?高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型專練（新高考）12
自然環(huán)保類閱讀理解
【命題意圖】 閱讀理解從能力的角度來講，考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語的能力，具體地說，就是通過閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考試方向】 "人與自然和諧發(fā)展”是時(shí)代的主題，生態(tài)環(huán)保的話題也越來越多地出現(xiàn)在新試題中。在命題方面有以下趨勢(shì)：
|1.題材：強(qiáng)調(diào)人與自然和諧發(fā)展。
2.選材：關(guān)注人、自然的生存現(xiàn)狀和未來發(fā)展。
3.命題：形式多樣，突出整體理解，合理推斷。
【得分要點(diǎn)】 1.應(yīng)試生態(tài)環(huán)保類題目時(shí)，在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，要重點(diǎn)突破歸納主旨大意技能，因?yàn)橥茢嗍且哉w理解為基礎(chǔ)的推斷能力。那么，怎樣歸納主旨大意？
（1）尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主題句。主題句通常有這樣的特點(diǎn)：①有一個(gè)話題（topic）；②有闡述控制性概念（controlling idea）偶爾也可在一段中間；③有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中。這就需要讀者進(jìn)一步加工概括了。
（2）尋找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。
應(yīng)觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章濃墨重筆寫的“重心”，考慮文章組織材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的，分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么中心大意來安排的。
（3）典型錯(cuò)誤：①忽視文章的結(jié)構(gòu)；②混淆了中心與支撐細(xì)節(jié)或材料的區(qū)別；③忽視文章表意的傾向性；④漏掉了主要的特征詞。
2.怎樣正確推理判斷
推理判斷試題要求考生盡量考慮文中全部信息或事實(shí)，在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意，并作出正確的推理和判斷。
（1）數(shù)據(jù)推斷題
解答此類題，關(guān)鍵是要善于捕捉有關(guān)數(shù)字的信息，然后在透徹理解原文的字面意義和題意的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用自己的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)，對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析、推算，從而得出正確的結(jié)論。
（2）知識(shí)推斷題
根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié)，運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原義的結(jié)論的一種推斷方法。
（3）邏輯結(jié)論推斷題
根據(jù)事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料，不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。解答這類題的前提是要首先獲得短文的主題思想或列舉的具體事實(shí)，然后按題意要求進(jìn)行推斷。
（4）對(duì)作者態(tài)度、傾向的推斷題
作者的傾向和感情往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中，因此，在推斷過星中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭。
【真題再現(xiàn)】【2020·全國卷I，D】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(發(fā)光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(電源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(傳輸).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. To detect plants’ lack of water
B. To change compositions of plants
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
【答案】32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。
32.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州揚(yáng)斯敦進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項(xiàng)研究中，當(dāng)員工的工作場所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時(shí)，他們的工作效率會(huì)提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的益處。故選D。
33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知這就包括葉子上印有傳感器來顯示植物缺水的情況的植物，還有一種植物可以檢測(cè)到地下水中的有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)。由此可知，麻省理工學(xué)院工程師植物葉片上印上傳感器的作用是檢測(cè)植物缺水的情況。故選A。
34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。由此可知，這種發(fā)光的植物在未來可能有助于減少能源消耗。故選C。
35.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明約占美國總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠(yuǎn)離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過程中會(huì)損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結(jié)合文章主要說明了綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
【題型演練】
1
Greenland is the biggest island in the world. And the ice sheet that sits atop it is massive. “The pile of ice being so thick, it extends more than 10, 000 feet above the ocean. And if all that ice were to melt and go into the ocean, global sea levels would rise by 24 feet everywhere around the world,” said Jason Briner, a geologist at the University at Buffalo. The ice sheet is melting, of course. But just how much, compared to the past?
Briner’s team did a computer simulation（模擬）of the southwest of the Greenland ice sheet, which he says is a good proxy for ice melt across the entire ice sheet. The researchers plugged past climate data into that model to “ hindcast”, rather than forecast, the past activity of the ice sheet. They then checked the model’s predictions of the past shape and size of the ice sheet by looking at piles of rocks and dirt on Greenland today, which outline the edges of ancient ice. And the simulation was in good agreement with the actual situation.
