第2講　代詞 I① am a senior high school student and I① want to join our② school football team，but the person in charge has rejected me③.I have to spend my② spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤.It has been worn out.[規(guī)則感悟]　①為人稱(chēng)代詞的主格形式作主語(yǔ)。②為形容詞性物主代詞，放在名詞之前作定語(yǔ)。③為人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格形式作賓語(yǔ)。④為反身代詞，可作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)。⑤為名詞性物主代詞，后面不加名詞，可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。(一)代詞的形式類(lèi)別主格賓格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞反身代詞第一人稱(chēng)Imemyminemyselfweusouroursourselves第二人稱(chēng)youyouyouryoursyourselfyouyouyouryoursyourselves第三人稱(chēng)hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselftheythemtheirtheirsthemselves (二)反身代詞的習(xí)慣用法與介詞搭配by oneself獨(dú)自地for oneself親自；為自己of oneself自動(dòng)地in oneself本質(zhì)上；本身與動(dòng)詞搭配apply oneself to專(zhuān)心致志于behave oneself舉止得體；行為檢點(diǎn)dress oneself打扮；自己穿衣devote oneself to致力于；獻(xiàn)身于help oneself to隨便吃/用enjoy oneself玩得開(kāi)心seat oneself就座；入席make yourself at home別客氣teach oneself自學(xué) (三)it的用法1．指天氣、時(shí)間、距離、環(huán)境等。It is early spring，but it is already very hot.現(xiàn)在是初春，但是天氣已經(jīng)很熱了。It is twenty miles from here to the village.從這里到那個(gè)村莊有20英里路。2．代替前面提過(guò)的事物、群體、想法等或代替指示代詞。Although he doesn’t like it，I decide to see the movie anyway.盡管他不喜歡看這部電影，但我還是決定去看一看。3．指不知性別的孩子和嬰兒或不明確的人(由于某種原因而不知對(duì)方是誰(shuí))。What will you call it if it is a boy? 要是男孩的話，你會(huì)給他取個(gè)什么名字？4．用作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)，代替不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句。(1)it作形式主語(yǔ)的常用句型：①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb＋不定式It is important for students to learn English well.對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是重要的。It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.他離開(kāi)辦公室之后沒(méi)關(guān)門(mén)，真是糊涂了。②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是沒(méi)有好處/用處的。It is no use crying over the spilt milk.為打翻的牛奶而哭泣是沒(méi)有用處的。(覆水難收。)③It＋be＋名詞詞組(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that從句It is a pity that you can’t go with her.很遺憾你不能和她一起去。④It＋特殊動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb...)＋that從句It seems that he has made a serious mistake.他似乎犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。⑤It＋be＋過(guò)去分詞＋that從句It is reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.據(jù)報(bào)道有20人死于這次地震。⑥It takes sb time/patience/effort/energy to do sthIt took him much energy to write the novel.寫(xiě)這部小說(shuō)耗費(fèi)了他大量的精力。(2)it作形式賓語(yǔ)的常用句型：主語(yǔ)＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb) to do sth/賓語(yǔ)從句I find it easy to get on with Jim.我發(fā)現(xiàn)同吉姆相處很容易。He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.他沒(méi)說(shuō)清楚何時(shí)何地舉行會(huì)議。(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示“喜歡、憎惡”等情感的動(dòng)詞以及depend on/upon，see to等動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后，再接when，if，that等引導(dǎo)的從句。I’d appreciate it if you could attend our party.如果您能參加我們的聚會(huì)，我將不勝感激。5．it的常用短語(yǔ)或句型。(1)When it comes to learning English，reading widely is of great importance.當(dāng)談到學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，廣泛閱讀很重要。(2)I can’t help it if he is always complaining.若他總是抱怨，我也沒(méi)辦法。(3)We finally made it to the airport though it was rainy.盡管下雨了，但是我們最終及時(shí)趕到了機(jī)場(chǎng)。(4)As someone puts it，practice makes perfect.正如某人所說(shuō)，熟能生巧。(5)I take it that you don’t agree with the manager.我想你不同意經(jīng)理的意見(jiàn)。(6)It is/has been three years since he joined the army.他參軍已經(jīng)三年了。(7)It was three years before he returned home.過(guò)了三年他才回家。對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)1．He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allowing himself(he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.2．When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our(we) decreasing income.”3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us(we) up.4．I have made it clear that I will not accept this job.5．Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.6．There is a knock on the door.It might be the postman.1．all/every/both/each/neither/noneThere are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don’t③ want to enter a music academy.Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However，my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.[規(guī)則感悟]　①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常依據(jù)所指為可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞而定；與not連用表示部分否定。②every強(qiáng)調(diào)(整體中的)每一個(gè)，只能作定語(yǔ)，修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一個(gè)”，與not連用構(gòu)成部分否定。③both表示“兩者(都)”。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；與not連用表示部分否定，意為“兩者并不都……”。④each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，可作代詞和形容詞，修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，指兩者或兩者以上中的“每一個(gè)”，可以與of短語(yǔ)連用。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)和主語(yǔ)保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)無(wú)一個(gè)”或“沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)兒”。后接of短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。⑥neither表示“(兩者)都不”。單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；后接of短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。2．anything/nothing/something/everything—Do you have anything① to say about your exam?—No，I have nothing② to say about it.—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.—I have told you that I don’t have anything① to say about it.Everything④ has gone wrong.[規(guī)則感悟]　①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”時(shí)，用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中；表示“隨便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。②nothing表示“什么也沒(méi)有”，用于否定句中。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，強(qiáng)調(diào)全體，但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。3．the other，another，others與the others—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one? Some others② say it doesn’t fit me well.—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.—Don’t bother.There are so many shops and I will go to the others④.[規(guī)則感悟]　①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一個(gè)”，代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。②others表示泛指意義，意為“其他的人或事物”，常與some連用。③the other可單獨(dú)使用，特指兩者中的“另一個(gè)”或兩部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整體中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”時(shí)用the others。4．替代詞that，those，one，ones，the one，the onesI found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ of high quality.[規(guī)則感悟]　①one替代上文出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于“a/an＋單數(shù)名詞”。②that替代上文出現(xiàn)的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于“the＋單數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞”。③the one替代特指的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，相當(dāng)于“the＋單數(shù)名詞”。④the ones替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于“the＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。⑤those 替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞(尤其是有后置定語(yǔ)時(shí))，相當(dāng)于“the＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。⑥ones替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。所替代名詞都是同類(lèi)不同物；同類(lèi)同物替代用it/them。1.another后可接“基數(shù)詞/few＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基數(shù)詞/few＋other＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.另外3個(gè)學(xué)生去了那個(gè)聚會(huì)。2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no與名詞連用”等都表示全部否定。當(dāng)not與不定代詞all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名詞”連用時(shí)，不管not在它們之前還是之后，都表示部分否定。None of us was going to the party.我們當(dāng)中沒(méi)人打算去參加那個(gè)聚會(huì)。Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don’t smoke.他們當(dāng)中不是所有人都吸煙。對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)1．Success is just on the other side.You have to want it enough，and be willing enough to get it.2．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to another and are ready to try something else.3．Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but none of us know the day，or the hour.4．Both teams were in hard training；neither was willing to lose the game.5．Mr Zhang gave me a very valuable present，one that I have never seen.  1．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in mine(I)．(2021·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)2．Data about the moon’s composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether its(it) plans for a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.(2020·全國(guó)Ⅰ)3．It was sweet and fresh.Mary loved it.She was extremely pretty，and her house was a reflection of herself(she)，everything in good taste and in perfect order.(2021·浙江6月)4．Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018·浙江6月)

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