考點一 動詞的時態(tài)
At first，Jack wasn’t fnd f studying and was addicted t cmputer games.Every time his mther went① t his rm，she fund that he was playing② cmputer games.His father had cndemned③ him many times befre he went t middle schl，s he prmised that he wuld study④ hard and quit cmputer games.
It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lt in the past three years.Whenever asked abut Jack’s perfrmance at schl，his mther always answers⑥ prudly，“He has been making⑦ prgress.”He is making⑧ preparatins fr the cllege entrance exams.
There is n dubt that Jack will be admitted t⑨ a gd cllege if he keeps wrking hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
注釋：①是一般過去時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：謂語動詞用過去式形式。②是過去進(jìn)行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were＋現(xiàn)在分詞。③是過去完成時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：had＋過去分詞。④是過去將來時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：wuld＋動詞原形。⑤是現(xiàn)在完成時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：have/has＋過去分詞。⑥是一般現(xiàn)在時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：謂語動詞為動詞原形或動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。⑦是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：have/has been＋現(xiàn)在分詞。⑧是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：am/is/are＋現(xiàn)在分詞。⑨是一般將來時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋動詞原形。⑩是將來進(jìn)行時，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋be＋現(xiàn)在分詞。
一、詞形變化
在時態(tài)的變化中，動詞的形式需要發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化。動詞形式不正確已經(jīng)成為英語寫作中重要的扣分因素。因此，要注意在不同時態(tài)中的詞形變化。
二、核心考點
高考中通常把時態(tài)和語境結(jié)合起來考查。題干中往往沒有明確的時間狀語，需要考生搜索出時間參照信息。英語有16種時態(tài)，中學(xué)階段常用的有10種。
1．一般現(xiàn)在時
(1)常常表示人的習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動作。常用的時間狀語有always，usually，ften，smetimes，every day等。
I usually d my hmewrk in the evening every day.我通常每天晚上做作業(yè)。
(2)在時間、條件等狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。
They’ll stand by yu even if yu dn’t succeed.
即使你不成功，他們也會支持你。
(3)表示客觀事實、真理、格言或者警句等。
Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
2．一般過去時
(1)表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday，last year，three years ag，the ther day等時間狀語連用。
He arrived at schl at 9∶00 am yesterday.
他昨天上午九點到學(xué)校。
(2)根據(jù)上下文或主從句提示。
I didn’t pass the exam，which made my parents very angry.
我沒有通過考試，這讓我父母很生氣。
3．一般將來時
表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)或臨時做出的決定，常用will/shall＋動詞原形或者is/am/are ging t d，常與表示將來的時間狀語tmrrw，next week等連用。
It is said that he will retire next mnth.
據(jù)說他將于下個月卸任。
點對點練習(xí)1
單句語法填空
1．The curtains are abut t pen，and in a few minutes the actin and dialgue will tell(tell) yu the stry.
2．While running regularly can’t make yu live frever，the review says it is(be) mre effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling r swimming.
3．We hired(hire) ur bikes frm the rental place at the Suth Gate.My bike was ld and shaky but did the jb.(2021·全國甲)
4．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
(1)表示說話時正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作，也可表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
He is playing basketball n the playgrund.
他正在操場上打籃球。
(2)某些表示位置移動的動詞，如g，cme，leave，arrive，start，mve等可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示即將發(fā)生或計劃要做的動作。
Jhn as well as his sister is setting ff fr Tky tmrrw mrning.
約翰和姐姐明天早上要動身去東京。
(3)與always，ften，cnstantly等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行為或某種感情色彩。感情色彩可褒可貶。
The girl is always talking alud in public.
這個女孩總是在公共場合大聲說話。
5．過去進(jìn)行時
(1)表示過去某一時刻正在發(fā)生的動作或過去某一個階段內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行的動作。
Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven this mrning.格林太太今天上午11點正準(zhǔn)備午餐。
(2)表示動作在另一個過去的動作發(fā)生時正在進(jìn)行，常與when，while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句連用。
The teacher came in while the by was reading a nvel.那個男孩正在讀小說時老師進(jìn)來了。
6．將來進(jìn)行時
表示將來某一時刻或某一段時間里正在進(jìn)行的動作，常與一些標(biāo)志性的時間狀語連用。
Dn’t phne me between 5 and 6.We’ll be having dinner then.
五點至六點之間不要給我打電話，那時我們在吃飯。
點對點練習(xí)2
單句語法填空
1．She was playing(play) with the cellphne when her bss walked int the ffice.
2．Next Friday I will g t anther cncert.They will be playing(play) smething by Mzart at that time.
3．—Hi，let’s g skating.
—Srry，I’m busy right nw.I am filling(fill) in an applicatin frm fr a new jb.
7．現(xiàn)在完成時
(1)表示動作或過程發(fā)生在說話之前某個沒有明確說出的過去時間，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，且結(jié)果仍對現(xiàn)在有影響。
—I’m srry，but I dn’t quite fllw yu.Did yu say yu wanted t return n September 20?
—Srry，I haven’t made myself clear.We want t return n Octber 20.
——對不起，我沒完全明白你的話。你是說你們打算9月20號回來嗎？
——對不起，我沒有表達(dá)清楚。我們打算10月20號回來。
(2)表示一個動作從過去開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
His first nvel has received gd reviews since it came ut last mnth.
他的第一部小說自上個月出版以來獲得了許多好評。
(3)考查現(xiàn)在完成時，往往有較為明顯的時間狀語。如already，just，yet，since，fr＋時間段，up t nw，until nw，ever since，s far，recently，lately，in the past/last few years等。
I have learned mre than tw hundred English wrds in the past three hurs.
