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考點(diǎn)一　冠詞
一、不定冠詞a/an

My friend Linda is an honest girl① studying in a university①.We are of an age②，we both like milk and we drink a cup of milk③ a day④.So we think a cow⑤ is very useful.
注釋：不定冠詞的用法
①表示泛指“某個(gè)”。當(dāng)說話人第一次提及某人、某物時(shí)通常用不定冠詞；在讀音以輔音音素開頭的單詞前用a，在讀音以元音音素開頭的單詞前用an。②表示“同一”。③表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。④表示“每一”，相當(dāng)于per。⑤表示“一類”事物。

1．不定冠詞a/an用在序數(shù)詞前，表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比賽中錯(cuò)失了金牌，但是在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中他還有機(jī)會(huì)。
2．不定冠詞a/an可以用于物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞具體化。
物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞僅表示概念時(shí)，是不可數(shù)名詞，前面不加不定冠詞。但如果表示具體的人或事，特別是前面有形容詞修飾時(shí)，就變成了可數(shù)名詞，前面可加不定冠詞。
Tony is a famous pianist.I’m absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的鋼琴家，我十分確信這個(gè)星期天他的音樂會(huì)一定會(huì)成功。
3．有些名詞是永久性不可數(shù)名詞，即使前面有了形容詞，也不能在形容詞前加a/an。如weather，progress，fun等。
What fine weather we have got! Let’s go for a picnic.多好的天氣啊，我們?nèi)ヒ安桶伞?br /> 4．不定冠詞常見的固定搭配
have a gift for有……的天賦
have a holiday度假
get a lift/ride搭便車
pay a visit to參觀
lend sb.a hand幫助某人
as a result因此
as a rule通常，照例
in a hurry匆忙地
at a distance離一段距離
a waste of ……的浪費(fèi)
What a pity！真遺憾！
be/go on a diet節(jié)食
a collection of一批……
a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高興
make a living謀生
as a matter of fact事實(shí)上
have a history of有一段……的歷史
in a sense/way在某種意義上
for a while暫時(shí)，一時(shí)
all of a sudden突然
a matter of ……的問題
點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)練習(xí)1
單句語法填空
1．In Chinese culture，each year is related to a Chinese animal according to the 12-year cycle.
2．He not only is the best student in our class，but also has an excellent sense of humour.
3．He smiled back as if to give me a receipt and I would preserve his smile for a long time.
4．One thing we can do to help solve this problem is walk or use a bicycle when possible.
二、定冠詞 the

　　 Mr Smith is a teacher from the United States①.He was the first② foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze River④ when a ship wrecked.The Smiths⑤ came up to help the injured⑥ and saved a boy by catching him by the arm⑦.The boy’s parents said they were the kindest⑧ people in the world⑨.They would remember the couple⑩ forever.
注釋：定冠詞的用法
①用于普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞之前。②用于序數(shù)詞之前。③用在朝代、世紀(jì)前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年代”。④用于江河湖海山島前。⑤用在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻倆”。⑥用在形容詞或分詞前，表示某一類人或物。⑦摸/打/抓(等表動(dòng)作的詞)＋sb.＋介詞＋the＋身體部位。⑧用于形容詞或副詞的最高級前。⑨用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前。⑩表示上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物。

1．被演奏的西洋樂器前用the。但是球類棋類之前卻沒有冠詞。
As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn’t like playing football.
據(jù)我所知，他喜歡彈鋼琴卻不喜歡踢足球。
2．用在表計(jì)量的名詞前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但是如果是抽象名詞前，則不用冠詞，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。
I got paid by time.To be exact，I got paid by the hour.我按時(shí)間拿報(bào)酬，確切地說，我是按小時(shí)拿錢。
3．定冠詞的常見固定搭配
at the moment此刻；目前
in the end最后，最終
to tell the truth說實(shí)話
on the other hand另一方面
by the way順便說一下
in the middle of在……中間
at the same time同時(shí)
on the contrary相反
on the whole總的來說
in the distance在遠(yuǎn)處
to the point中肯；切題
make the most/best of充分利用
點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)練習(xí)2
單句語法填空
1．She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening on purpose just to see the moonlight.
2．The “Spider-story” is often told.Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in the 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English.
3．Smoking is one of the biggest causes of preventable deaths in England.
4．The Greens are a happy couple；they have been married for 30 years.
5．The injured have been sent to hospital where they will be treated.
三、零冠詞

