專(zhuān)題17  閱讀理解之推理判斷題講解與練習(xí) Part 1整體感知一、推理判斷題主要考查學(xué)生：（1）推斷隱含意義的能力。（2）推斷作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度的能力。   （3）推斷寫(xiě)作目的的能力。（4）推斷文章的出處的能力。（5）推斷上下文內(nèi)容的能力。1.細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題該類(lèi)型題干主要命題特征：1.題干主要包括六個(gè)動(dòng)詞：infer（推斷），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出結(jié)論）和assume（假定，設(shè)想）。此類(lèi)題目常見(jiàn)出題方式：It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the text that _______.Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?The attitude of the author towards somebody/sonething is _______.What’s the author’s attitude toward…?The main purpose of this text is_____.From the passage we can conclude that_______.2.掌握表述作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的形容詞、動(dòng)詞（1）表示積極的詞：support（支持），supportive（支持的），approve（贊成），approving（贊同的），for（支持），in favor of（支持），optimistic（樂(lè)觀的），positive（積極的），objective（客觀的），helpful（有幫助的），admiring（贊賞的），serious（嚴(yán)肅的），enthusiastic（熱情的），pleasant（愉快的），polite（禮貌的），concerned（關(guān)切的），humorous（幽默的），unbiased（無(wú)偏見(jiàn)的），confident（自信的），impressive（給人印象深刻的）等。（2）表示消極的詞匯：disgusted（厭惡的），disgusting（令人厭惡的），critical（批評(píng)的），negative（否定的），suspicious（懷疑的），intolerable（無(wú)法忍受），disappointed（失望的），biased（有偏見(jiàn)的），compromising（有失體面的），uninterested（不感興趣的），worried（擔(dān)心的），hostile（敵對(duì)的），ironic（諷刺的），sarcastic（挖苦的），bitter（令人不快的），cynical（憤世嫉俗的），sentimental（傷感的），emotional（情緒激動(dòng)的），sceptical（懷疑的），opposed（強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)的），angry（氣憤的），doubt（懷疑）等。（3）表示中立的詞：indifferent（冷淡的；漠不關(guān)心的），inpersonal（客觀的），impartial（不偏袒的），factual（事實(shí)的），objective（客觀的），neutral（中立的）等。二、正確選項(xiàng)特征1. “立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推得。2. 選項(xiàng)中一般不出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)概念，如only，never，all， absolutely等，正確答案的表述一般有一點(diǎn)模糊，會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留有一些余地的詞匯，如often，usually，sometimes，some， may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。三、干擾選項(xiàng)特征1.只是原文的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述，而非推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論，把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)作間接推理；2.主觀臆斷：沒(méi)有基于原文進(jìn)行推斷，而是根據(jù)常識(shí)推斷；3.過(guò)度推斷：作者只是客觀地?cái)⑹鍪聦?shí)，并未做出評(píng)論，而一些選項(xiàng)卻主觀地進(jìn)行推斷。如提到一樣?xùn)|西貴，并不意味著就買(mǎi)不起。4.錯(cuò)誤推斷：某些細(xì)節(jié)看似從原問(wèn)推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論，然而實(shí)際上與原文不符，或斷章取義，或因果倒置和手段變目的等；Part 2 解題方法方法1. 根據(jù)特定信息進(jìn)行推斷   在閱讀中作判斷，一定要以材料提供的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，作出的推斷要合乎情理。有些簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷題，可根據(jù)題干提供的信息，到原文中去抓關(guān)鍵信息，然后進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷。典題例證（2018.全國(guó)卷I閱讀D節(jié)選）We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(裝置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.      B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.      D. They go out of style quickly.根據(jù)節(jié)選段的最后一句“That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.”可知，做同樣的事，過(guò)時(shí)的電子設(shè)備比新設(shè)備耗能更多。由此可推斷，作者認(rèn)為新設(shè)備更節(jié)能、更環(huán)保，故答案為A。方法 2. 從字里行間悟出作者的言外之意。…The young man quickly answered,“Yes, sir.”從quickly和“Yes, sir.”可以推論出，說(shuō)話(huà)者似乎態(tài)度謙卑，甚至有點(diǎn)誠(chéng)惶誠(chéng)恐。“…Lots of people think I’m just a green kid. I’ll show them.”Green原意為“綠色的”，由此引申為“不成熟的”，這里可譯作“毛孩子”。從“I’ll show them.”可推論出兩層意思：1.“許多人認(rèn)為我只是一個(gè)毛孩子，我要給他們做個(gè)樣子看看。”（表示很自信）；2.“許多人認(rèn)為我只是一個(gè)毛孩子，我要給他們一點(diǎn)顏色讓他們看看。”（威脅的口氣）The old man staggered(搖搖晃晃地走)along the sidewalk. He grabbed at the picket fence to keep from falling. His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter wind.粗心地學(xué)生可能會(huì)從“staggered（搖搖晃晃）”，“grabbed…from falling”推論出這個(gè)老頭喝醉了。顯然這種推論缺乏足夠的證據(jù)，因?yàn)閷W(xué)生忽略了“His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter wind.”