高考頻度：★★★★★

高考閱讀理解對(duì)文章的主旨大意進(jìn)行命題，旨在考查考生通過(guò)對(duì)原文快速瀏覽正確
獲取語(yǔ)篇的大意，并對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時(shí)，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會(huì)作者的主要意圖，充分運(yùn)用邏輯概括能力，透過(guò)字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點(diǎn)、中心論點(diǎn)及作者的情感傾向。
在高考閱讀理解中，針對(duì)短文主旨常見(jiàn)的命題形式如下：
(1) What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?
(2) The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.
(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is…
(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.
(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?
(6) What is the main idea of the passage?
(7) What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(8) The purpose of this passage is.
(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?
(11) The passage mainly focuses on.
從上述命題形式可以看出，此類閱讀測(cè)試題主要可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。下面結(jié)合高考題實(shí)例來(lái)具體分析此類題目的解題技巧。
怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意
——主題句定位法
文章是由段落組成的。段落是發(fā)展一個(gè)主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開(kāi)，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過(guò)分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，通過(guò)主題句找出文章的主題。找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關(guān)鍵。主題是文章要表達(dá)的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個(gè)話題，它是文章的核心。“主題句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。
但是由于文章的不同，表現(xiàn)的手法也各有不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)尋找短文的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開(kāi)頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此，仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時(shí)，一般不需逐句細(xì)讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。
文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)文章的寫作方法來(lái)體現(xiàn)，有以下五種情況：
1. 中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首
開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首的寫作方法。
新聞報(bào)道通常就采用這種寫法。新聞報(bào)道的首句通常稱為“新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”，“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”實(shí)際上就是主題句，是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。大意題、標(biāo)題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據(jù)。

（2018·新課標(biāo)卷I）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (聯(lián)系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisation. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially glbalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位數(shù))of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapaneco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
31. What is the min idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human development results in fewer languages
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展人類語(yǔ)言越來(lái)越少及其原因。
【答案】C
【解析】主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的主題句Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，語(yǔ)言的產(chǎn)生和消失進(jìn)行了幾千年，但最近時(shí)代語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)生的少，消失的太多。故選C。
2. 主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾
在細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫作方式，即細(xì)節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。

The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.
Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.
Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.
Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳類動(dòng)物),” said the words below it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破壞性的) on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.”
56.The text mainly talks about _____.
A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda
C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist
【答案】C
【解析】文章第一段談到Diane Fossey對(duì)大猩猩的研究；第二段談到根據(jù)她的事跡所拍攝的影片；第三段談到了大猩猩數(shù)量減少的原因；最后一段談到保護(hù)大猩猩的宣傳的措施。前面三段都是為最后一段做鋪墊的，從最后一段的“It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.”可知，最主要的目的還是要人們保護(hù)大猩猩。
3. 首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方法
為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式也較為多見(jiàn)。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。

Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.
People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.
There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.
At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.
1.The passage is mainly about ___________.
A. How to Play Lacrosse
B. Lacrosse in Canada
C. The History of Lacrosse
D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada
【答案】D
【解析】作者先后兩次提到“長(zhǎng)曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，顯然選項(xiàng)D最符合短文的主題。
4. 中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句
閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。

【2019·全國(guó)卷II，C】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It's a chance for self-reflection, You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit， whose company provided the statistics for the report.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文通過(guò)一份調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，很大比例的人選擇獨(dú)自用餐，原因很多，比如逃離工作氛圍，或者反思自己，但是獨(dú)自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢(shì)。
31.A
【解析】主旨大意題。本文通過(guò)一份調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，很大比例的人選擇獨(dú)自用餐，原因很多，比如逃離工作氛圍，或者反思自己，但是獨(dú)自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢(shì)，故選A。
4. 主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間
通常前面只提出問(wèn)題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。

The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.
During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.
…
67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.
A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival
B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival
C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival
D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival
【答案】A
【解析】從文中第二段第一句話“During the opening ceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開(kāi)幕式上的活動(dòng)。答案選A。
怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標(biāo)題
——高度概括法
對(duì)文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現(xiàn)，而且也可以用選擇或擬定文章標(biāo)題的形式出現(xiàn)。因此，選擇文章標(biāo)題，首先可以按照主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標(biāo)題。
標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來(lái)高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達(dá)形式。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測(cè)出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？
首先，要考慮標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體
現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。?；②過(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。
其次，要考慮標(biāo)題的針對(duì)性，即標(biāo)題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，
仔細(xì)考慮所選標(biāo)題與文章主題是否有密切的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。
再次要注意標(biāo)題的醒目性，標(biāo)題的選擇要簡(jiǎn)潔、突出、新穎，標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標(biāo)題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標(biāo)題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來(lái)吸引讀者對(duì)文章的興趣。
最后要注意，要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方法。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，擬定標(biāo)題是以話題為核心，與控制性概念的詞按一定的語(yǔ)法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.
話題：Stamps
控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names
標(biāo)題：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names

(中原名校豫南九校2016—2017學(xué)年高三第三次聯(lián)考) August 8, was Earth Overshoot Day. Calculated annually by the environmental advocacy(支持，擁護(hù)) group, Global Footprint Network (GFN), it is the day when human has consumed all the natural resources — produce, meat, fish, water, and wood — that our planet can regenerate(再生) in a single year. This means that for the rest of 2016, we will be using natural resources that are impossible to replace.
