2021屆高考英語通用版一輪復習考點專講：考點45閱讀理解說明文學案-學案下載-教習網(wǎng)

高考頻度：★★★★★

說明文是對事物或事理進行客觀說明的一種文體，它以說明為主要表達方式，通過解說事物或闡明事理，達到教人以知識的目的，在結構上往往采用總分、遞進等方式按一定的順序（如時間、空間、從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)）進行說明。說明文的特點是客觀、簡練、語言準確、明了，文章很少表達作者的感情傾向。閱讀說明文的重點在于讀懂它說明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、構造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點等。最近五年，說明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學科的前沿問題；高科技領域的科研成果；人們比較關心的社會問題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設置采用漸進式，即由簡到難的方式，因此說明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點之一是考查學生對詞匯和句式的掌握。說明文的詞匯和句式的運用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點來幫助理解語篇，例如，下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標點符號（如破折號、冒號都有表示解釋和說明）等。
命題方式
考向一細節(jié)理解題
說明文中考查的細節(jié)理解題大致與記敘文相似。命題區(qū)域都有其共同點：⑴在列舉處命題，如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not?only?but?also、then、in?addition等表示順承關系的詞語列舉出事實。試題要求考生從列舉出的內(nèi)容中選出符合題干要求的答案項。⑵在例證處命題，句中常用由as、such?as、for?example、for?instance等引導的短語或句子作為例證，這些例句或比喻就成為命題者設問的焦點。⑶在轉(zhuǎn)折對比處命題，一般通過however、but、yet、in?fact等詞語來引導。對比用unlike、until、not?so?much…as等詞語引導，命題者常對用來對比的雙方屬性進行考查。⑷在比較處命題，無端的比較、相反的比較、偷換對象的比較，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在干擾項中，考生要標記并且關注到原文中的比較，才能順利地排除干擾。⑸在復雜句中命題，包括同位詞、插入語、定語、從句、不定式等，命題者主要考查考生對句子之間的指代關系和語法關系。??
細節(jié)類問題一般都能在原文中找到出處，只要仔細就可以在文中找到答案。但正確的選擇項不可能與閱讀材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的語句成句型表達相同的意思。??????
考向二語意猜測題
?說明文為了把自然規(guī)律，事物的性質(zhì)等介紹清楚或把事理闡述明白，因此學術性強的生詞較多，所以常進行生詞詞義判斷題的考查。命題方式多以the?underlined part?…?in?paragraph…refers?to…或what?does?the?underlined?word?mean?或what?is?the?meaning?of?the?underlined?word?為設問方式。解題時考生應認真閱讀原文，分析其對某些科學原理是如何定義、如何解釋的，并以此為突破口抽象概括出生詞詞義。也可以通過上下文來猜測某個陌生詞語的語意?；蛘哒页瞿硞€詞語在文章中的同義詞。要注意破折號、同位語從句、定語從句、插入語等具有解釋、說明作用的語言成分。說明文在闡述說明對象時易發(fā)生動作變換、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變的現(xiàn)象，這類題目常以it，they，them?等代詞為命題點，因此考生要根據(jù)上下文語境，認真閱讀原文，分析動作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，弄清動作不同執(zhí)行者，以便準確判斷代詞的其實際指代對象。??????
考向三主旨大意題
????說明文常用文章大意判斷題考查考生對通篇文意的理解。即對文章的主題或中心意思的概括和歸納。主要考查考生對文章的整體理解能力。命題形式常以this?passage?mainly?talks?about?____. what?is?the?main?idea?of?the?passage? 為設問方式。
答題時首先閱讀題干，掌握問題的類型，了解試題題干以及各個選項所包含的信息，然后有針對性地對文章進行掃讀，對有關信息進行快速定位，再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項，選出正確答案。??
考向四判斷推理題??
