
?考點(diǎn)四 名詞和主謂一致
第一步 精準(zhǔn)刷題
(一)單句語(yǔ)法填空
1.(2021·新高考I卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we_______(human) are.
2.(2021·全國(guó)甲卷)Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and_______(watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
3.(2021·全國(guó)乙卷)_______(activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (遠(yuǎn)足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
4.(2021·浙江高考)In 1844 they bought it for $ 1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their
_______(marry) ceremony in 1842.
5.(2021·全國(guó)甲卷)Many students say they will talk to their_______(friend) or classmates because they're of the same age and can under- stand each other.
6.(2021·新高考I卷)You can't help wondering how hard it_______(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
7.(2022·山東省濟(jì)南市萊蕪第一中學(xué)高三期中考試)What Dr Limb was surprised to find was that the_______(genius) brain seemed to have repurposed its own disused visual cortex(皮層)to build other neurological(神經(jīng)病學(xué)的)pathways.
8.(2022·湖北省武漢市第一中學(xué)高三月考)Some people say it has no taste at all, and others think it_______(taste) bad.
9.(2022·遼寧省鐵嶺市高三摸底考試)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a_______(believe) that populations are increasing.
10.(2021·浙江臺(tái)州市高三調(diào)研)If we choose long-lasting clothes, it helps solve two key_______(issue) at once-overconsumption and the declining quality of many clothes in stores these days.
11.(2021·湖南省五市十校高三第二次大聯(lián)考)Witnessing the reproduction of animals_______(be) a precious experience for kids.
12.(2022·廣東廣州高三月考)In 1983,he went to South Africa where he worked for an Indian company and offered some guidance to the company for its legal_______(problem).
13.(2022·河北百師聯(lián)盟高三摸底考試)The company founder said, “Flying at a height of 2,500 metres and a speed of 185 kph, it has turned science fiction into a_______(real).”
14.(2022·河北邯鄲高三摸底考試)The_______(protect) from wind provided by the decorative silk or paper shade kept the lanterns from going out with the breeze.
15.(2022·河北荊門高三摸底考試)Many legends have been left in China about the_______(construct) of the Great Wall.
16.(2022·浙江省諸暨市高三選考診斷性考試)What makes the famous Three Graces buildings on the waterfront almost out of sight, are towers and flats of wild and ugly_______(scene).
17.(2021·重慶七中高三第四次學(xué)情檢測(cè))The children were spell-bound, the raccoon providing better_______(entertain) than any museum.
18.(2022·江蘇省淮安市車橋中學(xué)高三調(diào)研)The one-hour film traces the poet's life_______(experience) in detail.
19.(2021·江蘇丹陽(yáng)期末)The poet and writer_______(be) very popular with us at present.
20.(2022·廣東省珠海市高三摸底測(cè)試)From then on, Dick ran as many_______(race) with his son as he could.
21.(2022·廣東省廣州市省實(shí)、執(zhí)信、廣雅、六中高三四校聯(lián)考)The youngest child, however, often gets special
_______(treat).
22.(2022·遼寧省東北育才學(xué)校高三三模)Gratitude is a light that shines in the soul, turning worry into hope, fear into joy, weakness into_______(strong) and worriers into warriors.
23.(2021·山東省師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)高三二模)I used to be so addicted to computer games that I had little time for study and thus fell behind and my_______(fit) began to fail.
24.(2021·浙江德清高三摸底考試)In front of our house_______(stand) a tall tree, measuring as tall as 90 metres.
25.(2022·河南省重點(diǎn)高中高三階段性調(diào)研聯(lián)考)Last week,100 restaurants across Shanghai advocated the use of serving utensils ( 器具),as it is a key point for the control and_______(prevent) of the COVID-19.
