高考英語(yǔ)北師大版一輪復(fù)習(xí)教案：語(yǔ)法填空第三講　名詞和主謂一致 Word版含解析-教案下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

第三講　名詞和主謂一致1．[2015·安徽高考]There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ________ (think) and then let me know.答案：thought　考查名詞。句意：現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有必要把你的答案告訴我。考慮一下，然后告訴我。give sth. some thought意為“考慮”。thought 為think的名詞形式。2．[2015·浙江高考]One of the most effective ways to reduce ________ (anxious) is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.答案：anxiety　考查名詞。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示減壓/焦慮。句意：減少壓力最有效的方法是和你信任的人談?wù)撘幌赂惺堋?/span>3．[2015·湖南高考]It is important to remember that success________ (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often________ (take) years to achieve.答案：is; takes　考查主謂一致。that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是success為單數(shù)，兩空是并列謂語(yǔ)，故都用單數(shù)。4．[2015·福建高考]China Daily attracts a worldwide readership, which ________ (show) that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.答案：shows　考查主謂一致。定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致，先行詞是China Daily為單數(shù)，故填shows。5．[2015·湖北高考]He gave himself a new name to hide his ________(identify) when he went to carry out the secret task.答案：identity　句意：當(dāng)他去執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)秘密任務(wù)時(shí)，他給自己取了個(gè)新名字以掩蓋他的身份。由句意可知，空處應(yīng)用名詞identity表示“身份”。6．[2014·湖南高考]All we need ________ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.答案：is 根據(jù)題干可知all指代的是a small piece of land，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式，整句話的語(yǔ)境為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故填is。句意：我們所需要的就是一小片土地，我們可以在一年中播種的季節(jié)里在那兒種植各類果樹。7．[2013·江蘇高考]Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others ________ (be) essential to their development.答案：is　根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)，考查主謂一致。名詞后有with短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞取決于with前面的詞，故用單數(shù)is。句意：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，學(xué)生們的內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)多來(lái)自于他人的高期望值，這對(duì)他們的發(fā)展很重要。8．[2013·江西高考]Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with ________ (patient)．答案：patience　“介詞＋名詞”，故應(yīng)填寫patient的名詞形式。句意：無(wú)論何時(shí)我犯錯(cuò)誤，老師都會(huì)耐心地指出來(lái)。9．[2013·天津高考]While she was in Paris, she developed a ________ (tasty) for fine art.答案：taste　考查名詞構(gòu)詞法，空前是冠詞，可知此處應(yīng)填名詞，故填taste。句意：在巴黎期間，她培養(yǎng)了對(duì)藝術(shù)的興趣。10．[2013·湖南高考]The university estimates that living expenses for international students ________ (be) around $8,450 a year, which is a burden for some of them.答案：are　考查主謂一致，賓語(yǔ)從句中句子的主語(yǔ)是living expenses為復(fù)數(shù)，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。整句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故填are。　閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。[2015·廣東高考]Mr Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned __16__ farm, which looked almost abandoned. __17__ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby __18__ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what __19__(leave). The cow was their only means of support, in fact. One day, the cow was eating grass __20__ it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away, she __21__ (fall) over the hill and died. Then the Johnsons had to make a living __22__ the cow. In order to support his family, Mr Johnson began to plant herbs and vegetables. Since the plants took a while to grow, he started cutting down trees __23__ (sell) the wood. Thinking about his children's clothes, he started growing cotton too. When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market __24__ people from the towns met regularly. Now it occurred to__25__ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.Step 1：通讀全文，掌握主旨大意。