When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remote districts①，Lily volunteered to teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster② of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself from spring to winter④ and from Monday to Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches her students⑦ to play volleyball and chess⑤.When she finds many children attending school without having lunch⑥，she raises money① for the children’s meals.
注釋：零冠詞常用的幾種情況
①表泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前。②表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞作表語、同位語或補(bǔ)足語時(shí)。③表示語言、學(xué)科的名詞前不用冠詞。④季節(jié)、月份、日期、星期、節(jié)假日前不用冠詞。⑤球類運(yùn)動(dòng)、棋類游戲的名詞前不用冠詞。⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠詞。⑦名詞前已有this，that，my，her，some，each等限定詞時(shí)不再用冠詞。

1．用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的零冠詞
“零冠詞＋單數(shù)名詞＋as/though＋主語＋謂語，主句”，意為“雖然……但是……”。
Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.
盡管他很年輕，但他閱歷很豐富。
2．no與such連用時(shí)放在such之前，而such后的名詞前不用冠詞。
As the saying goes，there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something，go and earn it.常言說，天下沒有免費(fèi)的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去掙。
3．零冠詞的常見固定搭配
on purpose故意地　　　　 by chance碰巧
catch fire著火 at dawn在黎明
face to face面對面 out of date過時(shí)的
make room for讓位 in debt負(fù)債
in shape健康 on foot步行
in danger在危險(xiǎn)中 side by side并排
from time to time不時(shí)地 hand in hand手拉手
day after day日復(fù)一日地 heart and soul全心全意地

單句語法填空
1．While you’re in China，Mount Huangshan is a must to visit！(2021·新高考全國Ⅰ)
2．Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.(2019·全國Ⅰ)

技巧一　注意泛指還是特指
如果空格后的名詞或“形容詞＋名詞”前沒有形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞、名詞所有格或指示代詞等限定詞時(shí)很可能填冠詞。
1．如果空格及后面的名詞在文中第一次出現(xiàn)，可翻譯成“一個(gè)(本、種等)”，一般填a/an；如果在前文已經(jīng)提到過，可翻譯成“這/那個(gè)，這/那些”，一般填the。
2．如果名詞后有of短語、不定式、分詞或從句等作定語時(shí)很可能填the。
技巧二　注意固定搭配
考點(diǎn)二　代詞
一、人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞

I① am a senior school student and I① want to join our③ school football team，but the person in charge has rejected me②.I have to spend my③ spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤.It has been worn out.
注釋：①為代詞的主格形式作主語。②為代詞的賓格形式作賓語。③為形容詞性物主代詞，放在名詞之前作定語。④為反身代詞，可作賓語、表語或同位語。⑤為名詞性物主代詞，后面不加名詞，可作主語、賓語或表語。

(一)代詞的形式
類別
主格
賓格
形容詞性物主代詞
名詞性物主代詞
反身代詞
第一人稱
I
me
my
mine
myself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
第二人稱
you
you
your
yours
yourself
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
第三人稱
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
they
them
their
theirs
themselves

(二)it的用法
1．指天氣、時(shí)間、距離、環(huán)境等
It is early spring，but it is already hot.
現(xiàn)在是初春，但是天氣已經(jīng)很熱了。
It is twenty miles from here to the village.
從這里到那個(gè)村莊有20英里路。
2．代替前面提過的事物、群體、想法等或代替指示代詞
Although he didn’t like it，I decided to see the movie anyway.
盡管他不喜歡看這部電影，但我還是決定去看一看。
3．指不知性別的孩子和嬰兒或不明確的人(由于某種原因而不知對方是誰)
What will you call it if it is a boy?
要是男孩的話，你會(huì)給他取個(gè)什么名字？
4．用作形式主語或形式賓語，代替不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句
(1)it作形式主語的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb.＋不定式
It is important for students to learn English well.對學(xué)生來說學(xué)好英語是重要的。
It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.
離開辦公室之后，他還讓門開著，真是糊涂了。
②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是沒有好處/用處的
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
為打翻的牛奶而哭泣是沒有用處的。
③It＋be＋名詞詞組(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that從句
It is a pity that you can’t go with her.
很遺憾你不能和她一起去。
④It＋特殊動(dòng)詞(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb....)＋that從句
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。
⑤It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句
It was reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.據(jù)報(bào)道有20人死于這場地震。
⑥It takes sb.time/patience/effort/energy to do sth.
It took him much energy to write the novel.
寫這部小說花費(fèi)了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式賓語的常用句型：
主語＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb.to do/that從句
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)同吉姆相處很容易。
He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
他沒說清楚何時(shí)何地舉行會(huì)議。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示喜歡、憎惡等情感的動(dòng)詞以及depend on/upon，see to等動(dòng)詞短語后，再接when，if，that等引導(dǎo)的從句。
I’d appreciate it if you could attend our party.
如果您能參加我們的聚會(huì)，我將不勝感激。
點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)練習(xí)1
單句語法填空
1．He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allowing himself(he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.
2．When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our(we) decreasing income.”
3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us(we) up.
4．I have made it clear that I will not accept this job.
5．Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.
6．There is a knock on the door.It might be the postman.
二、不定代詞