這種試題常以(1)the passage is intended to...(2) the author suggests that...(3) the story implies that…(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can conclude that...(6) the purpose of the passage is to...為設問方式。這種題型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生進行合理的推斷。如因果關系，文中的某些用詞、語氣也往往具有隱含意義，考生要將這種含義讀出來。說明文常出現(xiàn)圖示判斷題，這種試題可以事物之間正確的依賴關系為命題點，要求考生判斷其正確的流程順序相互關系等。考生一定要認真閱讀原文，并對照原文介紹的情況，弄清圖示的差異，根據(jù)題干需要最終做出正確判斷。如：動物介紹性說明文常出現(xiàn)動物能力判斷題，考查考生對特定動物所具有能力的判斷。解題時考生應認真閱讀原文對動物形態(tài)活動能力的判斷，了解動物的生存環(huán)境和是否會使用工具，是否善于爬行、飛翔和游泳等。?????觀點態(tài)度題也是判斷推理題考查的內(nèi)容之一。說明文的對象為客觀事實,但設題以議論的表達方式抒發(fā)對該說明對象的想法。如對某種新發(fā)明的贊賞,或?qū)δ硞€事物的批判。這類題目常見的題干表達方式有what?was?the?author’s?attitude?towards?...??等。

高考閱讀理解中，說明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設問主要圍繞以下四方面：細節(jié)事實題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測詞義題。其中，說明文主要以細節(jié)事實、主旨大意和猜測詞義三方面問題為主。
一、詞義猜測類題型
閱讀理解題中常要求學生猜測某些單詞或短語的意思。歷年英語高考題中均有此類題目，有的文章盡管沒有專門設題，但由于文章中常常出現(xiàn)生詞，因此，詞義的猜測還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類題目一般是通過上下文去理解或根據(jù)構詞法去猜測。判斷一個單詞的意思不但離不開句子，而且還需要把句子放在上下文中，根據(jù)上下文提供的線索加以猜測。運用構詞法,語境等推測關鍵詞義，可以根據(jù)以下幾種方法猜測：
（一）內(nèi)在邏輯關系
根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關系推測詞義是指運用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關系推斷生詞詞義。
1.通過同義詞和反義詞的關系猜詞
通過同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happy and gay，即使我們不認識gay這個詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.這是高三冊第八單元閱讀第五段的句子：
The word ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to_________.
A. freefromanxiety B. anxious C. nervous D. happy
根據(jù)上下文和同義詞，可以選出答案A。
二是看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬于＂行星＂這一義域.通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根據(jù)not at all...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。
2.根據(jù)因果關系猜測詞義
通過因果關系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系，然后才能猜詞。有時文章借助關聯(lián)詞（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的錯），可猜出blame的詞義是＂責備＂。
3.通過定義或釋義關系來推測詞義
例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.
從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時期，即drought，由此可見drought意思為＂久旱＂，＂旱災＂。而a dry period和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折號等來表示。
4.通過句法功能來推測詞義
例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。
5.通過描述猜詞
描述即作者為幫助讀者更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。例如The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類.后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。
（二）外部相關因素
外部相關因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知識，有時僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關系無法猜出詞義。這時，就需要運用生活經(jīng)驗和普通常識確定詞義。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根據(jù)有關蛇的生活習性的知識，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為＂爬行＂。
（三）構詞法
在閱讀文章時，我們總會遇上一些新詞匯，有時很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時，如掌握了一些常用的詞根,前綴,后綴,合成等構詞法知識，這些問題便不難解決了。
1.根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義
例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根據(jù)詞根conscious（清醒的，有意識的），結合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.詞根lit-erate意為＂有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的＂，前綴il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一竅不通，不知道的＂。
2.根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后綴cide表示＂殺者，殺滅劑＂，結合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲），不難猜出insecticide意為＂殺蟲劑＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后綴let表示＂小的＂，詞根drop指＂滴，滴狀物＂。將兩個意思結合起來，便可推斷出droplet詞義＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.根據(jù)復合詞的各部分猜測詞義
例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或許是一個生詞，但是分析該詞結構后，就能推測出其含義。它是由high（高的，強的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是＂以強光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運動—斗牛。
二、主旨大意類題型
主旨大意類題型主要測試學生對文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：
（一）閱讀文章的標題或副標題
文章的標題是一篇文章的題眼，通過閱讀標題或副標題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）尋找文章的主題句
分析篇章結構，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據(jù)其篇章特點我們可以通過仔細閱讀短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來說明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時，要求學生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學生綜觀全文，對段落的內(nèi)容要融會貫通，對文章透徹理解后歸納總結。主題句的特點是：1.相對于其他句子，它表達的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結構簡單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的思想的。
總之，為提高閱讀理解能力，在閱讀時應抓中心思想,作者意圖及關鍵詞語，運用聯(lián)想、比較、歸納、推測等方法，得出最佳結論，選擇最佳答案，不能主觀臆測，把自己的觀點強加進去，與文章的觀點混為一談。經(jīng)過長時間有計劃,有目的的系統(tǒng)訓練，使學生加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀的正確性，使兩者有機地統(tǒng)一起來，以提高學生閱讀英語和運用英語進行交際的能力，為繼續(xù)學習和運用英語切實打好基礎.閱讀是一種綜合性很強的語言實際活動。我們只有進行大量的課內(nèi)外閱讀，掌握一定的閱讀技巧，正確運用閱讀方法，才能有效地提高閱讀理解能力。

題組一（2019年高考真題）
Passage1(2019·全國新課標卷I，C)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物測量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(裝置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(節(jié)奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.
A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine.
Passage2(2019·全國新課標卷I，D)
During the rosy years of elementary school(小學), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(從事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(調(diào)查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
Passage3(2019·全國新課標卷II，D)
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解決方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影響) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
Passage4(2019·全國新課標卷I，D)
Before the 1830smost newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企業(yè))were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
28. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.
29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
30. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A. Local politicians. B. Common people.