26.(2022·廣東廣州高三開學(xué)測(cè)試)Among this year's unique suite offerings_______(be) the“ Elephant in the Room”。
27.(2022·重慶市第八中學(xué)高三摸底考試)“Overall, these results suggest that a_______(combine) of acute caffeine intake and exercise at moderate intensity in the afternoon provides the best scenario for individuals seeking to increase whole-body fat oxidation during aerobic exercise,” the researchers conclude.
28.(2022·浙江杭州高三一模)Once my father sent us a photo of him in a soldier's uniform, which_______(be) posted on the table reminding me of him.
29.(2022·河北邯鄲摸底考試)These decorative lanterns_______(be) hung in both homes and public spaces.
30.(2021·江蘇省揚(yáng)州市揚(yáng)州中學(xué)高三月考)So what your bag can convey_______ (be)your status, or your belief.
答案:
1.humans [句意:當(dāng)你站在山頂看見波濤洶涌般的云海,你會(huì)想到我們?nèi)祟愂嵌嗝疵煨 uman是we的同位語(yǔ),we為復(fù)數(shù),human應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故填humans.]
2.watchtowers [句意:據(jù)說(shuō)你可以在兩個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成,但我們?cè)诓煌拇箝T和瞭望臺(tái)停下來(lái)拍照,或者只是看當(dāng)?shù)厝诉M(jìn)行他們的日常生活。根據(jù)形容詞 different可知,此處應(yīng)用可數(shù)名詞watch-tower的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填 watchtowers.]
3.Activities [句意:那里的活動(dòng)從觀鯨到徒步旅行并且住宿,宗旨是對(duì)自然環(huán)境影響達(dá)到很小。根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞range 可知,設(shè)空處應(yīng)用可數(shù)名詞activity的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)。且設(shè)空處位于句首,首字母應(yīng)大寫。故填A(yù)ctivities]
4.marriage [句意:1844年,他們以1,200美元的價(jià)格從查爾斯·德萊瑟手中買下了這座房子和一些土地,查爾斯·德萊瑟在1842年舉行了他們的婚禮。根據(jù)設(shè)空前的形容詞性物主代詞their可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞。故填 marriage.]
5.friends [句意;許多學(xué)生說(shuō)他們會(huì)和他們的朋友說(shuō)或同學(xué)講,因?yàn)樗麄兪峭g人,能彼此理解。根據(jù)設(shè)空前many students 和their 可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填friends.]
6.was [句意;你不禁會(huì)想,對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的人們來(lái)說(shuō),把這些石頭都安置好有多難。根據(jù)設(shè)空前認(rèn)可知,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù),安置臺(tái)階的石頭為陳述過(guò)去的事情,應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故填was. ]
7.genius'[句意;讓利普博士驚訝的是,他發(fā)現(xiàn)這位天才的大腦似乎重新利用了自己被廢棄的視堂皮層來(lái)建立其他的神經(jīng)通路。設(shè)空處應(yīng)用名詞的所有格和后文名詞 brain 構(gòu)成所屬關(guān)系。故填genius’ ]
8.tastes [句意:有些人說(shuō)它一點(diǎn)味道都沒有,而另一些人則認(rèn)為它味道很差。計(jì)為第三人稱單數(shù),系動(dòng)詞taste 應(yīng)用其單數(shù)形式。故填 tastes.]
9.belief [句意:近年來(lái),努納武特的一些因組特人報(bào)告說(shuō),在人類居住區(qū)周圍看到熊的次數(shù)有所增加,這導(dǎo)致人們相信照的數(shù)量正在增加。根據(jù)設(shè)空前不定冠詞a可知,設(shè)空處應(yīng)用名詞。故填 belief.]
10.issues [句意:如果我們選擇耐穿的衣物的話,我們可以一起解決兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題-時(shí)下的過(guò)度消費(fèi)和實(shí)體店衣服質(zhì)量不斷下降的問(wèn)題。two 后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填issues.]
11.is [根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,此處陳述客觀事實(shí),使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)Witnessing the reproduction of animals,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用第三人稱單數(shù)。故填is.]