For those that are a little confused, it is similar to spending your entire year’s allowance by August and then borrowing money from friends, knowing fully well that you cannot repay the loan. GFN says that the same thing happens in the case of the Earth.
The date of Earth Overshoot Day varies each year. In an ideal, fully sustainable world, we should only spend what we have. This means that Earth Overshoot Day would fall on December 31, or perhaps even spill into the following year, indicating that we are saving some resources for a rainy day. That did happen in 1961, when we only consumed three-quarters of what the planet produced.
Unfortunately, the day has been going up rapidly since 2014 when it fell on August 19. In 2015, it was August 13, and this year, the earliest so far — August 8! The only way to sustain this demand would be to have 1.6 earths, which as we all know, is not possible.
Fortunately, experts say that the situation is not as grim as it sounds. Many countries are already taking steps to reduce carbon emissions, which accounts for 60% of our ecological footprint, by switching to solar or wind-generated power.
Individuals can also help by eating less meat, walking, biking, or taking public transportation, as well as adopting the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. If we all work together, we can help push back Earth Overshoot Day to December 31, or even beyond!
27. What is the best title for the passage?
A. A Warning: Earth Overshoot Day
B. A Celebration: Earth Overshoot Day
C. A Reminder: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
D. An Advertisement: Global Footprint Network
【文章大意】 本文是一篇環(huán)保類說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了Earth Overshoot Day。今年在八月八號(hào)我們就已經(jīng)消耗掉今年全年的可再生資源，接著又介紹了Earth Overshoot Day的計(jì)算方法。通過(guò)介紹Earth Overshoot Day，作者呼吁人們減少資源浪費(fèi)。
【答案】 A
【解析】今年的Earth Overshoot Day是八月八號(hào)，即我們今年在八月八號(hào)就已經(jīng)消耗掉我們今年全年的可再生資源。本文通過(guò)介紹Earth Overshoot Day告訴人們要減少資源浪費(fèi)，所以最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)是A項(xiàng)。


題組一（2019年高考真題）
Passage1(2019·天津卷，B)
I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child deal with books. There was not one night that I don't remember mom reading me a storybook by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing mom say," I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this morning," made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I wanted to be like my mom and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book, and each night, just to be like her, I would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stories. It seemed an unending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how to read could open many doors. When mom said," The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf," I knew where the candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A's on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned, but I didn't enjoy this type of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become anyone. I don't have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a vital part of my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
41. Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of mom's hands？
A. She wanted mom to read the news to her.
B. She was anxious to know what had happened.
C. She couldn't wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D. She couldn't help but stop mom from reading.
42. According to Paragraph 3，the author's reading of road signs indicates___________
A. her unique way to locate herself
B. her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C. her effort to remind mom to obey traffic rules
D. her growing desire to know the world around her.
43. What was the author's view on factual reading？
A. It would help her update test-taking skills.
B. It would allow much room for free thinking.
C. It would provide true and objective information.
D. It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
44. The author takes novel reading as a way to___________.
A. explore a fantasy land
B. develop a passion for leaning
C. learn about the adult community
D. get away from a confusing world
45. What could be the best title for the passage？
A. The Magic of Reading B. The Pleasure of Reading
C. Growing Up with Reading D. Reading Makes a Full Man
Passage2(2019·新課標(biāo)卷I，D)
During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(從事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(調(diào)查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
Passage3(2019·新課標(biāo)卷II，D)
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解決方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影響) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
Passage4(2019·北京卷，C)
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺詐).We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately，it's too little，too late. By the time these “solutions"(解決方案)become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future，it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation ( 處理 ) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O Conference ,a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human –sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data breaches(數(shù)據(jù)侵入)of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother 's name ，and far more. Armed with this knowledge. they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means. for example，that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller 's，ricking you into "confirming " your address，mother's name，and card number. Scammers follow money，so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by. or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.
38. How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robecalls?
A. Panicked. B. Confused. C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed.
39. taking advantage of the new technologies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims precisely B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely
40. What does the passage imply?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. Technologies can be double-edited.
C. There are more solutions than problems.
D. Credibility holds the key to development.
41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Roboealls
C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology

題組二（2018年高考真題）
Passage1(2018·新課標(biāo)卷I，B)
Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "
The eight-part series(系列節(jié)目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What do we know about Susanna Reid?
A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme.
C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a tight budget for her family.
25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids.
C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her.
26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previous paragraphs. B. Provide some advice for the readers.
C. Add some background information. D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
Passage2(2018·新課標(biāo)卷II，D)
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(潤(rùn)滑劑) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動(dòng)) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
Passage3(2018·新課標(biāo)卷III，B)
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small population.
C. Its geographical position.
D. Its favourable climate.
25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B. One out of five people got rich.
C. Almost everyone gave up.
D. Half of them died.
26. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A. They found the city too crowded.
B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable to stand the winter.
D. They were short of food.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. The rise and fall of a city.
B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness.
D. Tourism in Dawson.
Passage4(2018·北京卷，A)
My First Marathon（馬拉松）
A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.
I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.
The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂ stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!
The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn’t even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.
Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋帶) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂
By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.
I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.
Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.
36.?A?month?before?the?marathon,?the?author ____________.
