第2講　名詞性從句名詞性從句是在句子中起名詞作用的句子，它的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，它在復(fù)合句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，因此名詞性從句又可分為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。Many students don’t know what they should do①，but what Xiao Meng wants to do② is earn money.The reason is that she wants to lessen her parents’ burden③.It is said that many small companies need graduates to do part-time jobs②.Xiao Meng has applied for two jobs but she is not sure whether she will be employed①.She also wonders when she will be admitted to a college① and which city she will go①.She is anxious for the news that she is admitted to a good university④.[規(guī)則感悟]　①位于及物動(dòng)詞或形容詞之后的從句是賓語(yǔ)從句。②謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的從句為主語(yǔ)從句。此外，該從句可以用it作形式主語(yǔ)。③位于be動(dòng)詞之后的從句是表語(yǔ)從句。④位于抽象名詞之后，解釋該名詞內(nèi)容的從句為同位語(yǔ)從句。1．名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞如下表所示 引導(dǎo)詞功能從屬連詞that在從句中不作任何成分，也沒有詞匯意義whether，if在從句中不作任何成分，意為“是否”because，as if/though在從句中不作任何成分，分別意為“因?yàn)?/span>”“好像”連接代詞who(ever)，whom(ever)，what(ever)，whose，which(ever)who(ever)和what(ever)在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；whom(ever)在從句中作賓語(yǔ)；which(ever)在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；whose在從句中作定語(yǔ)連接副詞when(ever)，where，wherever，why，how(ever)在從句中作狀語(yǔ) 2．名詞性從句的語(yǔ)序是陳述語(yǔ)序Do you know where will the party be held？(×)Do you know where the party will be held？(√)3．名詞性從句的時(shí)態(tài)(1)當(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))時(shí)， 從句可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況使用各種時(shí)態(tài)。It annoys me that he broke my favourite vase.他打碎了我最喜歡的花瓶，這令我很生氣。Do you know when and where he bought the book?你知道他什么時(shí)候在哪里買的這本書嗎？I have heard that our teacher will come back tomorrow.我聽說我們的老師明天就回來了。(2)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)的時(shí)候，賓語(yǔ)從句若不是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)或真理，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用某種過去時(shí)態(tài)。I asked her if she would allow me to interview her，and she readily agreed.我問她是否允許我采訪她，她欣然同意了。My teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.老師說太陽(yáng)從東方升起西方落下。 (客觀真理)4．what與that的用法that是從屬連詞，在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，也沒有任何意義。而what是連接代詞，在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)成分，通常充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。I believe that I will succeed if I study hard.我相信如果我努力學(xué)習(xí)我會(huì)成功的。I believe what he said because he is an honest man.我相信他說的話，因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。5．whether與if的用法(1)用whether或if均可的情況①引導(dǎo)大部分動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，兩者均可使用。②it作形式主語(yǔ)，且主語(yǔ)從句在句末時(shí)，兩者均可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。(2)用whether而不用if的情況①引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句置于句首時(shí)；②引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；③引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；④引導(dǎo)詞與or not連用時(shí)；⑤引導(dǎo)詞后接to do時(shí)；⑥有些動(dòng)詞如discuss，decide等后的賓語(yǔ)從句。6．what，who，which與whatever，whoever，whichever 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別(1)what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句意為“什么”，帶有疑問意味；意為“……的事情”，表示肯定的意思。who意思是“誰(shuí)”，帶有疑問意味；which意思是“哪一個(gè)”，帶有疑問意味。Do you know who broke the window?你知道是誰(shuí)打壞的窗子嗎？(2)whatever，whoever，whichever意思分別為“所……的一切事或東西”，“任何……的人”“……的任何一種東西”等，并且充當(dāng)成分，相當(dāng)于anything that，anyone who等。She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.＝She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do anything that it takes to save her life.她是我的至親，我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了不惜一切代價(jià)救她的命。7．that不可省略的情況(1)that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句且從句置于句首時(shí)；that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；當(dāng)it作形式賓語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句作真正的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。(2)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)后接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，第一個(gè)that可省略，其他的that不可省略。She said (that) her ambition was to enter a key university，that she would study hard to make her dream come true，and that she would live up to her parents’ expectations.她說她的志向是考上一所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)，她會(huì)努力學(xué)習(xí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的夢(mèng)想，不辜負(fù)父母的期望。8．同位語(yǔ)從句位于表示概念或思維的抽象名詞之后，對(duì)該抽象名詞起解釋說明的作用常見的抽象名詞有news，idea，fact，promise，conclusion，theory，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word(消息)，possibility，decision等。At first many people were astonished at the conclusion that the earth was not the centre of the universe.