12.problems [根據(jù)設(shè)空前its并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知,此處應(yīng)指不止一個(gè)問(wèn)題,應(yīng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填problems.]
13.reality [句意:該公司創(chuàng)始人說(shuō):“飛行高度為2,500米,時(shí)速為185公里,這使科幻變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。”根據(jù)設(shè)空前a可知,設(shè)空處應(yīng)用可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。故填reality.]
14.protection [句意:由裝飾性的絲簾或紙簾提供的防風(fēng)保護(hù)使燈籠不會(huì)隨風(fēng)熄滅。根據(jù)設(shè)空前冠詞The可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞。故填protection]
15.construction [句意:關(guān)于長(zhǎng)城的建造,中國(guó)留下了許多傳說(shuō)。根據(jù)設(shè)空前the可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞,且 construction 為抽象概念,不可數(shù)。故填 construction.]
16.scenes [句意:而讓濱水區(qū)著名的三座優(yōu)雅建筑幾乎消失在視線之外的,是充滿野性和丑陋景象的高樓和平地。根據(jù)設(shè)空前形容詞ugly可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞,且scene為可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填scenes.]
17.entertainment [句意:孩子們像著了迷一樣,因?yàn)殇叫芙o孩子們提供的快樂(lè)超過(guò)任何一個(gè)博物館。根據(jù)句意可知,provide后接賓語(yǔ),需用名詞。故填 entertainment.]
18.experiences [句意:這部一小時(shí)的電影詳細(xì)地追溯了詩(shī)人的生活經(jīng)歷。根據(jù)設(shè)空前 poet's可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞,且名詞experience意為“經(jīng)歷”時(shí),是可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填experiences.]
19.is [句意:這位詩(shī)人兼作家現(xiàn)在很受我們歡迎。主語(yǔ)The and writer指一個(gè)人,是單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù),且根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) at present 可知,設(shè)空處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故填is.]
20.races [句意:從那時(shí)起,Dick(狄克)就盡可能多地和兒子賽跑。race為可數(shù)名詞,由 many 修飾應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故填races.]
21.treatment [句意:然而,最小的孩子通常會(huì)得到特殊的待遇。根據(jù)設(shè)空前的形容詞special可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞作賓語(yǔ),故填treatment.]
22.strength[句意:感激是照亮靈魂的光芒,把擔(dān)心變成希望、恐懼變成快樂(lè)、弱變強(qiáng)并且把多慮的人變成戰(zhàn)士。"worry into hope, fear into joy, we”是并列名詞短語(yǔ),故設(shè)空處應(yīng)用名詞。故填strength.]
23.fitness'【句意;我以前沉迷于電腦游戲,以至于幾乎沒有時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí),因此落后了,我的健康也開始衰退。設(shè)空處需用名詞作生語(yǔ),fit的名詞為fitness“健康”,不可數(shù)名詞。故填fitness.]
24.stands [地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)“In front of our house"放在句首,句子應(yīng)用完全倒裝,所以主語(yǔ)是 a tall tree,為第三人稱單數(shù)。故填 stands. ]
25.prevention [設(shè)空前連詞and連接兩個(gè)由定冠詞the修飾的名詞,因此設(shè)空處應(yīng)用名詞。故填prevention]
26.is [句意:在今年獨(dú)特的套房產(chǎn)品中,有一款是“房間里的大象”。陳述事實(shí),應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。本句是倒裝句,根據(jù)設(shè)空后“Elephant in the Room”可知,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。故填is]
27.combination [句意:總的來(lái)說(shuō),這些結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于那些想在有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)中增加全身脂肪氧化的人來(lái)說(shuō),在下午進(jìn)行劇烈的咖啡因攝入和中等強(qiáng)度的運(yùn)動(dòng)相結(jié)合是最好的方案。根據(jù)設(shè)空前冠詞a和設(shè)空后作定語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)可知,設(shè)空處應(yīng)用名詞。故填combination.]
