?第四講 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)


1.[2015·江蘇高考]The real reason why prices ________ (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.
答案:were 根據(jù)and still are可知,此處指過去的物價(jià)與現(xiàn)在物價(jià)一直都很高,所以應(yīng)使用一般過去時(shí)。
2.[2015·湖南高考]I wasn't able to hide my eagerness. When I ________ (ask), “What do you wish me to do now?”
答案:asked when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,通過“I wasn't able to hide my eagerness”的時(shí)態(tài)可知,ask的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去。
3.[2015·重慶高考]In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat ________ (cut).
答案:has been cut 從句中cut的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前,主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),故該從句使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),且“wheat”與“cut”之間為被動(dòng),故答案是has been cut。
4.[2015·四川高考]More expressways ________ (build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
答案:will be built 根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語soon以及不定式作目的狀語,可知此處用一般將來時(shí)態(tài),且“build”與“more expressways”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故答案是will be built。
5.[2015·湖南高考]He must have sensed that I ________ (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that?”
答案:was looking 由句意可知,他感覺到的時(shí)候“我”應(yīng)該是正在看他。
6.[2015·安徽高考]Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ________ (leave) my book in the cafe.
答案:had left 考查時(shí)態(tài)?!皉ealized”為一般過去時(shí),其后面賓語從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在其之前,故用過去完成時(shí),had left。
7.[2014·福建高考]—Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been?
—I went to Ningxia and ________ (stay) there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.
答案:stayed 答句由and連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語動(dòng)詞,根據(jù)“went”及句意可知,此處表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,“待”這個(gè)動(dòng)作與“went”這個(gè)動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,故用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。句意:——好長時(shí)間沒見到你了!你去哪兒了?——我去寧夏支教了一年。
8.[2014·大綱全國卷]Unless some extra money ________ (find), the theatre will close.
答案:is found 由主句中的will可知unless引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表將來,且“money”和“find”之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故答案為is found。句意:除非找到一些額外資金,否則這家劇院就得關(guān)門。
9.[2014·大綱全國卷]The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ________ (see) them since.
答案:has seen 由題干中的“since”可知,本題應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。句意:這些報(bào)告在2012年就丟失了,此后再也沒人見到過它們。
10.[2014·北京高考]—Hi, let's go skating.
—Sorry, I'm busy right now. I ________ (fill) in an application form for a new job.
答案:am filling 根據(jù)題干中的I'm busy right now可推知fill in這一動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。句意:——嗨,咱們?nèi)セ??!獙?duì)不起,我現(xiàn)在忙著呢。我正在填一張新工作申請(qǐng)表?!?br />
閱讀下面材料,在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
[2015·課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ]
Yangshuo, China
It was raining lightly when I __61__ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn't care. A few hours __62__, I'd been at home in Hong Kong, with __63__ (it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.
I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River __64__are pictured by artists in so many Chinese __65__(painting). Instead, I'd headed straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away __66__ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
Yangshuo__67__(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers __68__ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it __69__ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people __70__ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

Step 1:通讀全文,掌握主旨大意。
本文講述的是桂林的著名旅游景點(diǎn)陽朔。
Step 2:逐題解答,確定答案。
61.a(chǎn)rrived。根據(jù)空格所在位置,此處填謂語,需考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)及主謂一致。
62.before/earlier。根據(jù)空格所在位置可知,此處考查副詞,結(jié)合句子時(shí)態(tài),確定答案。
63.its。介詞with后,名詞前,可知此處填形容詞性物主代詞。
64.that/which??涨翱蘸缶蔷渥?,可知此處填連詞,根據(jù)從句的位置判斷從句類型,再按該從句的連詞選擇方法確定答案。
65.paintings。空前many為關(guān)鍵信息。
66.by。名詞前句子與此空從結(jié)構(gòu)上無關(guān),故可知此處填介詞,結(jié)合語義可知答案。
67.is。根據(jù)空格位置可知此處填謂語,結(jié)合本段的時(shí)態(tài)以及語態(tài)和主謂一致確定答案。
68.conducted。該句中已經(jīng)有謂語“names”,可知此處應(yīng)填非謂語??崭裨诿~后,可知此處考查非謂語作定語。判斷該動(dòng)詞與被修飾詞之間的關(guān)系。
69.regularly。根據(jù)空格位置及語義可知此處應(yīng)填副詞。
70.living。同第68題。
Step 3:代入驗(yàn)證。
需考慮語法結(jié)構(gòu)正確且語義符合邏輯,語法結(jié)合語義才能確保萬無一失。