Using that reconstruction of the ice sheet over time, the team could compare the ice sheet’s historic losses to those happening today under human-caused global warming. And they determined that Greenland is on track to lose more ice this century than during any century in the past 12, 000 years — possibly four times as much. The results appear in the journal Nature.
Ultimately it’s up to us how much ice actually melts. “Humanity has the button — the carbon button — and that button is going to influence the rates of ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet.” If the world goes net carbon zero by 2100, for example, Briner says ice loss could stop, entirely at the end of the century, according to one model. “That was what kept me from being completely depressed about our study. ” Dozens of countries have already announced goals to go net carbon zero by the middle of this century — so far the U. S. is not one of them.
1. What does the underlined word “proxy” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Example. B. Recommendation.
C. Combination. D. Interpretation.
2. What do we learn from the computer simulation done by Briner’s team?
A. It is conducted by predicting the activity of the ice sheet.
B. It centers on ice melt throughout the entire ice sheet.
C. It consists with the ice sheet’s actual circumstance.
D. It shows the ice sheet’s losses are in decline.
3. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To arouse people’s interest in Greenland.
B. To point out the importance of computer simulation.
C. To emphasize the accuracy of the simulation.
D. To appeal to America to go net carbon zero.
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. America Causes the Ice Sheet to Melt
B. Global Sea Levels Are Rising
C. Greenland Is Melting Faster
D. Man Can Conquer Nature
【答案】1. D 2. C 3. D 4. C
【解析】這是一篇說明文。講述了一項(xiàng)研究：紐約州立大學(xué)水牛城分校的地質(zhì)學(xué)家布里納的團(tuán)隊(duì)通過對(duì)格陵蘭冰原西南部進(jìn)行了一次計(jì)算機(jī)模擬發(fā)現(xiàn)，格陵蘭島在本世紀(jì)將失去的冰比過去12000年的任何一個(gè)世紀(jì)都要多，可能是過去的四倍。說明了格陵蘭正在加速融化。
1.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文中“Briner’s team did a computer simulation（模擬）of the southwest of the Greenland ice sheet, ”（Briner的團(tuán)隊(duì)做了一個(gè)格陵蘭冰原冰蓋西南部的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬），可以推測(cè)此處應(yīng)該是指“這是對(duì)整個(gè)冰蓋融化的一個(gè)很好的詮釋/解釋”，選項(xiàng)D Interpretation.“解釋”符合文意。故選D。
2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“And the simulation was in good agreement with the actual situation.”（仿真結(jié)果與實(shí)際情況吻合較好。）選項(xiàng)C“It consist with the ice sheet's actual circumstanc”（這與冰原的實(shí)際情況相符） 與文意一致，故選C。
3.推理判斷題。由最后一段中“ If the world goes net carbon zero by 2100, for example, Briner says ice loss could stop, entirely at the end of the century, according to one model. ”（比如說，如果到2100年全球的碳排放量達(dá)到零。布里納說，根據(jù)一個(gè)模型，冰川融化可能會(huì)在本世紀(jì)末完全停止。）及最后一句“Dozens of countries have already announced goals to go net carbon zero by the middle of this century — so far the U. S. is not one of them.”（許多國家已經(jīng)宣布了在本世紀(jì)中葉實(shí)現(xiàn)碳零排放的目標(biāo)，但美國還沒有達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)。）可推知，本文的寫作目的就是呼吁美國能實(shí)現(xiàn)碳零排放。故選D。
4.主旨大意題。結(jié)合文章第二段中“Briner’s team did a computer simulation（模擬）of the southwest of the Greenland ice sheet, which he says is a good proxy for ice melt across the entire ice sheet. ”（布里納的團(tuán)隊(duì)做了一個(gè)格陵蘭冰原冰蓋西南部的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬，他說這是整個(gè)冰蓋融化的很好的詮釋。）及第二段最后一句“And the simulation was in good agreement with the actual situation.”（模擬結(jié)果與實(shí)際情況吻合）；第三段中“And they determined that Greenland is on track to lose more ice this century than during any century in the past 12, 000 years — possibly four times as much.”（他們斷定格陵蘭島在本世紀(jì)將失去的冰比過去12000年的任何一個(gè)世紀(jì)都要多，可能是過去的四倍。）據(jù)此可知，全文說明了格陵蘭島的冰正在加速融化。故選C。
2
While orcas are known for their well-designed joint attacks on unsuspecting oceanic animals, they have never posed a threat to humans. However, since July 2020, the normally social animals have been intentionally attacking sailboats off the coasts of Spain. The unusual hostility is puzzling scientists worldwide.