A.?was?well?trained B.?felt?scared
C.?made?up?his?mind?to?run D.?lost?hope
37.?Why?did?the?author?mention?the?P.E.?class?in?his?7th?year?
A.?To?acknowledge?the?support?of?his?teacher.
B.?To?amuse?the?readers?with?a?funny?story.
C.?To?show?he?was?not?talented?in?sports.
D.?To?share?a?precious?memory.
38.?How?was?the?author’s?first?marathon?
A.?He?made?it. B.?He?quit?halfway.
C.?He?got?the?first?prize. D.?He?walked?to?the?end.
39.?What?does?the?story?mainly?tell?us?
A.?A?man?owes?his?success?to?his?family?support.
B.?A?winner?is?one?with?a?great?effort?of?will.
C.?Failure?is?the?mother?of?success.
D.?One?is?never?too?old?to?learn.
題組三（2017年高考真題）
Passage1(2017·新課標(biāo)卷I，B)
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?
A. To remember the birth of jazz.
B. To protect cultural diversity.
C. To encourage people to study music.
D. To recognize the value of jazz.
29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Jazz becoming more accessible.
B. The production of jazz growing faster.
C. Jazz being less popular with the young.
D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?
A. It will disappear gradually.
B. It remains black and white.
C. It should keep up with the times.
D. It changes every 50 years.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Exploring the Future of Jazz
B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz
C. The Story of a Jazz Musician
D. Celebrating the Jazz Day
Passage2(2017·新課標(biāo)II卷，C)
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia
says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
C. The designers of the Transition.
29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?
A. It causers traffic jams.
B. It is difficult to operate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns too much fuel.
30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?
A. Cautious B. Favorable.
C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.
31. What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s First Flight
C.Pilots’ Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
Passage3(2017·天津卷)
This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(財(cái)產(chǎn)) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律責(zé)任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “You know — no driver.”
Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation.
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.
46. What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A place where cars often break down.
B. A case where passing a law is impossible.
C. An area where no driving is permitted.
D. A situation where drivers’ role is not clear.
47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________.
A. stop people from breaking traffic rules
B. help promote fully automatic driving
C. protect drivers of all ages and races
D. prevent serious property damage
48. What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?
A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.
B. It should be the main concern of law makers.
C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It should involve no human responsibility.
49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _________.
A. Singapore B. the UK
C. the US D. Germany
50. What could be the best title for the passage?
A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?
B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough
C. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!
D. Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents
題組四（名校模擬題）
Passage 1(湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市雅禮中學(xué)2019屆高三一模)
Laughter is part of the universal human vocabulary. All members of the human species understand it. Unlike English or French or Swahili, we don’t have to learn to speak it. We re born with the capacity to laugh.
Very little is known about the specific brain mechanisms responsible for laughter. Contrary to folk wisdom, most laughter is not about humor; it is about relationships. To find out when and why people laugh, I went with several assistants to local malls and recorded what happened just before people laughed. Over a 10-year period, we studied over 2,000 cases of naturally occurring laughter.
We found that most laughter does not necessarily follow jokes. People may laugh after a variety of statements, such as, “Here comes Mary,” “How did you do on the test?” or “Do you have a rubber band?” These certainly aren’t jokes.
We believe laughter evolved from the panting (喘氣的) behavior of our ancient ancestors. Today, if we tickle (使發(fā)癢) chimps, they don’t laugh. But, instead, they produce a panting sound. That’s the sound of ape laughter, and it’s the root of human laughter.
Apes laugh in the kinds of situations that lead to human laughter, like games that involve chasing. Other animals produce sounds during play, but they are so different from laughter. Rats, for example, produce high sounds during play and when tickled, but these are very different in sound from human laughter.
Laughter is often positive, but it can be negative too. There’s a difference between “l(fā)aughing with” and “l(fā)aughing at”. People who laugh at others may be trying to drive them out of the group.
No one has actually counted how much people of different ages laugh, but young children probably laugh the most. At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less.
Work now underway will tell us more about the brain mechanisms behind laughter, how it has evolved, and why we’re so susceptible to tickling.
1. What was the purpose of the decade’s research?
A. To prove that people laugh because of humour.
B. To find out the real reason for people s laughter.
C. To research people s different reaction on jokes.
D. To record conversations among shoppers in malls.
2. What can we learn from the text?
A. People who play more tend to laugh more.
B. Apes produce high sounds when tickled.
C. Scientists know the brain mechanisms responsible for laughter well.
D. The situations in which apes laugh are very different from those in which humans laugh.
3. What does the underlined word “susceptible” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A. Sensitive. B. Flexible.
C. Addictive. D. Reliable.
4. Which of the following might be the best title for the text?
A. The Impact of Laughter
B. The Meaning of Laughter
C. A Big Mystery: Why Do We Laugh?
D. Laughter: The Most Beautiful Words
Passage 2(武漢第二中學(xué)2019屆高三五月全仿真模擬)
Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be dirtier than their gasoline-powered cousins.
People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions vehicles”, but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Power plants mostly use fire to make it. Aside from the new folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators (發(fā)電機(jī)). Generators are fueled by something—usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal (地?zé)?plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something.