知識(shí)
清單
(1)熟知八種基本時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成;(2)八種基本時(shí)態(tài)的用法及重點(diǎn);(3)一般過去時(shí)態(tài)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)用法上的側(cè)重點(diǎn);(4)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本形式;(5)被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的特殊情況;(6)與時(shí)態(tài)相關(guān)的固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)。
學(xué)情
分析
考生在動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的學(xué)習(xí)過程中存在著以下幾點(diǎn)問題:(1)考生對(duì)于時(shí)態(tài)的基本類型不能熟練掌握;(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式及過去分詞形式不清楚;(3)句子中的主被動(dòng)意識(shí)淡,不能準(zhǔn)確使用被動(dòng)語態(tài);(4)在使用時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),全憑所謂的語感去判斷,寫出來的句子中時(shí)態(tài)混亂,沒有時(shí)態(tài)觀念,沒有章法可言。
考點(diǎn)一 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(do/does)
1表示客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理或自然現(xiàn)象。
As is known to us, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
眾所周知,太陽東升西落。

2表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)。
Some senior 3 students get up at 5:20 every day including Sunday.
一些高三學(xué)生每天5:20起床,包括星期日。

3在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表將來。
If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard.
如果城市噪音的增加不被阻止,人們將不得不大聲叫喊才能被聽到。

4表示按時(shí)刻表、計(jì)劃規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常見的動(dòng)詞有:
come, go, leave, begin, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。
The plane takes off at 2:30 every Wednesday and Friday.
飛機(jī)每星期三和星期五2:30起飛。
[典例1] [2016·四川成都一診]It's probable that the rocket ________ (date) from about 2,000 years ago in China.
[解析] dates 根據(jù)語義可知,此處表示客觀真理且主語是單數(shù),故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。注意2,000 years ago為誤導(dǎo)信息。
[典例2] [2016·北京東城區(qū)期末]________,we will carry out the plan next week. (完成句子)
除非你有不同意見,否則我們下周就執(zhí)行該計(jì)劃了。
[解析] Unless you have any disagreement 該句為條件狀語從句,主句為將來時(shí),故用“主將從現(xiàn)”這一結(jié)構(gòu),從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
考點(diǎn)二 一般過去時(shí)態(tài)(did)
1表示過去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用(時(shí)間比較具體)或上下文語境有暗示,或由于地點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變而導(dǎo)致同一個(gè)動(dòng)作用過去時(shí)態(tài)。
I taught English in Xi'an for half a year. I felt very tired. When I got home, I went straight to bed.
我在西安教了半年英語,我感到非常累。當(dāng)我回到家時(shí),直接上床睡覺了。

2描述過去時(shí)間中發(fā)生的一系列事件。
He went to the supermarket, bought some eggs and returned home.
他去超市,買了些雞蛋就回家了。

3原來沒有意料到,沒有想到的事。
Excuse me. I didn't realize I was blocking your way.
對(duì)不起。我沒意識(shí)到擋了你的路。

4固定句式
(1)It's high time that sb. did sth.是某人該做某事的時(shí)候了。
It's high time we did something about environmental protection.
到了我們保護(hù)環(huán)境的時(shí)候了。
(2)would rather+主+did+...表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況。
I would rather you came here tomorrow morning.
我寧愿你明天上午來這。

[典例3] [2016·四川成都二診]—Have you worked out the schedule for our graduation trip?
—Yes. I ________ (work) on it for 3 hours.
[解析] worked 根據(jù)語境“制定計(jì)劃”這一動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,只是在陳述過去發(fā)生的事情而已,故用一般過去時(shí)態(tài),“for 3 hours”為誤導(dǎo)信息。
[典例4] [2016·四川成都一診]All football fans ________ (witness) the Germans' final victory in the 2014 World Cup this August.
[解析] witnessed 根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語“this August”可知,使用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。
考點(diǎn)三 完成時(shí)態(tài)(have/has/had done)
  
