
?第三講 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1.[2015·福建高考]—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it's too bad. You________ have made full preparations.
答案:should 根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法,結(jié)合語(yǔ)義,可知此處表示“本應(yīng)該做而未做的事”,故填should,暗含對(duì)對(duì)方的責(zé)怪。
2.[2015·陜西高考]You________ feel all the training a waste of time, but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it.
答案:may 根據(jù)句中的“but I'm a hundred percent sure later you'll be grateful you did it”可判斷出,表示對(duì)前面情況的一種推測(cè),所以用may“也許,可能”。
3.[2015·重慶高考]You ________ be Carol. You haven't changed a bit after all these years.
答案:must 依據(jù)第二句可知,此處應(yīng)用must表示很有把握的推測(cè),意為“一定,肯定”,只用于肯定句,一般不用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句。
4.[2015·重慶高考]Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway ________ not have written his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
答案:would 該句使用了含有without的含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣,依據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,這里是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè),因此主句用would+have done結(jié)構(gòu)。
5.[2015·天津高考]I ________ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
答案:needn't 根據(jù)語(yǔ)義可知此處表示“沒(méi)必要做某事反而做了”,故用“needn't have done”結(jié)構(gòu)。
6.[2015·四川高考]You________ be careful with the camera. It costs!
答案:must 句意:你一定要小心這個(gè)相機(jī)。它很貴的!根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處表示“一定”,故用must。
7.[2014·江蘇高考]It was so sad to me that they, so poor themselves, ________ bring me food.
答案:should 句意:讓我難過(guò)的是,他們自己那么貧窮,竟然還給我?guī)?lái)食物。should表示說(shuō)話人驚訝的語(yǔ)氣,“竟然”。
8.[2014·江西高考]Life is unpredictable, even the poorest ________ become the richest.
答案:may/might 句意:生活是不可預(yù)測(cè)的,即使是最貧窮的人也可能成為最富有的人。may/might“可能”。
9.[2014·四川高考]I still remember my happy childhood when my mother ________ take me to Disneyland at weekends.
答案:would 句意:我仍記得我快樂(lè)的童年,那時(shí)媽媽常在周末帶我去迪士尼樂(lè)園。would“過(guò)去常?!?。
10.[2014·重慶高考]It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I ________ done it?
答案:had'本題考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。第一句已經(jīng)說(shuō)明是John打壞的窗戶,所以第二句中as if后面要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而且是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,故填had。句意:是約翰打壞的窗戶,你為什么和我說(shuō)呢?好像是我打壞的一樣?!?br />
閱讀下面材料,在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
[2016·河北調(diào)研]
Mum (putting on her coat): I'm going to have to go down to the shop for more bread.
Alan: Why?
Mum: I'm not sure what __1__ (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table __2__ I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them because they're __3__ (go).
Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I'm sure he was in the kitchen __4__ (early).
Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished __5__ (make) them, so he couldn't have done it. __6__, he couldn't carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so I'm sure __7__ wasn't him.
Alan (opening the fridge door): Well, it wasn't me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of __8__ fridge?
Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I __9__ have put them in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my __10__. Now, why did I put on my coat?