28.was[根據(jù)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞sent可知,陳述過(guò)去的事實(shí),應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí);主語(yǔ) which 指代先行詞
A photo,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。故填was. ]
29.are [句意:這些裝飾性的燈籠掛在家里和公共場(chǎng)所。本句描述一般情況,應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);lanterns與hang之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式;主語(yǔ)lanterns是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故填are.]
30.is [本句陳述客觀事實(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),且主語(yǔ)為 what your bag can convey,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)。故填is.]
(二)單句表達(dá)
1.(2021·重慶市第一中學(xué)高三月考)隨著5G的發(fā)展,無(wú)人駕駛車將能與其他車輛進(jìn)行交流。
With____________ 5G, ____________ will be able to communicate with other vehicles.
2.(2022·福建省泉州市高三質(zhì)量檢測(cè))它們靠在一起的視頻片段,以及年長(zhǎng)的大象幫助掉入溝里的兩只小象的視頻片段,都特別受歡迎。
Clips that show them leaning close together, as well as one clip of older elephants helping two little elephants that fell into a ditch, ____________.
3.(2022·遼寧省鐵嶺市高三摸底考試)在19個(gè)已確認(rèn)的北極熊亞種群中,3個(gè)在下降,6個(gè)穩(wěn)定,1個(gè)在增加,9個(gè)缺乏足夠的數(shù)據(jù)。
Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three____________,six____________,one____________
,and nine____________.
4.(2021·河南省南陽(yáng)市第一中學(xué)高三第二次月考)我們已經(jīng)為下周召開的會(huì)議做好了一切安排。
We____________ for the conference that will be held next week.
5.(2021·山東新高考質(zhì)量測(cè)評(píng)聯(lián)盟高三聯(lián)合調(diào)研監(jiān)測(cè))馬頭(雕像)承載著歷史的記憶和我們民族的共同情感。
The horse's head____________ and our nation's shared emotion.
6.(2022·山東省濟(jì)寧市實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三摸底考試)我從這次經(jīng)歷中學(xué)到了很多,我會(huì)盡我最大的努力用我自己的雙手幫助貧困家庭的失明兒童。
I get a lot from this experience, and I'll try my best to use my own hands to help____________.
7.(2022·湘豫名校聯(lián)考)他一生致力于雜交水稻的研究,幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)十億糧食安全生產(chǎn)。
He devoted his life to the research of hybrid rice, helping____________.
8.(2021·福建省福州高三月考)是湯姆而不是你應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任。
It is Tom, rather than you, that____________.
9.(2021·江蘇省泰州中學(xué)高三月度檢測(cè))死記一長(zhǎng)串的單詞及其詞義,或者查字典等等,都是沒有用的。
It is no use learning by heart long lists of words and____________,studying the dictionary and so on.
10.(2022·山東省濟(jì)寧市實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三摸底考試)我的高考即將來(lái)臨,這也宣告了這種緊迫的學(xué)習(xí)生活的結(jié)束。
My college entrance exam is approaching, ____________ the end of this sort of pressing study life.
11.(2022·廣東廣州高三月考)有些人收集郵票;其他人收藏藝術(shù)品或樂(lè)器。
Some people collect stamps; other people collect____________.
12.(2022·廣東深圳高三第一次質(zhì)量檢測(cè))去年,我們開始邀請(qǐng)音樂(lè)家為黑猩猩表演,看看它們會(huì)有什么反應(yīng)。
Last year, we____________ to perform for chimps to see what they may respond.
13.(2022·河北省級(jí)聯(lián)測(cè))這個(gè)營(yíng)地在25個(gè)城市都有,且有不同的項(xiàng)目選擇。
This camp____________ in 25 cities and____________ program options.
14.(2022·湖北武漢高三聯(lián)考)當(dāng)大多數(shù)人的注意力都集中在新冠肺炎上時(shí),一場(chǎng)悄無(wú)聲息的大流行病正在發(fā)展。
____________ a quiet pandemic developing while most people's attention has been on COVID-19.
15.(2022·山東省臨沂市高三摸底考試)作為一種擴(kuò)大影響力的方法,這是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的主意。
As a method of expand influence, it____________.