1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
(1)表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)到說話時(shí)剛剛完成或結(jié)束?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與up to now, so far, already, yet, now, recently, in the past few years, just等表示時(shí)間的詞,或since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句(從句中使用一般過去時(shí)態(tài))連用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一本小說自從上個(gè)月出版之后就很受歡迎。
(2)用于時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中,表示將來要完成的動(dòng)作或一個(gè)動(dòng)作先于另一個(gè)動(dòng)作。
—When shall we restart our business?
—Not until we have finished our plan.
——什么時(shí)候我們重新開始我們的事業(yè)?
——直到我們已完成我們的計(jì)劃。
(3)在“It (This) is(will be)the first/second/third...time+that從句”中,that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
這是我們?nèi)业谝淮蔚诫娪霸嚎措娪啊?br /> (4)在“It (This) is the best (worst,most+adj.等)+名詞+從句”中,從句中的謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
這是我到這個(gè)學(xué)校以來聽過的最有教育意義的演講。

2過去完成時(shí)
(1)某些動(dòng)詞用于過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法,意為“本來期望/認(rèn)為/打算……”。這類動(dòng)詞主要有:expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。
①I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本來打算昨天去看你,但我有了一個(gè)不速之客。
②I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.
我本想去幫你的,但當(dāng)時(shí)確實(shí)太忙了。
(2)過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),考生做題時(shí)關(guān)鍵看該動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生在題干中所給的過去的動(dòng)作或過去的時(shí)間之前,如果是就用過去完成時(shí)。
①Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they had received from China.
上個(gè)月,日本政府對(duì)從中國得到的援助表示感謝。

②—What a mistake!
—Yes,I had suggested his doing it another way,but without success.
——愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤!
——是的,我已建議他換種方式做,但沒成功。
(3)by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語或從句,主句用過去完成時(shí)。
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
杰克從英國回到家時(shí),他的兒子已經(jīng)大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。
(4)在hardly(scarcely)...when...,no sooner...than...句型結(jié)構(gòu)中,主句用過去完成時(shí),從句用一般過去時(shí)。意思為“一……就……”。
Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when(than) the rain poured down.
我剛到家大雨就傾盆而下。

3將來完成時(shí)
將來完成時(shí)用來表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。經(jīng)常與“before+將來時(shí)間”或“by+將來時(shí)間”連用,也可與before或by the time引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句連用。
On her next birthday,Ann will have been married for twenty years.
到下次生日時(shí),安已結(jié)婚20年了。
[典例5] [2016·浙江溫州一模]I suddenly realized that I was kept so busy that I ________ (spend) little time with my family before.
[解析] had spent 根據(jù)主句中的“realized”以及“was kept”可知本句的語境為過去時(shí)間,“spend”發(fā)生在這之前(before)可知答案為過去完成時(shí)態(tài),故填“had spent”。
[典例6] [2016·北京東城區(qū)一模]—Mum!Where is my packed lunch?
—In the kitchen. I ________ (make) you two sandwiches.
[解析] have made 根據(jù)對(duì)話的語境可知?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生在現(xiàn)在時(shí)段內(nèi),“make”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響,故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。
[典例7] [2016·重慶南開中學(xué)一模]Hurry up, or by the time we arrive at the cinema, the film ________ (begin).
[解析] will have begun 根據(jù)“by the time we arrive at the cinema”可看出是發(fā)生在將來的動(dòng)作,且截止到這一動(dòng)作時(shí)間為止,故用將來完成時(shí)態(tài)。

