comment about police …So Phillips decided to do something she had been thinking about for a long time: she shut down the comments sections.可知，Autumn Phillips關(guān)閉了評論部分是因為他們被錯誤地使用了。故選A。
2.B 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中The decisions don’t mean that the news outlets are no longer interested in what their audiences are thinking. Both stressed their eagerness to hear from readers and listeners on social networks. But both agreed that comments had deviated from their original intention. 這些決定并不意味著新聞媒體不再對他們的聽眾的想法感興趣。兩人都強調(diào)，他們渴望在社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)上聽到讀者和聽眾的聲音。但雙方都認為，評論偏離了他們最初的意圖。由此推知劃線句子的意思是“他們違背了他們最初的意圖?！惫蔬xB。
3.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中In early days of digital journalism, comments were seen as a key part of this new media, a wonderful opportunity for strengthening the dialogue between news producers and their audiences. It was a welcome change, given that for long many news organizations were far too separated from their readers.可知，在早期的數(shù)字新聞中，讀者積極參與新聞行業(yè)是受歡迎的改變。故選D。
4.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“I’ve heard from parents whose children were hurt by our online comments. I’ve heard from people who said they wouldn’t send in letters to the editor because they were attacked so fiercely by comments, and wasn’t worth it.”可知，根據(jù)最后一段許多讀者對Autumn Phillips是支持的。故選D。
Passage3
Passage3
【語篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。笑容是世上最通用的語言，笑容是世上最溫暖的語言。本文探討了人類為什么笑這個話題。
1.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段的To find out when and why people laugh可知本文寫作目的是弄清楚人類什么時候以及為什么會笑。故B項正確。
2.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段的At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less.可知，玩得多的人笑得多。A項正確。
3.A
【解析】詞義猜測題。聯(lián)系上下文可知susceptible（易受……影響的）與sensitive的意思最為接近。故選A。
4.C
【解析】主旨大意題。笑容是世上最通用的語言，笑容是世上最溫暖的語言，本文探討了人類為什么而笑這個問題。故C項為最佳標題。
Passage4
【語篇解讀】這是一篇議論文。隨著技術(shù)的進步，人與人之間的聯(lián)系變得越來越容易，但在數(shù)字通信中更容易違反某些新的交流規(guī)則而無意識地陷入兩難境地。對此許多人對這種現(xiàn)象表達了憂慮。
1.C
【解析】推理判斷題。由第二段“But the one thing that he hates more than anything else in life is the terrible one-word message”可知，在生活中他最痛恨的一件事就是一個字的信息。所以通過關(guān)鍵詞“hate, terrible”可以判斷出，馬克不能忍受一個字的信息。故C選項正確。
2.B
【解析】推理判斷題。由第一段“Don’t call until you’ve texted to confirm it’s OK to call”可知，在你發(fā)短信確認可以打電話之前不要打電話。很多人都違反了這個交流規(guī)則。所以B選項“吉姆沒有事先確認就打電話給比爾”違反了溝通交流的規(guī)則。故B選項正確。
3.D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。由第五段“Unlike language, digital communication can be filled with ambiguous clues (線索、跡象) that the person on the other end of the call, text or email may or may not easily understand.”可知，與語言不同的是，數(shù)字通信可以充滿模糊的線索。電話、文本或電子郵件另一端的人可能很容易理解什么意思，也可能不容易理解是什么意思。所以為什么人們在數(shù)字通信中會產(chǎn)生誤解是因為人們在沒有明確線索的情況下會收到錯誤的信息。故D選項正確。
4.B
【解析】推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，隨著技術(shù)的進步，人與人之間的聯(lián)系變得越來越容易，但更容易違反某些新的交流規(guī)則而無意識地陷入兩難境地。對此許多人對這種現(xiàn)象表達了憂慮。所以判斷出短文目的就是期望人們能夠在數(shù)字通信過程中要注意規(guī)則。所以讀了這篇文章后，人們被期望能夠在數(shù)字通信過程中要注意規(guī)則。故B選項正確。


英語朗讀寶
相關(guān)資料 更多
資料下載及使用幫助
版權(quán)申訴
版權(quán)申訴
若您為此資料的原創(chuàng)作者，認為該資料內(nèi)容侵犯了您的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)，請掃碼添加我們的相關(guān)工作人員，我們盡可能的保護您的合法權(quán)益。
入駐教習(xí)網(wǎng)，可獲得資源免費推廣曝光，還可獲得多重現(xiàn)金獎勵，申請 精品資源制作， 工作室入駐。
版權(quán)申訴二維碼
高考專區(qū)
歡迎來到教習(xí)網(wǎng)
  • 900萬優(yōu)選資源，讓備課更輕松
  • 600萬優(yōu)選試題，支持自由組卷
  • 高質(zhì)量可編輯，日均更新2000+
  • 百萬教師選擇，專業(yè)更值得信賴
微信掃碼注冊
qrcode
二維碼已過期
刷新

微信掃碼，快速注冊

手機號注冊
手機號碼

手機號格式錯誤

手機驗證碼 獲取驗證碼

手機驗證碼已經(jīng)成功發(fā)送，5分鐘內(nèi)有效

設(shè)置密碼

6-20個字符，數(shù)字、字母或符號

注冊即視為同意教習(xí)網(wǎng)「注冊協(xié)議」及「隱私條款」
QQ注冊
手機號注冊
微信注冊

注冊成功

返回
頂部