?高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型專練（新高考）15
閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題
【考試方向】細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。它們大都是根據(jù)文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過程、論述等進(jìn)行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則需要我們?cè)诶斫獾幕A(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。
常見的命題方式通常有：
1.特殊疑問句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題；
2. 以是非題的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT，近年這種題型較少；
3. 以According to… 開頭提問方式；
4. 以填空題的形式，如：
（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised________.
（2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that________.
（3）It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on________.
（4）If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit________.
（5）The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that________ .
（6）The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to________.
5. 就文中數(shù)字、排序、識(shí)圖等提問。
做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問題是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧，考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時(shí)，不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而常?？刹扇?“帶著問題找答案”的方法．先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，就要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句．仔細(xì)品味，對(duì)照比較．確定答案。除了運(yùn)用掃讀法(scanning)外，還可以兼用排除法．將“無此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。
了解細(xì)節(jié)題干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)也有助于考生提高答題的正確率。一般情況下，干擾項(xiàng)有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：（1）是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容；（2）符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容；（3）與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)；（4）在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。
有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題只要直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對(duì)客觀的事實(shí)作出解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時(shí)還要求讀者記住重要細(xì)節(jié)，在必要的時(shí)候（做判斷、推斷或結(jié)論的時(shí)候）能夠準(zhǔn)確而迅速地將他們回憶起來。解此類題要求考生快速抓住原文中的關(guān)鍵信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案與原文中的語(yǔ)句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題就需要通過有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷．此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。
值得一提的是，有時(shí)原文中的信息可能只是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，甚至一個(gè)單詞，因此需要我們?cè)陂喿x中特別仔細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。
【解答技巧】
1.描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題
描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題，常?？疾榭忌鷮?duì)文中有關(guān)人物動(dòng)作、思想感情、心理活動(dòng)、觀點(diǎn)，或事件的起因、發(fā)展、過程、結(jié)果等方面的理解。這類描寫信息往往較直接，一般不太需要考生對(duì)它們進(jìn)行較深入的理解，對(duì)于該類題，考生一般都可以較直接地從原文中找到與題目對(duì)應(yīng)的有關(guān)信息。
【真題再現(xiàn)】（2020·海南高考真題） In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway（晃動(dòng)）. The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（贊歌）to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles（航天飛機(jī)）Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement.
1.What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday?
A.It carried more weight than it could.
B.It swayed violently in a strong wind
C.Its roadway was damaged by vehicles
D.Its access was blocked by many people.
2.Which of the following is Dr. Petroski's idea according to paragraph 3?
A.No design is well received everywhere
B.Construction is more important than design.
C.Not all disasters are caused by engineering design
D.Improvements on engineering works are necessary.
3.What does the last paragraph suggest?
A.Failure can lead to progress. B.Success results in overconfidence
C.Failure should be avoided. D.Success comes from joint efforts.
4.What is the text?
A.A news report B.A short story.
C.A book review D.A research article.
【答案】1.A 2.C 3.A 4.C
【分析】
這是一篇議論文。主要講述了對(duì)彼得羅斯基博士的書《原諒設(shè)計(jì)：理解失敗》的評(píng)論，工程設(shè)計(jì)可能會(huì)因?yàn)槟承┰驇硎?，但失敗才能帶來進(jìn)步。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway”可以看出，1987年5月，金門大橋舉行了一個(gè)50歲生日聚會(huì)。這座橋禁止機(jī)動(dòng)車通行，人們可以在橋上散步。組織者預(yù)計(jì)將有5萬人到場(chǎng)。相反，多達(dá)80萬人擠滿了通往大橋的道路。當(dāng)25萬人在橋上時(shí)，工程師們注意到了一個(gè)可怕的現(xiàn)象：路面在被要求承載的最重荷載作用下變得平了。更糟的是，它開始晃動(dòng)。因此可以看出，金門大橋50歲生日那天，它的重量超過了它的承受能力。故選A。