Step 1:通讀全文,掌握主旨大意。
本文為一位健忘的母親和女兒間的對(duì)話。
Step 2:逐題解答,確定答案。
1.happened。考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)下句可知,設(shè)空處表示過(guò)去的事情,故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
2.when??疾閺膶龠B詞。句意:我早就做好了一些三明治,去接電話時(shí)我把它們放在桌子上了。根據(jù)left和went及句意可推知,設(shè)空處表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”。went為瞬間動(dòng)詞,故while不可用。
3.gone。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)。gone意為“沒(méi)了,不見(jiàn)了”。
4.earlier??疾楦痹~。句意:我確信他早就在廚房了。earlier“早些時(shí)候”。
5.making??疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)。finish后須用動(dòng)名詞而不是不定式作賓語(yǔ),故答案為making。
6.Anyway/Besides。考查副詞用法。根據(jù)設(shè)空處前后兩句的邏輯關(guān)系,可判斷設(shè)空處表示附加關(guān)系。句意:無(wú)論如何/此外,他不可能拿著一盤子三明治還帶著他所有的網(wǎng)球用具……。
7.it??疾榇~用法。it用來(lái)指代不明身份的人。
8.the??疾楣谠~用法。設(shè)空處后的名詞fridge表示特指,故用the。
9.must。考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。句意:我一定是在電話響的時(shí)候把它們放在那里的。
10.mind/memory??疾楣潭ù钆?。lose one's mind/memory“失去記憶”。
Step 3:代入驗(yàn)證。
需考慮語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)正確且語(yǔ)義符合邏輯,語(yǔ)法結(jié)合語(yǔ)義才能確保萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。
知識(shí)
清單
(1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法:①can與be able to的區(qū)別;②must與have to的區(qū)別;③shall的用法;④should的用法;⑤used to與would的用法;⑥may與might的用法;⑦need與dare的用法。(2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè):①對(duì)現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)情況的推測(cè);②對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè);③幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法(should/need)。(3)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法:①條件從句及含蓄條件引出的虛擬語(yǔ)氣(but, but for, without, otherwise等);②wish后跟賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣;③if only, as if/though, would rather, It's high time后跟從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣;④表示“建議,要求,命令,堅(jiān)持”等詞后跟名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
學(xué)情
分析
考生在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中存在著以下幾點(diǎn)問(wèn)題:(1)考生對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中的特殊情況掌握不熟練,導(dǎo)致在相對(duì)復(fù)雜的情況中不能透析考查內(nèi)容的方向,而導(dǎo)致出錯(cuò);(2)含蓄條件下的虛擬語(yǔ)氣出現(xiàn)條件與結(jié)論與if條件從句引出的結(jié)論不能對(duì)應(yīng)一致,而導(dǎo)致使用混亂;(3)在條件與結(jié)論發(fā)生在不同時(shí)段的情況下,仍按一致的情況作答,而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。
考點(diǎn)一 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法也是歷年考查熱點(diǎn)之一。除了掌握它們的基本含義外,must“非得,偏要”;shall用于第二、三人稱表示警告、命令、威脅、允諾、規(guī)定等;should“竟然”,也備受命題者的青睞。解決此類問(wèn)題,一方面要注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本含義,另一方面,要注意特殊語(yǔ)境下的特殊含義。
1can和could的用法
(1)表示“能力”。
—No one can be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball.
—Oh, you are really his big fan.
——在打籃球方面,無(wú)人能與姚明相媲美。
——你真是姚明的鐵桿粉絲。
注意:be able to亦是表“能力”,但更側(cè)重于表示克服種種困難后,所能達(dá)到的能力。
We were able to finish it ahead of time, though it was such a tough task.
盡管任務(wù)艱巨,我們?nèi)阅芴崆巴瓿伞?br />
(2)表示驚訝,常用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。
How could you do such a silly thing?
你怎么能做那樣的蠢事呢?
(3)could用于疑問(wèn)句。表示禮貌地請(qǐng)求別人做某事,意為“能,可以”。
—This dish is really delicious.Could you please say it in Chinese?
—Sure, we call it “doufu”.
——這道菜真的很好吃,你能不能用漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)出菜名是什么?
——當(dāng)然可以,我們稱之為“豆腐”。
(4)表示允許或許可(口語(yǔ)中常用)。
—What should I wear to the party?
—Well, it isn't very formal.You can wear whatever you like.
——晚會(huì)我應(yīng)該穿什么?
——晚會(huì)不太正式,你可以穿自己喜歡的任何衣服。
(5)cannot...too/enough表示“無(wú)論……也不過(guò)分”;“越……越好”。
You can't be too careful while driving.