本文講述的是Johnson先生和家人住在樹林中，他有一個(gè)看著幾乎荒蕪的農(nóng)場(chǎng)，幸好他有一頭奶牛。可是有一天牛死了，奶牛的死會(huì)給一家?guī)?lái)什么變化呢？Step 2：逐題解答，確定答案。16．a。根據(jù)空格位置在動(dòng)詞與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)之間可知，考查冠詞。17．Luckily。位于句首的空格用逗號(hào)隔開，可知考查副詞修飾整個(gè)句子。18．for。從整句話分析，此處考查介詞且與exchange構(gòu)成固定搭配。19．was_left。連詞后面沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)，故考查謂語(yǔ)，注意考慮時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。20．when。在兩個(gè)句子中間的空格應(yīng)考查連詞用法，此處為固定句式。
21.fell。在主謂之后，且該句無(wú)謂語(yǔ)，可知此題考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，與died并列。22．without。根據(jù)空格的位置和語(yǔ)意，可知此處考查介詞。23．to_sell。該句中已有謂語(yǔ)且無(wú)連詞，可知此處填非謂語(yǔ)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)義可知此處表目的。24．where?？涨昂缶蔷渥?，故應(yīng)填連詞，且位于名詞之后，可考慮定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。25．him。根據(jù)句式分析，此處考查固定句子“It occurs to sb. that...”。Step 3：代入驗(yàn)證。需考慮語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)正確且語(yǔ)義符合邏輯，語(yǔ)法結(jié)合語(yǔ)義才能確保萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。知識(shí)清單(1)名詞常見后綴(第一講)；(2)名詞的數(shù)；(3)抽象名詞具體化；(4)主謂一致的幾種常見情況。學(xué)情分析考生在名詞和主謂一致的學(xué)習(xí)中存在以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：(1)名詞的數(shù)是考生在運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言時(shí)常被忽視的問(wèn)題，需刻意提高“數(shù)”的意識(shí)；(2)主謂一致情況較多，造成部分學(xué)生在使用時(shí)混用，同時(shí)也忽視了主語(yǔ)核心詞，造成主謂不一致；(3)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則能熟練記憶，但不能準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用，缺少謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)一致的意識(shí)。考點(diǎn)一　名詞的數(shù)1名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)(1)不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如果需要表示多少，通常要用“a/an＋表數(shù)量的詞＋of＋名詞”來(lái)表示。通常抽象名詞與物質(zhì)名詞都是不可數(shù)名詞。常見的不可數(shù)名詞有：①物質(zhì)名詞：ice, coffee, soup, grass, cloth(布料), clothing, iron, food, bread等。②抽象名詞：advice, experience(經(jīng)驗(yàn)), courage, fun, childhood, knowledge等。(2)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化①規(guī)則變化種類變化例詞一般情況詞尾加-s book→books，pen→pens以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾詞尾加-esbus→buses，bench→benches，box→boxes，dish→dishes，但stomach例外，其后直接加-s以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾變y為i后加-esfamily→families，city→cities以“元音字母＋y”結(jié)尾詞尾加-skey→keys，boy→boys以-f或-fe結(jié)尾多數(shù)變f或fe為v后加-esleaf→leaves，wife→wives, knife→knives少數(shù)詞尾加-schief→chiefs, roof→roofs, belief→beliefs 續(xù)表　種類變化例詞以字母-o結(jié)尾詞尾加-eshero→heroes, potato→potatoes, tomato→tomatoes, Negro→Negroes詞尾加-sphoto→photos, kilo→kilos, piano→pianos以-sis結(jié)尾的外來(lái)詞變sis為ses basis→bases, analysis→analyses，crisis→crises②不規(guī)則變化種類例詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形 deer，sheep，Chinese，aircraft，means，series，species，headquarters單數(shù)形式復(fù)數(shù)意義 people，police，cattle復(fù)數(shù)形式單數(shù)意義 news，physics，politics合成詞變復(fù)數(shù)passer-by→passers-by，son-in-law→sons-in-law, looker-on→lookers-on, go-between→go-betweens, grown-up→grown-ups詞形變化man→men，child→children，tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice, medium→media 2特殊情況下名詞復(fù)數(shù)的用法有些名詞在使用時(shí)總是用其復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：thanks，authorities(當(dāng)局)，possessions(財(cái)產(chǎn))，clothes，congratulations，goods(商品)，works(作品，著作)，shoes，trousers，manners(禮貌)等。有些固定短語(yǔ)要求用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式：make preparations for為……做準(zhǔn)備take pains盡力，刻苦make (both) ends meet使收支相抵take turns輪流be in high spirits興致勃勃make repairs修理3名詞構(gòu)詞法(見第一講)[典例1]　[2016·河北唐山模擬]He pushed and pulled with all his________(strong) to move the stone.