這一事實(shí)。事實(shí)上，作者描繪了一幅凄慘的畫(huà)面。合理的推論應(yīng)該是：這位老人上了年紀(jì)，身體很虛弱。方法 3.  利用語(yǔ)境的褒貶性進(jìn)行信息推斷  文章是作者抒發(fā)感情、表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的一種方式。因此很多文章，尤其是記敘文和議論文，其語(yǔ)境都有一定的褒貶性，來(lái)反映主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)以及作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。掌握好文章的語(yǔ)境褒貶性就能在把握主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的邏輯判斷。典題例證（2019.全國(guó)卷I D節(jié)選）During the rosy years of elementary school（小學(xué)）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. 32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind.    B. Lonely.   C. Generous.    D. Cool. 解析：根據(jù)第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.可知，在美好的小學(xué)時(shí)光里，我喜歡分享我的洋娃娃和笑話(huà)，這讓我保持了高高的社會(huì)地位。由此推斷出，作者在小學(xué)早期時(shí)，是一個(gè)慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷靜的；酷的。故選C。方法4.根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容推斷文章出處判斷文章出處的題目應(yīng)從文章的體裁和內(nèi)容著手。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，報(bào)紙上的新聞前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱(chēng)等；廣告類(lèi)文章因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)；產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明類(lèi)文章器皿、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng)或操作方式。典題例證（2010.全國(guó)卷III閱讀B節(jié)選）BMany of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白質(zhì)), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.27. From which is the text probably taken?A. A biology textbook.               B. A health magazine.C. A research paper.                 D. A travel brochure.解析：根據(jù)節(jié)選第一段中的“These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.”并結(jié)合節(jié)選第二段描述的幾種富含各種維生素的水果可以斷定這篇文章可能來(lái)自健康雜志。答案為B.Part 3 閱讀理解仿真組合練AResearch published in the journal High Temperature found that an hour-long soak in hot water produced similar blood sugar responses to 60 minutes of moderate physical activity.Sound too good to be true? While the research on these effects is still initial (初步)，there is a plausible explanation for this."It seems that activities that increase heat shock proteins (熱體克蛋) may help to improve blood sugar control and offer an alternative to exercise," the lead study author Steve Faulkner wrote. “These activities—such as soaking in a hot tub or taking a sauna (桑拿) — may have health benefits to people who are unable to exercise regularly. to an hour- long session of cycling or an hour-long session in a 40℃bath.The scientists discovered that both groups were better able to control their blood sugar levels in the 24 hours following their soak were approximately 10 percent lower than those of the participants who exercised.Researchers say this implies that “passive heating" (a means of rising your body temperature) could assist in lowering blood sugar levels. Passive heating can affect proteins in the body called heat shock proteins, which helps regulate blood sugar. People with diabetes (糖尿病) tend to have lower levels of heat shock proteins. Passive heating can raise these levels.It's critical to point out a few limitations of the study. For starters, the experiment only monitored men, so it's difficult to say if the same effect would happen in women. It also only included 14 volunteers, which was an extremely small sample size. More research needs to be conducted before scientists can come to any official conclusion. And, of course, you should still continue exercising regularly.That being said, the study does offer some more promising insights (見(jiàn)解) into the healing effects of hot water.1. What does the underlined word “plausible” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Strange. B. Ridiculous.C. Reasonable. D. Confusing.2. What can we know about the research by the U. K.'s team?A. Cycling made no difference to blood sugar levels.B. People with diabetes usually have higher