起初很多人對(duì)地球不是宇宙中心這一結(jié)論感到驚訝。9．why與because 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別why與because 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)原因。I had a cold.That was why I didn’t attend school.我感冒了，因此我沒去上學(xué)。I didn’t attend school. That was because I had a cold.我沒去上學(xué)，那是因?yàn)槲腋忻傲恕?/span>注意：(1)句子的主語(yǔ)為the reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)，表示原因，此時(shí)不用because。The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.她生病的原因是她吃了變質(zhì)的肉。(2)由why引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)。Why we decided to put off the match was that the weather was too terrible.我們決定推遲比賽的原因是天氣太糟糕了。10．as if/though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句as if/though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句通常置于系動(dòng)詞look，seem，sound，be等后面，從句中既可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。It sounds as if somebody is knocking at/on the door.聽起來好像有人在敲門。She treats him as if he were a stranger.她待他如陌生人。11．同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別同位語(yǔ)從句是用于解釋說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，而定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)作先行詞的名詞的限制、描繪或說明。that在同位語(yǔ)從句中只是連接主從句，沒有任何意義，不在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分；that在定語(yǔ)從句中是關(guān)系代詞，不但連接主從句，而且指代被修飾的名詞或代詞(即先行詞)，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。I had no idea that Brisbane has so many people! (that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，不能省略)The idea (that) he put forward at the meeting is very reasonable.(that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)1．People wonder why Qizai is brown，given that his mother is black and white.Scientists guess that it’s due to some genetic mutation(基因突變)．2．Asian elephants are among the most highly protected animals in China and what drove the elephants to make their long trip is still unknown.3．They interacted with students from five classrooms across China and showed viewers how they live and work inside the space station.4．The reason why he was late was that he was caught in a traffic jam.5．He expressed his hope that he would visit China again.6．I was in such a hurry that I paid no attention to whether or not the milk was hot.1．What is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.(2021·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ) 2．By boat is the only way to get here，which is how we arrived.(2018·江蘇)3．Every year，whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.(2017·北京)4．You have to know where you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.(2015·福建)5．She asked me whether/if I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadn’t.(2017·天津6月)層級(jí)一　基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．He was not looking for others’ smiles，or worrying about whether someone was watching or not.2．Helen McCarthy，an author and expert on Japanese Cartoons，explained why the character is so popular.“Because Hello Kitty is all about happiness，friendship and fun.”3．My first task was to decide where to go and how to get there.4．Students can choose what/whatever they want to do and register online.5．Mr White is opposed to repairing the old building，and that’s where I don’t agree.6．The problem is that one less hour of sleep is not equal to an extra hour of achievement.7．Twenty-five years later the traveler returned to the same place.What he saw amazed him.He could not believe his own eyes.8．Therefore，it is advisable that you should value and treat them with care.9．The issue whether the measure will be in effect is still under discussion.10．I asked him what his father had done so that he became such a good person.層級(jí)二　高考真題練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Cobb，for her part，started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak whether/if she could do so remotely.(2022·浙江1月)2．“He saved my son’s life，” said Mrs Brown.“I don’t know how to thank him.” (2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ)3．The poor woman wasn’t able to give him any information about where she lived.(2021·北京)4．It seemed that I had become what my parents had wanted me to be.(2021·天津6月)5．What puzzles Lily’s friends is why/that she always has so many crazy ideas.(2021·天津3月)6．Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on what could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.(2020·浙江7月)7．It is not a problem whether/if we can win the battle；it’s just a matter of time.(2020·江蘇)8．The student completed this experiment to make come true what Professor Joseph had said.(2020·天津7月)9．While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019·全國(guó)Ⅰ)10．The gold medal will be awarded to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race.