C. Young publishers. D. Rich businessmen.
31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
題組二（2018年高考真題）
Passage1(2018·全國新課標卷I，D)
We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (裝置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what’s the solution (解決方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
34. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.
Passage2(2018·全國新課標卷I，B)
Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "
The eight-part series(系列節(jié)目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What do we know about Susanna Reid?
A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme.
C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a tight budget for her family.
25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cooking materials for her. B. He prepares food for her kids.
C. He assists her in cooking matters. D. He invites guest families for her.
26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previous paragraphs. B. Provide some advice for the readers.
C. Add some background information. D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef D. Cooking Well for Less
Passage3(2018·全國新課標卷II，B)
Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白質(zhì)), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
24. What does the author seem to like about cherries?
A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A.
C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants.
25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?
A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.
C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A container. D. A machine.
27. From which is the text probably taken?
A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.
Passage4(2018·北京卷，B)
Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center
If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.
More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they’re studying in the classroom.
For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(榮譽徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模擬) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(駕駛艙) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂ pilot.
With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.
All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.
Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!
For more details, please visit us online at www. oursac. com.
40. Why do people come to SAC?
A. To experience adventures.
B. To look for jobs in aviation.
C. To get a degree in engineering.
D. To learn more about medicine.
41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .
A. fly to space
B. get an Aviation badge first
C. study the principles of flight
D. build and fire model rockets
42. What is the most important for trainees?
A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.
C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.
題組三（2017年高考真題）
Passage1(2017·全國新課標卷I，D)
A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸餾器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圓錐體) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸發(fā)) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s complex. . D. It’s portable.
33. What does the underlined phrase ＂the water catcher＂ in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hole. D. The cup.
34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?
A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from .
A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole
C. the open air D. beneath the sheet
Passage2(2017·全國新課標卷II，B)
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia
says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
C. The designers of the Transition.
29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?
A. It causers traffic jams.
B. It is difficult to operate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns too much fuel.
30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?
A. Cautious B. Favorable.
C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving.
31. What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto Show
B. The Transition’s First Flight
C. Pilots’ Dream Coming True
D. Flying Car Closer to Reality
Passage3(2017·全國新課標卷II，D)
When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to ＂overhear＂ the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles?Darwin,?over?150?years?ago,?imagined?a?world?far?busier,?noisier?and?more?intimate(親密的)
?than?the?world?we?can?see?and?hear.?Our?senses?are?weak.?There’s?a?whole?lot?going?on.
32.?What?does?a?plant?do?when?it?is?under?attack?
A.?It?makes?noises.????? B.?It?gets?help?from?other?plants.
C.?It?stands?quietly???? D.?It?sends?out?certain?chemicals.
33.?What?does?the?author?mean?by?＂the?tables?are?turned＂?in?paragraph?3?
A.?The?attackers?get?attacked.
B.?The?insects?gather?under?the?table.
C.?The?plants?get?ready?to?fight?back.
D.?The?perfumes?attract?natural?enemies.
34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disasters
B. protect themselves against insects
C. talk to one another intentionally
D. help their neighbors when necessary
35.what can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The world is changing faster than ever.
B. People have stronger senses than before
C. The world is more complex than it seems
D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
Passage4(2017·全國新課標卷III，C)
After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (來源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
28. What is the text mainly about?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested. B. Separated.
C. Forced out. D. Tracked down.
30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?
A. Damage to local ecology.
B. A decline in the park’s income.
C. Preservation of vegetation.
D. An increase in the variety of animals.
31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.

題組四（名校模擬題）
Passage 1(河南省實驗中學2019屆高考全真模擬)
Solar energy systems & power plants do not produce air pollution, water pollution, or greenhouse gases. Using solar energy can have a positive, indirect effect on the environment, when solar energy replaces or reduces the use of other energy sources that have larger effects on the environment.
However, some poisonous materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic ( 光電池的) cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Some solar thermal (保熱的) systems use potentially hazardous liquids to transfer heat. Leaks of these materials could be harmful to the environment. U. S. environmental laws regulate the use and settlement of these types of materials.
As with any type of power plant, large solar power plants can affect the environment near their locations. The placement of the power plant may have long-term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals. Some solar power plants may require water for cleaning solar collectors and concentrators or for cooling turbine generators. Using large volumes of ground water or surface water in some dry locations may affect the ecosystems that depend on these water resources. In addition, the beam of concentrated sunlight a solar power tower creates can kill birds and insects that fly into the beam.
The amount of solar energy that the earth receives each day is many times greater than the total amount of all energy that people consume each day. However, on the surface of the earth, solar energy is a variable and irregular energy source. The amount of sunlight and the intensity of sunlight varies by time of day and location. Weather and climate conditions affect the availability of sunlight daily and on a seasonal basis. The type and size of a solar energy collection and conversion system determines how much of the available solar energy we can convert into useful energy.