In other words, those “zero-emissions” cars are likely coal-burning cars. It’s just because the coal is burned somewhere else, it looks clean. It is not. It’s as if the California Greens are covering their eyes—“ If I can’t see it, it’s not happening.” Gasoline is an incredibly efficient way to power a vehicle; a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas (or another fuel) and first use it to make electricity, you waste a nice part of that energy, mostly in the form of wasted heat—at the generator, through the transmission lines, etc.
A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won’t get you as far — so electric cars burn more fuel than gasoline-powered ones. If our electricity came mostly from nukes or geothermal, or hydro or wind or solar, then an electric car truly would be clean. But for political, technical, and economic reasons, we don’t use much of those energy sources.
In addition, electric cars’ batteries which are poisonous for a long time will eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it’s a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place. Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are too concentrated, but it takes a lot longer when all the garbage is in one spot.
1. What is the main idea of the text?
A. Electric cars are far from being clean.
B. Electric cars are better than gasoline-powered ones.
C. People cast doubts on electric cars’ batteries.
D. Gasoline is an efficient way to power a vehicle.
2. The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run.
A. no less than 25 miles B. as far as 50 miles
C. less than 25 miles D. as far as 25 miles
3. According to the text, electric cars.
A. are more environmentally friendly
B. burn more fuel than gas-powered ones
C. are very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated
D. are poisonous for a long time and will eventually end up in a landfill
4. It can be inferred from the text that.
A. being green is good and should be encouraged in communication
B. electric cars are the dominant vehicles compared with their gas-powered cousins
C. zero-emissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environment
D. electric cars are not clean because we get electricity mainly by burning something
Passage 3(2018屆河南省許昌平頂山高三聯(lián)考)
Persuasion is to convince someone to agree with you, just like art which also calls for special techniques to accomplish. According to the ancient Greeks, there are three basic tools of persuasion: ethos, pathos and logos.
Ethos is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience that he is trustworthy, honest and reliable. One common way a speaker can develop ethos is by explaining how much experience or education he has in the field. After all, you’re more likely to listen to advice about how to take care of your teeth from a dentist than a fireman.
Pathos is a speaker’s way of connecting with an audience's emotions. For example, a politician who is trying to convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from a terrible war. These words are intended to fill the audience with fear, thus making them want to vote for him. Similarly, an animal charity might show an audience pictures of injured dogs and cats to make the viewers feel pity, so they will be more likely to donate money.
Logos is the use of facts, statistics or other evidence to support your argument. An audience will believe you if you have convincing data to back up your claims. Presenting this evidence is much more persuasive than simply saying “believe me”.
Although ethos, pathos and logos all have their strengths, they are often most effective when used together. So, the next time you listen to a speech, watch a commercial or listen to a friend try to convince you to lend him some money, be on the lookout for these ancient Greek tools of persuasion.
1.What is the purpose of persuasion?
A. To advise somebody to support you.
B. To help someone have special skill
C. To convince somebody to realize his aim.
D. To talk someone into being honest.
2.What is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience to trust him?
A. Pathos. B. Ethos. C. Logos. D. Education.
3.What do a politician and an animal charity have in common?
A. Both prevent themselves from being hurt.
B. Both save people from terrible wars.
C. Both make the audience support them.
D. Both persuade people to donate money.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Convince the Audience B. Three Basic Tools of Persuasion
C. Believe Me D. Strength of Persuasion
Passage 2(2018屆河北省衡水中學(xué)高三四模)
James Gross, a psychology professor at Stanford University, has a 13-year-old daughter who loves math and science. “It hasn’t occurred to her yet that’s unusual,” he says. “But I know in the next couple of years, it will.”
She’s already being pulled out of class to do advanced things with a couple of other kids, who are guys. And as someone who studies human emotion for a procession, Gross says, “I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who’s interested in math and science, and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.’’
Gross’ concern clearly shows what has been a touchy subject in the world of science for a long time: Why are there still so few women in science, and how might that affect what we learn from research?
Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men, and by some estimates represent the largest single economic force in the world. Yet the gender gap in science persists, to a greater degree than in other professions, particularly in high-end, math-intensive fields such as computer science and engineering.
According to US Census Bureau statistics, women in fields commonly referred to as STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) made up 7 percent of that workforce in 1970, a figure that had jumped to 23 percent by 1990. But the rise essentially stopped there. Two decades later, in 2011, women made up 26 percent of the science workforce.
1.According to James Gross, in the near future his daughter may _________ .
A. become a great scientist
B. feel lonely and have fewer choices
C.be pulled out of class with some guys
D. learn math and science better and better
2.We can learn from the text that_________ .
A. women are cleverer than men in college
B. men represent the largest single economic force
C. women make up more than 50% of the national workforce
D. the number of women graduating from college is larger than that of men
3.How does the author develop the last paragraph?