答案:
1.the development of; driverless cars
2.are particularly popular
3.are declining; are stable; is increasing; lack enough data
4.have made all the arrangements
5.holds the memory of history
6.the blind children in the poor families
7.billions achieve food security
8.is to blame
9.their meaning(s)
10. which also announces
11. works of art or musical instruments
12.began inviting musicians
13.is available; has different
14.There has been
15. is not a bad idea
(三)翻譯
1.(2022·山東省濟(jì)寧市實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三摸底考試)我缺課的原因是我在上學(xué)的路上幫助了一個(gè)無(wú)家可歸的孩子。
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2.(2022·山東省濟(jì)寧市實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三摸底考試)如果你想在交談中學(xué)習(xí)一些語(yǔ)法,我們也可以這樣做!
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3.(2022,湘豫名校聯(lián)考)我花了九個(gè)月的時(shí)間才完成我的第一本書。
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4.(2022·浙江省高三適應(yīng)性模擬)我們?yōu)槊總€(gè)孩子準(zhǔn)備了五顏六色的包裹,里面裝滿了玩具、衣服和學(xué)習(xí)用品。
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5.(2022·江蘇南京師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)高三測(cè)試)我們大多數(shù)人已經(jīng)意識(shí)到我們對(duì)朋友和家人的直接影響。
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答案:
1.The reason for my absence from class was that I helped a homeless child on my way to school.
2. If you would like to learn some grammar during conversation, we can do that too!
3. It took me nine months to finish my first book.
4.For every child, we wrapped colorful packages filled with toys, clothes, and school supplies.
5.Most of us are already aware of the direct effect we have on our friends and family.
第二步 精深學(xué)習(xí)
[精講]
一、名詞的分類
專有名詞
普通名詞
國(guó)名地名人名,團(tuán)
體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱
可數(shù)名詞
不可數(shù)名詞
個(gè)體名詞
集體名詞
抽象名詞
物質(zhì)名詞
二、名詞的數(shù)
1.規(guī)則變化
(1)單數(shù)名詞詞尾直接加“-s”。如:boy -boys, pen-pens
(2)以“s”,“x”,“ch”,“sh”結(jié)尾的單詞一般加“-es”。如:glass-glasses, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes
特例:stomach-stomachs
(3)以“輔音字母
y”結(jié)尾的變“y”為“i”再加“-es”。如:baby-ba- bies, lady-ladies
注意:penny的兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式含義有所不同;pence(便士的錢數(shù))pennies(便士的枚數(shù))
(4)以“o”結(jié)尾的多數(shù)加“-s”。如:radios, zoos, photos, pianos, kilos, tobaccos.