levels of heat shock proteins.C. 14 lean and 14 overweight men were involved in the research.D. A 24-hour tracking and monitoring was carried out after the one-hour activities.3. How should scientists improve this study?A. By extending the study period.B. By changing the research method.C. By including women in the research.D. By adding more scientists involved in the investigation.4. Which of the following best expresses the author's main point of view?A. When you run a fever you get passive heating.B. Passive heating can raise levels of heat shock proteins.C. The research is of significance in spite of some imperfection.D. You need either a hot bath or regular exercise to keep healthy.BThe annual marathon in my town occurred as scheduled. My job was to follow behind the runners in an ambulance in case any of them needed medical attention. As the athletes began to pace themselves, the front runners started to disappear. It was then that my eyes were drawn to the woman in blue running shorts and a baggy white T-shirt.I knew we were already watching our “l(fā)ast runner”. Her feet were turned in, yet her left knee was turned out. Her legs were so crippled and bent that it seemed impossible for her to walk, let alone run a marathon.The driver and I watched in silence as she slowly moved forward. We would move forward a little bit, then stop and wait for her to gain some distance. Then we’d slowly move forward a little bit more. As I watched her struggle to put one foot in front of the other, I found myself breathing for her and urging her forward. I wanted her to stop, and at the same time, I prayed that she wouldn’t.Finally, she was the only runner left in sight. I sat on the edge of my seat and watched with respect and amazement as she pushed forward with sheer determination through the last miles. When the finish line came into sight, the cheering crowds had long gone home. Yet, standing straight and proud waited a man. He was holding one end of a ribbon tied to a post. She slowly crossed through, leaving both ends of the ribbon fluttering (飄動(dòng)) behind her.I don’t know this woman’s name, but that day she became a part of my life — a part I often depend on. For her, it wasn’t about beating the other runners or winning a prize. It was about finishing what she had set out to do. When I think things are too difficult or I get those “I-just-can’t-do-it,” I think of the last runner. Then I realize how easy the task before me really is.5．What words can best describe the woman?A．Proud and determined. B．Strong-willed and honorable.C．Modest and courageous. D．Diligent and considerate.6．What does the underlined word “crippled” in paragraph 2 mean?A．Disabled. B．Healthy. C．Perfect. D．Strong.7．What has the author learnt from the woman?A．Don’t depend on others when facing hardships.B．Nothing is too tough to accomplish if one is brave enough.C．The disabled can also run a marathon despite their walking difficulty.D．It’s not winning but finishing the thing we start that really matters.8．What could be the best title for the text?A．A Humorous Stranger. B．An Unforgettable Job.C．The Last Runner. D．The Annual Marathon.CYour colleague’s sharp comment keeps replaying in your mind. Two of your students are trapped in a “he said/she said” battle. When you reflect on your emotional reactions, you sometimes get caught up in cycles of negative feelings, which can make you feel even worse. If so, the answer may lie in a skill called “self-distancing”，the ability to take a step back and view yourself more objectively. According to a research, when people adopt self-distancing while discussing a difficult event, they make better sense of their reactions, experience less emotional suffering, and display fewer signs of stress.But what might self-distancing look like in action? Consider a typical “he said/she said” student conflict where they are