1．a(chǎn)ll/every/both/each/neither/none
There are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don’t③ want to enter a music institute.Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However，my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.
注釋：①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常依據(jù)所指為可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞而定；與not連用表示部分否定。②every強(qiáng)調(diào)(整體中的)每一個(gè)，只能作定語，修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一個(gè)”，與not連用構(gòu)成部分否定。③both表示“兩者(都)”。作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；與not連用表示部分否定，意為“兩者并不都……”。④each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，可作代詞和形容詞，修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，指兩者或兩者以上中的“每一個(gè)”，可以與of短語連用。作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；作同位語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)和主語保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)無一個(gè)”或“沒有一點(diǎn)兒”。后接of短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。⑥neither表示“(兩者)都不”。單獨(dú)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；后接of短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。
2．a(chǎn)nything/nothing/something/everything
—Do you have anything① to say about your exam?
—No，I have nothing② to say about it.
—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.
—I have told you that I don’t have anything① to say about it.Everything④ has gone wrong.
注釋：①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”時(shí)，用于否定句和疑問句中；表示“隨便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。②nothing表示“什么也沒有”，可用于肯定、疑問及否定句。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，強(qiáng)調(diào)全體，但謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。
3．the other，another，others與the others
—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one? Some others② say it doesn’t fit me well.
—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.
—Don’t bother.There are so many shops and I will go to see the others④.
注釋：①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一個(gè)”，代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。②others表示泛指意義，意為“其他的人或事物”，常與some連用。③the other可單獨(dú)使用，特指兩者中的“另一個(gè)”或兩部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整體中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”時(shí)用the others。
4．替代詞that，those，one，ones，the one，the ones
I found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ with high quality.
注釋：①one替代上文出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于“a/an＋單數(shù)名詞”。②that替代上文出現(xiàn)的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于“the＋單數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞”。③the one替代特指的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，相當(dāng)于“the＋單數(shù)名詞”。④the ones替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于“the＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。⑤those 替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞(尤其是有后置定語時(shí))，相當(dāng)于“the＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。⑥ones替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。所替代名詞都是同類不同物；同類同物替代用it/them。

1．a(chǎn)nother后可接“基數(shù)詞/few＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，表示“另外的……(多少)”?！盎鶖?shù)詞/few＋other＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。
Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.
另外3個(gè)學(xué)生去了那個(gè)聚會(huì)。
2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no與名詞連用”等都表示全部否定。當(dāng)not與不定代詞all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名詞”連用時(shí)，不管not在它們之前還是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.
我們當(dāng)中沒人打算去參加那個(gè)聚會(huì)。
Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don’t smoke.他們當(dāng)中不是所有人都吸煙。
點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)練習(xí)2
單句語法填空
1．Success is just on the other side.You have to want it enough，and be willing enough to get it.
2．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to another and are ready to try something else.
3．Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but none of us know the day，or the hour.
4．Both teams were in hard training；neither was willing to lose the game.
5．Mr Zhang gave me a very valuable present，one that I have never seen.

單句語法填空
1．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does in mine(I)．(2021·新高考全國Ⅰ)
2．Data about the moon’s composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether its(it) plans for a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全國Ⅰ)
3．It was sweet and fresh.Mary loved it.She was extremely pretty，and her house was a reflection of herself(she)，everything in good taste and in perfect order.(2021·浙江6月)
4．Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018·浙江6月)

1．通過句子成分確定所填代詞的形式
如果作主語，則用人稱代詞的主格；如果作賓語或表語，則用人稱代詞的賓格；如果作定語，則用形容詞性物主代詞；如果作賓語、表語或同位語且又和句子的主語為同一人或物，則用反身代詞。
2．通過句式結(jié)構(gòu)和“指代”，判斷是否用it
如果指代上文提到的同一個(gè)事物，則用it；
如果指代天氣、時(shí)間、距離或環(huán)境情況則用it；如果作形式主語或形式賓語，則用it；注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend on/see to...＋it＋從句。
考點(diǎn)三　介詞