在過去的3小時里我已經(jīng)學(xué)了200多個英語單詞了。
(4)下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時。
It has been＋一段時間＋since從句
This/That/It is the that＋現(xiàn)在完成時
This/That/It is the best/finest/mst interesting...＋名詞＋that＋現(xiàn)在完成時
This is the first time that I have made a speech.
這是我第一次做演講。
It is the mst interesting nvel that I have ever read.這是我所讀過的最有趣的小說。
8．過去完成時
(1)表示在過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。常見的時間狀語有by，by the end f，by the time，until，befre，since，后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句。
I had put away my cellphne befre my father came back.
在我爸爸回來之前我已經(jīng)把我的手機收起來了。
(2)在，n 等表示“一……就……”的句式中，主句常用過去完成時。當(dāng)hardly，scarcely，n sner置于句首時，主句要用部分倒裝。
N sner had they rushed ut f the huse than it burnt dwn.
他們剛從房子里沖出來房子就燒塌了。
(3)動詞hpe，expect，mean，intend，want，suppse的過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。
I had hped t g hme frm wrk ahead f time.我本希望提前下班回家。(但未能如愿)
點對點練習(xí)3
單句語法填空
1．Befre getting int the car，I thught I had learned(learn) the instructr’s rders，but nce I started the car，my mind went blank.I frgt what he had said(say) t me altgether.
2．Being raised in a family f teachers，I have gt(get) plenty f chances t cnnect myself with literature since a yung age.
3．I had expected(expect) t get the first prize in the cntest but the result made me disappinted.
9．過去將來時
(1)表示從過去的某一時間來看將來要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時常用于賓語從句和間接引語中。
She said she wuld retire the next year.
她說她明年就退休了。
I wndered what my sn wuld say the next mment.我想知道兒子緊接著會說什么。
(2)三種表示過去將來時的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)： was/were ging t＋動詞原形；was/were t＋動詞原形；was/were abut t＋動詞原形。
He tld me he was t get married the next week.他告訴我他下周結(jié)婚。
She was abut t say smething mre，and then checked herself.
她還想說幾句，接著又克制住了自己。
10．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時
(1)常用來表示開始于過去某個時間，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且會繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的動作。
All these years they have been cntributing articles t ur magazine.
這些年來，他們一直向我們雜志投稿。
(2)表示到目前為止的一段時間里一直在反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動作。
We have been seeing each ther quite a lt recently.最近我們常常見面。
點對點練習(xí)4
單句語法填空
1．—Where is Peter? I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went t the library after breakfast and has been writing(write) his essay there ever since.
2．Albert Einstein was brn in 1879.As a child，few peple guessed that he wuld be(be) a famus scientist whse theries wuld change(change) the wrld.
考點二 動詞的語態(tài)
Xia Ming’s Cellphne
Xia Ming’s cellphne was brken①.I culdn’t get thrugh t him while the cellphne was being repaired②.I wanted t infrm him that he had been admitted③ by the basketball club.
Cellphnes are widely used④ nwadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ s frequently that peple have been cntrlled⑥ by them.Smene thinks that cellphnes shuld be restricted⑦ n sme ccasins.
Xia Ming’s cellphne will be repaired⑧ well sn.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphne will have been brught⑨ hme and will be being used⑩ again.
注釋：①是一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were＋過去分詞。②是過去進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：was/were＋being＋過去分詞。③是過去完成時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：had been＋過去分詞。④是一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：is/am/are＋過去分詞。⑤是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：is/am/are＋being＋過去分詞。⑥是現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：have/has been＋過去分詞。⑦是帶情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞。⑧是一般將來時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋be＋過去分詞。⑨是將來完成時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋have been＋過去分詞。⑩是將來進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為：will＋be being＋過去分詞。
1．不及物動詞及動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如happen，ccur，take place，break ut，spread等。
An accident happened n the rad last night and five peple were killed.
昨晚這條路上發(fā)生了一起意外事故，五個人遇難。
A big fire brke ut in the area last week.
上周那個地區(qū)發(fā)生了一場大火。
2．被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加nt，短語動詞的被動語態(tài)不可漏掉其中的介/副詞。如：
Trees shuld nt be planted in summer.
夏天不應(yīng)該種樹。
The man was made fun f by his partner.
這個人被他的伙伴取笑了。
3．漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示，構(gòu)成“It be＋dne...”形式。如：
It is/was said/reprted that...據(jù)說/據(jù)報道……
It is/was well knwn that...眾所周知……
It must be pinted ut that...必須指出……
It must be admitted that...人們必須承認(rèn)……
It is/was generally cnsidered/suppsed/hped/believed that...人們普遍認(rèn)為/希望/相信……
It is generally cnsidered that the key t learning a freign language well is nthing but practice.
人們普遍認(rèn)為學(xué)好一門外語的關(guān)鍵就是練習(xí)。
It is reprted that the temperature will decline sharply in ne r tw days.
據(jù)報告，近兩日氣溫將明顯下降。
4．下面的主動形式常表示被動意義。如：
(1)feel/taste/smell/lk/sund＋adj.
Junk fd tastes delicius but it desn’t cntain enugh nutritin.
垃圾食品吃起來美味但營養(yǎng)不足。
Yur idea sunds wnderful but it isn’t practical.你的想法聽起來很棒但不切實際。
(2)want/need/require/be wrth ding
The windw wants/needs/requires repairing.
這扇窗戶需要修理。
The mvie is wrth seeing.這部電影值得一看。
(3)wash/sell/write/read/clean＋adv.(well，easily，smthly)
Her new bk was very interesting and sld well.她的新書很有趣并且賣得很好。
Nyln cleans easily.尼龍容易清洗。
點對點練習(xí)
單句語法填空
1．Mary’s niece wrte，“The little hme was painted(paint) white.”(2021·浙江6月)
2．My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week，s I have t wash my clthes by hand.