開(kāi)車時(shí)越小心越好。
2may和might的用法(用于倒裝句中)
(1)may和might表示“許可”,“可能性”,“祝愿”(用于倒裝句中)等意義。
May you succeed!祝你成功!
注意:當(dāng)may用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí),其否定回答是“No, ...mustn't/can't.”。
—May I take this book out of the reading room?
—No, you mustn't.You read it in here.
——我可以把書(shū)拿出閱覽室嗎?
——不,決不可以,你在這兒讀。
(2)“may/might as well+動(dòng)詞原形”意為“最好,倒不如”。
If you think the price of beef is too high, you may as well buy some pork. It depends on you.
如果你認(rèn)為牛肉太貴的話,你不妨買些豬肉。你自己決定。
(3)may well用于加強(qiáng)推測(cè)語(yǔ)氣,表示有較大可能性。
What you say may well be true.
你說(shuō)的很有可能是事實(shí)。
[典例1] [2015·陜西西工大附中二模]—Sometimes I am even sleepy in class.
—It's terrible. You ________ as well go to bed earlier.
[解析] might/may 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。根據(jù)句意可知填may/might。may/might as well“倒不如;最好”。
3must的用法
(1)表示禁止(用于否定句)。
You mustn't park here!It's an emergency exit.
你不可以在這兒停車!這是緊急情況出口處。
(2)表必要性,意為“必須”,強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀方面的必須,其否定形式是needn't/don't have to。
—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you must,in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我現(xiàn)在通知他日程表的變動(dòng)嗎?
——恐怕你必須通知他,以免他開(kāi)會(huì)遲到。
注意:have to表示“不得不,必須”,強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀因素所迫而必須去做的事情。
I have to hand in my term paper before 5:00 p.m. today.
今天下午五點(diǎn)之前我不得不交上我的試卷。
(3)表示偏執(zhí),固執(zhí),意為“非得,偏要”。用于疑問(wèn)句或條件從句中。
—Where did you get this book?
—I picked it up from a second-hand bookshop if you must know.
——你在哪里買的這本書(shū)?
——如果你偏要知道,我是在一家二手書(shū)店買到的。
4shall的用法
(1)用于第一、第三人稱疑問(wèn)句中,表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)和向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。
Shall I go out for a walk after supper?
晚飯后我可以散散步嗎?
(2)用于第二、第三人稱陳述句中,表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅,或用于正式法律、條規(guī)中。
—Will you read me a story, Mummy?
—OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.
——媽媽,給我講個(gè)故事好嗎?
——好的,如果你盡快上床睡覺(jué)我就給你講一個(gè)。
[典例2] [2015·北京西城區(qū)期末]The sign at Gate 8 reads that you ________ show your boarding pass and passport before getting on the plane.
[解析] must 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處表示“必須做”,故填must。
[典例3] [2015·四川資陽(yáng)二診]According to the school rules,a student ________ report any damage to school, properties to a teacher or the office immediately.
[解析] shall 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。根據(jù)“According to the school rules”可知,此處表示正式條規(guī)中的內(nèi)容,故應(yīng)填shall。
5will和would的用法
(1)表示意志、意愿和決心。
—Please don't tell anybody.
—I won't. I promise.
——請(qǐng)別告訴任何人。
——我不會(huì)的,我保證。
I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.
我已再三告訴他戒煙,但是他就是不聽(tīng)。
(2)will可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,有“總是”或“總要”之意。
Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨,他總是沿著小河散步。
(3)would可以表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,比used to正式,但沒(méi)有“現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。
He would go to bed strictly at 9, and on Sundays would not have lunch anywhere except in that restaurant.
他總是嚴(yán)格地9點(diǎn)上床睡覺(jué)。星期日總在那家飯店吃午飯。
6should的用法
(1)表示一種“義務(wù)或職責(zé)”,通常理解為“應(yīng)該”。
You should take the medicine with a full glass of water.
你應(yīng)該用滿滿一杯水來(lái)服這種藥。
(2)表示驚奇、贊嘆、不滿等情緒。
It never occurred to me that she should lie to me again.