The strange behavior first surfaced on July 29, when Victoria Morris, a biology graduate, noticed nine orcas circling the 46 foot boat she was crewing near the shores of the Strait of Gibraltar. She was initially cheerful to see the friendly animals, with which she had numerous encounters while teaching sailing in New Zealand. However, that changed when the orcas started striking the boat repeatedly for almost an hour. “They almost turned the boat over and the deafening noise was terrifying,” she said.
The continuous attacks broke the boat's automatic rudder, leaving the boat disabled. Spanish biologist Rocio Espada says, “It is crazy. I've seen these whales grow from babies. I know their life stories. I've never seen or heard of attacks.”
Since then, over 30 more similar incidents have been reported. Some researchers believe the orcas' unusual behavior could be a result of the overfishing of tuna—orcas' primary food source—which has left the area's orcas starving and unable to feed their babies. “I saw orcas look at boats carrying fish. The intelligent animals may know humans are somehow related to food shortages,” says Ken Balcomb, an American scientist.
However, Alfredo Lopez a Spanish biology professor, thinks the attacks were preventative measures the orcas adopted to protect themselves against boat injuries. The researcher came to this conclusion after looking at the footage of a few incidents filmed on the scene and noticing that two of the young orcas involved had serious injuries. The scientist wasn't sure if the orcas were hurt during or before the recent boat encounters. Lopez said, “Our interpretation is that they don't have the slightest intention of attacking people.” Hopefully, the experts will find a way to restore the harmony between the animals and humans soon.
5. What does the underlined word “hostility” in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Unfriendliness. B. Defence. C. Cooperation. D. Impatience.
6. What do we know about Victoria Morris?
A. Her major led her to anticipate orcas' intense attacks.
B. She rarely spotted orcas when working as a sailing coach.
C. Her joy gave way to fear after the orcas began attacking the boat.
D. She was doing research on the shore when she caught sight of nine orcas.
7. What did Rocio Espada think of the orcas' behavior of attacking humans?
A. Predictable. B. Abnormal. C. Unavoidable. D. Natural.
8. Which of the following may Alfredo Lopez agree with?
A. Orcas frequently get hurt by boats. B. Orcas enjoy playing tricks on humans.
C. Orcas are punishing humans for overfishing. D. Orcas attack boats to safeguard against dangers.
【答案】5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了虎鯨從未對(duì)人類構(gòu)成威脅。然而，自2020年7月以來，這種通常群居的動(dòng)物一直在故意攻擊西班牙海岸的帆船。這種不尋常的敵意令全世界的科學(xué)家感到困惑。文章主要列舉了專家對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象的看法和原因解析。
5. 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“However, since July 2020, the normally social animals have been intentionally attacking sailboats off the coasts of Spain.(然而，自2020年7月以來，這種通常群居的動(dòng)物一直在故意攻擊西班牙海岸的帆船)”可知，自2020年7月以來虎鯨開始對(duì)人類不友好，故意攻擊西班牙海岸的帆船。故畫線詞意思為“不友好”。A. Unfriendliness.不友好；B. Defence.防御；C. Cooperation. 合作；D. Impatience.無耐心。故選A。
6. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“She was initially cheerful to see the friendly animals, with which she had numerous encounters while teaching sailing in New Zealand. However, that changed when the orcas started striking the boat repeatedly for almost an hour. “They almost turned the boat over and the deafening noise was terrifying,” she said.(她最初很高興看到這些友好的動(dòng)物，她在新西蘭教航海時(shí)曾與它們有過多次接觸。然而，當(dāng)虎鯨開始在近一小時(shí)的時(shí)間里不斷撞擊船只時(shí)，情況發(fā)生了變化?！八麄儙缀醢汛?，震耳欲聾的聲音很可怕，”她說)”可知，當(dāng)虎鯨開始攻擊她的船時(shí)，Victoria Morris的喜悅變成了恐懼。故選C。
7. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Spanish biologist Rocio Espada says, “It is crazy. I've seen these whales grow from babies. I know their life stories. I've never seen or heard of attacks.”(西班牙生物學(xué)家Rocio Espada說：“這太瘋狂了。我看到這些鯨魚從小長大。我知道他們的生活故事。我從未見過或聽說過它們會(huì)襲擊人類?！?”可知，Rocio Espada認(rèn)為虎鯨攻擊人類的行為是反常的。故選B。
8. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“However, Alfredo Lopez a Spanish biology professor, thinks the attacks were preventative measures the orcas adopted to protect themselves against boat injuries.(然而，西班牙生物學(xué)教授Alfredo Lopez認(rèn)為，這些攻擊是虎鯨為了保護(hù)自己免受船只傷害而采取的預(yù)防性措施)”以及“Lopez said, “Our interpretation is that they don't have the slightest intention of attacking people.”(Lopez說：“我們的解釋是，他們沒有絲毫攻擊人的意圖?！?”可推知，D選項(xiàng)“虎鯨攻擊船只以防范危險(xiǎn)”的觀點(diǎn)Alfredo Lopez可能會(huì)認(rèn)同。故選D。
3
The New South Wales government used planes to drop more than 4,000 pounds of carrots and sweet potatoes, to the forests which are damaged by the recent wildfires. The fires are reported to have killed more than a billion wild animals and destroyed a land of more than 84 thousand square kilometers—about twice the size of Maryland. What is worse, most Australians are worrying about when the wildfires will be fully put out.
“The home of several important wallabies (沙袋鼠) was burnt in the recent fires,” New South Wales Environment Minister Matt Kean said on Sunday. Kean said the drops are what wallabies need. The plan is designed to help wallabies and allow them to recover.
Fire seasons often take place in the country, but this year the fires have been quite devastating. The country experienced one of its hottest and driest years, which made it harder to put out the fires. Besides wild animals, the fires have taken the lives of at least 25 people and destroyed more than 2,000 homes.
“I think there’s nothing to compare with the damage that’s going on over such a large area so quickly. It’s a big event in terms of geography and the number of wild animals,” Dickman, an animal protection expert, said in an interview with NPR last week.
“We know that the number of Australian wild animals has been going down over the last several decades, and it’s probably fairly well known that Australia’s got the world’s highest rate of extinction of animals,” he added. “It’s events like this that may increase the speed of extinction of a lot of other animals. So, it’s very sad time. Everyone has to try their best to do something for them.”
9. Why did the Australian government drop potatoes?
A. To feed the animals. B. To trap the animals.
C. To plant potatoes there. D. To help the people.
10. What does the underlined word “devastating” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Damaging. B. Interesting.