1. Which of the following best explains "hazardous" underlined in paragraph 2?
A. inexpensive B. dangerous
C. ineffective D. abnormal
2. What influence can large solar power plants have on the locations?
A. Polluting the ground water.
B. Protecting the habitats of plants and animals.
C. Damaging the local natural balance.
D. Attracting birds and insects to the area.
3. What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?
A. Different areas receive different amount of solar energy.
B. How to convert solar energy into useful energy.
C. The relationship between solar energy collection and the sunlight.
D. Some factors that influence the amount of solar energy collection.
Passage 2(山東省濰坊市2019屆高三上學期期中考試)
Digital grounding is when parents or caregivers limit or completely take away access to technology from children. According to a study conducted by Pew Research，65％of parents have digitally grounded their teen by taking away their teen’s cellphone or internet access as punishment.
Because children are so connected with their technologies, digital grounding may seem like a logical step for parents. Take away a child’s most cherished item and they will quickly learn from their behavior. But the idea of digital grounding isn’t as clear—cut as that. Instead, it may be a lose-lose situation for parents and kids, alike.
For most parents, the goal of grounding isn’t to make their children unhappy or sad. It is to teach a lesson in the hope that they won’t engage in whatever behavior got them in trouble in the first place. Unfortunately, though, digital grounding is often just punishment, not discipline. If a child stays out past curfew(約定的最晚回家時間), a punishment would be hitting or yelling at them. Discipline would be not letting them go out the next weekend because they failed to follow rules.
We’ve all been there—we’ve caught our child doing something wrong and in the heat of the moment laid out a strict punishment. We may have been feeling hot—headed, embarrassed, or upset. Often, though, these punishments don’t align with the bad behavior.
While digital grounding may solve the problem temporarily, it won’t provide children with the guidance they need to act appropriately in the future. Instead of grounding, show your child what they did wrong and give them the chance to act differently. This way, they will learn from their mistakes in a practical manner and figure out ways to be safe and smart with technology.
There’s no denying it：technology is here for the long-haul. This is why some parenting experts don’t recommend digitally grounding your children. It doesn’t focus on the end goal of safe behavior. They recommend teaching them good habits as soon as possible, rather than taking away their technology. By digitally grounding them, you are putting a bandage over the wound, rather than treating it.
Now, when we say that digital grounding is a lose-lose situation, we’re not saying that disciplining your children in general is a lose—lose situation. Discipline is a great way to teach children lessons, when used appropriately.
1. Which of the following is a form of discipline?
A. Hitting or yelling at children.
B. Laying out a strict punishment in the heat of the moment.
C. Taking away access to cellphones from children completely.
D. Forbidding kids to go out the next weekend if they stay out past curfew.
2. What does the author think of digital grounding?
A. It benefits children greatly.
B. It is no better than disciplining.
C. Parents can use it to correct kids’behavior.
D. Neither parents nor children gain benefits from it.
3. What does the author suggest parents do instead of grounding?
A. Give kids more free time. B. Act appropriately in public.
C. Help kids form good habits. D. Put a bandage over the wound.
4. What’s the purpose of the text?
A. To inform us of ways of punishing kids.
B. To explain what digital grounding means.
C. To show how to parent children in digital times.
D. To prove digital grounding is not a good parenting way.
Passage 3(湖南省三湘名校教育聯(lián)盟2019屆高三大聯(lián)考)
Not only does the use of plastic water bottles hurt your wallet, it also increases pollution and wastes energy and water. Only 23 % of all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin， meaning over $ 1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year. Recently, Skipping Rocks Lab has invented a kind of water bottle called Ooho.
It is a convenient, clear water bottle that can either be drunken or eaten. To drink it, you can either peel off the membrane(薄膜）or tear a hole in the membrane with your teeth to pour the water into your mouth. To eat it，you simply put the whole bottle in your mouth. One problem the scientists have run into is how to ship large amounts of Ooho bubbles(水泡）without arriving with a very wet truck. However，they have attempted to package units of individual bubbles together inside a larger and thicker membrane. It is targeting large outdoor events? such as marathons? music festivals，and sporting events， where tons of plastic bottles are used，and frequently left behind as litter. And too much plastic is sure to do harm to the environment，which could account for their purpose of such a new invention.
The team has been working for the past two years to develop the technology and materials needed to produce Ooho； they have recently applied a patent for their new advancements. The price for an individual bubble or a unit of bubbles has not been set yet, but they cost about two cents to create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bottles* It has appeared at events in London, San Francisco , Boston, at conferences, festivals，and so on.
Ooho is catching many people’s attention and has raised over $ 1 million and gained 1，000 investors in only three days. It is mostly being sold at events at the moment to keep the consumer’s interest while the production machine is getting up and running. It is quickly making a rise, so keep an eye out this year for these bottles of the future.
1.How is most plastic dealt with in America?
A. It’s sold. B. It’s recycled.
C. It’s buried. D. It’s wasted.
2.Why did the team invent Ooho?
A. To make a profit for a company. B. To protect the environment.
C. To make people eat as they drink. D. To reduce the cost of plastic bottle.
3.What can we infer about Ooho from the text?