1．表示方位的介詞
We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，only to find nothing.My friend found something special—an empty box.Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of? it.” From? the window we saw another house beyond? a small hill.
注釋：①across指從較為平坦的表面穿過。②through指從立體的事物中間穿過。③to指到某處，去某處。④under在……下面，無接觸面。⑤in在……里面。⑥into到……里面。⑦over在……正上方(無接觸面)；on在……上面(有接觸面)。⑧around在/向……周圍。⑨beneath在……下面(有接觸面)。⑩beside在……旁邊。?out of向/在……外面。?from從……。?beyond 在/向……較遠(yuǎn)的一邊，超出。
2．表示時(shí)間的介詞
It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2015.My parents left home at③ 6∶00 am to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in② two hours.However，it wasn’t long before④ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peephole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn’t open it until⑤ my parents came back.During⑥ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn’t listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑦ two hours since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑧ the years?
注釋：①on指在具體的某一天。②in用在年/月/季節(jié)/世紀(jì)等大時(shí)間之前，或者指上/下午或晚上；也可用在表示一段時(shí)間的詞之前，表示“多久之后”。③at用在幾點(diǎn)鐘或night/noon之前。④before在……之前。⑤until直到……時(shí)候。⑥during在……期間。⑦for表示延續(xù)一段時(shí)間。⑧over表示“在……期間”，表延續(xù)。
3．表示原因的介詞
John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④ John’s bad behaviour.
注釋：①for表示原因，后面可以跟名詞(詞組)或句子。②at/over用在表示情緒的形容詞之后，后面跟代詞或名詞(詞組)。③with用在表示情緒的名詞之前。④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陳述句，加名詞(短語)/名詞性從句。
4．其他重要介詞
Between① the two opinions，I am for② the first one but against③ the second one.By④ wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by④ others despite⑤ the different economic backgrounds among⑥ them.Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.
注釋：①between表示兩者之間。②for表示支持。③against表示反對。④by表示“借助/通過……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑤despite表示盡管，等于in spite of。⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。⑦besides表示除此之外(還)。⑧within表示在……范圍之內(nèi)。⑨except表示同類事物除外。⑩except for表示與整體陳述相對的細(xì)節(jié)修補(bǔ)。

一、介詞的省略
1．當(dāng)表示時(shí)間的詞前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等時(shí)，介詞常省略。
We watched an exciting football match last week.
上周我們觀看了一場激動(dòng)人心的足球賽。
Come any day you like.你想哪天來就哪天來。
2．表示時(shí)間的名詞前有不定冠詞，且不定冠詞作“每一……”講時(shí)，其前不用介詞。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
每天一個(gè)蘋果，醫(yī)生遠(yuǎn)離我。
3．習(xí)慣搭配中介詞的省略
一些常和動(dòng)詞、名詞或形容詞搭配使用的介詞常可省略，常見的此類搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth.，waste some time (in) doing sth.，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.，be busy (in) doing sth.，stop/prevent sb.(from) doing sth.等。
Frank insisted that he was not asleep although I had great difficulty (in) waking him up.
弗蘭克堅(jiān)持說自己沒有睡覺，雖然我叫醒他費(fèi)了好大勁。
二、介詞不可遺漏的問題
1．在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，動(dòng)詞短語中的介詞不能遺漏。
The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.
這些孩子在幼兒園里得到了很好的照顧。
2．當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞表示被動(dòng)意義時(shí)，相關(guān)介詞也不可省略。
The problem is well worth paying attention to.
這個(gè)問題很值得關(guān)注。
3．在定語從句中，當(dāng)從句的謂語和先行詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系且從句謂語為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，必須加上介詞。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.
我們常去的那個(gè)圖書館距離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。
三、介詞與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的搭配
call for需要；要求
pass by經(jīng)過
pay for為……付款
figure out弄清楚
apply for申請
dream of夢想
search for尋找，搜索
refer to提及；參考
begin with以……開始
contribute to貢獻(xiàn)；有助于；促成
play with同……一起玩；玩弄
laugh at嘲笑
care about關(guān)心；介意
focus on集中于
feel like想要
charge...for...向……索費(fèi)
hold up舉起
exchange...for...用……來交換……
rely on依靠
go back to追溯到
四、介詞與名詞構(gòu)成的搭配
1．a(chǎn)t開頭的介詞短語
at a loss不知所措
at the cost of以……的代價(jià)
at peace處于和平狀態(tài)
at the risk of冒……的危險(xiǎn)
at war處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)
at the mercy of在……支配下；由……擺布
at the same time同時(shí)
2．on開頭的介詞短語
on exhibition/show在展出
on account of因?yàn)?br /> on fire著火
on average平均；一般地
on sale出售，打折
on behalf of代表
on no account/condition決不
on the decrease/increase在減少/在增加
on holiday/vacation在度假
3．by開頭的介詞短語
by accident偶然地
by hand手工
by mistake錯(cuò)誤地
by chance偶然
by the day按天算
by coincidence碰巧
by nature天生地
4．in開頭的介詞短語
in cash用現(xiàn)金付款
in charge of掌管……
in depth在深度上
in return作為回報(bào)
in detail詳細(xì)地
in danger (of) 在危險(xiǎn)中，垂危
in height在高度上
in spite of盡管
in length在長度上
in exchange for作為交換
in favor of支持，贊成
in no time立刻
in case of萬一；如果；假使
in no way決不
in support of為支持……
in place of代替
in honour of為向……表示敬意
in possession of擁有，占有
in memory of為了紀(jì)念……
in addition to另外
in the middle of在……中間
5．of＋n.表示特征(等于相應(yīng)的形容詞)
of benefit有益處的
of significance有意義的
of help有幫助的
of use有用的
of importance重要的
of value有價(jià)值的
6．out of＋n.表示狀態(tài)
out of balance失去平衡
out of order發(fā)生故障
out of breath上氣不接下氣
out of sight看不見
out of control失去控制
out of the question不可能
out of date過期
out of work失業(yè)
7．under＋n.表示被動(dòng)
under attack遭到襲擊
under treatment在治療中
under pressure在壓力下
under control處于控制之中
8．with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy高興地
with fear害怕地
with difficulty困難地
with pleasure樂意地
with ease輕而易舉地
9．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，難以……”
beyond compare無與倫比
beyond description難以描述
beyond reach夠不到
beyond expression/words難以表達(dá)
五、介詞與其他詞構(gòu)成的搭配
but for要不是
instead of代替
regardless of不管，不顧
apart from除……之外
up to直到；由……決定
according to根據(jù)
along with隨著
together with連同
by means of用……辦法；借助……
owing to因?yàn)?br /> 點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)練習(xí)
單句語法填空
1．She patted him on the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”
2．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time，would you like to do that?
3．As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.
4．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.
5．Many times we don’t realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.
6．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.