each focusing on their own feelings. One is thinking，“I can’t believe he did that to me.” And another insists, “She really hurt my feelings.” However, if you ask them to take the self-distancing, they might step outside of themselves and ask broader questions: “Why was he so hurt in this situation?” or “How did her anger affect him?”Although this approach may sound too simple to be effective, studies indicate that a change in point of view can have a powerful effect on the way people think, feel, and behave. Here are several different techniques you can try.First，consider how a thoughtful friend might respond after quietly observing their situation. Besides, avoid using the pronoun “I”. Focus on using third-person pronouns, he, she, they, and they were able to see the stressful event as challenging rather than threatening. Finally, ask yourself, “How would I feel about this one week from now or ten years from now?” This form of mental time travel may be effective because our attention is directed away from our immediate, concrete circumstances.9. What is self-distancing?A. Getting stuck in negative emotions. B. A stressful situation.C A study on relieving emotional stress. D. Reflecting on yourself objectively.10. Paragraph 2 is developed by____.A. example B. definitionC. classification D. process11. Which of the following statement uses the techniques of self-distancing?A. I’m angry with him.B. How I wish I could go back to the past!C. How did these two people get to this point?D. He grabbed my notes, and then, and then...12. What is the best title for the passage?A. Why Self-distancing MattersB. The Application of Self-distancingC. Breaking the Cycle of Negative ReflectionD. Ways to Reflect on Emotional ReactionsDSome of the most attractive pictures to come out of the Alaska earthquake are the photos that show slope (斜坡）failures, in which parts of formeriy solid hills caved in，tore or let loose. And if there happened to be a road or building on top of the slopes that failed，the result was horrible.    Slopes can fail without earthquakes, as the result of pouring rain qr w：eathering. But the shaking caused by a quake — particularly a large one like what occurred near Anchorage on Friday — can either speed up the process or create entirely new failures that wouldn't have otherwise happened.     Several slope failures were documented in the； Anchorage area in the hours after the earthquake Friday, the most interesting of which was on Vine Road southwest of Wasilla. It’3 as if someone.came along with a large destroying ball and dropped it on Vine Road, which wrinkled like a broken egg.    Scientists seemed surprised at how many slope failures occurred as a result of the 7.0-magnitude (震級(jí)）quake. The center of the quake was deep，at 27 miles below the surface — a key reason why the damage in Anchorage was relatively light. Such an earthquake would be expected to produce shaking over a large area, but probably with reasonably modest top ground accelerations, Friday/s earthquake would certainly be felt, but the surface of Earth wouldn't be moving badly enough to produce widespread landslides.?????????????       Photos from Alaska show a lot of lateral (橫向的）spread, in which the ground tears open. Whatever is on top of the ground at the place it tears in half is also torn in half afterwards, like highways or buildings. The buildings surrounding the spread are also at risk of damage because of the  force of the ground spreading out away from the tear. There’s also documentation of block spread，in  which part of the ground breaks off a hill and slides away mostly perfect.13.What do we know about slope failures?A. They may cause earthquakes.B.They usually happen with a road on top.C.They always happen with earthquakes.D.They may pull parts of the hills apart14.What can we infer from Paragraph 2?A. Earthquakes have great effect on slope failures.B. Most slope failures occur after the pouring rain.C. Earthquakes result in slope failures immediately.D. Slope failures occur mainly with large earthquakes.15. What did the scientists think of the Alaska earthquake Friday?A. It produced shaking over a large area.B. It caused fewer slope failures than expected.C. It wasn’t felt for its deep center.D. It didn，t produce landslides.  