A. It is easy and safe to ship it in large amounts.
B. It has become popular since it began to be sold.
C. It might be sold at a lower price than plastic bottles.
D. It cost the team a lot of money to develop the technology.
4.What does the author really want to say in the last paragraph?
A. Ooho is to be a success in the future.
B. Ooho is being supported by smart people.
C. Ooho is taking the place of plastic bottles now.
D. Ooho is being produced to attract more investors,
Passage 4（濱州市2018屆高三5月第二次模擬）
Educators across the US are calling for major changes to the admissions process in higher education. The Harvard school of Greduate Education, along with 80 other schools and organizations, released a report called "Turning the Tide Making Caring Common” in January, 2016. The report argues that the process schools use to choose students causes major problems.
David Hawkins is the Executive Director for Educational Content and Policy at the National Association for College Admissions Counseling. Hawkins told Voice of America that most colleges and universities require many things from students when they apply. Schools usually ask for an essay describing a student's interests or why they want to study at that school. The schools also ask for letters from teachers or other responsible adults describing why a student is a good candidate. But, Hawkins says, the area that schools are most concerned about is a student's high school grades and standardized test results.
The report suggests that paying attention to academic success over other qualities works well for some students but hurts others. In addition, academic success is not the most important quality a student should have. More attention should be paid to showing whether or not a student wants to do well in the world, according to the report.
The report goes on to state that the best way to change the admissions process is by changing college applications. It suggests that schools should ask for evidence that students care about other people. But the report does have its critics. Bob Schaeffer, Public Education Director for the National Center for Fair and Open Testing, said that every few years, someone makes the same argument for changes, but no real change has happed yet. Even many of the schools that agree with the report still make no changes.
Lloyd Thacker, Executive Director of the Education Conservancy, said that until a majority of schools agree to make the changes, there will still be problems. However, he said, the admissions process was better in the past. If bad changes can affect the process, so can good ones.
1.What is the problems of the admissions process according to the report?
A. The schools ask too many things from the applying students.
B. The schools attach too much importance to students’ academic records
C. The number of students getting admitted is too small
D. Admissions officers consider too many unimportant factors
2.What is usually missing in an essay?
A. The reasons to attend the school
B.A description of interests
C. Recommendation letters from adults
D. Evidence that students care about others
3.Bob Schaeffer argues that _________.
A. not all changes are good
B. the largest schools are expected to make changes first
C.no schools currently agree with the report
D. some schools don’t make changes even if they agree
4.What’s Lloyd Thacker’s attitude toward the possible change in the admissions process?
A. Confident B. Negative
C. Doubtful D. Unclear

題組一
Passage1
【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。數(shù)據(jù)和身份盜竊變得越來越普遍，目前，向指紋掃描等這些技術仍然是昂貴的。本文介紹了一種新的科技——智能鍵盤，它能給e-space用戶帶來安全，而且這項技術也不貴。
28.D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者們開發(fā)智能鍵盤是為了降低e-space保護的成本。故選D。
29.C
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities可知，因為每個人的打字方式不同，使智能鍵盤能夠識別人的身份。故選C。
30.B
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者們希望智能鍵盤能早日面世。故選B。
31.D
【解析】推理判斷題。本文介紹了一種新的科技——智能鍵盤，它能給e-space用戶帶來安全，由此可知，本文是關于科技，結合所給選項可知，本文可能來自于一本雜志。故選D。
Passage2
【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講到研究表明，對別人好，討人喜歡對人生活的各個方面有深遠的有益影響。
32.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小學時光里，我喜歡分享我的娃娃和笑話，這讓我保持了高高的社會地位。）由此推斷出，作者在小學早期時，是一個慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷靜的，故選C。
33.A
【解析】主旨大意題。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（臨床心理學教授Mitch Prinstein將受歡迎的人分為兩類:討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主題句，本段內(nèi)容分別對the likable 和the status seekers 做了解釋，所以本段主要介紹了兩種受歡迎的分類，故選A。