3．Nwadays，cycling，alng with jgging and swimming，is regarded(regard) as ne f the best all-rund frms f exercise.
4．If yu leave the club，yu wn’t be allwed(nt，allw) back in.
單句語法填空
1．Yu can’t help wndering hw hard it was(be) fr the peple then t put all thse rcks int place.(2021·新高考全國Ⅰ)
2．It desn’t impress like Gerge Washingtn’s plantatin n the Ptmac，but Lincln’s hme in dwntwn Springfield，Illinis，has prven/prved(prve) irresistible t visitrs since it pened t the public.(2021·浙江6月)
3．Currently，abut 35,000 wrks are being displayed(display) in ver 300 rms in the Luvre，and it wuld take a lifetime t see everything.(2021·天津3月)
4．I was walking(walk) acrss Altrincham Rad ne mrning when a cyclist went rund me and n being asked what he was ding he shuted at me.(2015·湖南)
1.掌握獨特的時間狀語標(biāo)志
(1)題干中如有always，ften，seldm，smetimes，usually等，用一般現(xiàn)在時。
(2)題干中如有yesterday，last night，a few days ag，the ther day，then等，用一般過去時。
(3)題干中如有tmrrw，next year，in a week等，用一般將來時。
(4)題干中如有nw，at present，currently等，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。
(5)題干中如有at that time，at six ’clck yesterday等，用過去進(jìn)行時。
(6)題干中如有at this time tmrrw，frm 1 ’clck t 3 ’clck tmrrw等，用將來進(jìn)行時。
(7)題干中如有since，s far，up t nw，in/ver/during the last year/past few years等，用現(xiàn)在完成時。
2．熟記固定句型中的時態(tài)
(1)be ，when前面的句子常用過去進(jìn)行時，when后面的句子常用一般過去時。
(2)It is/has been＋時間段＋since...表示“自從……以來已……”，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時或一般現(xiàn)在時，從句用一般過去時。
(3)祈使句＋and/r＋陳述句，陳述句常用一般將來時。
3．分清主動被動，辨析語態(tài)
看到主語為物，且動詞為及物動詞，要想到用被動語態(tài)。
考點三 主謂一致
1．語法一致原則
I live① in Beijing，while my girlfriend lives① in Shanghai，and we haven’t① seen each ther fr a lng time.T see her every day is② my dream.What I want t d is③ give up my present jb and wrk in her city.Hwever，all my relatives except my uncle bject t④ my idea.Smene tells⑤ me that it is nt wrthwhile t give up my jb，which brings⑥ me 10,000 yuan every mnth.Many a persn thinks⑦ it nt wise t leave the city I am living in.
注釋：該原則要求謂語動詞必須與主語在語法形式上保持一致，即主語是單數(shù)形式則謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式：
①根據(jù)主語的人稱和數(shù)，來確定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。②主語是不定式或動名詞短語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。③主語是從句，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。④主語后面跟有with，tgether with，except，but，as well as，rather than，besides，including等短語時，謂語動詞跟這些短語前面的主語一致。⑤主語為smene，anyne，everyne等不定代詞時，謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)。⑥定語從句中的謂語動詞要和先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。⑦“many a/mre than ne＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。主語前有each，every，n修飾時，即使有and連接，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。
2．意義一致原則
I have been n a diet fr fur mnths.Fur mnths is① nt a shrt time.Thugh a large number f peple dn’t② understand me，the majrity f peple arund me supprt③ me.The ld cnsider④ it unwise t g n a diet，but the yung admire④ me.At first my family were⑤ wrried abut me，but nw they think I can chse t d this as lng as it desn’t harm my health.
注釋：①表示時間、數(shù)量、長度及價格的名詞，盡管有時是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但常被看作是一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。②“a number f＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。③the majrity f，the rest f，分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)＋f＋名詞，要根據(jù)名詞的數(shù)或者是否可數(shù)來確定謂語動詞的數(shù)。④“the＋adj.”往往表示一類人，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。⑤family，grup，team，class，gvernment等集體名詞，當(dāng)表示集體意義，強調(diào)整體概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；當(dāng)表示集體中各個組成部分，強調(diào)個體概念時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
3．就近一致原則
There are① many girls having a taste fr sweet fd，but neither my sister nr I am② interested in candies.
注釋：①在there be，here be結(jié)構(gòu)中，若有幾個并列成分作主語，通常根據(jù)“就近一致”原則，即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要與離它最近的主語保持一致。②r，nt als...，，，，等連接兩個或兩個以上的并列主語時，通常根據(jù)“就近一致”原則，即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要與離它最近的主語保持一致。
1．用and連接的并列主語，如果主語是同一個人，同一事物，同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，否則用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The pet and writer has cme.
那位詩人兼作家來了。(一個人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tls.
錘子和鋸都是有用的工具。(兩個物體)
注意：用and連接的成對名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個整體，如：bread and butter(黃油抹面包)，knife and frk(刀叉)等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
2．若主語中有mre than ne 或many a/an，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)，但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。 但mre＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋than ne作主語時，謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
Mre than ne student was late.
不止一個學(xué)生遲到。
Mre persns than ne cme t help us.
不止一個人來幫助我們。
3．“形復(fù)意單”名詞如：news；以-ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如：physics，mathematics，ecnmics；國名如：the United States；報紙名如：the New Times；書名如：Arabian Nights(《天方夜譚》)；以及the United Natins(聯(lián)合國)等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
點對點練習(xí)
單句語法填空
1．The teacher and pet ften gives(give) lectures arund the city.
2．I think Tm，rather than yu is(be) t blame fr the incident；that is t say，yu are inncent.
3．Nbdy but Jim and Mike is(be) n the playgrund nw.
4．As far as I knw，his family is nt very large but the family are all music lvers.(be)
5．The pr were(be) lked dwn upn in the ld days.