A. By providing examples. B. By making comments.
C. By following time order. D. By explaining the process.
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Why It Is Important to Get More Women Into Science
B. James Gross, Confusion About His daughter
C. Situation of Women in the Whole Country
D. Future of women in the Workforce

題組一
Passage1
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為夾敘夾議文，作者講述了自己的讀書經(jīng)歷和感悟。
41.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段主題句I always wanted to know what my mom was reading.和Hearing mom say … made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself可知，作者一直想知道媽媽在讀什么。作者搶過(guò)媽媽讀的報(bào)紙，因?yàn)樽髡咦约浩惹邢肟匆豢磮?bào)紙上寫的內(nèi)容，故選B。
42. D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything，可以推斷出，讓媽媽開(kāi)車開(kāi)慢一點(diǎn)，他能夠讀出所有路標(biāo)，正是作者在閱讀方面的進(jìn)步引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周圍的一切，故選D。
43.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A’s on my test.可知，小學(xué)和中學(xué)階段的閱讀都是事實(shí)性閱讀，讀書是為了獲取知識(shí)，考試得A。因此事實(shí)性閱讀能夠提供真實(shí)的客觀的信息，故選 C。
44. D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become anyone.( 打開(kāi)一本小說(shuō)，我可以擺脫我的負(fù)擔(dān)，進(jìn)入一個(gè)奇妙而神秘的世界，我現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)新的角色。在這個(gè)世界上，我可以成為任何人。) 可知，閱讀小說(shuō)可以讓作者避開(kāi)復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)實(shí)而投入到小說(shuō)中的世界中去，故選D。
45.C
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)上下文可知，作者以時(shí)間順序回憶了自己的閱讀經(jīng)歷和感悟，伴著閱讀成長(zhǎng)，故選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
Passage2
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要講到研究表明，對(duì)別人好，討人喜歡對(duì)人生活的各個(gè)方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。
32.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小學(xué)時(shí)光里，我喜歡分享我的娃娃和笑話，這讓我保持了高高的社會(huì)地位。）由此推斷出，作者在小學(xué)早期時(shí)，是一個(gè)慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷靜的，故選C。
33.A
【解析】段落大意題。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（臨床心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein將受歡迎的人分為兩類:討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主題句，本段內(nèi)容分別對(duì)the likable 和the status seekers 做了解釋，所以本段主要介紹了兩種受歡迎的分類，故選A。
34.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可愛(ài)可以促使健全的調(diào)整），由此推斷出，心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)，故選B。
35.A
【解析】標(biāo)題歸納題。通過(guò)閱讀全文內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一段，可知這篇文章主要講了受歡迎，討人喜歡對(duì)人生活的各個(gè)方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。與選項(xiàng)A“對(duì)別人好——最終，你的收獲無(wú)窮無(wú)盡”一致，故選A。
Passage3
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為說(shuō)明文。本文介紹了HUNCH項(xiàng)目就是通過(guò)Gordon的學(xué)生找到如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一技術(shù)，把空間技術(shù)與帶進(jìn)課堂，與學(xué)校教育相結(jié)合，從而最終影響到大學(xué)入學(xué)。
32.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，細(xì)菌對(duì)宇航員來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)令人討厭的問(wèn)題。這種來(lái)自我們身體的微生物在國(guó)際空間站的表面不受控制地生長(zhǎng)，宇航員每周要花幾個(gè)小時(shí)來(lái)清理它們。也就是說(shuō)它們很難去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A項(xiàng)符合題意。
33.D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程師聯(lián)系起來(lái)。Gordon的學(xué)生一直在研究如何在零重力下殺死細(xì)菌, ...”。結(jié)合最后一段中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,...”可知，學(xué)生每天都給NASA的工程師發(fā)郵件一起探討（如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一空間技術(shù)）這個(gè)問(wèn)題。由此可推斷出HUNCH program的目的把空間技術(shù)與學(xué)校教育相結(jié)合。分析選項(xiàng)可知D項(xiàng)符合題意。
34.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year ,present it to NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...It’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA的工程師要檢查學(xué)生所做的產(chǎn)品。分析選項(xiàng)可知A項(xiàng)符合題意，故選A。
35.B
主旨大意題。文章以國(guó)際空間站里的微生物很難清除開(kāi)頭，引出宇航員們解決此問(wèn)題的途徑——借助美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此計(jì)劃的目的是把航天技術(shù)與學(xué)校教育結(jié)合起來(lái)。在這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃里，學(xué)生們通過(guò)homework（制作供美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局使用的產(chǎn)品）探索無(wú)疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功課疆域”最適合做文章的標(biāo)題。故選B。
Passage4
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。語(yǔ)音操作與自動(dòng)化技術(shù)出現(xiàn)使得機(jī)器人電話可以以假亂真。語(yǔ)音操作和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展會(huì)使得機(jī)器人電話產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題更加嚴(yán)重。
38. D