考點(diǎn)四 進(jìn)行時(shí)(be doing)
1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
高考題對(duì)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的考查往往是在具體的語境中進(jìn)行的,不給出具體的時(shí)間狀語,要求考生能夠通過語境判斷出該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來表示:
(1)說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。
Hurry up! Mark and Carol are expecting us.
快點(diǎn)!Mark和Carol正等著咱們呢。
(2)現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。
①The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers are repairing one of the main pipes.
因?yàn)楣と藗冋谛奁渲幸粭l主管道,所以供水系統(tǒng)臨時(shí)被切斷。
②Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.
青少年們正在損害自己的健康,因?yàn)樗麄兺娴碾娔X游戲太多了。
(3)近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃。
I've won a holiday for two days to Florida.I am taking my Mum.
我獲得了一次去佛羅里達(dá)度假兩天的機(jī)會(huì)。我計(jì)劃帶著我媽媽去。

2過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某動(dòng)作在某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。
①The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant was giving in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly.
經(jīng)理為其助理代他舉行記者會(huì)而擔(dān)心,然而幸運(yùn)的是,一切進(jìn)展順利。
②—I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.
—I'm so sorry. But I was doing my homework.
——我不明白你昨天下午為什么沒去聽講座。
——我很抱歉,但我當(dāng)時(shí)在做作業(yè)。
(2)某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生,其中一個(gè)在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中。持續(xù)性動(dòng)作用過去進(jìn)行時(shí),短暫性動(dòng)作用一般過去時(shí)。
The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.
那位記者說,當(dāng)他看到時(shí),不明飛行物正在自東向西飛行。

3現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,并且現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行。
①Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在過去的三個(gè)月里,湯姆一直每晚都在圖書館工作。
②I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately.
因?yàn)槲易罱恢笨人缘脜柡λ晕冶仨毴タ瘁t(yī)生。
(2)表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,在說話時(shí)剛剛結(jié)束。
Where have you been?We have been looking for you everywhere.
你剛才去了哪里?我們一直在到處找你。

4將來進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者將來某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。將來進(jìn)行時(shí)常與一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語連用。這些常見的標(biāo)志性狀語有:at this time tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow等。
①Daniel's family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.
Daniel的一家人下星期這個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)⒃邳S山度假。
②—Guess what, we've got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice! You will be experiencing a different culture then.
——猜猜!我們已經(jīng)得到了暑假去英國旅行的短期簽證。
——太好了!那時(shí)你們將體驗(yàn)不同的文化。

5固定句式
be doing...when...表示“當(dāng)一件事情發(fā)生時(shí),另外一件事情發(fā)生了”。
I was wandering in the street when I came across a friend of mine.
我在街道上閑逛時(shí),突然遇到我的一個(gè)朋友。
類似結(jié)構(gòu)用法還有:be about to do...when...表示“當(dāng)一件事情馬上要發(fā)生時(shí),突然另外一件事情發(fā)生了”;had done...when...表示“一件事情剛剛發(fā)生,突然另外一件事情發(fā)生了”。
I had just come back when the doorbell rang again.
我剛回來,門鈴又響了。
[典例8] [2016·重慶巴蜀中學(xué)期末]—Joe, what about going to Belgium for our coming holiday?
—Sorry, honey, I ________ (work) on the newly discovered dinosaur site in Argentina.
[解析] will be working 根據(jù)語境可知后者將要去阿根廷工作,結(jié)合前者的問題可知后者應(yīng)該在假期時(shí)正巧在阿根廷工作,故填將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。
[典例9] [2016·重慶一診]Leave me alone. I ________ (write) an article all the afternoon and haven't finished yet.
[解析] have been writing 根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語“all the afternoon”及“haven't finished”可知應(yīng)填現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),表“一直在寫文章”。
[典例10] [2016·蘇錫四市調(diào)研]—Hi, Peter. Why didn't you go to the cinema last night?
—I ________ (watch) the popular show Dad, where are we going? with my family.
[解析] was watching 根據(jù)語境可知后者“l(fā)ast night”正在看電視節(jié)目,故未去看電影,應(yīng)填過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表示“過去某時(shí)間動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行”。
考點(diǎn)五 將來時(shí)態(tài)
除了“will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”可以表示將來時(shí),以下幾種形式也可表示將來意義。