C. Surprising. D. Tiring.
11. What can we know about the recent Australian wildfires from the text?
A. They have been under control.
B. The weather is helpful in putting out them.
C. They have killed a small amount of wildlife.
D. They have greatly influenced both people and animals.
12. What does Dickman want to stress in the last paragraph?
A. Australia has a lot of wildlife.
B. Australians have suffered a lot.
C. Australians should protect the wildlife.
D. The government is responsible for the wildfires.
【答案】9. A 10. A 11. D 12. C
【解析】本文是說明文。本文講述了澳大利亞火災(zāi)給動(dòng)植物和人類帶來的巨大損失，以及新南威爾斯州政府所采取的措施。
9. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后兩句“Kean said the dropsare what wallabies need. The plan is designedto help wallabies and allow them to recover.”( 基恩說，沙袋鼠需要的就是這種投放。該計(jì)劃旨在幫助沙袋鼠，讓它們恢復(fù)健康。)可知，澳大利亞大火后野生動(dòng)物急需食物，因此政府投放土豆是為了動(dòng)物。故選A。
10. 詞義猜測(cè)題。 根據(jù)文章下文“The country experienced one of its hottest and driest years, which made it harder to put out the fires. Besides wild animals, the fires have taken the lives of at least 25 people and destroyed more than 2,000 homes." ( 這個(gè)國家經(jīng)歷了最炎熱和最干燥的年份，這使得撲滅大火更加困難。除了野生動(dòng)物，大火已經(jīng)奪走了至少25人的生命,摧毀了2000多座房屋。)可知，今年的火災(zāi)造成了相當(dāng)大的破壞。故選A。
11. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句“The home of several important wallabies (沙袋鼠) was burnt in the recent fires”(幾只重要沙袋鼠的家在最近的火災(zāi)中被燒毀。)以及第三段內(nèi)容，這個(gè)國家經(jīng)常發(fā)生火災(zāi)，但今年的火災(zāi)破壞性很大。這個(gè)國家經(jīng)歷了最炎熱和最干燥的年份，這使得撲滅大火更加困難。除了野生動(dòng)物，大火已經(jīng)奪走了至少25人的生命，摧毀了2000多座房屋。因此推斷這次的澳大利亞大火嚴(yán)重地影響了野生動(dòng)物和人們的生活。故選D。
12. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“We know that the number of Australian wild animals has been going down over the last several decades, and it’s probably fairly well known that Australia’s got the world’s highest rate of extinction of animals,” he added. “It’s events like this that may increase the speed of extinction of a lot of other animals. So, it’s very sad time. Everyone has to try their best to do something for them.”（他補(bǔ)充說:“ 我們知道，澳大利亞野生動(dòng)物的數(shù)量在過去幾十年里一直在下降，而且澳大利亞是世界上動(dòng)物滅絕率最高的國家，這可能是相當(dāng)眾所周知的?！薄?像這樣的事件可能會(huì)加速許多其他動(dòng)物的滅絕。所以，這是一個(gè)非常悲傷的時(shí)刻。每個(gè)人都要盡力為他們做些什么。”）可推斷，Dickman想要強(qiáng)調(diào)澳大利亞的野生動(dòng)物瀕臨滅絕，呼吁澳大利亞人應(yīng)該保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物。故選C。
4
Everybody hates rats. But in the earthquake capitals of the world-Japan, Los Angeles, Turkey-rats will soon be man's new best friends.
What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue dogs. Why? Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives. They help rescuers to find living people. But dogs are big and they can't get into small spaces. So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.
How does it work? First，the rat is trained to smell people. When this happens, the rat's brain gives a signal. This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat's brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person.
Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. Christian Linster at Cornell University-New York says, “Robots' noses don't work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that.” Rats can also see in the dark.They are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs, and unlike robots, they don't need electricity!
The “rat project” is not finished, but Julie Ryan of International Rescue Corps in Scotland says, “It would be fantastic. A rat could get into spaces we couldn't get to and a rat would get out if it wasn't safe.” Perhaps for the first time in history, people will be happy to see a rat in a building (but only after an earthquake, of course).