2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.”可知，雖然他承認(rèn)工程設(shè)計(jì)可能會(huì)因?yàn)槟切┫氤龌蛟O(shè)計(jì)它們的人只是把事情弄錯(cuò)了失敗，但在這本書中，彼得羅斯基博士拓寬了他的視野，考慮了這種失敗發(fā)生的更大背景。有時(shí)，由于一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)是用不合格的低質(zhì)量材料建造的，所以裝置會(huì)失敗?；蛘?，一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)工作得如此好，以至于在其他地方一次又一次地被采用，用似乎是無害的改進(jìn)，直到突然間，它完全不起作用了。因此可以推測(cè)出，根據(jù)第三段，不是所有的災(zāi)難都是由工程設(shè)計(jì)引起的是彼得羅斯基博士的想法。故選C。
3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的 “It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失敗才能帶來進(jìn)步。因此可以看出，A項(xiàng)與此相呼應(yīng)，即失敗能帶來進(jìn)步，故選A。
4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（贊歌）to its breakdowns.”可知，這個(gè)故事是《原諒設(shè)計(jì)：理解失敗》一書中的一個(gè)，這本書既是對(duì)工程的一封情書，也是對(duì)其崩潰的贊歌。并且后面兩段都在寫這本書里的內(nèi)容以及評(píng)價(jià)，再根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的“Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.”可知，讀者不僅會(huì)遇到他們以前聽過的故事，還會(huì)遇到一些新的故事和關(guān)于工程師對(duì)公眾的責(zé)任以及如何幫助年輕工程師掌握它們的動(dòng)人討論。再結(jié)合最后一段“It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失敗才能帶來進(jìn)步。因此可以推測(cè)出，這些內(nèi)容都是關(guān)于這本書的評(píng)論，因?yàn)檫@篇文章是書評(píng)，故選C。
2.信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題
信息尋找題一般在應(yīng)用文體中較常見，體現(xiàn)于查字典、閱讀廣告、公告、演出海報(bào)、車船航班時(shí)間表等之中。這類閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對(duì)信息的需求，但在高考試題中，常常是就某一方面提問，考生完全沒有必要從頭到尾仔細(xì)閱讀，因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o效信息。做此類題時(shí)，宜采用“題干定全法”。即：先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問題要求，有針對(duì)性地閱讀相關(guān)部分快速尋找有效信息。
廣告是閱讀理解題?？嫉囊环N題材。廣告屬應(yīng)用文體。嚴(yán)格來說廣告屬快速尋找信息題。但是廣告有著其他快速尋找信息題不同的特點(diǎn)。廣告文體簡(jiǎn)潔明快，省略了大量的詞語(yǔ)，達(dá)到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同時(shí)具有語(yǔ)言精練，形象性、鼓動(dòng)性強(qiáng)的良好效果。廣告閱讀題多為細(xì)節(jié)理解題，關(guān)鍵在于正確理解廣告內(nèi)容。考生必須具備較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各種手段（如：補(bǔ)全、聯(lián)想、推測(cè)等）正確解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。通常運(yùn)用“補(bǔ)全成分法”和“聯(lián)想推測(cè)法”兩種方法來解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。做題方法同樣采用“題干定向法”。
（1）補(bǔ)全成分法
省略名在廣告體閱讀材料中大量出現(xiàn)，可以說廣告閱讀理解材料中大多數(shù)句子都是省略句。我們應(yīng)結(jié)合全文語(yǔ)境及邏輯關(guān)系將省略句補(bǔ)全，從而更加準(zhǔn)確地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根據(jù)文義，可將該句補(bǔ)充為：A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司機(jī))。
（2）聯(lián)想推測(cè)法
在些廣告時(shí)間、日期、地點(diǎn)、電話、票價(jià)等用了縮略詞，甚至一概沒有提及，這就需要考生前后連貫，充分想象，整體理解。搜尋已知信息，推斷語(yǔ)篇意義。
【真題再現(xiàn)】（2020·海南高考真題）Pali Overnight Adventures offers children and teens exciting experiences this summer. From broadcasting to street art, these are just 4 of the 17 highly unique camps being offered.
Broadcasting Camp
Become the next star reporter, news writer, director or producer. While running every aspect of our own news station, kids and their fellow campers will create and host a broadcast airing each night at dinner for the entire camp. Every night it goes on the web, keeping parents and the world informed of the happenings at Pali.
Secret Agent Camp
In the movie Mission Impossible, Tom Cruise made being a secret agent seem like the coolest job ever. Campers who sign up for the 2-week secret agent camp can get to know about the life of real secret agents by learning strategies and military skills on the paintball field.
Culinary Camp
If your child enjoys being in the kitchen, then the culinary camp is definitely the right fit. Campers learn technical skills of roasting, frying and cutting, as well as some recipes that they can take home and share with their families.
Street Art Camp
This camp takes creative license to an entirely new level. Campers will share their colorful ideas and imagination with each other and work together to visualize, sketch and paint with non-traditional techniques to create the coolest mural which will be displayed in public for all to see.
5.How many camps does Pali Overnight Adventures offer this summer?
A.2. B.4. C.17. D.21.
6.What will campers do at the Broadcasting Camp?
A.Create a website. B.Run a news station.
C.Meet a star reporter. D.Hold a dinner party.
7.Which camp will attract children who are interested in cooking?
A.Broadcasting Camp. B.Secret Agent Camp.
C.Culinary Camp D.Street Art Camp.