6．Neither his parents nr I am(be) able t persuade him t change his mind.
7．Listening t lud music and rck cncerts has caused(cause) hearing lss in sme teenagers s far.
8．Barbara is easy t recgnize as she is the nly ne f the wmen wh wears(wear) evening dress.
單句語法填空
1．The Xi’an City Wall is the mst cmplete city wall that has survived China’s lng histry.It was built(build) riginally t prtect the city in the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred(修復(fù))．(2021·全國甲)
2．Ging t Munt Huangshan reminds(remind) me f the ppular Beatles’ sng “The Lng and Winding Rad”．(2021·新高考全國Ⅰ)
3．It is calculated by dividing a persn’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared，and a BMI f between 19 and 25 is cnsidered(cnsider) healthy.(2021·浙江1月)
4．Often，nly a small part f a museum’s cllectin is(be) n display.Mst f it is stred away r used fr research.(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)
1.找準(zhǔn)句子中的主語，看主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。
2.牢記特殊用法的結(jié)構(gòu)，用對謂語動詞的數(shù)。
3.注意結(jié)合時態(tài)和語態(tài)。
考點四 情態(tài)動詞
1．can/culd
Mary—M Nancy—N
M：Can① yu prnunce this wrd?
N：Srry，I can’t①.
M：Can/Culd② I use yur dictinary?
N：Of curse yu can③，but wait a minute.Where is my dictinary?
M：Can④ it be in yur drmitry?
N：N，it can’t④ be.I never study in my drmitry.
M：Culd yu have lent⑤ it t yur deskmate?
N：N，my deskmate culdn’t have brrwed⑤ a dictinary because he hates English.It might be in Jane’s desk，but I can’t⑥ tuch her bks withut permissin.
M：An rganized persn can⑦ frget things.
注釋：can/culd的意義及用法
①can表能力，意為“能夠”。②can表請求，culd 表示委婉語氣。③can表許可。④can/can’t表推測，意為“可能/不可能”，常用于疑問句或否定句。⑤culd sb.have dne...？意為“某人做過某事嗎？”，culdn’t have dne意為“不可能做過某事”，表示對過去的推測，用于疑問句或否定句。⑥can’t 表示客觀條件不允許。⑦can表示客觀上存在這種可能性但不一定發(fā)生。
2．may/might
Mike—M Teacher—T
M：May/Might① I cme in?
T：Yes，yu may②.Yu’re almst late，and where is yur deskmate?
M：Hmm，I dn’t knw.He may/might③ be n the way t schl.
T：He might③ be；that is，he might nt③ be n his way t schl.Mike，yu may as well④ tell me the truth.Why hasn’t he cme yet?
M：He might have stayed⑤ up late last night，and he might nt have set⑤ the alarm clck.
注釋：may/might的意義及用法
①表示請求。②表示許可，不用might。③表示對現(xiàn)在的猜測，might表示語氣更不肯定。④may as well“還是……好”。⑤might have dne表示對過去的猜測，意為“可能做了某事”。might nt have dne意為“可能沒做某事”，常用于疑問句或否定句。
3．must
Jane—J Mther—M
J：Mm，must① I take this medicine?
M：Yes，yu must①.
J：Must① I take it right nw?
M：N，yu needn’t②.Yu can take it later.
J：But it must be③ bitter.
M：I’ve tld yu t wear yur cat，but yu must④ wear yur T-shirt.Besides，yu must have played⑤utdrs.Yu mustn’t⑥ d it again.
注釋：must的意義及用法
①must表必須，肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn’t。③must be表示對現(xiàn)在的推測，只用于肯定句。④must表示“非要，偏偏”。⑤must have dne表示對過去的推測，只用于肯定句中，意為“一定做過某事”。⑥mustn’t表示禁止，不表示推測。
4．shuld
Bss—B Jane—J Steven—S
B：It’s nine nw and everyne shuld① be here.Where is Steven? He shuld have arrived② ten minutes ag.
J：Really strange，I can’t imagine Mr Punctual shuld③ be late fr wrk.
B：Here he cmes.Why are yu late，Steven?
S：I’m terribly srry，sir.I shuldn’t have drunk② t much cffee last night.I kept my eyes pen until fur ’clck in the mrning.
B：A persn like yu shuldn’t drink④ t much cffee，tea either.
S：Yes，I ught t be punctual as usual.
注釋：shuld的意義及用法
①表示推測，意為“按理說應(yīng)當(dāng)”。②shuld have dne 意為“本應(yīng)做而沒做”，shuldn’t have dne表示“本不應(yīng)做卻做了”，含有虛擬的意味。③表示“竟然”。④shuld (nt) d sth.＝ught (nt) t d sth.(不)應(yīng)該做某事。
5．shall
Man—M Wman—W
M：Hi，where are yu ging?
W：I shall① g t New Yrk.
M：Me t！Oh，yur suitcase is heavy.Shall② I carry it fr yu，Miss？(carrying the suitcase t the wman’s seat and sitting beside the wman)
W：Thank yu fr helping me，but it’s required that everyne shall③ sit n his wn seat.
M：It desn’t matter.
W：Stay away frm me，r I will call the plice.Yu shall④ be srry fr what yu d.Sir，I need yur help.(waving t a pliceman)
注釋：shall的意義及用法
①用于第一人稱，表示將要做某事。②用于第一、三人稱疑問句，表示請求。③用于第三人稱肯定句，表示按照正式的規(guī)定要做的事。④用于第二、三人稱，表示說話人給對方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。
6．need/dare
Mike—M Jack—J
M：D yu dare t take① yur cellphne t the examinatin rm?
J：N，I dare nt d② that；I needn’t d③ that，either.
M：Yu study well，s yu dn’t need t cheat④.I am different.
J：Stp thinking abut cheating，and yu can’t get away with it.Yu need t⑤ study hard.N pains，n gains.
