【題型特點(diǎn)】
議論文是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發(fā)表見解或提出主張的說理性文章。議論文的目的不僅是客觀的解釋事物，還力圖說服讀者相信并接受某一觀點(diǎn)。
不管是在漢語(yǔ)中，還是在英語(yǔ)中，議論文都是由論點(diǎn)（作者的觀點(diǎn)，也就是被證明的對(duì)象、論據(jù)（用來證明論點(diǎn)的依據(jù)，是說明論點(diǎn)的理由和材料）和論證（運(yùn)用論據(jù)證明論點(diǎn)的過程與方法），這三個(gè)要素構(gòu)成的，這也是一個(gè)提出問題——分析問題——解決問題的過程。因此，典型的議論文一般就由序論（提出問題，即what）、本論（分析問題，即why）和結(jié)論（解決問題，即hw）三個(gè)部分構(gòu)成。
議論文有自己的語(yǔ)言個(gè)性，它不同于記敘文的生動(dòng)形象，也不同于說明文的簡(jiǎn)明易懂。議論是對(duì)具體事物、事理作出的理論上分析與闡述，因此，它的語(yǔ)言自然客觀的、抽象的、概括的。同時(shí)，它的語(yǔ)言也很準(zhǔn)確，合乎邏輯。文中會(huì)較多地使用，諸如since（既然），nw that（既然），therefre（因而），in that case（在那種情況下），s（所以），It fllws that…（因而…），If…，we may cnclude that …（如果……，我們可以這樣下結(jié)論……），Shuld it be the case （如果是這樣的話……），Idn’t want t…,but…（我并不想……），It is true that…,but…（誠(chéng)然……但是……）,Even if …（即使……）等有辯論和推理含義的連接和過渡詞語(yǔ)與結(jié)構(gòu)，以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性和邏輯性。此外，作者的寫作態(tài)度一般也較誠(chéng)懇，在文章中通常使用的是與讀者平等交流的語(yǔ)氣，不會(huì)給人以居高臨下、以勢(shì)居人、逼人接受的感覺，在遣詞造句方面多使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句和can, may, might, culd, wuld, shuld等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
【應(yīng)試策略】
1. 通覽
把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。議論文往往體現(xiàn)作者對(duì)某一事物的觀點(diǎn)，而作者的觀點(diǎn)就是文章的論點(diǎn)?？忌盐兆髡叩挠^點(diǎn)，把握作者對(duì)某一事物是褒還是貶，是贊成還是反對(duì)，而通常把握了作者的觀點(diǎn)也就找準(zhǔn)了文章的論點(diǎn)。
把握文章的開頭，總結(jié)文章的結(jié)尾。議論文的篇首或結(jié)尾出現(xiàn)話題中心，通過首段或末段把握文章的主題。
2. 試填
注意段與段之間的邏輯。議論文往往圍繞某一個(gè)論點(diǎn)用不同的論據(jù)加以佐證，往往每一段就是一個(gè)論據(jù)，而論據(jù)和論據(jù)之間又相互聯(lián)系、互為補(bǔ)充，每一段往往就是其中一個(gè)角度或側(cè)面。
3. 復(fù)核
通讀全文，檢驗(yàn)每條論據(jù)是否都合情合理，都能強(qiáng)而有力地支撐論點(diǎn)。
_____
優(yōu)選真題演練

【上海市控江中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年學(xué)高三上學(xué)期9月月考】
N business wuld welcme being cmpared t Big Tbacc r gambling. Yet that is what is happening t makers f vide games. Fr years parents have casually cmplained that their ffspring are “addicted” t their smartphnes. Tday, ____21____, ever mre dctrs have using the term literally.
On January 1st “gaming disrder” — in which games are played ____22____, despite causing harm — gains recgnitin frm the Wrth Health Organizatin. A few mnths ag China, the wrld's biggest gaming market, annunced new rules limiting children t just a single hur f play a day. Western pliticians wrry publicly abut sme games' similarity t gambling. Clinics are spruting arund the wrld, prmising t cure patients f their habit.
Are games really addictive? Psychlgists are ____23____. The case fr the defence is that this is just anther mral panic. Killjys in the past issued ____24____ serius warnings abut televisin, rck 'n' rll, jazz, cmic bks, and even nvels. As the newest frm f mass media, gaming is merely enduring its wn time in the stcks befre it eventually ceases t be cntrversial. Furthermre, defenders argue, the criteria used t diagnse gaming addictin are t ____25____. Obsessive gaming, they suggest, is as likely t be a symptm (f depressin, say) as a disrder in its wn right.