單句語法填空
1．The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.(2021·浙江1月)
2．Museums must compete for people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)
3．Some time after 10,000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived in，through agriculture.(2020·浙江7月)

技法一　分析句子成分
如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動(dòng)詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞前一定是填介詞。
技法二　記牢搭配
1．注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用。
2．注意有特殊用法的介詞，如接復(fù)合賓語就只能用with或without。
考點(diǎn)四　動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語

I looked① at the window and saw② a bird perching on a tree.I kept watching③ it but it didn’t④ see me.The bird looked⑤ beautiful.Suddenly a cat appeared and the bird got⑤ frightened.It seemed as if the bird was⑤ in danger.However，it turned out that I shouldn’t⑥ have been worried about it.It had⑦ flown away swiftly before the cat drew near.
注釋：動(dòng)詞的種類
?有實(shí)際意義的動(dòng)詞叫實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，如文中的①②③。
?文中的④⑦為助動(dòng)詞，不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成謂語。⑥是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成謂語。
?動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞(可直接跟賓語)，如②③和不及物動(dòng)詞(需要加介詞后再跟賓語)如①。
?根據(jù)表示的動(dòng)作是否可以延續(xù)，可分為與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如③以及不與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如①②。
?文中⑤為系動(dòng)詞，后面可以直接跟形容詞，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