【答案】5.C 6.B 7.C
【分析】
這是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了四個(gè)不同類型的夏令營(yíng)的情況。
5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“From broadcasting to street art, these are just 4 of the 17 highly unique camps being offered.”可知從廣播到街頭藝術(shù)，這只是17個(gè)非常獨(dú)特的營(yíng)地中的4個(gè)。由此可知，今年夏天巴利島有17個(gè)露營(yíng)地。故選C。
6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“While running every aspect of our own news station, kids and their fellow campers will create and host a broadcast airing each night at dinner for the entire camp.”可知在經(jīng)營(yíng)好我們自己的新聞電臺(tái)的方方面面的同時(shí)，孩子們和他們的營(yíng)員們將在每天晚上的晚餐時(shí)，為整個(gè)夏令營(yíng)創(chuàng)作并主持播出一個(gè)廣播。由此可知，營(yíng)員在廣播營(yíng)會(huì)經(jīng)營(yíng)一家新聞電臺(tái)。故選B。
7.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“If your child enjoys being in the kitchen, then the culinary camp is definitely the right fit. Campers learn technical skills of roasting, frying and cutting, as well as some recipes that they can take home and share with their families.”可知如果你的孩子喜歡呆在廚房里，那么烹飪夏令營(yíng)絕對(duì)是最合適的選擇。露營(yíng)者學(xué)習(xí)烘焙、油炸和切菜的技術(shù)技能，以及一些他們可以帶回家和家人分享的食譜。由此可知，Culinary Camp會(huì)吸引對(duì)烹飪感興趣的孩子。故選C。
3.數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題
此類試題一般要求考生能根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，找出計(jì)算關(guān)系，通過計(jì)算，得出正確的結(jié)論。這類計(jì)算一般來說比較簡(jiǎn)單，關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準(zhǔn)比較的數(shù)據(jù)，弄清單位換算關(guān)系，確定計(jì)算方法，問題便迎刃而解了。對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)較多、項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜用時(shí)間或空間跨度較大的短文，通?？刹捎谩傲斜矸ā?，即按一定的規(guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出，化模糊為清晰，為計(jì)算打下基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于相對(duì)不太復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)，可采用“推算法”，即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的運(yùn)算就可得出。
例如：…......
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位數(shù))of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
…
30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present?
A. About 6,800 B. About 3,400
C. About 2,400 D. About 1,200
【答案】B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 可知，目前世界上大約有6800種語(yǔ)言，但是講的人數(shù)少于6000人的占一半即3400.故選B。
4.圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題
此類試題要求根據(jù)短文中的描寫找出相應(yīng)的圖形，或根據(jù)圖形選出相應(yīng)的文字。可采用“文字鎖定法”，即找出描述圖形的句段，按“文”鎖“圖”，迅速鎖定相關(guān)圖形，或用“圖形標(biāo)示法”，在圖形中標(biāo)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，以便做題。
【真題再現(xiàn)】（2015，四川卷）

50.The card above is_________
A.a ticket B.a postcard
C.an invitation D.an advertisement
51.The party is for_________
A.a birthday
B.the Queen
C.bee watching
D.the National Day
52.According to the card ,if you are unable to go ,you can.
A.return the card
B.visit the Museum
C.ignore the message
D.contact Alice's mother
【答案】50.C 51.A 52.D
【解析】這是一張邀請(qǐng)函，是為了慶祝Alice的兩歲生日。
50.C 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的we are throwing a party 以及come bug with us.可知，這是一張邀請(qǐng)函，故選擇C。
51.A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章中的 Alice is turning 2，可知，是為了慶祝生日的，故選擇A。
52.D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章中的regrets to the Queen Bee at 601-555-4111可知如果不能來，請(qǐng)打電話給媽媽，故選擇D。
5.代詞指代題解題技能
代詞指代題要求考生一定的上下文推測(cè)代詞的指代意義。此類題一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜的情況下使用的一種題型，所以理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在。
【真題再現(xiàn)】（2016·新課標(biāo)卷III））On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Slide cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table.
＂Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi?＂ the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. ＂I’m from Mississippi too.＂
Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.
＂They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,＂ Welty said. ＂I didn’t know what my New York friends were thinking.＂
Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團(tuán)聚).
＂My friends said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’＂ Welty added. ＂And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’＂
Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.
＂I don’t make them up,＂ she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. ＂I don’t have to.＂
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.
26. The underlined word ＂them＂ in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s _______.
A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories
【文章大意】文章介紹了一位女作家請(qǐng)紐約的朋友吃飯時(shí)發(fā)生的故事。Welty是一位年紀(jì)比較大的作家，她來自密西西比。Welty的作品都是來自于現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活。
26.D 【解析】畫線的them指代前面提到的人或物，根據(jù)＂Now we believe your stories＂可知，them指代的是Welty寫的小說里面的故事，聽了Welty和兩個(gè)陌生人的有關(guān)密西西比的談話之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小說里的故事都是來源于生活，故選D。
【題型演練】
1
A Pakistani man who was born without arms has developed into a highly skilled snooker player. In the game of snooker, players traditionally use long sticks to hit colored balls into holes at the end of a table. But Muham-mad Ikram has learned a different method. He uses his chin (下巴) to hit the balls into the holes.