The prsecutin refutes that, unlike rck bands r nvelists, games develpers have bth the mtive and the means t engineer their prducts t make them ____26____. The mtive arises frm a business-mdel shift. Many use a "free-mium" mdel, in which the game is free and mney is made frm purchases f in-game gds. That ____27____ playtime directly t prfits. The means is a cmbinatin f psychlgical thery and data that helps games-makers ____28____ that playtime. Psychlgists already knw quite a lt abut the srts f things that animals, including humans, find rewarding. Smartphnes use their permanent internet cnnectins t send gameplay data back t develpers. That allws prducts t be cnstantly fine-tuned t ____29____ spending.
While psychlgists argue abut the finer pints f what exactly cunts as addictin, the industry shuld recgnize that, in the real wrld, it has a prblem. Clinics are already reprting bming business, as lck-dwns have given gamers mre time t spend with their hbby. The regulatry climate fr tech is getting ____30____. And being assciated in the public mind, fairly r nt, with gambling and tbacc will nt d the industry any favurs.
It wuld be wise t get ahead f the discussin. A gd place t start wuld be with hard data. Many f the studies supprting the pinin that games are addictive in a ____31____ sense are nt clear: they rely n self-reprted symptms, cntested diagnstic criteria, and s n. Even basic questins abut the amunt f time and mney spent by users are hard t answer. The industry has an abundance f ____32____ that culd help. But gaming firms mstly keep details f hw gamers behave ____33____, citing cmmercial sensitivity.
In the lng run, that will prve unwise. Gaming firms shuld make mre f their data available t researchers. If — as seems likely — wrries abut addictiveness are ____34____, it is hard t think f a clearer way f shwing it. And if nt, it is better fr firms t recgnize the prblem nw and d smething abut it ____35____. The alternative is that regulatrs will frce them t act. And nce a gvernment is seized by a fit f mral panic, it can lash ut.
21. A. hweverB. therefreC. stillD. instead
22. A. superblyB. cmpulsivelyC. brilliantlyD. prprtinately
23. A. splitB. determinedC. diversifiedD. misunderstd
24. A. directlyB. jintlyC. similarlyD. frmally
25. A. lseB. bjectiveC. basicD. strict
26. A. valuableB. marketableC. accessibleD. irresistible
27. A. appliesB. tiesC. addsD. draws
28. A. cntrlB. reduceC. maximizeD. restrict
29. A. cutB. bstC. financeD. balance
30. A. milderB. damperC. gentlerD. chillier
31. A. bradB. legalC. technicalD. medical
32. A. dataB. timeC. wealthD. leisure
33. A. penB. secretC. independentD. reliable
34. A. verblwnB. sharedC. easedD. dismissed
35. A. reluctantlyB. thrughlyC. vluntarilyD. adequately
_____
名校好題必測(cè)
【2022-2023學(xué)年上海市復(fù)旦附中高三上學(xué)期10月階段評(píng)估英語(yǔ)試卷】
One f the suppsed benefits f being in a lng-term relatinship is the guarantee that thse invlved will nt be frced t spend time alne.
Advcates f marriage argue that living as a cuple r as a family helps t prevent situatins f lneliness and islatin, which can ___21___ lead t anxiety, depressin, and ther health prblems, especially in ld age.
This psychlgical curse, hwever, is in ___22___ with many spiritual leaders, philsphers, and artists wh praise the advantages f spending time alne. ___23___, sme f the mst celebrated thinkers and creatrs -- frm Wrdswrth (1770-1850, English pet) t Einstein and thers - praised the value f spending time away frm thers.
What if, instead f fcusing n the disadvantages f being lnely and by neself, the fcus was ___24___ the benefits f slitude?
Slitude, like lneliness, implies spending time alne. Yet, in direct cntrast t lneliness, slitude can ften be a psitive state f being that shuld be ___25___ rather than avided.
Instead f fcusing n the negative experiences f being alne, the study f slitude as a ___26___ reveals that a different apprach t this reality can prmte freedm, creativity, intimacy, spirituality, and therefre happiness.
___27___, slitude brings rewards t thse wh value it. Singles, then, particularly singles wh appreciate the value f spending time alne, can benefit greatly frm the relatinship circumstances that facilitate slitude that wuld be mre elusive (不常見的) fr individuals living with their partners.
In fact, bsting the happiness that singles can gain frm slitude is the idea that thse wh are single, r plainly single at heart, are mre likely t enjy and benefit frm slitude. Single at heart ___28___ a type f individual whse persnality and nature mean that they live the happiest, fullest, and mst authentic lives when they are nt in relatinships. Peple wh are single at heart thrive the mst frm slitude and self-sufficiency and are als mre likely t reap ___29___ rewards frm spending time by themselves.
Sme studies even pint ut hw being single and ____30____ can be beneficial. Fr example, in ____31____ psychlgical resurces available t married and never-married adults, an analysis indicates n significant differences in mental health between the study grups.