1be going to do
be going to結(jié)構(gòu)在口語中常用來表示已經(jīng)決定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能發(fā)生的事,也可用來表示自然現(xiàn)象。
①I'm going to gather some material about Picasso.
我打算搜集一些有關(guān)畢加索的材料。
②It's going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow.
明天將會(huì)是沖浪的好天氣。

2現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
有這種用法的主要是一些表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞,如go, come, leave, start, begin, run, leave, stay, do, take等。這種將來意義往往指安排好要做的事情,很少變更。
①I'm flying to Beijing tomorrow.
明天我要坐飛機(jī)去北京。
②She's leaving early tomorrow morning.
明天早上她要早動(dòng)身。

3be to do
這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示按計(jì)劃中約定的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)、要求必須去做的事或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
①The engineer is to visit our factory next week.
那位工程師下周來參觀我們工廠。
②The meeting is to take place early tomorrow.
會(huì)議明天一早召開。

4be about to do
這一結(jié)構(gòu)用于表示客觀上馬上就要發(fā)生的事,一般不與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用。
①Don't go out. We're about to have dinner.
別出去了,我們很快就吃飯了。
②The new school year is about to begin.
新學(xué)年開學(xué)在即。
注意:be going to與will都表將來,二者主要區(qū)別如下:
(1)will表示說話人認(rèn)為、相信、希望或假定要發(fā)生的事,不含任何具體時(shí)間,可以指遙遠(yuǎn)的將來,而be going to指有跡象表明即將發(fā)生或肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的事。
There is going to be a quarrel between them, I think.
我想兩人要爭吵了。
(2)be going to和will均可表示“意圖”;但事先考慮過的意圖用be going to,不是事先考慮的意圖用will,即臨時(shí)決定。
—Sorry, I forgot to buy the book you need.
—It doesn't matter. I will go myself.
——對(duì)不起,我忘了買你需要的書了。
——沒關(guān)系,我自己去吧。
[典例11] [2016·江蘇四市一模]How long do you expect it ________ (be) before the African can keep the disease under control?
[解析] will be 根據(jù)“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則以及句意理解可知,使用一般將來時(shí)態(tài);也可根據(jù)“It will be+時(shí)間段+before...”句式結(jié)構(gòu)來確定答案。
[典例12] [2016·陜西五校一模]—The constant noise around here ________ (drive) me crazy!
—Calm down. It's no use complaining.
[解析] is driving 根據(jù)語境可知“周圍的噪音快把我逼瘋了”,故用將來時(shí)態(tài),但“drive sb. crazy”用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來,描述動(dòng)作的進(jìn)程,故答案是is driving。
考點(diǎn)六 動(dòng)詞語態(tài)
在英語中不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)出者時(shí),使用被動(dòng)語態(tài),在考查動(dòng)詞方面,也是重點(diǎn)考查內(nèi)容之一,因此,考生碰到動(dòng)詞考查時(shí),要先判斷時(shí)態(tài),然后要考慮語態(tài),即:主語與該動(dòng)詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

1各種基本時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成
“be+過去分詞”為基本構(gòu)成,只要變換be的形式就可以得到不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),除“be+過去分詞”外,還有g(shù)et/become+過去分詞。如下表:
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成(以write為例)

時(shí)間
一般時(shí)態(tài)
進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
完成時(shí)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在
am/is/are written
am/is/are
being written
has/have
been written
過去
was/were written
was/were
being written
had
been written
將來
shall/will be written



注意:英語中只有及物動(dòng)詞(短語)有被動(dòng)語態(tài),不及物動(dòng)詞(短語)無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

(1)Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the reform and opening.
改革開放以來,我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
此處take place無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
(2)All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.
所有的申請(qǐng)人在官方做最終決定前都要面試。
此處applicants與interview之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