[解析]　strength　根據(jù)空格前的his及語(yǔ)義可知此處應(yīng)填名詞，而strong的名詞變化特殊，是strength。[典例2]　[2016·衡水模擬]To tell the truth, driving in crowded________(city) is far from being a pleasure.[解析]　cities　根據(jù)空格前crowded可判斷此處需填名詞，另city為可數(shù)名詞，需加冠詞或變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，故填cities。考點(diǎn)二　抽象名詞具體化1抽象名詞具體化具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、特點(diǎn)、情感、情緒的人或事，具體指特定的某一件事時(shí)，這一抽象名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞。(1)difficulty困難；a difficulty一件難事(2)experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)；an experience一次經(jīng)歷(3)failure失敗；a failure一位失敗者，一件失敗的事(4)knowledge知識(shí)；a good knowledge of豐富的知識(shí)(5)success成功；a success一位成功者，一件成功的事(6)surprise驚奇；a surprise一件令人吃驚的事(7)honour榮譽(yù)；an honour一位(件)帶來(lái)榮譽(yù)的人或事另外常見的還有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, feeling, preference等。2有些物質(zhì)名詞可個(gè)體化為可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞可數(shù)名詞drink飲料two drinks兩杯飲料sugar糖a sugar一塊糖coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper紙a paper一張報(bào)紙；一篇論文續(xù)表物質(zhì)名詞可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞可數(shù)名詞tea茶two teas兩杯茶hair頭發(fā)a hair一根頭發(fā)—Would you like some coffee?—I would like a coffee and two beers.——你想喝點(diǎn)咖啡嗎？——我想要一杯咖啡和兩杯啤酒。[典例3]　[2015·浙江六校聯(lián)考]The program Running Man in Zhejiang TV turned out ________ success.[解析]　a　句意：浙江電視臺(tái)的“跑男”節(jié)目證明是成功的。此處考查抽象名詞具體化，指“成功的事”，故填a。[典例4]　[2015·陜西83中二模]She came in for ________ coffee and told me ________ firecrackers kept her awake last night.[解析]　a; the　第一空考查物質(zhì)名詞個(gè)體化，故加a，表示一杯咖啡；第二空為特指，故填the。考點(diǎn)三　主謂一致主謂一致是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上和主語(yǔ)一致，一般遵循三個(gè)原則，即語(yǔ)法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。做題時(shí)還要注意時(shí)態(tài)及其他語(yǔ)法及詞義的正確性。1語(yǔ)法一致原則(1)主語(yǔ)后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。[典例5]　[2016·山西太原一模]Dr Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ________ (be) going to visit Beijing this summer.[解析]　is　根據(jù)語(yǔ)法一致原則，謂語(yǔ)與Dr Smith保持一致，故填is。(2)由lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修飾名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與所修飾的名詞形式保持一致。①A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.很多被邀來(lái)參加晚會(huì)的學(xué)生來(lái)自于我校。②A great deal of water was polluted year by year.每年大量的水被污染。但a quantity of/an amount of和quantities/amounts of＋名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于quantity和amount的單復(fù)數(shù)。③Quantities of information are available on the Internet.在網(wǎng)上可得到大量的信息。(3)定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來(lái)確定。Those who were praised at the meeting could be sent to America to study further.在這次會(huì)議上被表?yè)P(yáng)的人將被派到美國(guó)深造。2就近一致原則(1)由or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與最近的主語(yǔ)在單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一致。[典例6]　Either you or one of your students ________ the meeting that is due tomorrow.(完成句子)要么是你要么是你的一名學(xué)生應(yīng)該出席明天的會(huì)議。[答案]　is to attend(2)由there，here引起的主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。[典例7]　There are a pencil and two pens in the pencil-box.(改錯(cuò))[解析]　are→is　There be結(jié)構(gòu)使用就近原則，可知應(yīng)與a pencil一致，故將are改為is。3意義一致原則(1)由連詞and連接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出現(xiàn)(不可分割的整體)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。[典例8]　The writer and teacher Smith ________ millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.(完成句子)既是作家又是教師的史密斯自從搬到悉尼經(jīng)歷了無(wú)數(shù)的成敗。[答案]　has gone through(2)“no/each/every/many a＋單數(shù)名詞＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。