13. In the world earthquake capitals, rats will become man's best friends because they can ______.
A. take the place of man's rescue jobs
B. find the position of people alive who are trapped in buildings
C. serve as food for people alive who are trapped in buildings
D. get into small spaces
14. From the third paragraph we know the rescuers can judge a person is alive by ________.
A. the noise made by the rat B. the rat's unusual behavior
C. the signal sent by the radio on the rat's back D. the smell given off by the person
15. In doing rescue jobs, ________.
A. rats smell better than dogs
B. dogs don't need to be trained to smell people
C. robots' sense of smell can be affected by other smells around
D. rats can not see in the dark
16. After reading the passage we can know .
A. nowadays rats have replaced dogs in searching for people
B. the “rat project” has been completed
C. people are now happy to see a rat in a building
D. at present people still use dogs and robots in rescues
【答案】13. B14. C15. C16. D
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了用老鼠來尋找在地震中被困在地下的人的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
13. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“But in the earthquake capitals of the world-Japan, Los Angeles, Turkey-rats will soon be man's new best friends.（但是在世界地震之都——日本和洛杉磯，土耳其——老鼠將很快成為人類的新朋友。）”第二段“So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.（因此，現(xiàn)在一項(xiàng)新的研究項(xiàng)目正在使用一種較小的動(dòng)物來拯救生命：老鼠。）”可知，在世界地震之都，老鼠將成為人類最好的朋友，因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢哉业奖焕г诮ㄖ锢锏幕钪娜说奈恢谩９蔬xB項(xiàng)。
14. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“ This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat's brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive.（它被發(fā)送到一個(gè)背上的小型無線電，然后救援人員跟蹤無線電信號(hào)。當(dāng)老鼠的大腦活動(dòng)跳躍時(shí)，救援人員就知道有人還活著。）”可知，救援人員可以通過老鼠背上的無線電發(fā)出的信號(hào)來判斷一個(gè)人是否還活著。故選C項(xiàng)。
15. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Robots' noses don't work well when there are other smells around.（當(dāng)周圍有其他氣味時(shí)，機(jī)器人的鼻子就不能正常工作。）”，可知，在救援時(shí)，機(jī)器人的嗅覺會(huì)受到周圍其他氣味的影響。故選C項(xiàng)。
16. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue dogs. Why? Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives. ”地震后會(huì)發(fā)生什么？我們派出了救援犬。為什么？因?yàn)樗麄兡苈劦饺说臍馕丁９纺芫热?。根?jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. ”雖然已經(jīng)有機(jī)器人可以做這項(xiàng)工作，但老鼠更好。根據(jù)最后一段“Perhaps for the first time in history, people will be happy to see a rat in a building (but only after an earthquake, of course).(也許這是歷史上第一次，人們會(huì)樂于看到建筑里有一只老鼠(當(dāng)然，只有在地震之后)。)”可知，此句運(yùn)用一般將來時(shí)，說明現(xiàn)在還沒有投入使用，是將來的事情，說明人們還在使用狗和機(jī)器人實(shí)施求援。故選D項(xiàng)。
5
Identifying the chemical makeup of pigment (色素) used in ancient documents, paintings, and watercolors is critical to restoring and conserving the precious artworks. However, despite numerous efforts, scientists had been unable to determine the source of folium, a popular blue dye used to color manuscripts (手稿) in Europe during the middle ages — from the 5th to the 15th century. Now, a team of researchers from Portugal has finally uncovered the mysterious ingredient responsible for the gorgeous blueish-purple color that helped bring ancient illustrations and texts to life.
The research team began by poring over instructions penned by European dye makers from the 12th, 14th, and 15th centuries. They found what they were seeking in a 15th-century text entitled The Book on How to Make All the Color Paints for Illuminating Books. However, translating the instructions was no easy task. It was written in the now extinct Judaeo-Portuguese language, and though the source of the dye was traced back to a plant, no name was mentioned.
However, by piecing together suggestions from the text, the scientists were able to determine that the dye was made from the bluish-green berries of the chrozophora tinctoria plant. After an extensive search, the team found a few varieties of the plant growing along the roadside near the town of Monsaraz in south Portugal.
The detailed instructions gave the researchers critical clues — including the best time to pick the berries. “You need to squeeze the fruits, being careful not to break the seeds, and then to put them on linen (亞麻).” The scientist says the detail was important since broken seeds polluted the pigment, producing an inferior quality ink. The dyed linen, which was left to dry, was an efficient way to store and transport the pigment during ancient times. When needed, the artist would simply cut off a piece of the cloth and dip it with water to squeeze out the blue color.
Once the key ingredient had been identified, the researchers began to determine the dye’s molecular structure. To their surprise, they found that folium was not like any other known permanent blue dyes — it was an entirely new class of color, one they named chrozophoridin. “Chrozophoridin was used in ancient times to make a beautiful blue dye for painting.” the team wrote in the study. “Thus, we believe that this will not be our final word on this amazing plant and its story and that further discoveries will follow soon.”