Muhammad Ikram is one of nine children. He did not receive an education and his family faced struggles meeting basic needs. Growing up, Ikram spent much of his time watching people play snooker, a game no one dreamed he could ever play. He says he does not remember exactly how the idea of playing struck him. But at some point, he started practicing the game in secret. “He would eagerly watch other boys play. He would keep wishing he also had arms so he could play like them,” said his mother, Razia Bibi. “Then he started using his chin.”
The 32-year-old lives in Samundri, a rural town in Pakistan’s Punjab province. He has spent eight years perfecting his game and says he is not afraid to take on any players. “I have met very good snooker players who tell me I am a real genius and I can bring great fame to Pakistan,” he told Reuters Television. Mian Usman Ahmed is co-owner of the Cuemaster Snooker Club. He says Ikram won several prizes in local competitions over the past two years. “He would come to the club and ask if he could be allowed to play. We would look at his arms and feel he was unable to,” Ahmed said. “He insisted we allow him to prove himself. When he did that, we saw he was actually very good.”
When asked what he would say to others with physical disabilities, Ikram said, “No one should lose hope.” He added that he would one day like to compete at the international level, hopefully with government support.
1. What possibly contributed to Ikram’s becoming a snooker player?
A. The idea of supporting his family.
B. The encouragement from his mother.
C. The hobby of watching snooker games.
D. The desire to set an example to the disabled.
2. What can we learn about Ikram from Para. 3?
A. He has brought fame to his country.
B. He has won first prize in local snooker games.
C. His skills of playing snooker were highly thought of.
D. His method of playing snooker shocked other players.
3. Which of the following words can best describe Ikram?
A. Kind-hearted and gifted. B. Inspiring and determined.
C. Energetic and intelligent. D. Active and outgoing.
4. What was Ikram’s wish?
A. To become a professional snooker player.
B. To compete in international snooker games.
C. To receive education with government support.
D. To open a snooker club designed for the disabled.
【答案】1. C 2. C 3. B 4. B
【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要介紹Ikram用下巴練就了打臺(tái)球的高超技能。
1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Growing up, Ikram spent much of his time watching people play snooker, a game no one dreamed he could ever play.(在成長(zhǎng)過程中，伊克拉姆花了很多時(shí)間觀看人們打斯諾克，一種從未有人夢(mèng)想過他會(huì)玩的游戲)”可知，Ikram看斯諾克比賽的愛好促使他成為了斯諾克選手。故選C項(xiàng)。
2. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“When he did that, we saw he was actually very good.(當(dāng)他做到這一點(diǎn)時(shí)，我們看到他實(shí)際上非常出色)”可知，Ikram打斯諾克的技巧受到高度評(píng)價(jià)。故選C項(xiàng)。
3. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“ “I have met very good snooker players who tell me I am a real genius and I can bring great fame to Pakistan,” he told Reuters Television.(“我遇到過非常優(yōu)秀的斯諾克選手，他們告訴我，我是一個(gè)真正的天才，我可以給巴基斯坦帶來巨大的聲譽(yù)，”他對(duì)路透社電視臺(tái)說)”可知，Ikram在打斯諾克上天賦異稟。故選B項(xiàng)。
4. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“He added that he would one day like to compete at the international level, hopefully with government support.(他補(bǔ)充說，他希望有一天能參加國(guó)際比賽，希望能得到政府的支持)”可知，Ikram的愿望是參加國(guó)際斯諾克比賽。故選B項(xiàng)。
2
Vice-director in Europe/Director UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security
Duty Station: Bonn, Germany
The United Nations University (UNU) has been a think tank for fair research on the pressing global problems of human survival, conflict prevention, development and welfare, for the past four decades. UNU is re-cruiting a Director for the UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) who will meanwhile serve as UNU’s Vice-director in Europe, dividing his/her time equally between both positions.
The Institution: UNU-EHS aims to carry out research on risks and adaptation related to global change. The Institute’s research promotes policies and programmes to reduce these risks, while taking into account the con-nection between environmental and societal factors.
Qualifications: The Director should have academic qualifications that lend to UNU-EHS fame in the inter-national scholarly community; guarantee scientific excellence; and provide leadership and guidance for activities at UNU-EHS and UNU-ViE.
Experience: Strong research background and publications in areas related to addressing risks and societal change. Demonstrated administration experience. Successful influencing of policymakers. Strong contributions to knowledge sharing communities. Strong international fundraising skills and past success in securing support from multiple funders.
Fluency in English is required. Fluency in German and official languages of the United Nations is desira-ble.