(2018·天津6月)層級(jí)三　語(yǔ)篇提能練語(yǔ)法填空1．         worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2.         she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill.She has some doubts 3.         she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar.Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can’t sleep well these days.Maybe this is 4.         she becomes fatter these days，she thinks.5.         she becomes slimmer and healthier has been her main task.So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions.But where she can get better suggestions and 6.         will give her better advice also puzzle her.It is her parents’ suggestion 7.____  she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital.Professor Wang suggests 8._____ she keep a balanced diet first.She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein.What’s more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day.Mary asked Professor Wang 9.         she should take exercise.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o’clock in the afternoon.That is 10.         she will have more time to do sports.It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now.語(yǔ)篇解讀　本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者的同學(xué)瑪麗因?yàn)樽罱至撕芏喽医?jīng)常生病而煩惱，她的父母建議她向王教授咨詢。在王教授的幫助下，她通過均衡飲食和運(yùn)動(dòng)變得越來越健康。 1．答案　What解析　考查主語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，第一個(gè)空引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，表示“什么，所……的”，故用what。位于句首，注意首字母大寫。故填What。2．答案　that解析　考查表語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，is后面為表語(yǔ)從句，從句成分完整，因此用that引導(dǎo)，that無實(shí)際意義，在句中不作任何成分。故填that。3．答案　whether解析　考查同位語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，doubt后接的是同位語(yǔ)從句，從句說的是doubt的內(nèi)容，從句中不缺少成分，缺少“是否”的意思，故填whether。4．答案　why解析　考查表語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，is后接的是表語(yǔ)從句，從句中不缺少成分，表示“……的原因”，故填why。5．答案　How解析　考查主語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，has been前為主語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意，表示“如何，怎樣”，需用how。位于句首，注意首字母大寫。故填How。6．答案　who解析　考查主語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，空格處為主語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，表示“誰(shuí)”，故填who。7．答案　that解析　考查主語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，It為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為空后的從句，從句中不缺少成分，且意義完整，故填that。8．答案　that解析　考查賓語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，suggests后接的是賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中不缺少成分，且意義完整，故填that。9．答案　when解析　考查賓語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，ask接雙賓語(yǔ)，空后為賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)，根據(jù)下文可知此處表示“什么時(shí)間”，故填when。10．答案　because解析　考查表語(yǔ)從句。分析句子可知，is后接的是表語(yǔ)從句，從句中不缺少成分，表示“原因”，故填because。1．what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句最顯眼　(2022·浙江1月)更重要的是從那以后我們成了好朋友。What’s far more important is that we have become good friends since then.　(2021·浙江6月)令我驚訝的是，我爸爸允許我按照我的意愿使用這筆錢。What surprised me was that my dad allowed me to use the money as I wished. 2．同位語(yǔ)從句放在開頭實(shí)力開篇　(2022·浙江1月)有一天，我聽說他因患重病而住院了。One day I got word that he was admitted to hospital for a serious disease.　(2021·全國(guó)乙)沒有人能否認(rèn)在線學(xué)習(xí)正變得越來越流行這一事實(shí)。No one can deny the fact that online learning is becoming more and more popular.3．表語(yǔ)從句之前的連詞要考慮周全　(2022·全國(guó)甲)我們必須采取措施來保護(hù)海洋的原因是它的污染正變得越來越嚴(yán)重。The reason why we must take measures to protect the ocean is that its pollution is becoming more and more serious.　(2021·北京)很抱歉，我不能按計(jì)劃和你出去。原因是我弟弟前幾天摔斷了腿，我必須照顧他。I’m sorry that I can’t go out with you as planned.The reason is that my younger brother broke his leg the other day and I must look after him. 4．That/This is because/why...靈活簡(jiǎn)練　(2022·全國(guó)乙)他們更容易沉迷于網(wǎng)上聊天或玩游戲，那是因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)狈ψ月伞?/span>They’re more easily addicted to chatting online or playing games.That’s because they lack self-discipline.　(2021·浙江6月)這個(gè)展覽非常精彩，展示了中國(guó)文化的魅力。這就是為什么我想推薦我的同學(xué)們也來參加這個(gè)藝術(shù)展。The exhibition is fantastic and shows the charm of Chinese culture.This is why I would like to recommend my fellow students to attend this art show as well.5．注意名詞性從句與虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)合　(2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)我強(qiáng)烈建議你去參加校廣播站英語(yǔ)節(jié)目《說說話》舉辦的訪談。I strongly recommend that you should take part in an interview held by “Talk and Talk”，which is an English programme in our school broadcast station.　(2021·上海)我建議你選擇聽說課程，因?yàn)檫@門課程完全是用中文教授的，這會(huì)對(duì)你有很大的好處。I recommend that you (should) choose the Listening and Speaking course，because the course is entirely taught in Chinese，which will benefit you a lot.

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