而下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)卻要加-es:
tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes, hero-heroes
(5)以“f”或“fe”結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式變“f”或“fe”為“v”,之后再加“-es”。如:wife-wives, self-selves
特例:handkerchief-handkerchiefs, gulf-gulfs, belief-beliefs
(6)改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
特例:child-children
2.不規(guī)則變化
(1)單復(fù)數(shù)相同
如:sheep, deer, means, aircraft, species
(2)合成名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)的情況:
①將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如:sons-in-law, daughters-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers
②無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如:grown-ups, house-wives, go-betweens
③將兩部分都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如:women singers 女歌手,men servants男仆
三、名詞的所有格
1.表示有生命的東西的名詞,所有格一般在名詞后加“'s”,其構(gòu)成形式如下:
(1)一般名詞后加“'s”。如:
my brother’s 我哥哥(弟弟)的書包
(2)以“-s”或“-es”結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格,只在名詞右上方加“’”。如:
the workers' club 工人俱樂(lè)部
(3)以-s結(jié)尾的專有名詞所有格,以讀音[z]結(jié)尾的,一般在名詞右上方加“”,也可加“'s”,其讀音分別為[z]、[iz].如:
Dickens'/Dickens's book 狄更斯的書
(4)復(fù)合名詞所有格的詞尾“'s”加在后面的詞之后。如:
her son-in-law's photo 她女婿的相片
(5)如果一樣?xùn)|西為兩個(gè)人共有,則只在后一個(gè)名詞加“’s”;如果不
是共有的,兩個(gè)名詞后都要加“’s”。如:
Jane and Mary's room 珍和瑪麗的房間(共有)
Jane's and Tom's books 珍的書和湯姆的書(不共有)
(6)有時(shí),名詞所有格可表示類別。如:
a women's college 女子學(xué)院
(7)表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者。如:
Li Ping's praise 李平的贊揚(yáng)
Children's education 兒童教育
(8)在表示“某人家”“店鋪”的名詞所有格后面,一般省略它所修飾的名詞。如:
at Mr Green's 在格林先生家
at the doctor's 在診所
2.表示無(wú)生命東西的名詞,通常采用“of+名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如:
the gate of the school 學(xué)校門口
3.有些表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等無(wú)生命東西的名詞,也可以加“'s”來(lái)構(gòu)成所有格。如:
today's newspaper 今天的報(bào)紙
4.在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞或指示代詞時(shí),常用“of詞組+所有格”的形式來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如:
a friend of my father's 我爸爸的一位朋友
四、名詞作定語(yǔ)
作定語(yǔ)的名詞往往是說(shuō)明其中名詞的材料、用途、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容、類別等。
(1)一般用單數(shù)形式,但在個(gè)別情況下也有用復(fù)數(shù)的。
goods train 貨車 sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)
man doctor-men doctors 男醫(yī)生(兩者皆變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式)
(2)有時(shí)在漢語(yǔ)看來(lái),似乎要用形容詞作定語(yǔ),但英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上卻要用
名詞作定語(yǔ)。如:
science fiction 科幻小說(shuō) convenience food 方便食品
(3)許多合成名詞可直接用于名詞前作定語(yǔ),起形容詞的作用。如:
a long-distance call 長(zhǎng)途電話
first-class tickets 頭等艙機(jī)票
(4)名詞可以用來(lái)修飾名詞,叫做名詞前置修飾語(yǔ)。名詞作前置修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式,即使指一個(gè)以上的事物時(shí)也如此。如:
書店可用“a book shop"而不用“a books shop".
五、主謂一致
1.語(yǔ)法一致:就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。
(1)many a+名詞,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù),但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。
Many a student has been sent to plant trees.
(2)more than a(n)/one+名詞,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。
More than one teacher gets the flowers.
(3)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。
Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.
(4)and 連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞前若用each, every, no修飾,該名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
Every student and more than one teacher was in the classroom.
(5)the following 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與后面名詞的數(shù)保持一致。
The following information was correct at time of going to press.
2.意義一致:就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語(yǔ)的意義保持一致。(因有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù);有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù),但意義為單數(shù)。)
(1)含 all, most, half, rest等的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ),所指的內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);反之,用單數(shù)。
All of my classmates work hard.
All of the water is up now.
(2)each作主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定,與each無(wú)關(guān)。
They each have a bike.
(3)以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞,如politics(政治)physics(物理),mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。以-s結(jié)尾的名詞news, works, plastics等同屬此類。
Politioc is now taught in all schools.
The news has got about.
當(dāng)以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞表示“學(xué)科”以外的意義時(shí),用作復(fù)數(shù),如:
mathematics(運(yùn)算能力),politics(政治觀點(diǎn)),economies(經(jīng)濟(jì)意義)等。
(4)表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),表達(dá)一個(gè)整體概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù),但若強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用復(fù)數(shù)。
One million dollars is a lot of money.
Millions of people want new, simplified ways of interacting with a computer.