34.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可愛可以促使健全的調(diào)整），由此推斷出，心理學教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子適應性更強，故選B。
35.A
【解析】標題歸納題。通過閱讀全文內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一段，可知這篇文章主要講了受歡迎，討人喜歡對人生活的各個方面有深遠的有益影響。與選項A“對別人好——最終，你的收獲無窮無盡”一致，故選A。
Passage3
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。本文介紹了HUNCH項目就是通過Gordon的學生找到如何殺死空間站的細菌這一技術，把空間技術與帶進課堂，與學校教育相結合，從而最終影響到大學入學。
32.A
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，細菌對宇航員來說是個令人討厭的問題。這種來自我們身體的微生物在國際空間站的表面不受控制地生長，宇航員每周要花幾個小時來清理它們。也就是說它們很難去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A項符合題意。
33.D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程師聯(lián)系起來。Gordon的學生一直在研究如何在零重力下殺死細菌, ...”。結合最后一段中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,...”可知，學生每天都給NASA的工程師發(fā)郵件一起探討（如何殺死空間站的細菌這一空間技術）這個問題。由此可推斷出HUNCH program的目的把空間技術與學校教育相結合。分析選項可知D項符合題意。
34.A
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year ,present it to NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...It’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA的工程師要檢查學生所做的產(chǎn)品。分析選項可知A項符合題意，故選A。
35.B
主旨大意題。文章以國際空間站里的微生物很難清除開頭，引出宇航員們解決此問題的途徑——借助美國國家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此計劃的目的是把航天技術與學校教育結合起來。在這項計劃里，學生們通過homework（制作供美國國家航空航天局使用的產(chǎn)品）探索無疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功課疆域”最適合做文章的標題。故選B。
Passage4
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。文章敘述了“便士報紙”的誕生歷史。
28.B
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Before1830s，... Accordingly newspapers were read almost only by rich people. In addition ,most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding.”可知，在19世紀30年代之前,只有富人才能讀報紙，而且大多數(shù)報紙中幾乎沒有能吸引大眾的內(nèi)容，讓人感覺無聊，，視覺上令人望而卻步。由此可得出那時的報紙沒有什么吸引力。分析選項，A . Academic學術的；B. Unattractive沒有吸引力，無魅力的； C. Inexpensive廉價的，不貴的； D. Confidential機密的，保密的。可知 A、C和D是錯誤的，只有B符合題意，故選B。
29.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段提到“便士報紙”針對大眾，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以買的到報紙。結合第三段中間的“streets sales of newspapers would be commonplaced in eastern cities”可知，報紙的街頭銷售隨處可見。由此可推斷出，街頭銷售意味讀報紙的多了。分析選項可知C符合題，故選C。
30.B
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.”可知，這種“便士報紙”針對大眾的，在街上可以買的到報紙。分析選項可知，選項B符合題意，故選B。
31.A
【解析】推理判斷題。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend of newspapers for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, people who owners of successful papers, had little desires to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.”可知，“便士報紙”新趨勢一開始并不好，一些早期的嘗試立即失敗了。已經(jīng)進入商業(yè)領域的成功的出版商，并不想改變這一傳統(tǒng)。后來一些年輕而大膽的商人才推動了這件事。由此可推斷出“便士報紙”的誕生是一個困難而曲折的過程。分析選項可知，A項符合題意，故選A。
題組二
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說明文。文章講述了新舊電子設備的差別，舊電子設備耗能高、不環(huán)保。所以作者主張使用新電子設備。
32.A 【解析】觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.可知，使用舊的電子設備對環(huán)境和我們的錢包都是壞消息。這些過時的設備做相同的事情要消耗比新設備更多的能量。由此推知作者認為新電子設備環(huán)保、節(jié)能。故選A。
33.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚這些設備用了多少電。故選D。
34.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板電腦是耗能最少的電子設備，可以降低44%的耗能。故選B。
35.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知，因為舊的電子設備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者建議停止使用舊的電子設備。故選A。
Passage 2
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一檔英國系列電視節(jié)目，給觀眾介紹如何減少食物浪費以及如何以較少的預算做出美味佳肴。
24.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段知道Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role可知，她開辟了一個新的節(jié)目。故選B。
25.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在Matt Tebbutt的幫助下，提供如何減少食物浪費同時給每日生活費低于5英鎊的每個家庭準備食譜。故選C。解題關鍵詞：同義詞表達with the help of和help。
26.C 【解析】寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.可知，Save Money: Good Food節(jié)目是Save Money: Good Health節(jié)目之后，給觀眾一些建議：如何從眾多的市場上的健康產(chǎn)品中獲取價值。故選C。
27.D 【解析】主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知，文章作者一直在講如何用較少的錢做出好的食物。根據(jù)文章中的prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. 在資金緊張的情況下，準備可口且有營養(yǎng)的飯菜； how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. 如何減少食物浪費同時給每日生活費低于5英鎊的每個家庭準備食譜； how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. 我們自己做這種食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不貴可仍然可口的食譜。可以推知D正確。
Passage 3
【文章大意】本文是一篇日常生活類說明文。文章主要介紹并比較了幾種水果各自的營養(yǎng)價值和健康功效，并列出了一些食用這些水果的方法。