16. In which circumstance can we find the ground slides down a hill almost unbroken?A.Land slides.    B.Slope failures.    C.Lateral spread.   D.Block spread.A【答案】1. C    2. D    3. C    4. C【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)研究，該研究顯示，在熱水中浸泡一小時(shí)，會(huì)和60分鐘適度體力活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生類(lèi)似的血糖反應(yīng)。浸泡熱水能更好地控制血糖水平。【1題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段中的"It seems that activities that increase heat shock proteins (熱體克蛋) may help to improve blood sugar control and offer an alternative to exercise," the lead study author Steve Faulkner wrote.可知，提升熱體克蛋白水平的活動(dòng)似乎可以幫助改善血糖控制，并提供一種鍛煉的替代方案。由此推知，there is a plausible explanation for this.意為“對(duì)此有一個(gè)合理的解釋”。故選C。【2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二句" The participants were either assigned to an hour-long session of cycling or an hour-long session in a 40℃ bath和第五段第一句中的 The scientists discovered that both groups were better able to control their blood sugar levels in the 24 hours following the activities.可知，參與者在活動(dòng)中分別被分配了一個(gè)小時(shí)的任務(wù)，任務(wù)結(jié)束后的24小時(shí)內(nèi)，科學(xué)家們對(duì)他們的情況進(jìn)行了跟蹤監(jiān)測(cè)。故選D。【3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第七段中的" For starters, the experiment only monitored men和only included 14 volunteers, which was an extremely small sample size."可知，這項(xiàng)研究有很多不足之處，實(shí)驗(yàn)僅跟蹤監(jiān)測(cè)了男性的情況，未涉及女性，且實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本量很小。由此可知，該研究應(yīng)增加女對(duì)象的研究。故選C。【4題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的That being said, the study does offer some more promising insights(見(jiàn)解) into the healing effects of hot water.可知，作者認(rèn)為，盡管這項(xiàng)研究有不足之處，但它確實(shí)為熱水的治療效果提供了一些更有前景的見(jiàn)解。故選C。B 5．B    ．A  7．D  8．C【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述作者作為工作人員參加馬拉松比賽，目睹一位腳有問(wèn)題的女人堅(jiān)持跑完馬拉松的過(guò)程，并且這個(gè)最后一位跑步者一直激勵(lì)作者以后生活的道路。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段I sat on the edge of my seat and watched with respect and amazement as she pushed forward with sheer determination through the last miles.可知，我坐在座位邊上，帶著敬意和驚訝看著她堅(jiān)定地向前走了最后幾英里。以及最后一段I don’t know this woman’s name, but that day she became a part of my life — a part I often depend on. For her, it wasn’t about beating the other runners or winning a prize. It was about finishing what she had set out to do. When I think things                are too difficult or I get those “I-just-can’t-do-it,” I think of the last runner. Then I realize how easy the task before me really is. 可知我不知道這個(gè)女人的名字，但從那天起，她就成了我生活的一部分——我經(jīng)常依賴(lài)的一部分。對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)，這不是打敗其他賽跑者或贏得獎(jiǎng)品的問(wèn)題。這是關(guān)于完成她已經(jīng)開(kāi)始做的事情。當(dāng)我認(rèn)為事情太困難或者我得到那些“我只是不能做”的時(shí)候，我就會(huì)想到最后一個(gè)跑步者。然后我意識(shí)到我面前的任務(wù)是多么的簡(jiǎn)單。由此可推知，作者認(rèn)為，這個(gè)女人雖然一位腳有問(wèn)題，但是意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)地走完了最后幾英里，且她的行為也讓作者一直銘記，成立作者生活的一部分，說(shuō)明作者覺(jué)得這個(gè)有殘疾的女人是值得尊敬的。故選B。6．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文Her feet were turned in, yet her left knee was turned out.她的腳朝里，但左膝朝外。以及后文bent that it seemed impossible for her to walk, let alone run a marathon.可知這個(gè)女人的腿彎曲，似乎不可能走路，更不用說(shuō)跑馬拉松了。由此可知，這個(gè)女人腿有殘疾，故劃線(xiàn)單詞意思為“殘疾的”。A. Disabled.殘疾的；B. Healthy.健康的；C. Perfect.完美的；D. Strong.強(qiáng)壯的。故選A。