Application deadline: 12 January 2020
Full details of the position and how to apply: https :// unu. edu/ about/hr
5. What’s the aim of the UNU?
A. Provide qualified graduates for UN organizations.
B. Research fair ways to deal with global problems.
C. Work out policies for governments and countries.
D. Look into positive effect of environmental changes.
6. What’s the qualification for the post advertised?
A. Scientific excellence and leadership abilities.
B. Good command of all UN official languages.
C. Abilities to prevent social regional conflicts.
D. Adequate knowledge of UNU structures.
7. What kind of experience is required for the post?
A. Having taken leadership at UNU-EHS before.
B. Having organized research on a large public scale.
C. Having contributed to sponsoring government events.
D. Having succeeded raising money from different people.
【答案】5. B 6. A 7. D
【解析】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了聯(lián)合國(guó)大學(xué)要招聘的主任崗位的相關(guān)信息。
5. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“The United Nations University (UNU) has been a think tank for fair research on the pressing global problems of human survival, conflict prevention, development and welfare, for the past four decades.(過去四十年來，聯(lián)合國(guó)大學(xué)一直是對(duì)人類生存、預(yù)防沖突、發(fā)展和福利等緊迫的全球問題進(jìn)行公平研究的智庫(kù))”可知，聯(lián)合國(guó)大學(xué)的目標(biāo)是研究處理全球問題的公平方法。故選B項(xiàng)。
6. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章Qualifications中“The Director should have academic qualifications that lend to UNU-EHS fame in the inter-national scholarly community; guarantee scientific excellence; and provide leadership and guidance for activities at UNU-EHS and UNU-ViE.(主任應(yīng)具有使聯(lián)合國(guó)大學(xué)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)在國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)界享有聲譽(yù)的學(xué)術(shù)資格；保證科學(xué)卓越；為UNU-EHS和UNU-ViE的活動(dòng)提供領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和指導(dǎo))”可知，文章中招聘的職位資格需要有科學(xué)素養(yǎng)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。故選A項(xiàng)。
7. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章Experience中“Strong research background and publications in areas related to addressing risks and societal change. Demonstrated administration experience. Successful influencing of policymakers. Strong contributions to knowledge sharing communities. Strong international fundraising skills and past success in securing support from multiple funders.(在應(yīng)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和社會(huì)變化方面有豐富的研究背景和出版物。有行政管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)。政策制定者的有效影響力。為知識(shí)共享社區(qū)做出貢獻(xiàn)。強(qiáng)大的國(guó)際籌款技能和過去成功獲得多個(gè)資助者的支持)”可知，文章中的職位需要有成功地從不同的人那里籌款的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。故選D項(xiàng)。
3
In the first term of college, Professor Kelly lectured us in his Acting 1 class about the importance of taking the business of acting seriously. As I prepare to take on my senior year, I think back on the first term and I consider my seriousness and my love for the art of theatre. I'm pleased to say that, for the most part, my determination remains as strong as ever.
Even after I've learned about the difficulties and the heartbreak that go with working as an actor, I know that it is still the right path for me. Something Professor Kelly said in that first acting class has stuck with me through these last three years. He said, " Every actor chooses to act for their own reasons — personally I do it because I have to. I have to perform. It's who l am." For as long as I've been performing, I've wondered how to best describe why I do what I do. Professor Kelly answered that question for me that day.
When I was little and first imagined what it would be like to be a real actor, I would imagine being known about by many people someday. However, I never actually wanted that. I act because no matter what is going on in my life，no matter how stressed I am with what's happening outside of or during practices, when I'm on stage, I'm home and I'm me.
Many parents will feel worried about their children's choosing to be an actor. Some will be surprised. My parents are just exceptions. They knew from the start that nothing was going to keep me from doing what I love.
8. What did Professor Kelly's words make the author realize?
A. She did acting out of love. B. She really had a gift for acting.
C. She would face many challenges. D. She must work hard to learn acting.
9. What does the underlined word " that" in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Imagining being an actor. B. Being on stage.
C. Becoming famous one day. D. Being devoted to theatre.
10. How do the author's parents feel about her choice?
A. Content. B. Sympathetic. C. Concerned. D. Disappointed.
11. What is the author mainly talking about in the text?
A. Why she chose acting. B. Who inspired her to act.
C. How acting changed her life. D. What she learned about acting.
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. B 11. A
【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。作者以自己的表演求學(xué)經(jīng)歷告訴我們一個(gè)道理：你堅(jiān)守一個(gè)職業(yè)的初心就是成為你自己。
8. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“As I prepare to take on my senior year, I think back on the first term and I consider my seriousness and my love for the art of theatre.”（當(dāng)我準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)入大四的時(shí)候，我回想起第一學(xué)期，我意識(shí)到我對(duì)戲劇藝術(shù)的認(rèn)真和熱愛。）可知，Kelly教授的話讓作者意識(shí)到自己學(xué)表演是出于熱愛。故選A項(xiàng)。
9. 詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第三段劃線詞前句“I would imagine being known about by many people someday.”（我可以想象有一天會(huì)被很多人所了解。）可知，that指的是有一天變得有名。故選C項(xiàng)。
10. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“My parents are just exceptions. They knew from the start that nothing was going to keep me from doing what I love.”（我的父母只是例外。他們從一開始就知道沒有什么能阻止我做我喜歡的事情。）可知，作者父母對(duì)于自己的選擇持贊同態(tài)度。故選B項(xiàng)。
11. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段“For as long as I've been performing, I've wondered how to best describe why I do what I do. Professor Kelly answered that question for me that day.”（自從我開始表演以來，我一直想知道如何最好地描述我為什么要做我所做的事。Kelly教授那天為我回答了這個(gè)問題。）及全文內(nèi)容可知，文章作者講述的是她選擇表演的原因。故選A項(xiàng)。
4
Cory, aged 30, was diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy （脊髓性肌萎縮癥）at a very young age. Because of his condition, he began using a wheelchair at age 4. His mother, Sandy Gilbreath, raised him as a single parent. Although taking care of a child with a disability was challenging, she ensured that Cory didn't miss out on the fun things in life. Sandy took him on road trips during summer breaks throughout his childhood. The exciting experiences of exploring new places inspired him to set a lifelong goal of visiting all seven continents.