注釋：need/dare的意義及用法
?dare和need用作情態(tài)動詞時，沒有人稱和時態(tài)的變化，常用于疑問句和否定句。疑問句直接把dare和need提前，否定句直接在其后加nt，如用法②和③。
?dare和need用作實義動詞時，有人稱和時態(tài)的變化，常用于肯定句中。如果用于疑問句和否定句，需要加助動詞d/des，且其后要加(t) d，如用法①④⑤。
?其用法簡單總結(jié)為：有助有t，無助無t。
7．will/wuld
Tm—T Mary—M
M：Hw abut the new watch?
T：I will① never use it any mre.It just wn’t② give the crrect time.
M：Hush！Grandma is sleeping.She will③ have a nap at this time these days.
T：At nine ’clck in the mrning？She wuld/used t④ have a nap in the afternn.
M：The phne is ringing，but I am busy with my wrk.
T：Okay，I will⑤ answer it.
注釋：will/wuld 的意義及用法
①表示意愿。②表示事物的屬性。③表示人現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣，意為“常常做某事”。④wuld/used t表示過去的習(xí)慣。⑤表示意愿，意志。
1．用于固定習(xí)語中：can’t/can (無論……也不過分；越……越好)
Yu can’t be t careful when crssing a busy street.
＝Y(jié)u can’t be careful enugh when crssing a busy street.
你橫穿繁忙的街道的時候，再怎么小心都不為過/越小心越好。
2．情態(tài)動詞＋have dne
點對點練習(xí)
用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空(必要時加nt)
1．—I dn’t really like James.Why did yu invite him?
—Dn’t wrry.He might nt cme.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
2．I can’t thank yu t much fr all yur help t my sn while we were away frm hme.
3．He can’t be ur manager.Our manager has gne t Beijing.
4．Yu culd have dne better，but yu didn’t try yur best.
5．I didn’t see her in the meeting rm this mrning.She culdn’t have spken at the meeting.
6．Everyne present will nt believe such a gentleman shuld d that.
7．Yu mustn’t play with the knife，r yu may hurt yurself.
8．Yu shall be punished fr what yu have dne.
9．It must have rained last night，fr the rad is quite muddy.
10．I needn’t have taken the umbrella，fr the weather is fine.
考點五 虛擬語氣
1．wish/wuld rather/as if/if nly
Mr Zhang—Z Mr Wang—W
(Beside the river，Mr Zhang and Mr Wang are quivering as if they were① in cld winter.)
Z：I wish I had① smething ht t drink.
W：I wuld rather I hadn’t invited② yu t g ut.
Z：Hw big a fish! If nly I had caught② it.
W：If nly yu hadn’t fallen② int the river！If nly we had① dry clthes nw! Nw I wish yur wife wuldn’t blame③ this n me.
注釋：as if好像，wish希望，wuld rather寧可，if nly要是……就好了，這四個詞語后的從句往往用虛擬語氣。
①對現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句謂語用過去式(be的過去式用were)。②對過去的虛擬，從句謂語用had＋過去分詞。③對將來的虛擬，從句謂語用wuld/culd/might/shuld＋動詞原形。
2．條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
Mr Zhang—Z Wife—W
(in the hspital)
Z：What fine weather! If I were nt ill，I wuld g fishing.①
W：If yu hadn’t gne fishing yesterday，yu wuldn’t have caught a cld.②
Z：I wuld have stayed at hme，but Mr Wang invited me t g.③ He tld me t hurry，therwise I wuldn’t have frgtten t wear warm cats.④
W：Is it all Mr Wang’s fault? But fr/Withut Mr Wang，yu wuld have been drwned.⑤
Z：Had it nt been fr the big fish，I wuldn’t have fallen int the river.⑥ I’d catch it if I shuld recver tmrrw.⑦
注釋：
?①②⑦為if條件句中的虛擬語氣，有以下三種情況：
對現(xiàn)在的虛擬：If＋主語＋did/were...，主語＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d...
對過去的虛擬：If＋主語＋had dne...，主語＋wuld/culd/shuld/might have dne...
對將來的虛擬：If＋主語＋did/shuld/were t d...，主語＋wuld/culd/shuld/might d...
?⑥為if虛擬條件句的省略與倒裝，結(jié)構(gòu)為：
Had＋主語＋dne，主語＋wuld/culd/might have dne...
Were＋主語＋t d/Shuld＋主語＋d，主語＋wuld d...
?③④⑤為含蓄虛擬語氣，結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
主語＋wuld have dne...，but 過去的事實
主語＋wuld d...，but 現(xiàn)在的事實
Withut/But fr＋n.，主語＋wuld d(與現(xiàn)在相反)
Withut/But fr＋n.，主語＋wuld have dne (與過去相反)
現(xiàn)在的事實，therwise＋主語＋wuld d
過去的事實，therwise＋主語＋wuld have dne
3．名詞性從句和定語從句中的虛擬語氣
Yesterday，Mike insisted that he hadn’t cheated in the exam with the cellphne and that he (shuld) nt be punished.①The teacher rdered that he (shuld) take ut the cellphne and cmmanded that he (shuld) phne his parents right nw.①Mike requested that the teacher (shuld) nt call his parents.① He demanded that the teacher (shuld) give him anther chance.①The teacher said it was required that students (shuld) nt take cellphnes t schl.② Her suggestin/advice was that Mike (shuld) study hard instead f cheating in the exams.③ It is high time that he prepared/shuld prepare fr the cllege entrance examinatin.④
注釋：
?某些特定的動詞之后的賓語從句常用含有shuld的虛擬語氣。如①，這類動詞包括“一堅持”(insist)，“二命令”(rder/cmmand)，“三要求”(require/request/demand)，“四建議”(suggest/advise/recmmend/prpse)。
?上述動詞用于It is/was＋過去分詞＋that從句時，從句使用帶shuld的虛擬語氣，如②。
?上述動詞的名詞形式如requirement，suggestin等，其后的表語從句或同位語從句也用含有shuld的虛擬語氣，如③。
?It is (high/abut) time that sb.did/shuld d sth.也是常見的虛擬語氣形式，如④。
4．It is/was＋adj.＋that sb.(shuld) d...和It is/was＋n.＋that sb.(shuld) d...