【解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第一段中的“We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions” become widely available, scammers will have moved onto clever means”可知，最后，我們通過(guò)支持和開(kāi)發(fā)一組旨在防止欺詐者通過(guò)的工具、應(yīng)用程序和方法，認(rèn)識(shí)到了問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性。不幸的是，我們的努力太少了，也太晚了。在這些“解決方案”被廣泛使用的時(shí)候，騙子將轉(zhuǎn)移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者認(rèn)為這些“解決辦法”對(duì)于解決問(wèn)題起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故D選項(xiàng)正確。
39.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller’s, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother’s name, and card number”可知，機(jī)器人通話之所以令人頭痛，與其說(shuō)與數(shù)量有關(guān)，不如說(shuō)與精確度有關(guān)。長(zhǎng)達(dá)十年的個(gè)人信息泄露已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了這樣一種情況：騙子可以輕易地知道你母親的名字，甚至更多。有了這些知識(shí)，他們就能夠開(kāi)展有針對(duì)性的運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)欺騙人們。根據(jù)這些可知，利用這種新的技術(shù)，欺詐者們可以精確的確定他們行騙的目標(biāo)。故A選項(xiàng)正確。
40.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，這項(xiàng)語(yǔ)音技術(shù)可以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)和人類非常相似的聲音，它可以和接待員進(jìn)行交談，進(jìn)行預(yù)訂。由此可知，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)有其好的方面。根據(jù)第三段的敘述可知，欺詐者們可以利用這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)來(lái)進(jìn)行欺詐行為。由此推知，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)既可以發(fā)揮好的作用，也可能為壞人所利用，產(chǎn)生不好的作用，因此可以說(shuō)它是一把雙刃劍。故B選項(xiàng)正確。
41.C
【解析】主旨大意題。第一段提到：robocalls（機(jī)器人電話: 自動(dòng)撥號(hào)播放錄音信息的推銷電話）在未來(lái)變得會(huì)越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重，不僅僅是出現(xiàn)在你的手機(jī)屏幕上的電話號(hào)碼令人懷疑，而且你會(huì)質(zhì)疑聽(tīng)到的聲音是否是真的。第二段介紹原因：語(yǔ)音操作與自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)使得機(jī)器人電話可以以假亂真。第三段介紹了語(yǔ)音操作和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展會(huì)使得機(jī)器人電話產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題更加嚴(yán)重。最后兩段提出我們?cè)撊绾螒?yīng)對(duì)這些問(wèn)題。綜上，文章第一段點(diǎn)明文章中心：機(jī)器人電話問(wèn)題在未來(lái)會(huì)變得越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。下文都是圍繞這一話題展開(kāi)的。故C選項(xiàng)適合作標(biāo)題。
題組二
Passage 1
【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一檔英國(guó)系列電視節(jié)目，給觀眾介紹如何減少食物浪費(fèi)以及如何以較少的預(yù)算做出美味佳肴。
24.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段知道Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role可知，她開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)新的節(jié)目。故選B。
25.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在Matt Tebbutt的幫助下，提供如何減少食物浪費(fèi)同時(shí)給每日生活費(fèi)低于5英鎊的每個(gè)家庭準(zhǔn)備食譜。故選C。解題關(guān)鍵詞：同義詞表達(dá)with the help of和help。
26.C 【解析】寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.可知，Save Money: Good Food節(jié)目是Save Money: Good Health節(jié)目之后，給觀眾一些建議：如何從眾多的市場(chǎng)上的健康產(chǎn)品中獲取價(jià)值。故選C。
27.D 【解析】主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知，文章作者一直在講如何用較少的錢做出好的食物。根據(jù)文章中的prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. 在資金緊張的情況下，準(zhǔn)備可口且有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的飯菜； how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. 如何減少食物浪費(fèi)同時(shí)給每日生活費(fèi)低于5英鎊的每個(gè)家庭準(zhǔn)備食譜； how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. 我們自己做這種食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不貴可仍然可口的食譜?？梢酝浦狣正確。
Passage2
【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。在當(dāng)今社會(huì)，人們?cè)诠矆?chǎng)合或沉迷于智能手機(jī)，或與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)帲吧酥g缺乏溝通。但人與人之間是需要適當(dāng)?shù)慕徽勯e聊的，閑聊是人際關(guān)系社會(huì)交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好處。
32.C 【解析】主旨大意題。題干問(wèn)的是：第一段描述了什么現(xiàn)象。在公共場(chǎng)合（比如在電梯里，在銀行排隊(duì)，或在飛機(jī)上）人們深深地專注于他們的智能手機(jī)，或者更糟糕的是，與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)帯Ｓ写丝芍?，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。A項(xiàng)意為：沉迷于智能手機(jī)。B項(xiàng)意為：在公共場(chǎng)所不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨椤項(xiàng)意為：陌生人之間缺乏溝通。D項(xiàng)意為：對(duì)緩慢的服務(wù)不耐煩。故選C項(xiàng)。
33.B 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)得是對(duì)于Carducci來(lái)說(shuō)，成功的閑聊中重要的是什么。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功閑聊的關(guān)鍵是學(xué)習(xí)如何與他們交流，而不僅僅是與他們溝通。）由此推斷C符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：表現(xiàn)出良好的禮貌。B項(xiàng)意為：與他人有關(guān)的。C項(xiàng)意為：專注于一個(gè)話題。D項(xiàng)意為：做商業(yè)交易。故選B項(xiàng)。