Fortunately, Cory was able to do that just before the COVID-19 started. He and his mother traveled to Antarctica in February, just before the borders closed. It was the seventh and final continent off his list. He became the first-ever wheelchair user to visit all the seven continents!
According to Cory, traveling in a wheelchair requires a wide range of planning and research. He starts his research six to twelve months before each trip, making sure that there are accessible transportation options in the location. He would also call up hotels or rental homes to confirm if they are truly as accessible as they claim to be.
When Cory started going on adventures, there weren't many online resources discussing accessible travel. To help other travelers with disabilities explore the world as he does, he decided to share his knowledge in his blog. Aiming to promote representation of the wheelchair-using community, Cory and his mother wrote a children's book, titled Let's Explore with Cor Cor, which is about a boy who travels around the world in his powered wheelchair.
Traveling to all seven continents wasn't something I was sure was going to be possible," he said. "But if you stay determined and keep a positive attitude, the opportunities are limitless."
12. What made Cory Lee decide to visit all seven continents?
A. His mother's expectation.
B. His travelling experiences.
C. His dream of helping others.
D. His objective of making a history.
13. What worries Cory most about a trip?
A. Rental fees.
B. Local attractions.
C. Accommodation.
D. Transportation.
14. Why did Cory and his mother write the book?
A. To enrich online resources.
B. To record travelling events.
C. To help people with special needs.
D. To introduce wheelchair adventures.
15. What can we learn from Cory's story?
A. Nothing can prevent a determined heart.
B. Disability can turn into an opportunity,
C. Travelling shapes a positive attitude.
D. Mom is the creator of children's dreams.
【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. A
【解析】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了，從小被診斷為脊髓性肌萎縮癥的科里在媽媽的愛護(hù)下坐輪椅游覽了七大洲，他決定在博客上分享他的旅行知識(shí)，幫助其他殘疾旅行者像他一樣探索世界。
12. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段中的“Sandy took him on road trips during summer breaks throughout his childhood. The exciting experiences of exploring new places inspired him to set a lifelong goal of visiting all seven continents.”（桑迪（媽媽）在他童年的暑假里帶他去公路旅行。探索新地方的激動(dòng)人心的經(jīng)歷激勵(lì)他樹立了一個(gè)終生的目標(biāo)：游覽所有七大洲。），可知是科里童年時(shí)，媽媽帶他去公路旅行的經(jīng)歷讓他下定決心訪問所有七大洲。故選B項(xiàng)。
13. 推理判斷題。由第三段中的“According to Cory, traveling in a wheelchair requires a wide range of planning and research. He starts his research six to twelve months before each trip, making sure that there are accessible transportation options in the location.”（科里認(rèn)為，坐輪椅旅行需要進(jìn)行廣泛的規(guī)劃和研究。他在每次旅行前的六到十二個(gè)月開始他的研究，確保在這個(gè)地方有方便的交通選擇。），可知科里因?yàn)樯眢w原因要坐輪椅旅行，所以在每次旅行前他研究要去的地方有沒有方便的交通選擇，可得出科里旅行時(shí)最擔(dān)心的是交通問題。故選D項(xiàng)。
14. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段中的“Aiming to promote representation of the wheelchair-using community, Cory and his mother wrote a children's book, titled Let's Explore with Cor Cor, which is about a boy who travels around the world in his powered wheelchair.”（為了促進(jìn)輪椅使用社區(qū)的代表性，科里和他的母親寫了一本兒童讀物，名為《讓我們和Cor Cor一起探索》，這本書講述了一個(gè)男孩坐著電動(dòng)輪椅環(huán)游世界的故事。），可知是為了促進(jìn)輪椅使用社區(qū)的代表性，即為了幫助有特殊需要的人（坐輪椅的人），科里和他媽媽才寫書分享經(jīng)歷的。故選C項(xiàng)。
15. 推理判斷題。由第一段中的“Cory, aged 30, was diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy （脊髓性肌萎縮癥）at a very young age. Because of his condition, he began using a wheelchair at age 4.”（科里今年30歲，在很小的時(shí)候就被診斷為脊髓性肌萎縮癥。因?yàn)樗纳眢w狀況，他從4歲開始使用輪椅。），第二段中的“He became the first-ever wheelchair user to visit all the seven continents!”（他成為有史以來第一個(gè)訪問所有七大洲的輪椅使用者?。┖妥詈笠欢巍癟raveling to all seven continents wasn't something I was sure was going to be possible," he said. "But if you stay determined and keep a positive attitude, the opportunities are limitless."”（他說：“去所有七大洲旅行并不是我能確定的事?！钡绻惚３謭?jiān)定和積極的態(tài)度，機(jī)會(huì)是無限的?！保?，可知科里從小坐輪椅，但因?yàn)楸３种鴪?jiān)定和積極的態(tài)度，他才能完成游覽所有七大洲的目標(biāo)，可得出即使殘疾，堅(jiān)定的心也能幫助人們實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想，所以沒有什么能阻止一顆堅(jiān)定的心。故選A項(xiàng)。
5
I was invited to give a speech at an educators, conference. I happened to sit next to Clay Parker, the CEO of a technology company that makes micro electronics devices.