24.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。題干問的是，作者喜歡櫻桃什么。根據(jù)第二段中As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares?（至于櫻桃，因為它們很好吃誰在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故選C。
25.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鮮的檸檬汁是為了防止香蕉變成褐色，故新鮮的檸檬汁是被用來保持香蕉的顏色的。故選B。
26.D 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段中they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below可知，孩子們喜歡把一些水果和冷凍的香蕉放入到這臺機器的上部，然后看到冰激凌從下面出來。故可以推出a juicer就是一臺機器。故選D。
27.B 【解析】文章出處題。文章首先指出七月是水果盛產(chǎn)的季節(jié)，并指出各種水果富含的營養(yǎng)，最后一段指出我們可以用a juicer為孩子們做一些甜點和冰激凌，故最可能是從健康雜志上摘取的文章。A項意為：生物教科書；B項意為：一本健康雜志；C項意為：一篇研究論文；D項意為：一本旅游手冊。故選B。
Passage 4
【文章大意】本文為說明文。文章主要介紹了宇航中心培訓項目簡介，命題時從讀者的真實需求出發(fā)，著重考查培訓項目的相關內(nèi)容和特點。激發(fā)考生的航天夢想，探險精神和團隊合作精神。。
40.A 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第一句If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. 可知，人們來SAC是為了尋找與眾不同的冒險體驗，故選A。
41.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模擬) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. 可知，要想獲得太空探險徽章需要建造和發(fā)射火箭模型，學習空間任務，嘗試與飛行員模擬太空飛行等，故選D。
42.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task. 可知，對于受訓者來說，團隊合作是關鍵，故團隊精神是最重要的，故選B。
題組三
Passage1
【文章大意】本文主要介紹了一種自己可以親手制作的簡單易行的太陽能蒸餾器的方法，并介紹了它的工作原理。這種蒸餾器所需的材料簡單，適用于任何缺水的地方。
32.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句話These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.可知制作蒸餾器的東西可以疊放在一個小包里，系在腰間，這說明制作蒸餾器的設備很輕便，portable表示＂輕便的；手提的＂，故選D。
33.B 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity可知最好在潮濕的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。＂接水器＂指的是在潮濕的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一個杯子，杯子上方用膜覆蓋，整個裝置構成接水器，而不是某個部分。這一題很容易錯選D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事實并不會因為周圍環(huán)境的變化而變化，杯子的工作效率是不變的。故選B。
34.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock(放一塊石頭在覆蓋膜的中間，把它壓下去)，故選C。
35.D 【解析】推理判斷題。結合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸發(fā)) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸發(fā)，在覆蓋膜上聚集起來，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆蓋膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆蓋膜的下面。故選D。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了Terrafugia公司研制出了飛車，試飛成功，預計將于明年進行銷售。本文主要對飛車的歷史由來及其構架進行了介紹。
28.A 【解析】段落大意題。根據(jù)＂The vehicle—named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.＂可知選A。
29.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)＂But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost
$279,000＂可知，因為Transition 的價格較高，所以不太可能在太多的馬路上出現(xiàn)。故選C。
30.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)＂the government has already permitted the company to use special materials to
make it easier for the vehicle to fly＂以及＂Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraf＂可知，政府對于飛車的研發(fā)是比較支持的。故選B。
31.D 【解析】標題歸納題。瀏覽全文，主要從飛車的試飛成功、飛車的構架以及多年以前人們對飛車的
設想至今成為現(xiàn)實展開說明。故選D。
Passage3
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當植物受到攻擊時，會發(fā)出VOCs，以此來保護自己或者與周圍的植物通過化學物質(zhì)進行交流。
32.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)＂reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular
smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm＂可知，當植物受到傷害時，會分泌一種特殊的化學物質(zhì)。
33.A 【解析】詞義推測題。根據(jù)＂Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now
becomes lunch＂，一旦它們到達這里，這些攻擊者就會受到植物的攻擊，故選A。
34.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)＂Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being
attacked＂及＂Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away... ＂可知答案選B。
35.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)＂imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(親密的) than the world
we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on＂可知，這個世界遠比我們看到或聽到的更熱鬧、更親密，我們認知能力有限，有很多事仍在繼續(xù)發(fā)生，遠比我們想象的要復雜。故選C。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了美國黃石公園重新引進灰狼的事情。人類活動的影響使灰狼的數(shù)量逐漸減少，鹿群數(shù)量逐漸增加，從而導致植被被大量破壞。
28. D 【解析】主旨大意題。文章開門見山地提出黃石公園引進灰狼的舉措，然后在下文中詳細介紹其原因以及帶來的良好的轉(zhuǎn)機，由此判斷本文的中心話題是美國黃石公園對灰狼的引進。
29. C 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本段后兩句可知，因為人類的發(fā)展，侵占了灰狼的領域，灰狼逐漸向北遷徙，由此推斷灰狼被人類排擠走了。
30. A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，灰狼的減少造成了鹿群的增多，從而植被遭到了破壞；造成了土狼數(shù)量的快速增長，它們獵殺了大量的赤狐，趕走了海貍，由此可推斷出灰狼的消失導致了當?shù)厣鷳B(tài)平衡被破壞。
31.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章末段的最后一句可知，作者認為引進灰狼的項目是很有價值的實驗，因此可推知作者對這一舉措持肯定的態(tài)度。
題組四
Passage1
【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了太陽能發(fā)電的潛在弊端以及影響太陽能收集量的幾個因素。
1.B