1．有些及物動(dòng)詞后面可以跟雙賓語，構(gòu)成vt.＋sb.＋sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，如：
award(授予)，buy(買)，give(給)，leave(留下)，lend(借出)，offer(提供)，pay(付款)，show(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告訴)，bring(帶來)，pass(傳遞)，sell(銷售)，send(送給)，write(給某人寫信)，envy(嫉妒)，refuse(拒絕)，save(節(jié)省)，spare(留出；免去)等。
2．不及物動(dòng)詞不可以直接跟賓語而且無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如果一個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，則考查點(diǎn)不會(huì)是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。常見不及物動(dòng)詞有agree，go，work，listen，look，come，die，belong，fall，exist，rise，arrive，sit，sail，hurry，fail，succeed，run，swim，stand，sleep，lie等。如：
My father (work) in a computer company (lie) in the east of our city for 5 years.
因?yàn)閣ork是不及物動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)，所以只能考查work的主動(dòng)形式，根據(jù)后面的for 5 years 可知，應(yīng)該填現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，所以是has worked。 另外，lie是不及物動(dòng)詞，所以不可能是被動(dòng)形式，只能是主動(dòng)形式作定語，所以填lying。
3．如果被考查動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，而且后面有賓語，則要考查其主動(dòng)形式；如果后面沒有賓語，則很可能考查其被動(dòng)形式。如：
Many doctors (need) in Wuhan when COVID-19 broke out.
因?yàn)閚eed是及物動(dòng)詞，其后無賓語，所以考查的是它的被動(dòng)形式。根據(jù)題意，此處用were needed。
4．非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不可與時(shí)間段連用。如：
講座已經(jīng)開始半個(gè)小時(shí)了。
The lecture has begun for half an hour.×
The lecture has been on for half an hour.√
5．可用于“動(dòng)詞＋sb.＋of＋sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)的常見動(dòng)詞：
accuse sb.of sth.指責(zé)/控告某人某事
cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病
rid sb.of sth.使某人擺脫某物
cheat sb.of sth.欺騙某人某物
remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事
inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事
rob sb.of sth.搶劫某人的東西
warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事
convince sb.of sth.使某人確信某事
suspect sb.of sth.懷疑某人某事
6．可用于“動(dòng)詞＋sb.＋for doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)的常見動(dòng)詞：
blame sb.for doing sth.指責(zé)某人做某事
批評某人做某事
原諒某人做某事
punish sb.for doing sth.因做某事而懲罰某人
thank sb.for doing sth.感謝某人做某事
7．可用于“動(dòng)詞＋sb./sth.＋from doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)的常見動(dòng)詞：
prevent/stop/keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事
protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth.from being done保護(hù)某人/物免于被……
ban/prohibit sb./sth.from doing sth.禁止某人/物做某事
8．常見動(dòng)詞短語
bring
bring in引進(jìn)；掙得
bring about引起，導(dǎo)致
bring up養(yǎng)育，培養(yǎng)；提出
bring down降低；使倒下
bring back把……帶回來；使恢復(fù)
bring forward提出；提前
break
break down拋錨；(身體、精神)垮掉；(談判等)失??；(化學(xué))分解
break up打碎；關(guān)系結(jié)束；解散
break through逾越，突破；沖破
break away (from)掙脫，脫離
break out爆發(fā)
break in打斷，闖入
break off折斷；中斷
break into 破門而入
come
come about發(fā)生
come out出版；開花；(太陽、月亮)出來
come on加油；快點(diǎn)
come across偶遇；被理解
come true變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)
come up走近；被提出
come up with想出，提出
come along一起來
carry
carry on繼續(xù)，堅(jiān)持
carry out執(zhí)行
carry through幫助渡過難關(guān)；完成，實(shí)現(xiàn)
get
get across傳達(dá)，使理解
get along/on (with)進(jìn)展，相處
get away逃脫，設(shè)法離開
get down下來；下車
get in收割；到達(dá)
get off下車；下班
get up起床
get through 接通；通過；完成；度過；使理解
get down to開始認(rèn)真干
get over克服
give
give up放棄
give in 屈服；呈交
give out耗盡；分發(fā)
give away泄露；贈(zèng)送
give off發(fā)出
give back歸還；使恢復(fù)
go
go against違背
go without(沒有……)勉強(qiáng)維持，湊合
go in for愛好；參加考試(或競賽)
go on繼續(xù)
go over復(fù)習(xí)；仔細(xì)審查
go ahead 進(jìn)行；去做吧，拿去用吧
go through經(jīng)歷
go away走開
go for去取來或接來；爭取得到
go out出去；熄滅
hold
hold on to堅(jiān)持，抓住不放
hold back阻礙(某人發(fā)展)；抑制(情感)
hold on別掛斷，等會(huì)兒；堅(jiān)持
keep
keep away (from)使遠(yuǎn)離
keep off避免吃(或喝、吸)……；使不接近；回避某話題
keep on繼續(xù)
keep out擋在外邊；(警示語)請勿靠近
keep up保持(高昂情緒)，不低落；持續(xù)
keep up with跟上
look
look ahead向前看
look after照看；負(fù)責(zé)處理
look back回憶，回顧
look out 當(dāng)心，提防；找出
look up向上看；查閱；形勢好轉(zhuǎn)
look down upon看不起
look forward to盼望
look through瀏覽；快速查看
look into調(diào)查；向內(nèi)看
look around環(huán)視；游覽
make
make up編造；化妝；組成，構(gòu)成；彌補(bǔ)
be made up of 由……構(gòu)成
make up for補(bǔ)償，彌補(bǔ)
make out 辨認(rèn)出(看出、聽出)；理解
put
put down放下來；平定，鎮(zhèn)壓；記下
put aside把……放到一邊；儲存
put away把……收起來；儲蓄
put forward提出(計(jì)劃、建議)；撥快；提前
put off延期，推遲
put on穿戴；上演；增加
put out撲滅
put up建造；舉起；張貼；為……提供住宿
put up with容忍
send
send for派人去請
send out發(fā)送；發(fā)出(請柬、信號等)
set
set off出發(fā)；引爆
set out出發(fā)；動(dòng)身；著手做
set up創(chuàng)建，建立；豎起
set about開始做；著手做
set aside留出；把……放在一邊；不理會(huì)
set apart使與眾不同
set down讓(乘客)下車；寫下；記下
take
take in吸收；理解；欺騙；收容
take up從事；拿起；占據(jù)(時(shí)間或空間)
take off 飛機(jī)起飛；脫下
take place發(fā)生
take along隨身攜帶
take away帶走，拿走
take charge負(fù)責(zé)，掌管
take on呈現(xiàn)；雇用；承擔(dān)
take out拿出；帶……出去
take over 接管，接任
turn
turn away轉(zhuǎn)身，走開
turn out結(jié)果是；生產(chǎn)
turn down拒絕；調(diào)小
turn on打開；取決于
turn off 關(guān)掉
turn over打翻；翻身
turn in 上交(作業(yè)等)
turn into變成；成為
turn to求助于；翻到
turn up調(diào)大；出現(xiàn)
點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)練習(xí)
單句語法填空
1．Mary was walking(walk) in the garden when it began to rain.
2．English has been taught(teach) in a new way at my college in the past few years.
3．Smith is to study medicine as soon as he finishes(finish) military service.
4．Please be sure to telephone me the next time you come(come)．
5．He was disappointed to find his suggestions turned down.
6．To keep healthy，Professor Johnson took up cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.