For the last few years, I’d been reading about the rapidly changing world of work and was increasingly concerned that students are not prepared for today’s workplace. Buried in book knowledge, university students talk like a book and always pass exams with flying colours. However, when facing HR staff instead of their teachers, what they have learned seems useless. So I asked Parker what qualities he most wanted in a potential new employee. I expected a list of technical skills - especially since Parker is an engineer himself- but I was way off the mark.
“First, I look for someone who asks good questions,” Parker responded. “Our business is changing, and so are the skills of our engineers. We can teach them the technical stuff. But for employees willing to solve problems or to learn new things, they have to know what questions to ask. And we can’t teach them how to ask good questions - how to think. The ability to ask the right questions reflects good thinking ability, the most important quality.”
Indeed, the ability to ask good questions has been a repeated theme in almost all of my conversations about core competences and skills for success in today’s workplace. It turns out that asking good questions goes hand in hand with problem solving ability in the minds of most employers.
The students have always been brought up to live up to a certain standard and so much emphasis has been put on fixed rules and giving the expected answer of their teachers instead of raising a question. We teachers are always blaming the students for giving wrong answers. Perhaps we should ask ourselves whether we are always asking the right questions.
16. Why did the author ask Parker the question?
A. To bring the CEO’s attention to education.
B. To collect information about his company.
C. To ask for his opinion about the conference.
D. To know his requirements for new employees.
17. What docs underlined "off the mark" in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Mistaken. B. Not qualified.
C. Confused. D. Not professional.
18. What does Parker value his employees for?
A. Teamwork. B. Thinking ability.
C. Technical skills. D. Professional knowledge.
19. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. How to Hunt for a Job
B. Asking Questions Matters
C. An Encounter with a CEO
D. Problem-solving Makes a Difference
【答案】16. D 17. A 18. B 19. B
【解析】這是一篇夾敘夾議文。本文主要講述了在職場(chǎng)中最重要的能力是具有提出問題的能力，這反映了其良好的思考能力。
16. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“So I asked Parker what qualities he most wanted in a potential new employee. (所以我問帕克，他最希望新員工具備什么樣的品質(zhì)。)”可知，作者的問題是想了解他對(duì)新員工的要求。故選D項(xiàng)。
17. 詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中“I expected a list of technical skills - especially since Parker is an engineer himself- but I was way off the mark. (我期望得到一份技術(shù)技能的清單——尤其是帕克本人就是一名工程師——但我__________。)”以及第三段中““First, I look for someone who asks good questions,” Parker responded. (帕克回答說：“首先，我尋找那些能提出好問題的人?！?”由帕克的回答首先是想要那些能提出好問題的人，而不是對(duì)什么技術(shù)技能的要求，可知作者想錯(cuò)了，因此猜測(cè)劃線詞 off the mark意為“錯(cuò)誤的”。故選A項(xiàng)。
18. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“ The ability to ask the right questions reflects good thinking ability, the most important quality. (提出正確問題的能力反映了良好的思考能力，這是最重要的品質(zhì)。)”可知，帕克看重員工的思考能力。故選B項(xiàng)。
19. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段中“ The ability to ask the right questions reflects good thinking ability, the most important quality. (提出正確問題的能力反映了良好的思考能力，這是最重要的品質(zhì)。)”和第四段中“Indeed, the ability to ask good questions has been a repeated theme in almost all of my conversations about core competences and skills for success in today’s workplace. (事實(shí)上，在我的幾乎所有關(guān)于在當(dāng)今職場(chǎng)中取得成功的核心能力和技能的談話中，提出好問題的能力一直是一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題。)”可知，本文主要講述了在職場(chǎng)中最重要的能力是具有提出問題的能力，這反映了其良好的思考能力，因此本文的最佳標(biāo)題選項(xiàng)B“提出問題最重要”符合題意。故選B項(xiàng)。
6
It's no secret that inhaling(吸入) smoke is bad for your lungs. But now, scientists are suggesting smoke may also carry and spread infectious diseases.The theory,?published in Science Magazine, is based on research that found wildfire smoke is teeming with thousands of species of microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms, including bacteria and fungal spores（真菌孢子）, are known to cause disease.?