【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前的“However, some poisonous materials and chemicals are used to make the photovoltaic ( 光電池的) cells that convert sunlight into electricity.”可知，然而，一些有毒的材料和化學物質(zhì)被用來制造將陽光轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的光伏電池，一些太陽能保溫系統(tǒng)使用潛在危險的液體來傳遞熱量，由此可知畫線詞詞義為“危險的”，故B項正確。
2. C
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“The placement of the power plant may have long-term effects on the habitats of native plants and animals.”可知，大型太陽能發(fā)電廠的選址可能會對當?shù)貏又参锏臈⒌禺a(chǎn)生長期的影響，也就是會破壞當?shù)刈匀黄胶?，故C項正確。
3.D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“However, on the surface of the earth, solar energy is a variable and irregular energy source. The amount of sunlight and the intensity of sunlight varies by time of day and location. Weather and climate conditions affect the availability of sunlight daily and on a seasonal basis.”可知，在地球表面，太陽能是一種可變的和不規(guī)則的能源，陽光的數(shù)量和強度隨著一天的時間和地點而變化，天氣和氣候條件影響每日和季節(jié)性的陽光供應，由此可知，本段主要介紹的是影響太陽能收集量的幾個因素，故D項正確。
Passage2【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。介紹了“數(shù)碼囚禁”并不是教養(yǎng)孩子的好方法。
1.D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。由第三段“ a child stays out past curfew(約定的最晚回家時間), a punishment would be hitting or yelling at them. Discipline would be not letting them go out the next weekend because they failed to follow rules. ”可知，一個孩子超過約定的最晚回家時間，懲罰就是打他們或?qū)λ麄兇蠛按蠼小＜o律不會讓他們下周末出去，因為他們沒有遵守規(guī)則。故D選項正確。
2.D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。由第二段“Instead, it may be a lose-lose situation for parents and kids, alike. ”可知，相反，這對父母和孩子來說可能是一種兩敗俱傷的局面。故D選項正確。
3.C
【解析】推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第二段“They recommend teaching them good habits as soon as possible，rather than taking away their technology”可知，他們建議盡快教他們好習慣，而不是拿走他們的科技。故C選項正確。
4.D
【解析】推理判斷題。由第二段“Instead, it may be a lose-lose situation for parents and kids, alike. ”第三段“For most parents, the goal of grounding isn’t to make their children unhappy or sad. 第五段“while digital grounding may solve the problem temporarily it won’t provide children with the guidance they need to act appropriately in the future. ”第六段“This is why some parenting experts don’t recommend digitally grounding your children”可知，“數(shù)碼囚禁”并不是教養(yǎng)孩子的好方法。故D選項正確。
Passage3
【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了Skipping Rocks Lab發(fā)明的新型環(huán)保儲水容器Ooho，它是一個能攜帶液體資源的球面薄膜，它的制作成本很低，強韌且環(huán)保、可生物降解而且可食用。
1.D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的Only 23 % of all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin， meaning over $ 1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year.可知在美國，只有23%的塑料資源被回收利用，大部分的塑料都被當作垃圾扔掉了，故選D。
2.B
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的it also increases pollution and wastes energy and water.和第二段
And too much plastic is sure to do harm to the environment，which could account for their purpose of such a new invention.可知Skipping Rocks Lab發(fā)明新型環(huán)保的儲水容器Ooho，它是一個能攜帶液體資源的球面薄膜，它的制作成本很低，強韌且環(huán)保、可生物降解而且可食用。因此可知其目的是保護環(huán)境，故選B。
3.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的The price for an individual bubble or a unit of bubbles has not been set yet, but they cost about two cents to create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bottles可知制造儲水容器Ooho的成本比塑料礦泉水瓶低得多，因此可以推斷出其市場售價可能會比塑料瓶低，故選C。
4.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容尤其是It is quickly making a rise，so keep an eye out this year for these bottles of the future.這一句話可知許多投資商看好儲水容器Ooho的市場前景，作者也相信它一定會成功的，故選A。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。美國高等教育的招生過程中存在問題，教育工作者呼吁對此進行改變。
1.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句The report suggests that paying attention to academic success over other qualities works well for some students but hurts others.可知，報告指出，與其他素質(zhì)相比更注重學業(yè)成績對某些學生來說效果不錯，但卻傷害了其他學生。由此可知錄取的過程中出現(xiàn)的問題就是注重了學生的學業(yè)成績。分析選項可知B項符合題意。故選B。
2.D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中It suggests that schools should ask for evidence that students care about other people.可知，報告還指出，學校應該要求學生關心他人的證據(jù)。故選D。
3.D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中said that every few years, someone makes the same argument for changes, but no real change has happed yet. Even many of the schools that agree with the report still make no changes.可知，Bob Schaeffer認為，有些學校即使同意，也不會做出改變。故選D。
4.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文可知，作者只是對于錄取過程中的問題進行了描述，沒有進行自己的評論，因此是中立的。分析選項可知A項是正確的。故選A。