單句語法填空
1．The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe(探測器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—touched(touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.(2020·全國Ⅰ)
2．...because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed(construct)．(2020·全國Ⅰ)
3．They make great gifts and you see them many times decorated(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.(2020·全國Ⅱ)
4．The artist was sure he would be chosen(choose)，but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister，the old man laughed.(2020·全國Ⅲ)

1．動(dòng)詞的考查常常和時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或非謂語結(jié)合起來考。所以分清動(dòng)詞是及物還是不及物，能否用被動(dòng)形式至關(guān)重要。
2．記牢動(dòng)詞短語，分清同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞加不同的介詞或副詞分別是什么意義。

層級一　基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練
單句語法填空
1．—We had a really damp September this year.
—I can’t remember an autumn when it rained so much.
2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in the last row.
3．The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.
4．Among the “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.
5．“As soon as he opens his(he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.
6．But it’s difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan them(they)．
7．Nowadays reference books have become a problem of great concern for both the teachers and the students.
8．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after myself(me) and live independently.
9．When they grow older than three years old，it is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.
10．Pregnant women，for example，should limit their(they) intake of coffee.
11．This young man likes travelling—he is always on the move.
12．It means that we cannot use some modern household items，like/including washing machines because they use too much water.
13．Sichuan is home to pandas，also the starting point of the Southern Silk Road.
14．Wolf Warrior Ⅱ is the first film to taste success both in terms of box office earnings and promoting Chinese values.
15．Flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea，the Yangtze is a natural division between north and south.
層級二　高考真題練
單句語法填空
1．Ecotourism has its(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.(2021·全國乙)
2．Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel，various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism.(2021·全國乙)
3．It was built originally to protect the city in/during the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored(修復(fù))．(2021·全國甲)
4．It took us about 3 hours to go all the way around the Xi’an City Wall.(2021·全國甲)
5．In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842.(2021·浙江6月)
6．Although Mary loved flowers，neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener.A long-time neighbor said they never planted trees and only kept a garden for one year.(2021·浙江6月)
7．The Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.(2021·浙江6月)
8．Henry David Thoreau was happy to withdraw from social life，seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of his life.(2021·天津3月改編)
9．When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.(2019·全國Ⅱ)
10．As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations(模擬) and imagine themselves(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)
11．They kept their(they) collection at home until it got too big or until they died，and then it was given to a museum.(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ，改編)
12．This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then，with the rise of science，changes began.(2020·浙江7月)
13．Modern methods of/for tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s，and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.(2019·全國Ⅰ)
14．If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we should all give running/it a try.(2018·全國Ⅰ)
15．This trend，which was started by the medical community(醫(yī)學(xué)界) as a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017·全國Ⅰ)
層級三　語篇提能練
語法填空
Passage 1　冠詞與代詞篇
(改編自2019·全國Ⅲ)
On our way to the house,1. was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long 2. would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by 3. pack of dogs，seven to be exact.4. (them) were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for 5. (this) animals.Our hosts shared many of 6. (they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in 7. backyard.
When they were free from work，they invited 8. (we) to local events and let us know of 9. interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On
10. last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