The new research suggests that when a wildfire burns plant or animal matter and disturbs soils, it exposes thousands of species of bacteria and fungi（真菌） that otherwise might not easily become airborne（空氣傳播的）. You might think the high heat from fire would kill these organisms, but?one study cited in the article found that some bacteria even multiply post-fire. Scientists say the organisms latch onto smoke particulates（微粒）, allowing them to travel thousands of miles across continents.
Dr. Peter Chen, director of the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, is "intrigued" by the theory but somewhat skeptical that the microorganisms in smoke would actually cause infections. Many bacteria and fungi don't cause lung infections, says Chen, but it's certainly possible that a significant amount could worsen symptoms in someone with a pre-existing lung condition.?"I always thought it was the particulates in smoke that were causing these issues," says Chen, "But when I read this, I started thinking: Could it be the microorganisms that are also worsening existing illness?"
Whether the microbes in smoke actually cause infection or simply worsen potential respiratory（呼吸的） issues, the article raises a new health threat that is "certainly alarming," says?Kelsey Jack, an associate professor of environmental and development economics.This is especially true for lower-income populations, Jack says, because people with fewer means are often more exposed to the environment. If smoke is affecting the air quality in a certain area, the people who work outside, or who have to go to the office on foot or by bike, will inhale more smoke than those who drive.
But until more research is done, Chen says the best thing people can do is just follow existing recommendations when?air quality is poor?— including staying indoors, keeping windows and doors closed, using?HEPA filters（過濾器）?and running air conditioning.
20. What can we know about the microorganisms from paragraph 2?
A. They could be killed by high heat
B. They could possibly travel through air by themselves
C. They could reproduce in large numbers after fires.
D. They can easily attach themselves to smoke particulates
21. How do most microorganisms affect people according to Dr. Peter Chen?
A. They will causes lung infections.
B. They might worsen lung disease
C. They will destroy living environments.
D. They might damage respiratory system
22. Why are low-income people suffering more than others?
A. They live in poor areas.
B. They drive to and from work
C. They have suffered from lung disease
D. They are exposed to polluted air more frequently.
23. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A. Results of the new research
B. Disagreements between the author and Chen.
C. Suggestions on dealing with poor air quality
D. Benefits of preventing smoke from polluting the air
【答案】20. C21. B22. D23. C
【解析】本文是說明文。科學(xué)家通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)煙霧也可能攜帶和傳播傳染病，當(dāng)野火燃燒時(shí)，會(huì)散播數(shù)千種細(xì)菌和真菌。文章介紹了這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，并給出了相應(yīng)的建議。
20. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“You might think the high heat from fire would kill these organisms, but one study cited in the article found that some bacteria even multiply post-fire.( 你可能認(rèn)為來自火災(zāi)的高熱會(huì)殺死這些生物，但一篇文章引用的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些細(xì)菌甚至?xí)诖蠡鸷蠓敝场?”可知，微生物在大火之后可能大量繁殖。故選C。
21. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Many bacteria and fungi don't cause lung infections, says Chen, but it's certainly possible that a significant amount could worsen symptoms in someone with a pre-existing lung condition.（許多細(xì)菌和真菌不會(huì)引起肺部感染，陳說，但肯定有可能大量的細(xì)菌和真菌會(huì)使先前存在的肺部疾病的人的癥狀惡化。）”可知，Peter陳認(rèn)為微生物可能會(huì)讓肺部感染惡化。故選B。
22. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的“This is especially true for lower-income populations, Jack says, because people with fewer means are often more exposed to the environment.（杰克說，這對(duì)低收入人群尤其如此，因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)能力較差的人往往更容易接觸這樣的環(huán)境。）”可知，低收入人群比別人遭受更多是因?yàn)樗麄兏l繁地暴露在污染的空氣中。故選D。
23. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容“But until more research is done, Chen says the best thing people can do is just follow existing recommendations when air quality is poor — including staying indoors, keeping windows and doors closed, using HEPA filters（過濾器） and running air conditioning.（但在做更多的研究之前，陳說，人們能做的最好的事情就是在空氣質(zhì)量差的時(shí)候遵循現(xiàn)有的建議——包括待在室內(nèi)，關(guān)閉門窗，使用HEPA過濾器和運(yùn)行空調(diào)。）”可知，最后一段討論了關(guān)于處理空氣質(zhì)量差的建議。故選C。

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