2主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)
(1)“系動(dòng)詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等+形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
①The steel feels cold.
鋼鐵摸起來很涼。
②His plan proved (to be) practical.
他的計(jì)劃被證明很實(shí)用。
(2)表示主語的某種屬性特征的動(dòng)詞,如read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink等。這類動(dòng)詞一般不單獨(dú)使用,常有一個(gè)修飾語。如:
①This coat dries easily.
這件外套容易干。
②Nylon cleans easily.
尼龍容易洗干凈。
③Food can keep fresh in a fridge.
食物在冰箱里能保鮮。
④Your essay reads well.
你的文章讀起來不錯(cuò)。
⑤This material has worn thin.
這些材料已經(jīng)磨薄了。
⑥The match won't catch.
這根火柴擦不著。
⑦The engine won't start.
這個(gè)引擎發(fā)動(dòng)不起來。
[典例13] [2016·福州畢業(yè)班質(zhì)檢]Highways across China ________ (report) to be free of charge for 20 days during holidays in 2015.
[解析] were reported 主語“highways”與“report”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且根據(jù)語境可知使用一般過去時(shí)態(tài),故答案是were reported。
[典例14] [2016·北京豐臺(tái)區(qū)一模]—Can we sit at the table by the window?
—I'm sorry, but it ________ (take) already.
[解析] has been taken 根據(jù)語境可知?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生在現(xiàn)在,already表示已發(fā)生,故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),且“it”與“take”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填has been taken。
[典例15] [2016·四川德陽二診]—Excuse me, is the book Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell available now?
—Sorry, but it ________ (sell) so well that we don't have any in store.
[解析] sells 根據(jù)語境可知,此處表示“Gone With the Wind”這本書很暢銷,而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作,盡管兩者為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,但用主動(dòng)表狀態(tài)。


NO.1 解題步驟

1.根據(jù)語境或具體時(shí)間狀語確定時(shí)態(tài),之后判斷主語與謂語之間的主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
2.注意所填形式要與整個(gè)語境發(fā)生的時(shí)間一致且符合邏輯,同時(shí)判斷主謂一致。
NO.2 解題技巧
謂語動(dòng)詞的用法是語法填空題的必考點(diǎn)。重點(diǎn)考查的是時(shí)態(tài),且多與語態(tài)一起考查。時(shí)態(tài)理解錯(cuò)誤在考生中是常見的。解題時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)判斷用哪種時(shí)態(tài)(根據(jù)具體的語境、時(shí)間狀語或另一動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間狀語)。
(2)判斷用主動(dòng)語態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
(3)注意謂語動(dòng)詞與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。
(4)注意不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的拼寫。
注意:某些動(dòng)詞,如:read, write, sell, wash, wear, lock, dry等可用主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義,通常表明主語的某種屬性或特征,一般帶有一個(gè)副詞(如easily, well, smoothly等)作修飾語。
This coat dries easily.
這種外衣容易干。
Your pen writes smoothly.
你的鋼筆寫起來流暢。
[典例16] [2016·天津十二區(qū)聯(lián)考]-Has Billy finished his homework today?
-I have no idea. He ________ (do) it this morning.
[解析] was doing 根據(jù)語境可知“this morning”表示過去的動(dòng)作,在上午,后者見到Billy的時(shí)候Billy正在寫作業(yè),但不知是否做完。故用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
[典例17] [2016·北京海淀區(qū)一模]-Has James arrived at the hotel?
-No, he ________ (surround) by fans for photos at the airport.
[解析] is being surrounded 根據(jù)對(duì)話語境可知雙方正在談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在的事情,后者的回答No,表明James現(xiàn)仍在包圍之中。且James與surround之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

1.語法填空對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查,一般都是通過一個(gè)具體的語言環(huán)境來考查考生分析問題的能力,因此做題時(shí),要首先定位整篇文章的主時(shí)態(tài),而后分析主語與謂語之間的主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系,兼顧考慮主謂一致。
2.熟練掌握固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)中的時(shí)態(tài)形式也是正確解題的關(guān)鍵之一。
3.在平時(shí)閱讀時(shí)多關(guān)注動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài)形式變化,揣摩各種語言環(huán)境,以求達(dá)到熟能生巧的效果。
總之,時(shí)態(tài)是語法填空中考查的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),也是難點(diǎn),關(guān)鍵一環(huán)便是準(zhǔn)確把握動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。



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