34.D 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)的是：咖啡店的研究對(duì)閑聊有什么建議。根據(jù)第四段的調(diào)查結(jié)果可知，那些與服務(wù)員聊天的人，有顯著的積極情緒和更好的咖啡店體驗(yàn)。由此可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：閑聊改善了家庭關(guān)系。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊提高了人們的信心。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊和正式談話一樣重要。D項(xiàng)意為：閑聊讓人感覺(jué)很好。故選D項(xiàng)。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意題。整篇文章剛開(kāi)始介紹了社會(huì)的現(xiàn)象（公共場(chǎng)合人們沉迷于智能手機(jī)，陌生人之間缺乏溝通交流），接著分析了這一問(wèn)題的原因，接下來(lái)有專家對(duì)閑聊進(jìn)行了研究，最后得出結(jié)論，閑聊都有什么樣的好處。A項(xiàng)意為：談話很重要。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的方法。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的好處。D項(xiàng)意為：不舒服的沉默。故選C項(xiàng)。
Passage3
【話題解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了Dawson這座城市的發(fā)展原因、過(guò)程與現(xiàn)狀。
24.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.可知，人們選擇在河邊或港口設(shè)城是因?yàn)榻煌ǚ奖?，便于做生意。而紐約就是在哈德森河口附近的一個(gè)大港口，故紐約吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正確。
25.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知，在最初挖黃金的兩萬(wàn)人中有4000人變富有，所以是五分之一的人變富了，故B正確。
26.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.可知，人們離開(kāi)Dawson的主要原因是聽(tīng)說(shuō)在Alaska發(fā)現(xiàn)了黃金，也就是他們要去別的地方尋找發(fā)財(cái)?shù)臋C(jī)會(huì)。故B正確。
27.A 【解析】主旨大意題。第一段簡(jiǎn)要介紹城市發(fā)展的原因，引出Dawson這一城市的興起，第二段介紹了該城市興起的原因，第三段介紹人們選擇離開(kāi)該城市的原因及現(xiàn)在的狀況，所以全文圍繞Dawson這個(gè)城市的發(fā)展起伏。故A正確。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文為一篇記敘文。講述了自己第一次跑馬拉松，憑借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的勵(lì)志故事。
36.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句Yet, I was determined to go ahead. 可知，馬拉松賽前一個(gè)月盡管作者腳踝受傷使得訓(xùn)練時(shí)間縮短，但作者仍下定決心參賽。故選C。
37.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段I didn’t do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂可知，作者提到7年級(jí)的事情是為了證明自己真的沒(méi)有運(yùn)動(dòng)天賦。故選C。
38.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第10段I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had. 可知，作者堅(jiān)持到了最后，而且得到了一塊獎(jiǎng)牌，雖然不是第一名，由此可見(jiàn)他成功地跑完了馬拉松。故選A。
39.B 【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，作者在講述自己跑馬拉松的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)最后一段Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂. 可知，作者成功跑完馬拉松源于自己的意志。故選B。
題組三
Passage1
【文章大意】為提高人們對(duì)于爵士樂(lè)的重視程度，UNESCO把4月30日定為國(guó)際爵士日，然而這一行為還是沒(méi)能挽救爵士樂(lè)。Jason Moran認(rèn)為時(shí)代在進(jìn)步，為了將老一代人和年輕一代人連接起來(lái)，爵士樂(lè)也應(yīng)該不斷進(jìn)步。
28.D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures.可知UNESCO把4月30日定為國(guó)際爵士日是為了讓人們重視爵士樂(lè)，意識(shí)到它的重要性以及它作為連接各文化的紐帶之聲的潛在功能，也就是為了讓人們意識(shí)到爵士樂(lè)的價(jià)值。故選D。
29.C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)前文Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations可知盡管UNESCO為爵士樂(lè)設(shè)了紀(jì)念日，但美國(guó)的爵士樂(lè)聽(tīng)眾依然在減少，并且年齡在老化，爵士樂(lè)沒(méi)能將年輕一代人連接起來(lái)。再結(jié)合It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that(是Jason Moran的工作是幫助改變那一情況)可推測(cè)that指代的是前文中爵士樂(lè)在年輕一代人中失去吸引力的現(xiàn)象。故選C。
30.C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same可知Moran認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在爵士樂(lè)不能以1908或1958年的方式來(lái)呈現(xiàn)，因?yàn)槭澜缫呀?jīng)不同了，所以爵士樂(lè)必須不斷進(jìn)步，說(shuō)明隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展，爵士樂(lè)也要跟上時(shí)代才不會(huì)被年輕一代所拋棄。故選C。
31.A 標(biāo)題選擇題。通讀全文可知本文主要講UNESCO為提高人們對(duì)爵士樂(lè)的重視而設(shè)立爵士日，但實(shí)際收效甚微。有人認(rèn)為爵士樂(lè)應(yīng)隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步而進(jìn)步，否則它將失去對(duì)人們的吸引力，因此本文主要是探索爵士樂(lè)的未來(lái)，故選A。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了Terrafugia公司研制出了飛車，試飛成功，預(yù)計(jì)將于明年進(jìn)行銷售。本文主要對(duì)飛車的歷史由來(lái)及其構(gòu)架進(jìn)行了介紹。
28.A 【解析】段落大意題。根據(jù)“The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.”可知選A。
29.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost
$279,000”可知，因?yàn)門ransition 的價(jià)格較高，所以不太可能在太多的馬路上出現(xiàn)。故選C。
30.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“he government has already permitted the company to use special materials to
make it easier for the vehicle to fly”以及“Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraf”可知，政府對(duì)于飛車的研發(fā)是比較支持的。故選B。
31.D 【解析】標(biāo)題歸納題。瀏覽全文，主要從飛車的試飛成功、飛車的構(gòu)架以及多年以前人們對(duì)飛車的
設(shè)想至今成為現(xiàn)實(shí)展開(kāi)說(shuō)明。故選D。
Passage3
【文章大意】這是一篇新聞報(bào)道。文章記敘了德國(guó)交通部長(zhǎng)的對(duì)于自主駕駛車輛的規(guī)章制度的一個(gè)提議，引出說(shuō)明了位于科技前沿的無(wú)人駕駛的自動(dòng)化車輛在英國(guó)、新加坡和美國(guó)的不同前景。
46.D 【解析】根據(jù)第二段的句子the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future可知選D。