English teacher：It is imprtant/essential/necessary that yu shuld learn English well.
Student：Why？As a Chinese，I think it is strange that I shuld learn English well.
注釋：在It is/was＋形容詞(imprtant，essential，necessary，strange，natural，etc.)＋that引導(dǎo)的主語從句和It is/was＋名詞(a pity，a rule，a shame，a surprise，etc.)＋that引導(dǎo)的主語從句中，主語從句要用虛擬語氣，即謂語用“(shuld＋)動詞原形”。
1．當(dāng)suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“堅持說”之意時，suggest/insist后的賓語從句不使用虛擬語氣，而使用陳述語氣。
(1)The smile n his face suggested that he was satisfied with ur wrk.
他臉上的笑容表明他對我們的工作很滿意。
(2)The ld man insisted that he was nt ill and that he shuld nt be sent t hspital.
這位老人堅持說他沒有病，堅持認(rèn)為他不應(yīng)該被送到醫(yī)院。
2．錯綜時間條件句
當(dāng)從句、主句所表示的行為發(fā)生的時間不一致時，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所在的時間作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
If yu had listened t the teacher yesterday，yu wuldn’t suffer s much nw.
如果你昨天聽老師的，你現(xiàn)在就不會受這么多苦。
點對點練習(xí)
單句語法填空
1．The Antarctica is s mysteriusly described by sme peple.If nly I had been(be) there befre!
2．Our nly request is that this (shuld) be settled(settle) as sn as pssible.
3．I believe he must have had an accident；therwise he wuld have arrived(arrive) n time.
4．If it shuld rain/were t rain/rained(rain) tmrrw，they wuld nt g ut fr a picnic.
5．If yu had taken(take) my advice，yu wuld nt have failed in the exam.
單句語法填空
1．It used t be that yu culd drive fr miles here withut seeing anther persn，but nw there are huses and peple everywhere.(2021·天津3月)
2．Yu shuldn’t(nt) have sclded him fr his pr perfrmance.After all，he had dne his best.(2020·天津3月)
3．If I hadn’t been faced with s many barriers，I wuldn’t be(nt，be) where I am.(2020·江蘇)
情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣解題“兩注意”
注意一：若句中謂語動詞為原形，在其前設(shè)純空格題時，注意考慮情態(tài)動詞。然后根據(jù)句意或句式結(jié)構(gòu)填入恰當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞。
注意二：一旦判斷所給動詞在句中作謂語，就要考慮其時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂一致等，特別是注意虛擬語氣中的時態(tài)。判斷虛擬語氣，除了常見的if虛擬條件句，還應(yīng)注意其他常搭配虛擬語氣的句型。
層級一 基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練
單句語法填空
1．It is the first time that my sn has met(meet) Zhng Nanshan，the renwned Chinese her face t face.
2．The girl shk(shake) her head happily，and the pt f milk n her head immediately fell nt the grund.
3．The father，as well as his kids，is discussing(discuss) where t spend the weekend nw.
4．When fat and salt are remved(remve) frm fd，the fd tastes as if it is missing smething.
5．By the time Jack returned hme frm England，his sn had graduated(graduate) frm cllege.
6．Either the beautiful views f this mdern city r its lcal custm has attracted(attract) thusands f visitrs during the past years.
7．The factry used 65 percent f the raw materials，the rest f which were(be) saved fr ther purpses.
8．They made up their minds that they wuld buy(buy) a new huse nce Larry changed jbs.
9．Jenny shuld have kept her wrd.I wnder why she changed her mind.
10．What a pity! The parents culd have survived the earthquake，had they nt cme(nt，cme) back t save their child.
11．Jack was wrking(wrk) in the lab when the pwer cut ccurred.
12．On the stage are(be) a number f famus singers，whse sngs are welcmed by the majrity f yung peple.
13．Every cin has tw sides.Beautiful sngs，smetimes，may just be nise t thers.
14．My cmputer didn’t start this mrning.There must have been smething wrng with it.
15．He wuld have liked(like) t represent his cuntry in the 1984 Winter Olympics，but there were a large number f cmpetitrs，and Edwards wasn’t qualified.
層級二 高考真題練
單句語法填空
1．After Lincln was elected President f the US in 1861，they rented the huse and sld(sell) mst f their furniture.(2021·浙江6月)
2．In cities，hwever，the gain was(be) 1.3 in wmen and 1.6 in men.The researchers described “striking changes” in the gegraphy f BMI.(2021·浙江1月)
3．By abut 6,000 BC，peple had discvered(discver) the best crps t grw and animals t raise.(2020·浙江7月)
4．Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brwn University，says，“because it means(mean) we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn is cnstructed(cnstruct)．”(2020·全國Ⅰ)
5．The parts f a museum pen t the public are called(call) galleries r rms.Often，nly a small part f museum’s cllectin is n display.(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)
6．Jim says we can stay in his huse as lng as we leave it clean and tidy.(2020·天津7月)
7．When every pupil in the schl wears the unifrm，nbdy has/will have(have) t wrry abut fashin(時尚)．(2019·浙江6月)
8．Amy，as well as her brthers，was given(give) a warm welcme when returning t the village last week.(2019·天津6月)
9．In recent years sme Inuit peple in Nunavut have reprted(reprt) increases in bear sightings arund human settlements，leading t a belief that ppulatins are increasing.(2019·全國Ⅰ)
10．The musician alng with his band members has given(give) ten perfrmances in the last three mnths.(2019·江蘇)
11．What a pity！Yu missed the sightseeing，r we wuld have had(have) a gd time tgether.(2019·江蘇)
12．I can’t find my purse.I culd/might have left(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I’m nt sure.(2018·天津6月)
13．It’s strange that he shuld have taken the bks withut the wner’s permissin.(2018·江蘇)
14．Steam engines were used(use) t pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant fr the passengers，with all the smke and nise.(2017·全國Ⅱ)
15．If the new safety system had been put(put) t use，the accident wuld never have happened.(2017·北京)
層級三 語篇提能練
語法填空
Passage 1 時態(tài)與主謂一致篇
The first z 1. (establish) arund 3,500 years ag by an Egyptian queen fr her persnal enjyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperr 2. (build) a huge z t shw his pwer and wealth.Later zs were set up fr the purpse f studying animals.