我從來(lái)沒(méi)有想到她竟然又騙我。
[典例4] We can't imagine that two children ________ be killed by the washing machine of their house.
[解析] should 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。句意:我們無(wú)法想象兩個(gè)孩子竟然被家里的洗衣機(jī)絞死了。should“竟然”。
[典例5] [2015·山東菏澤一中期末]When we worked in the same office several years ago, we ________ often go to the cinema together.
[解析] would 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。根據(jù)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可知,此空表示的是在過(guò)去總是發(fā)生的事情,故填would。
考點(diǎn)二 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)
1情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)
(1)can用于肯定句中表示客觀的可能性,意為“有時(shí)會(huì)”;用于疑問(wèn)句中可以表示推測(cè),意為“可能”,有時(shí)表示一種驚訝的語(yǔ)氣;用于否定句中也可以表示推測(cè),can't意為“不可能”,語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)烈。
①It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.
我的家鄉(xiāng)在三月份通常很暖和,但有時(shí)候也會(huì)相當(dāng)冷。
②Mr Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很準(zhǔn)時(shí),他怎么可能開(kāi)會(huì)遲到呢?
③—Let's visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There's no need to do so.He can't be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——Stephen,咱們一起去拜訪湯姆吧。
——沒(méi)必要這樣做。他一定不在家,因?yàn)榻裉煸绯课铱匆?jiàn)他登上了飛往北京的航班。
(2)may/might用于肯定句中可以用來(lái)表示不十分肯定的推測(cè),意為“有可能”;用于否定句中也可以表示推測(cè),may not意為“可能不”,表示一種不太確定的語(yǔ)氣。
—What are you doing this Saturday?
—I'm not sure, but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.
——本周六你打算做什么?
——說(shuō)不準(zhǔn),不過(guò)或許我會(huì)去滾石演唱會(huì)。
(3)must表示推測(cè)時(shí)只能用于肯定句中,意為“一定,必定”,表示十分肯定的語(yǔ)氣(在疑問(wèn)句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
—It's the office! So you must know eating is not allowed here.
—Oh,sorry.
——這是辦公室!所以你一定知道這里不許吃東西。
——噢,對(duì)不起。
(4)should用來(lái)表示推測(cè)時(shí)意為“應(yīng)該”,即含有“按道理來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)如此”的意思。
There shouldn't be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因?yàn)槟阍隈{校訓(xùn)練了那么多,通過(guò)路考應(yīng)該沒(méi)什么困難。
[典例6] [2015·福建泉州五校摸底]The program Where Are We Going, Dad? shows that the children ________ be really annoying at times, but after a while, you'll get used to them.
[解析] can 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知此處表示客觀的可能性,意為“有時(shí)會(huì)……”,故填can。
[典例7] [2015·浙江重點(diǎn)中學(xué)檢測(cè)]There ________ be any difficulty about winning the speech contest now that you're well prepared for it.
[解析] shouldn't 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處表達(dá)“按道理來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)如此”的意思,結(jié)合句意可知填shouldn't。
[典例8] [2015·北京東城區(qū)期末]A journal is not necessarily a reliable record of facts, for the writer's impressions ________ colour the telling of events.
[解析] might 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。根據(jù)“not necessarily a reliable record”可知,此空表示“可能性不大”,故填might。
2情態(tài)動(dòng)詞對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)
基本構(gòu)成:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done用法如下:
續(xù)表
[典例9] [2015·四川綿陽(yáng)二診]Mr Jackson ________ have got the good news, for he looks so excited.
[解析] must 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。根據(jù)下文“for he looks so excited”可知,該空表示肯定性推測(cè),故填must。
[典例10] [2015·北京東城區(qū)一模]—The fire in the supermarket last night was terrible!
—They ________ have taken some measures to prevent it occurring.