____32____, the study suggests that never-married individuals achieve a higher level f persnal mastery than their married cunterparts, particularly thse abve the age f frty. ____33____, thse wh had never married had clearer persnal visins and gals, exhibited higher levels f patience, and were mre prepared t view reality ____34____.
There is even evidence t suggest that singles, wh are mre accustmed t benefiting frm time spent alne, are capable f being their wn surces f cmfrt and security, thugh further research is required in rder t establish the ____35____ behind this phenmenn.
21. A. in turnB. fr sureC. at leastD. by accident
22. A. agreementB. cnflictC. cntactD. negtiatin
23. A. HpefullyB. RughlyC. HistricallyD. Spiritually
24. A. cmmitted tB. attributed tC. attached tD. shifted t
25. A. tackledB. sughtC. assumedD. depsited
26. A. subjectB. disciplineC. practiceD. cncept
27. A. AnywayB. LikewiseC. YetD. Indeed
28. A. refers tB. apprves fC. accunts frD. figures ut
29. A. physilgicalB. emtinalC. ecnmicD. physical
30. A. self-defensiveB. self-awareC. self-evidentD. self-sufficient
31. A. cmparingB. explitingC. distributingD. cnserving
32. A. NeverthelessB. MreverC. ThusD. Otherwise
33. A. Abve allB. Better stillC. In ther wrdsD. On the ther hand
34. A. sensitivelyB. keenlyC. deliberatelyD. bjectively
35. A. remediesB. mechanismsC. relatinsD. secrets
【上海奉賢區(qū)2022學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高三英語(yǔ)學(xué)科期中試卷】
Accrding t a survey cnducted by wenjuan.cm fr the China Yuth Daily, 71.0 percent f the 1,538 peple plled said they watched shrt vides n a____41____basis. 61.8 percent believed that lng-term viewing f shrt vides culd interfere with their nrmal scial interactins; and 65.2 percent suggested that vide platfrms step up in issuing regular____42____s that users culd take a break.
This appeal fr external aids t help____43____ the addictive habit hints at the crushing hld shrt vides have n the shiftless majrity— many f them are nt utterly ____44____ self-cntrl in ther circumstances.
Anther recent survey f juveniles fund 65.6 percent f them have watched shrt vides, and 20 percent f them just culdn’t stp watching.
Fr as yu click n thse seemingly____45____vides, yur life will be thrwn int a mindless spiral (螺旋)as we eagerly mve frm ne piece t the next, each lasting 20 t 30 secnds, and are shcked, amused, and utraged in rapid____46____.
Yu never have a chance t get____47____, fr yu are always curius abut what the next piece wuld be like,____48____mre. All that is needed is a slight twitching (抽動(dòng)) f ne f yur fingers.
Respndents d believe sme vides culd be useful by teaching yu hw t ck， hw t apply make-up, practice wellness, r buy things. There was even an alleged (聲稱但未經(jīng)證實(shí)的) telecm fraudster publicizing his____49____and daring the plice t catch him in Dubai, accrding t him.
It is shcking t realize that a published vide itself wuld have ____50____ acquired a degree f authenticity and enugh t prevent all intentins and the need fr checking, even____51____ such basic facts as authrship.
S it is natural that 36.7 percent f the respndents in the wenjuan.cm survey cited the issue f false and misleading cntent in shrt vides as an issue, and relevant authrities shuld have stepped in lng ag t____52____it.
Yes, juvenile-nly mdes have been____53____fr sme time, but it is s easy fr children t avid this.____54____ , there is an equal need fr a mechanism t prevent adults frm becming addicted, ntably by limiting the lime they are allwed t view the vides. Thus, when 37.0 percent f the respndents said that, as far as viewing habits are cncerned, parents shuld be a rle mdel t prevent the imitatin f juveniles. Maybe all parents shuld____55____their mbile phnes fr a mment f self-reflectin.
41. A. regularB. persnalC. scialD. satisfied
42. A. signalsB. innvatinC. alertsD. clues
43. A. kickB. develpC. fsterD. deprive
44. A. withB. underC. thrughD. withut
45. A. attractiveB. unharmfulC. meaningfulD. ppular
46. A. speedB. successinC. transitinD. mvement
47. A. thrilledB. hrrifiedC. bredD. delighted
48. A. expectingB. grwingC. addictingD. freseeing
49. A. cmpetenceB. identificatinC. enthusiasmD. willingness
50. A. autmaticallyB. cnsciuslyC. insanelyD. likely
51. A. ignringB. predictingC. meditatingD. regarding
52. A. representB. addressC. interfereD. stress
53. A. n scheduleB. ut f rderC. in placeD. in need
54. A. In factB. Fr exampleC. TherefreD. Instead
55. A. fcus nB. live withutC. give way tD. put aside

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