Sme f the early Eurpean zs 3. (cnsist) f dark hles r dirty cages，the bad cnditins f which made peple disgusted.Later the zs 4. (replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5. (keep) in gd cnditin.These places became the first mdern zs.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6. (understand) that many kinds f wild animals faced extinctin.Since then，zs 7. (try) t save many endangered species，but relying n zs 8. (save) species is nt enugh.The best methd f prtectin is t leave them in their natural habitat.
Tday，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9. (watch) carefully fr any signs f disease with specially trained keepers lking after them and sme hspitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a cmfrtable life.Anyway，it is true that z breeding prgrams 10. (play) an imprtant rle in prtecting many species f wildlife nw.
1．答案 was established
解析 考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)時間狀語“arund 3,500 years ag”可知是過去時態(tài)，主語“The first z”和謂語動詞establish之間是被動關(guān)系，且主語是the first z，謂語用單數(shù)，故填 was established。
2．答案 built
解析 考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)。句中“Five hundred years later”是過去的時間狀語，謂語需要用過去式，故填 built。
3．答案 cnsisted
解析 考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)上下文可知，此處描述過去的情況，謂語動詞用過去式，故填 cnsisted。
4．答案 were replaced
解析 考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。主語“the zs”和謂語動詞replace之間為被動關(guān)系，并且是描述過去發(fā)生的事，且主語是the zs，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，故填were replaced。
5．答案 (were) kept
解析 考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。animals與keep之間為被動關(guān)系且描述過去的情況，故用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，此處是并列謂語，前面已有be動詞were，故可以省略were。故填(were) kept。
6．答案 understd
解析 考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)?！癆s early as the 1940s”是過去的時間狀語，謂語要用過去式，故填 understd。
7．答案 have tried/have been trying
解析 考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。時間狀語為“Since then”，謂語常用現(xiàn)在完成時，此處也可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表示動作一直持續(xù)進(jìn)行，且主語是zs，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，故填have tried/have been trying。
8．答案 t save
解析 考查非謂語動詞。rely n sb.t d sth.依靠某人做某事，故填t save。
9．答案 (are) watched
解析 考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)。 主語animals和謂語動詞watch之間是被動關(guān)系，且此處與and前面的are fed...為并列關(guān)系，故填(are) watched。
10．答案 are playing
解析 考查謂語動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。由時間狀語nw可知，此處應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，且主語prgrams是復(fù)數(shù)，故填are playing。
Passage 2 情態(tài)動詞篇
I 1. have wrried befre I came t the new schl，fr my classmates here are very friendly t me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2. (dance) as well as her.N ne
3. be cmpared with Ellen in dancing.Jack is mre f a talker than a der.Teachers always tell him it’s high time that he 4. (d) smething instead f just talking.Every time I get clse enugh t hear them speaking Chinese，I 5. say “Ni Ha” t them.Teachers recmmend that parents 6. (nt，allw) their children under 12 t ride bicycles t schl fr safety.Students 7. bey schl rules.Every student must wear schl unifrm while at schl.If a student 8. (nt，wear) schl unifrm，he wuld be punished immediately.Accrding t the rules，students 9. get grades nt lwer than 85 in any subject in rder t get the schlarship.It is beynd my imaginatin that students here 10. be s crazy abut Harry Ptter series like me.
1．答案 needn’t
解析 因為這兒的同學(xué)對我都非常友好，在來新學(xué)校之前我本不需要擔(dān)心的。所以用needn’t。
2．答案 danced
解析 我希望我跳舞像她一樣好。wish 后面的賓語從句往往用虛擬語氣，而且與現(xiàn)在事實相反，所以用danced。
3．答案 can
解析 沒有人能跳得和她一樣好，表示“能力”用can。
4．答案 did/shuld d
解析 It is high time sb.shuld d/did sth.到了某人該做某事的時候了。
5．答案 will
解析 每當(dāng)我靠近他們聽見他們說漢語的時候，我會對他們說“你好”。will可以表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣。
6．答案 (shuld) nt allw
解析 recmmend后面的賓語從句用虛擬語氣，即謂語動詞用“shuld＋動詞原形”，shuld可以省略。
7．答案 must
解析 學(xué)生必須要服從校規(guī)。must 表示強制。
8．答案 didn’t wear
解析 如果學(xué)生在校期間不穿校服，他會立即受到懲罰。因為主句謂語用wuld d，表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬，所以條件狀語從句中謂語用過去式表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬。
9．答案 shall
解析 根據(jù)規(guī)定，學(xué)生如果想拿獎學(xué)金，任一單科成績不得低于85分。shall用于第三人稱，在條約、規(guī)定、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定，意為“應(yīng)，必須”。
10．答案 shuld
解析 我沒有想到這里的學(xué)生竟然像我一樣癡迷《哈利·波特》系列叢書。 shuld在此意為“竟然”，表示驚訝。
1．時態(tài)的交叉使用
典例 (2019·全國Ⅲ)我給你寫信的目的是邀請你參加下周六在我們學(xué)校舉辦的音樂節(jié)。
I’m writing t invite yu t take part in the music festival，which will be held in ur schl next Saturday.