17. The primary purpose of the study is to ________.
A. restore and conserve ancient precious artworks
B. determine the substance making up the folium
C. prove the ancient dye-making technique was organic
D. identify which class of color folium belongs to
18. The underlined phrase “poring over” in the second paragraph means ________.
A. discussing publicly B. testing repeatedly
C. passing directly D. reading carefully
19. What can be learned about the blue dye folium?
A. It was essentially an inferior type of ink.
B. It was the only kind made from wild berries.
C. It could be carried and used easily.
D. It was carefully squeezed from broken seeds.
20. The article is mainly about _________.
A. how the mystery of a thousand-year-old blue dye was solved
B. why the researchers took the trouble to recreate the dye
C. what needs to be done to make an organic dye from a plant
D. when and where the discovery of the dye was made
【答案】17. B18. D19. C20. A
【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要內(nèi)容是關(guān)于一種成分神秘的藍(lán)色染料，研究小組經(jīng)過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種藍(lán)色染料的關(guān)鍵成分，講述了千年藍(lán)色染料之謎是如何解開的。
17. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“However, despite numerous efforts, scientists had been unable to determine the source of folium, a popular blue dye used to color manuscripts (手稿) in Europe during the middle ages — from the 5th to the 15th century. Now, a team of researchers from Portugal has finally uncovered the mysterious ingredient responsible for the gorgeous blueish-purple color that helped bring ancient illustrations and texts to life. (然而，盡管進(jìn)行了大量的努力，科學(xué)家們?nèi)匀粺o法確定葉綠的來源，葉綠是中世紀(jì)（5世紀(jì)至15世紀(jì)）歐洲一種流行的藍(lán)色染料，用于給手稿上色。現(xiàn)在，一個(gè)來自葡萄牙的研究小組終于發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種神秘的成分，這種神秘的成分導(dǎo)致了絢麗的藍(lán)紫色，使古老的插圖和文字栩栩如生)”可知，研究的最初目的是為了確定“folium(葉綠)”的組成物質(zhì)，故選B項(xiàng)。
18. 短語猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃詞組所在句“The research team began by poring over instructions penned by European dye makers from the 12th, 14th, and 15th centuries. (研究小組首先poring over 12、14和15世紀(jì)歐洲染料制造商編寫的說明書)”以及下文“They found what they were seeking in a 15th-century text entitled The Book on How to Make All the Color Paints for Illuminating Books. However, translating the instructions was no easy task. (他們?cè)?5世紀(jì)的一本書中找到了他們想要的東西，這本書的題目是《如何制作所有用于書籍照明的彩色顏料》。然而，翻譯說明書并非易事)”可知，研究小組先仔細(xì)地閱讀了說明書，對(duì)其進(jìn)行研究，所以pouring over意為“仔細(xì)閱讀”。故選D項(xiàng)。
19. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“The dyed linen, which was left to dry, was an efficient way to store and transport the pigment during ancient times. When needed, the artist would simply cut off a piece of the cloth and dip it with water to squeeze out the blue color. (染色后晾干的亞麻布是古代儲(chǔ)存和運(yùn)輸燃料的有效方法。當(dāng)需要的時(shí)候，藝術(shù)家會(huì)簡單地剪下一塊布，用水蘸一下，擠出藍(lán)色)”可知，blue dye folium(藍(lán)色染料)便于攜帶和使用。故選C項(xiàng)。
20. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“However, despite numerous efforts, scientists had been unable to determine the source of folium, a popular blue dye used to color manuscripts (手稿) in Europe during the middle ages — from the 5th to the 15th century. Now, a team of researchers from Portugal has finally uncovered the mysterious ingredient responsible for the gorgeous blueish-purple color that helped bring ancient illustrations and texts to life. (然而，盡管進(jìn)行了大量的努力，科學(xué)家們?nèi)匀粺o法確定葉綠的來源，葉綠是中世紀(jì)（5世紀(jì)至15世紀(jì)）歐洲一種流行的藍(lán)色染料，用于給手稿上色?，F(xiàn)在，一個(gè)來自葡萄牙的研究小組終于發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種神秘的成分，這種神秘的成分導(dǎo)致了絢麗的藍(lán)紫色，使古老的插圖和文字栩栩如生)”，結(jié)合全文對(duì)這種藍(lán)色染料成分的研究可知，研究人員已確定染料的關(guān)鍵成分。由此可知，本文主要是關(guān)于一種千年藍(lán)色染料之謎是如何解開的。故選A項(xiàng)。
6
A high level of methane (甲烷) gas on Mars was found by NASA's Mars exploration vehicle. The discovery is exciting because the presence of methane gas could support the case for life on Mars:
NASA's Curiosity vehicle recently recorded the largest level of methane ever measured during its seven-year Mars mission.