[解析] should 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和句意,此處表示“本應(yīng)該做而未做的事”,故填should。
考點(diǎn)三 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的用法
1虛擬語(yǔ)氣在非真實(shí)性條件句中的基本形式
虛擬條件從句
主句
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)
if+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞用were)
主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)
if+主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞
主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+have+過(guò)去分詞
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)
1.if+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式
2.if+主語(yǔ)+were to+動(dòng)詞原形
3.if+主語(yǔ)+should+動(dòng)詞原形
主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形
2當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),被稱為“錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句”,動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間作出相應(yīng)調(diào)整。
Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
也許如果當(dāng)時(shí)我學(xué)習(xí)的是理科而不是文科的話,那么我現(xiàn)在就可以給你更多的幫助了。
3if省略句
在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中可省略if,把were, had, should提到句首,變?yōu)榈寡b句式。
Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would have been saved.
如果那時(shí)我了解這個(gè)電腦程序的話,那么我會(huì)省下大量的時(shí)間和精力。
4含蓄條件句
有時(shí)為了表達(dá)的需要,在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中并不總是出現(xiàn)if引導(dǎo)的條件從句,而是通過(guò)其他手段來(lái)代替條件從句。其主要表現(xiàn)形式是:
用with, without, but for, under, or, if only等構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
①Without your help, we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time.
=But for your help,...
=If it had not been for your help,...
=Had it not been for your help,...
沒(méi)有你的幫助,我們不可能提前完成這項(xiàng)工作。
②He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.(連詞)
他打電話告訴了我你的生日,否則,我對(duì)此一點(diǎn)都不知道。
③But for their help, we could not have finished the program in time.
如果沒(méi)有他們的幫助,我們不可能按時(shí)完成那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。
注意:該考點(diǎn)中注意逆向考查方式,即:常規(guī)考查時(shí),一般考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu);而逆向考查時(shí),虛擬語(yǔ)氣是情景,考查真實(shí)的情況。
[典例11] [2015·浙江溫州一模]Without my parents' encouragement and support, I definitely ________ (be) where I am today.
[解析] wouldn't be 考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法?!皐ithout+名詞短語(yǔ)”引出的虛擬條件,主句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,故填wouldn't be。
[典例12] [2015·北京朝陽(yáng)區(qū)一模]If it ________ (repair) earlier, the printing machine would not have broken down.
[解析] had been repaired 考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。在If條件從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,主句對(duì)應(yīng)的也是發(fā)生在過(guò)去,故從句中的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài),且“repair”與“machine”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故答案是had been repaired。
[典例13] [2015·陜西西安八校聯(lián)考三]________ you read the instructions closely, you would know what I am referring to now.
[解析] Had 考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)句子之間缺少連詞,主句用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”可知此處考查的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝情況。由句意可知從句中的if省略,提前Had,表示過(guò)去的情況,而主句表示的是現(xiàn)在的情況。
考點(diǎn)四 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的其他情況
1虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的用法
(1)wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成形式為:
①I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是只小鳥(niǎo),能在天空自由飛翔。
②—How much of the foreign expert's speech have you understood?
—Next to nothing. I wish I had worked harder at English.
——外國(guó)專家的演講你懂多少?
——幾乎什么也不懂,要是我過(guò)去更刻苦學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)就好了。
(2)某些表示堅(jiān)持、建議、命令和要求的動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)形式常采用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”。這類動(dòng)詞包括advise, insist, order, suggest, command, demand, propose, require等。
注意:(1)動(dòng)詞insist如果表示“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”,賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。同樣,當(dāng)suggest作“表明,暗示”講時(shí),其后的賓語(yǔ)從句也不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
(2)表“建議,要求,命令”類的詞后跟名詞性從句,從句中的謂語(yǔ)用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。
The suggestion is that our school should provide more books about popular science.
建議我們學(xué)校提供一些關(guān)于流行科學(xué)的書(shū)籍。
Teachers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
老師們建議父母,為了安全起見(jiàn)不要讓他們12歲以下的孩子騎車上學(xué)。
(3)would rather后面的賓語(yǔ)從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示愿望,意為“寧愿,但愿”。其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成形式為:
George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he focused more on its culture.