運用 (2021·浙江6月)藝術(shù)盛宴本周在報告廳舉行。更具體地說，它從周一開始，將持續(xù)至少五天。
The art feast falls in the lecture hall this week.T be mre specific，it starts n Mnday and will last 5 days at least.
2．利用“主將從現(xiàn)”的規(guī)律
典例 (2019·全國Ⅰ)如果我被接受的話，我會把中國畫的技巧介紹給參觀者，這將幫助他們更多地了解中國文化。
If I am accepted，I will intrduce Chinese painting skills t visitrs，which can help them knw mre abut Chinese culture.
運用 (2021·北京)如果你下周日有空，我會在學(xué)校門口等你，我相信我們會在一起玩得很開心。
If yu are available next Sunday，I will wait fr yu at the schl gate and I’m sure we will have a gd time tgether.
3．被動語態(tài)的適當(dāng)運用
典例 (2020·天津7月)成人禮定于6月8號舉行。
The cming-f-age ceremny was scheduled t be held n June 8.
運用 (2021·浙江6月)昨天，在我們學(xué)校美術(shù)館，舉辦了一場精彩的學(xué)生中國畫展覽。
A fantastic students’ Chinese painting shw was rganized in ur schl art gallery yesterday.
4．虛擬語氣巧利用
(1)if條件句的虛擬
典例 (2018·浙江6月)要是我沒有追那只兔子，我們就不會迷路了。
If I hadn’t chased that rabbit，we wuldn’t have lst ur way.
運用 (2021·新高考全國Ⅰ)如果我沒讀英文報Yuth，我在英語方面就不會有這么大的進(jìn)步。
If I hadn’t read the newspaper Yuth，I wuldn’t have made such great prgress in English.
(2)利用“情態(tài)動詞＋have dne”表虛擬
典例 (2017·浙江11月)我們本來可以愉快地露營，可是媽媽忘了帶帳篷。
We culd have camped in the wild happily，but mther frgt t take the tent.
運用 (2021·浙江6月)我本不應(yīng)該這樣自私，因為我應(yīng)該承擔(dān)我的責(zé)任。
I shuldn’t have been s selfish，because I am suppsed t shulder my respnsibility.
(3)shuld的適當(dāng)運用
典例 (2021·上海)我建議你先上聽說課，理由如下。
I recmmend that yu shuld take the Listening and Speaking curse first fr the fllwing reasns.
運用 (2018·全國Ⅱ)按要求，想要參加的同學(xué)需準(zhǔn)時到報告廳看電影并參與討論。
It is required that anyne wh wants t participate shuld arrive at the lecture hall n time t watch the mvie and take part in the discussin.
(4)利用含蓄虛擬條件句
典例 (2020·全國Ⅰ)若沒有她的幫助和專業(yè)的指導(dǎo)，我不可能在英語學(xué)習(xí)方面取得如此大的進(jìn)步。
But fr/Withut her help and prfessinal instructin，I culdn’t have made such great prgress in English study.
運用 (2020·全國Ⅱ)多虧了這次采摘活動，否則我們不知道勞動的果實有多么甜美。
Thanks t the picking activity，therwise we wuldn’t have knwn what sweet fruits labur wuld result in.
5．利用句型，“亮”化句子
典例 (2018·浙江6月)我們正在找回去的路時聽到了叔叔的大聲呼喊。
We were trying t lk fr the way back when we heard my uncle shuting ludly.
運用 (2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)Bernard正在街上憂心忡忡地走，這時Jhn來幫他了。
Bernard was wandering wrriedly in the street when Jhn came t his assistance.形式
變化規(guī)則
構(gòu)成方法
例詞
原形
see，finish，teach，tuch
三單
一般情況
直接加-s
lk—lks，write—writes
以-ch，-sh，-s，-x結(jié)尾
加-es
teach—teaches，finish—finishes
guess—guesses，mix—mixes
以“輔音＋”結(jié)尾
加-es
d—des，g—ges
以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾
變y為i 加-es
try—tries，cry—cries
過去式
一般情況
直接加-ed
destry—destryed，lk—lked
以不發(fā)音-e結(jié)尾
直接加-d
decide—decided，hpe—hped
以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母
雙寫輔音字母加-ed
stp—stpped，admit—admitted
以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾
變y為i加-ed
carry—carried，try—tried
現(xiàn)在分詞
一般情況
直接加-ing
g—ging，read—reading
以不發(fā)音-e結(jié)尾
去e加-ing
have—having，write—writing
以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾只有一個輔音字母
雙寫輔音字母加-ing
cut—cutting，run—running
對過去發(fā)生的事情或狀態(tài)進(jìn)行推測
(1)must have dne sth.“(過去)一定做了某事”；語氣比較肯定；用于肯定句中
(2)may(might) have dne sth.“(過去)可能/也許做了某事”；語氣不確定；用于肯定句和否定句中
(3)can(culd) nt have dne sth.“(過去)不可能做某事”；用于否定句和疑問句，表示對過去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑或不確定
表示“與過去事實相反”
(1)culd have dne sth.(過去)本可以做某事但實際上沒做
(2)needn’t have dne sth.(過去)本不必做某事但實際上做了
(3)ught t/shuld have dne sth.(過去)本應(yīng)該做某事但實際上沒做
(4)ughtn’t t/shuldn’t have dne sth.(過去)本不應(yīng)該做某事但實際上做了
(5)might have dne sth.(過去)可能做某事但實際上沒做

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