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段I don’t know this woman’s name, but that day she became a part of my life — a part I often depend on. For her, it wasn’t about beating the other runners or winning a prize. It was about finishing what she had set out to do. When I think things are too difficult or I get those “I-just-can’t-do-it,” I think of the last runner. Then I realize how easy the task before me really is. 可知我不知道這個(gè)女人的名字，但從那天起，她就成了我生活的一部分——我經(jīng)常依賴(lài)的一部分。對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)，這不是打敗其他賽跑者或贏得獎(jiǎng)品的問(wèn)題。這是關(guān)于完成她已經(jīng)開(kāi)始做的事情。當(dāng)我認(rèn)為事情太困難或者我得到那些“我只是不能做”的時(shí)候，我就會(huì)想到最后一個(gè)跑步者。然后我意識(shí)到我面前的任務(wù)是多么的簡(jiǎn)單。由此可以推斷作者從這個(gè)女人身上學(xué)到的，不是勝利而是堅(jiān)持到底才是最重要的，故選D。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中When I think things are too difficult or I get those “I-just-can’t-do-it,” I think of the last runner. Then I realize how easy the task before me really is.可知當(dāng)我認(rèn)為事情太困難或者我得到那些“我只是不能做”的時(shí)候，我就會(huì)想到最后一個(gè)跑步者。然后我意識(shí)到我面前的任務(wù)是多么的簡(jiǎn)單。結(jié)合本文主要講述作者作為工作人員參加馬拉松比賽，目睹一位腳有問(wèn)題的女人堅(jiān)持跑完馬拉松的過(guò)程，并且這個(gè)最后一位跑步者一直激勵(lì)作者以后生活的道路。所以C選項(xiàng)“最后一位跑步者”為短文最佳標(biāo)題，更吸引讀者，故選C。C 【答案】9. D    10. A    11. C    12. C【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹的是一種有助于打破消極循環(huán)的技巧——自我疏遠(yuǎn)。【9題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“the ability to take a step back and view yourself more objectively”可知，自我疏遠(yuǎn)指的是客觀地反思自己，故D項(xiàng)正確。【10題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Consider a typical “he said/she said” student conflict where they are each focusing on their own feelings.”及“However, if you ask them to take the self-distancing, they might step outside of themselves and ask broader questions: “Why was he so hurt in this situation?” or “How did her anger affect him?””可知，本段以學(xué)生沖突為例說(shuō)明了自我疏遠(yuǎn)在實(shí)際行動(dòng)中的應(yīng)用，因此本段是通過(guò)舉例的手法展開(kāi)的，故A項(xiàng)正確。【11題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Besides, avoid using the pronoun “I”. Focus on using third-person pronouns, he, she, they,”可知，避免使用代詞“我”，專(zhuān)注于使用第三人稱(chēng)代詞他、她或他們，故C項(xiàng)（這兩個(gè)人是怎么走到這一步的？）正確。【12題詳解】主旨大意題。結(jié)合本文內(nèi)容，尤其是根據(jù)第一段中的“When you reflect on your emotional reactions, you sometimes get caught up in cycles of negative feelings, which can make you feel even worse. If so, the answer may lie in a skill called “self-distancing””可知，當(dāng)你反思自己的情緒反應(yīng)時(shí)，你有時(shí)會(huì)陷入消極情緒的循環(huán)，如果是這樣，答案可能是一種叫自我疏遠(yuǎn)的技巧，由此可知本文介紹的是打破消極循環(huán)的技巧——自我疏遠(yuǎn)，故C項(xiàng)正確。【點(diǎn)睛】說(shuō)明文的主旨大意題的難度較大，抓住文章第一段是關(guān)鍵，例如本篇第4題，根據(jù)第一段中的“When you reflect on your emotional reactions, you sometimes get caught up in cycles of negative feelings, which can make you feel even worse. If so, the answer may lie in a skill called “self-distancing””可知，當(dāng)你反思自己的情緒反應(yīng)時(shí)，你有時(shí)會(huì)陷入消極情緒的循環(huán)，如果是這樣，答案可能是一種叫自我疏遠(yuǎn)的技巧，由此可知本文介紹的是打破消極循環(huán)的技巧——自我疏遠(yuǎn)，而不是自我疏遠(yuǎn)的應(yīng)用或自我疏遠(yuǎn)的重要性。D   【答案】13. D    14. A    15. B   16. D 本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。通過(guò)照片描述了阿拉斯加地震后 的景象，介紹了地震對(duì)山體滑坡所造成的影響。13. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段第一句slope failures后面的定語(yǔ)從句 “in which parts of formerly solid hills caved in, tore or let loose. ”對(duì)其做了解釋?zhuān)襟w滑坡時(shí)， 以前很結(jié)實(shí)的山體也會(huì)塌陷、撕裂或松動(dòng)，所以應(yīng)選 D項(xiàng)。14. A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段可知，沒(méi)有地震也會(huì)發(fā)生山體滑坡，如暴雨、風(fēng)化等，地震會(huì)加速滑坡的過(guò)程，或者造成原本不會(huì)發(fā)生的滑坡，所以地震對(duì)山體滑坡有很大的影響。30. B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句可知，科學(xué)家 們對(duì)于阿拉斯加地震所引起的山體滑坡數(shù)量很吃驚。 由于這次地震的震源很深，破壞相對(duì)較輕，疚段最后一句提到地表的移動(dòng)沒(méi)有嚴(yán)重到造成大面積山體滑坡的程度。由此推知，這次地震引起的山體滑坡數(shù)量比預(yù)想 的要少。?????????????  16. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)琿解題。根據(jù)全文最后一句可知，在塊狀擴(kuò)散的情況下，部分地面脫離山丘，非常完整地滑落，所以答案為D項(xiàng)。        
 

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