1．答案　it
解析　考查代詞。句意為：在我們?nèi)ツ亲孔拥穆飞希晗碌萌绱舜笠灾劣谖覀內(nèi)滩蛔∪ハ脒€要多久才能到達(dá)那里。it 可以指天氣。故填it。
2．答案　it
解析　考查代詞。此處是句式It takes (sb.)some time to do sth.，it為形式主語，to do不定式為真正的主語。故填it。
3．答案　a
解析　考查冠詞。a pack of意為“一群”。故填a。
4．答案　They
解析　考查代詞。句意為：它們被它們的主人訓(xùn)練得很好，它們的主人在照顧這些動(dòng)物方面很有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。它們(狗兒們)在這里作主語；位于句首，大寫首字母。故填They。
5．答案　these
解析　考查代詞。句意參考上題解析。因?yàn)閍nimals是復(fù)數(shù)形式，所以要填指示代詞these。
6．答案　their
解析　考查代詞。experience是名詞，前面需要一個(gè)形容詞性物主代詞來修飾它。故填their。
7．答案　the
解析　考查冠詞?？崭裉幮揎椕~backyard，是特指的他們的院子。故填the。
8．答案　us
解析　考查代詞。空格處作invited的賓語，應(yīng)用賓格形式。故填us。
9．答案　an
解析　考查冠詞。空格后interesting的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，且此處泛指一場有趣的比賽。故填an。
10．答案　the
解析　考查冠詞。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2　動(dòng)詞與介詞篇
(改編自2021·全國乙)
Ecotourism is commonly regarded 1. low impact(影響) travel to undisturbed places.It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler 2. (become) educated about the areas—both 3. terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics，and often provides money for conservation and benefits the development of the local areas.
Ecotourism has its origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.It was not widely accepted as a travel concept until the late 1980s.4. that time，increasing environmental awareness 5. (make) it desirable.
Due to the growing popularity 6. environmentally-related and adventure travel，various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism.Actually，a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles：
·Minimize the impact of visiting the place.
·Build respect 7. and awareness of the environment and cultural practices.
·Provide financial aid and other benefits for local peoples.
·Make sure that the tourism 8. (provide) positive experiences for both the visitors and the hosts.
Komodo National Park，officially recognized in 1980，is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity.Activities there range from whale watching 9. hiking(遠(yuǎn)足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact 10. the natural environment.

1．答案　as
解析　考查介詞。be regarded as被視為……。
2．答案　to become
解析　考查動(dòng)詞搭配。allow sb.to do sth.允許某人做某事。
3．答案　in
解析　考查介詞。in terms of 從……方面來說，依據(jù)……。
4．答案　During
解析　考查介詞。根據(jù)句意可知，此處指“在那期間”。during意為“在……期間”。
5．答案　made
解析　考查動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語可知，此處填一般過去時(shí)。
6．答案　of
解析　考查介詞。the popularity of...……的流行。
7．答案　for
解析　考查介詞。向……表達(dá)尊重，用介詞for。
8．答案　provides
解析　考查動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)上文語境可知，此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又tourism為不可數(shù)名詞，故用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
9．答案　to
解析　考查介詞。range from...to...從……到……不等。
10．答案　on
解析　考查介詞。have an impact on對……有影響。

1．在抽象名詞具體化時(shí)，使用不定冠詞使文章更加生動(dòng)簡潔
典例　(2020·全國Ⅱ)我們一邊摘蘋果，一邊吃蘋果。真是開心?。?br /> We picked apples while having a good taste of them.What a pleasure!
運(yùn)用　(2021·新高考全國Ⅰ)因?yàn)楸粌?nèi)容所吸引，閱讀Youth成為我每天的必讀內(nèi)容。
Because I am attracted by the contents，reading Youth becomes a must for me every day.
2．使用it作形式主語可以豐富文章句式
典例　(2019·全國Ⅱ)正如你所知，如果我們要贏得比賽，賽前做充分的準(zhǔn)備是非常必要的。
As you know，it is necessary for us to make enough preparations if we are to win the game.
運(yùn)用　(2021·上海)從你上一封信中得知你對學(xué)習(xí)漢語很感興趣，真是太好了。
It’s great to learn from your last letter that you are interested in learning Chinese.
3．使用it 作形式賓語可以使句子亮點(diǎn)更多
典例　(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)天氣變得很熱，這讓參賽者們更難堅(jiān)持下去。
It became hot，which made it more difficult for participants to keep up.
運(yùn)用　(2021·全國乙)雖然在線學(xué)習(xí)讓人們獲得知識更容易了，但對于缺乏自律的人來說，在線學(xué)習(xí)也是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。
Although online learning makes it easier for people to gain knowledge，being online is also a challenge for people who lack self-discipline.
4．用介詞短語代替簡單的狀語從句
典例　(2020·全國Ⅰ)我最喜歡的老師是我的英語老師，因?yàn)樗苡哪埠苌屏肌?br /> The teacher I like most is my English teacher because of his humor and kindness.
運(yùn)用　(2021·天津6月)因?yàn)槟愕臒崆榭畲蛶椭?，我在英國過得很愉快。
Because of your kind hospitality and help，I enjoyed myself so much in England.

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