Methane has no color or smell. A special instrument on Curiosity's Mars Science Laboratory recorded the increased gas level. Besides methane, the instrument can record levels of water and carbon dioxide.
Nearly all the methane gas found in earth's atmosphere is produced by biological activity. It usually comes from animal and plant life. But it can also be formed by geological processes, such as interactions between rocks and water.
It was not the first time Curiosity has found methane gas in the Martian atmosphere.. About a year ago, NASA announced that Curiosity had discovered sharp seasonal increases in the gas. This time, NASA said the measured methane gas level was clearly larger than any others observed in the past. NASA officials even temporarily stopped Curiosity's other activities to investigate further.
However, Curiosity's team carried out a follow-up methane experiment that showed a sharp drop in levels of the gas. The rise and fall of the methane gas levels left NASA scientists with more questions than answers. The scientists are continuing to study possible causes for the sudden increase.
Curiosity does not have instruments that can exactly identify whether the source of the methane is biological or geological. One leading theory is that methane is being released from underground areas created by possible life forms that disappeared long ago. Even though Mars has no active volcanoes, scientists believe it is also possible that methane is being produced by reactions involving carbon materials and water.
21. Why is the discovery of methane gas on Mars exciting?
A. It was first found on Mars. B. It's evidence of life existence.
C. It can be used in further studies. D. It proves the existence of water.
22. What can we learn about the methane gas on Mars?
A. It is colorless and smelly.
B. It is mainly created by rocks and water.
C. It is as important as water and carbon dioxide.
D. It is produced by biological or geological, activity.
23. What brought more puzzles to NASA's scientists?
A. Discovering methane gas several times on Mars.
B. The failure of the follow-up methane experiment.
C. Having no exact instruments to identify methane gas.
D. Sharp changes in the amount of methane gas on Mars.
24. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Explorations on Mars B. Methane Level on Mars
C. Methane Mystery on Mars D. The Sources of Methane on Mars
【答案】21. B 22. D 23. D 24. C
【解析】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。文章報(bào)道了美國宇航局的火星探測(cè)車在火星上探測(cè)到有記錄以來大氣中的最高甲烷含量，并由此引發(fā)火星上是否存在或曾經(jīng)存在生命的一系列討論和更進(jìn)一步科學(xué)探索的新聞。
21. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“The discovery is exciting because the presence of methane gas could support the case for life on Mars(這一發(fā)現(xiàn)令人興奮，因?yàn)榧淄闅怏w的存在可能支持火星上存在生命的理由)”可知，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)令人興奮的原因是甲烷氣體的存在是生命存在的證據(jù)。故選B。
22. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Nearly all the methane gas found in earth's atmosphere is produced by biological activity. It usually comes from animal and plant life. But it can also be formed by geological processes, such as interactions between rocks and water.(在地球大氣中發(fā)現(xiàn)的幾乎所有甲烷氣體都是由生物活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的。它通常來自動(dòng)物和植物生命。但它也可以由地質(zhì)作用形成，比如巖石和水之間的相互作用。)”以及最后一段“One leading theory is that methane is being released from underground areas created by possible life forms that disappeared long ago. (一種主要的理論是甲烷是從地下釋放出來的，可能是由很久以前消失的生命形式產(chǎn)生的。)”可知，火星上的甲烷氣體可能是由生物或地質(zhì)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的。故選D。
23. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“The rise and fall of the methane gas levels left NASA scientists with more questions than answers. (甲烷含量的上升和下降給美國宇航局的科學(xué)家們留下了更多的問題而不是答案。)”可知，火星上甲烷氣體含量的急劇變化給美國宇航局的科學(xué)家們帶來了困惑。故選D。
24. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“A high level of methane (甲烷) gas on Mars was found by NASA's Mars exploration vehicle.(美國宇航局的火星探測(cè)車在火星上發(fā)現(xiàn)了高濃度的甲烷氣體。)”及全文內(nèi)容可知，文章報(bào)道了好奇號(hào)在火星上探測(cè)到有記錄以來大氣中的最高甲烷含量，并由此引發(fā)火星上是否存在或曾經(jīng)存在生命的一系列討論和更進(jìn)一步科學(xué)探索的新聞。所以用“Methane Mystery on Mars(火星甲烷之謎)”作為文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選C。

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