喬治將要談?wù)撽P(guān)于他的國(guó)家的地理情況,但是我寧愿他更多地談它的文化(方面的情況)。
2虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的用法
在“It is necessary/important/strange/suggested/demanded/ordered/requested+that從句”中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。
It is strange that he (should) react in this way.
很奇怪,他竟然作出這樣的反應(yīng)。
3虛擬語(yǔ)氣在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法
It is (high/about) time (that)...句型中,定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式,或用should+動(dòng)詞原形(其中should通常不省略)。此句型意為“(現(xiàn)在)該……”,用來(lái)表示提議。
It is (high) time that you went/should go to school.
你該去上學(xué)了。
4as if/as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句和方式狀語(yǔ)從句中常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣
He stood up and offered her his seat, as if he had read her mind.
他站起來(lái)給她讓座,他好像讀懂了她的心思。
注意:如果表示的事情可能會(huì)發(fā)生,那么從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
天看上去似乎要下雨。
5if only后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)(對(duì)現(xiàn)在虛擬)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)(對(duì)過(guò)去虛擬)與過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(對(duì)將來(lái)虛擬),表示強(qiáng)烈的愿望
Look at the trouble we're in.If only we had taken our teacher's advice!
看看我們所處的困境,要是我們接受老師的建議就好了。
[典例14] [2015·北京石景山區(qū)一模]The old man wished he ________ live to see the birth of his grandchild.
[解析] would/could/might 考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。根據(jù)從句的意思可以看出該空表示的是與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的情況,故動(dòng)詞用“would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”。
[典例15] [2015·天津河西區(qū)一模]—Did Jack take the doctor's advice that he ________ lie in bed for another three days?
—If only he ________.
[解析] should; had 考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。第一空考查advice后跟名詞性從句,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”;第二空考查If only引出了虛擬語(yǔ)氣,根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處表示與過(guò)去情況的虛擬,故填過(guò)去完成時(shí),省去“taken the doctor's advice”。
NO.1 解題步驟
1.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),判斷句子成分是否缺少。
2.根據(jù)空格所在的位置以及語(yǔ)境判斷所考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)。
3.根據(jù)所考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)相關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫正確答案。
NO.2 解題技巧
1.如果句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整,空格后的動(dòng)詞是原形(包括被動(dòng)式、進(jìn)行式、完成式等),特別是與上下文時(shí)態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時(shí),考慮情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞。
2.考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣通常是有提示詞的題目,考查基本集中在謂語(yǔ)的各種形式,因此熟練掌握虛擬語(yǔ)氣的??碱愋褪墙忸}的根本。
[典例16] [2015·吉林實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)二模]I got a C for my report.You ________ have made it wrong.You know I have put much time and energy to the report.
[解析] must 根據(jù)空格的位置和句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知此處填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(空格后為動(dòng)詞原形);根據(jù)上文“I got a C for my report”的時(shí)態(tài),可知此空考查的是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法,答案是must,表示“把握很大”(由下文可知)。
[典例17] [2015·陜西省五校一模]But for those in-terruptions, the meeting ________ have finished half an hour ago.
[解析] would 考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。根據(jù)“but for those interruptions”可知,此題考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣,根據(jù)語(yǔ)境及“half an hour ago”這一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可知,該空表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,故填would。
1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要掌握以下幾點(diǎn):(1)各種常見(jiàn)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其特殊情況;(2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)。在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,主要是體會(huì)語(yǔ)境,理解其表達(dá)的情感態(tài)度,結(jié)合用法做出正確判斷。
2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣,首要掌握的是if條件從句引出的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,在這基礎(chǔ)上,掌握其他從句中的語(yǔ)氣和固定句式,并在解題時(shí),始終把握好時(shí)間線索以求做出正確答案。
因此,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣的學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)鍵是:“語(yǔ)境”和“時(shí)間”的把握。
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