47.B 【解析】根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles…可知選B。
48.D 【解析】根據(jù)第六、七、八段內(nèi)容可知選D。
49.C 【解析】根據(jù)最后一段That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.可知選C。
50. A 【解析】通讀全文可以知道，本文主要講述了誰(shuí)來(lái)對(duì)無(wú)人駕駛的機(jī)動(dòng)車輛負(fù)責(zé)。故選A。
題組四
Passage1
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。笑容是世上最通用的語(yǔ)言，笑容是世上最溫暖的語(yǔ)言。本文探討了人類為什么笑這個(gè)話題。
1.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段的To find out when and why people laugh可知本文寫作目的是弄清楚人類什么時(shí)候以及為什么會(huì)笑。故B項(xiàng)正確。
2.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段的At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less.可知，玩得多的人笑得多。A項(xiàng)正確。
3.A
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。聯(lián)系上下文可知susceptible（易受……影響的）與sensitive的意思最為接近。故選A。
4.C
【解析】主旨大意題。笑容是世上最通用的語(yǔ)言，笑容是世上最溫暖的語(yǔ)言，本文探討了人類為什么而笑這個(gè)問(wèn)題。故C項(xiàng)為最佳標(biāo)題。
Passage2
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。電動(dòng)車真的沒(méi)有污染嗎？通過(guò)文章的描述我們可以知道實(shí)際上并不是這樣的，電動(dòng)車比現(xiàn)在的汽車可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的污染，因?yàn)樗褂玫碾?，仍然是需要靠燃燒煤炭的資源來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
1.A 【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一句Electric cars are dirty. In fact，not only are they dirty，they might even be more dirty than their gasoline-powered cousins. 說(shuō)明電動(dòng)車一點(diǎn)也不環(huán)保。故A正確。
2.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題 。根據(jù)第四段的A gallon of gas may drive your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far. 一加侖汽油可能使你的汽車行駛25英里. 但是你從那加侖汽油中得到的電力不會(huì)讓你的車行那么遠(yuǎn)。故選C。
3.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far- so electric cars bum more fuel than gasoline-powered ones，可知電動(dòng)汽車燃燒的燃料比汽油燃料多，故選B。
4.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容可知電動(dòng)車所需要的電能，是需要通過(guò)燃燒煤炭等自然資源的，所以電動(dòng)車并不如人們所認(rèn)為的那樣清潔無(wú)污染。故D正確。
Passage3
【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了源自于古希臘且一直沿用至今的說(shuō)服他人的藝術(shù)，其中包括ethos、pathos、logos三種方式以及用這三種方式說(shuō)服他人在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的可能性。
1.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句話“Persuasion is to convince someone to agree with you, just like art which also calls for special techniques to accomplish.”可知，說(shuō)服是為了建議人們支持你。故選A。
2.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段前兩句“Ethos is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience that he is trustworthy, honest and reliable. One common way a speaker can develop ethos is by explaining how much experience or education he has in the field.”可知，演講者說(shuō)服聽(tīng)眾相信他的方法是Ethos，故選B。
3.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“For example, a politician who is trying to convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from aterrible war.”和最后一句“Similarly, an animal charity might show an audience pictures of injured dogs and cats to make the viewers feel pity, so they will be more likely to donate money.”可知，政治家可能會(huì)說(shuō)他會(huì)獨(dú)自一人從可拍的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中挽救一個(gè)國(guó)家為了說(shuō)服觀眾為他投票，動(dòng)物慈善機(jī)構(gòu)向觀眾展示受傷的貓或者狗的圖片是為了讓觀眾感到可憐，更可能捐款。因此可知，政治家和慈善機(jī)構(gòu)的共同之處是他們都想讓聽(tīng)眾支持他們。故選C。
4.B 【解析】標(biāo)題判斷題?？v觀全文可知，文章主要介紹了說(shuō)服人的藝術(shù)，包括ethos、pathos、logos三中不同的方式，以及這三種方式在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的可能性。因此推斷B項(xiàng)“說(shuō)服的三種基本方式”為最佳標(biāo)題，概況了文章中心主旨。故選B。
Passage4
【文章大意】主旨大意：主要講述在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，女性越來(lái)優(yōu)秀，但在一些領(lǐng)域男女仍比例失調(diào)嚴(yán)重，男性占多數(shù)。
1.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who’s interested in math and science, and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.’’可知，再過(guò)上幾年，她的女兒會(huì)越來(lái)越孤獨(dú)，并且選擇的機(jī)會(huì)可能越來(lái)越少。故選B。
2.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中“Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men, and by some estimates represent the largest single economic force in the world.”可知，女性大學(xué)生要比男生多。故選D。
3.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段提到的三個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)可以判斷，此段是根據(jù)時(shí)間順序來(lái)發(fā)展的。故選C。
4.A 【解析】主旨大意題。文章主要講述在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，女性越來(lái)優(yōu)秀，但在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域男女仍比例失調(diào)嚴(yán)重，男性占多數(shù)。故選A。


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