[典例9]　Every man and every woman ____________ to be proud of the work done by their fathers.(完成句子)每一個(gè)人都有充足的理由為他們的父親所從事的職業(yè)感到驕傲。[答案]　has a good reason(3)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。[典例10]　To go to bed early and to rise early_________.(完成句子)早睡早起是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。[答案]　is a good habit(4)含修飾語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ)的特殊情況。①many a/more than one＋單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。[典例11]　Many a parent ________________ go through this same painful process.(完成句子)很多父母都被迫經(jīng)歷了這一段痛苦的過(guò)程。[答案]　was forced to②the rest, the remaining/part...，plenty of, a great deal of等＋主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)所表達(dá)的單復(fù)數(shù)意義而定。[典例12]　The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining ________________.(完成句子)講座的前半部分很生動(dòng)，但后半部分非?？菰?。[答案]　was very boring③分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)指代或修飾名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于它們所表示的意義。About one third of the books are worth reading.這些書中大約有1/3值得一讀。[典例13]　Only 60 percent of the work ________________ yesterday.(完成句子)昨天只干了60%的活。[答案]　was finished但population由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Two-thirds of population have been killed in the accident.在這次事故中2/3的人喪生。 NO.1 解題步驟 1.根據(jù)空格所處的位置判斷考點(diǎn)是什么。2．聯(lián)系相關(guān)考點(diǎn)，結(jié)合相關(guān)知識(shí)，填寫單詞的正確形式。 NO.2 解題技巧1.名詞的考查語(yǔ)法填空題對(duì)名詞的考查包括根據(jù)語(yǔ)境填適當(dāng)?shù)拿~，特別是固定搭配中的名詞(不給提示詞)和用所給詞的名詞形式填空(給出動(dòng)詞、形容詞等提示詞)。(1)根據(jù)名詞的功能來(lái)判斷是否需要填名詞。名詞在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。做題時(shí)可以根據(jù)提示詞在句中所作的成分判斷空格處是否需要填名詞。(2)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷是否需要填名詞。名詞通常出現(xiàn)在及物動(dòng)詞、形容詞、介詞以及限定詞之后，做題時(shí)可以據(jù)此判斷空格處是否需要填名詞。常見的限定詞包括冠詞(a, an, the)、形容詞性物主代詞(my, your等)、不定代詞(no, one, some, any, each, many, all, both, another, other等)、疑問(wèn)詞(whose, what, which等)等。(3)有時(shí)要求根據(jù)固定搭配填適當(dāng)?shù)拿~。(4)填名詞時(shí)，一定要注意單復(fù)數(shù)及拼寫。[典例14]　[2016·遼寧沈陽(yáng)模擬]It is acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of the overall ________ (perform) at school.[解析]　performance　本題考查動(dòng)詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)前面的限定詞the及形容詞overall可知，填名詞performance。[典例15]　[2016·河北邯鄲質(zhì)檢一]Seeing the sunlight, ________ (passer-by) or trees outside might make you more aware of how you look.[解析]　passers-by　根據(jù)句子中缺少主語(yǔ)，且與trees并列，故用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。2．主謂一致的考查考查主謂一致時(shí)，往往提示的為動(dòng)詞，句子中不缺少主語(yǔ)。(1)抓住主語(yǔ)的核心詞是正確解題的關(guān)鍵。(2)掌握基本的主謂一致三大原則是正確解答的基礎(chǔ)。(3)注意時(shí)態(tài)與全文時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。[典例16]　[2016·安徽合肥質(zhì)檢一]So far, almost every possible means ________ (try) to provide accommodation and medical rescue for the people in the flood-striken area.[解析]　has been tried　根據(jù)意義一致原則，every possible means表示單數(shù)概念，由so far可知應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，且try與means之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填has been tried。[典例17]　[2016·大連模擬]The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ________ (save) for other purposes.[解析]　were saved　根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷“the rest of which”指剩余的35%的原料，是復(fù)數(shù)概念，故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，且主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，“save”與“raw materials”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填were saved。 1.名詞注意構(gòu)詞法的變化規(guī)則以及單復(fù)數(shù)形式的變化。2．主謂一致的關(guān)鍵是找出句子的主語(yǔ)，并兼顧語(yǔ)境的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。

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