(5)有些用來(lái)表示由兩個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)部分組成一體的名詞復(fù)數(shù)(trousers(長(zhǎng)褲),glasses(眼鏡),shoes(鞋),shorts(短褲),scissors(剪刀),scales(天平)等)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),前面若有“一條”“一副”“一把”之類的單位詞,動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);若沒有單位詞或單位詞是復(fù)數(shù),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
The shoes are all right.
There is a pair of glasses on the newspaper.
3.就近一致:在英語(yǔ)句子中,有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。
(1)當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由 either ... or ...,neither ... nor...,whether...or...,not only ...but also...連接時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.
(2)there be句型的be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ),則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。
There are two pens, a book and three pencils on the desk.
There is a book, two pens and three pencils on the desk.
(3)在倒裝句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后緊接著的主語(yǔ)一致。
Such are the facts.
Here is a map and a handbook for you.
(4)就遠(yuǎn)原則:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面主語(yǔ)一致。
主語(yǔ)后面接連接性短語(yǔ)時(shí),這種結(jié)構(gòu)并不影響主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系,即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致。此類連接性短語(yǔ)有am well ms, as much as, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等。
Your sister as well as your parents is very kind to me.
She, like you and betty, is very clever.
[檢測(cè)]
(一)單句語(yǔ)法填空
1.(2021·全國(guó)乙卷)I always assist my parents in doing the________ (dish) after meals.
2.(2021·全國(guó)甲卷)One of the questions________(be):Who will you go to in times of trouble?
3.(2021·廣東珠海市二模)Discoveries made at the site can date back to the 12th and 11th centuries BC, and many of the________(item)are now on display at an on-site museum.
4.(2021·浙江諸暨市高三模擬)Every piece of plastic created will remain in the environment in some form, but if you conveniently throw it out, wind and run-off carry the waste down the sewer(污水管)and directly to the ocean, affecting the marine life including the fish, a main source of food for________(human).
5.(2022·湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市雅禮中學(xué)高三摸底考試)The landing of the spacecraft on Mars is the latest achievement from China's planed range of ambitious space________(activity).
6.(2021·廣東廣州高三月考)We all feel his parents as well as Jack________(be) to blame for the little boy's bad performance at school.
7.(2022·江蘇南京學(xué)情調(diào)研)The story of the Goddess of the Luo River has been the________(inspire) for countless contemporary artists, who have described the goddess of unmatched beauty through various art forms, like movies and dance dramas.
8.(2022·浙江高三百校聯(lián)考)It's all fun and games until someone________(get) hurt, and that is exactly what happens with a video game addiction.
9.(2022·重慶市高三診斷)Therefore, they controlled traffic density(密度) by constructing bridges of a________(vary) of widths between ants' home and a source of food.
10.(2022·浙江名校協(xié)作體聯(lián)考)A significant increase in the population of elephants is a________(reflect) of these decades-long protection efforts.
答案:
1.dishes [句意;飯后我總是幫助父母洗碗。do the dishes“洗餐具”為固定短語(yǔ)。故填dishes.]
2.is [句意;其中的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是;你遇到麻煩時(shí)會(huì)去找誰(shuí)?one of the+名詞復(fù)數(shù),意為“…之一”,為單數(shù)含義,故其后的系動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。此處為客觀事實(shí),應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故填 is. ]
3.items [句意:該遺址的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以追測(cè)到公元前12世紀(jì)和11世紀(jì),許多物品現(xiàn)在正在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)博物館展出。根據(jù)設(shè)空前many 可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填 items]
4.humans [句意:每一塊被制造出來(lái)的塑料都將以某種形式留在環(huán)境中,但如果你圖方便把它扔掉,風(fēng)和徑流就會(huì)把垃圾帶入污水管,直接流入海洋,影響海洋生物,包括魚類-人類的主要食物來(lái)源。human為可數(shù)名詞,此處表示“人類”應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故填 humans.]
5.activities [句意:火星探測(cè)器的登陸是中國(guó)雄心勃勃的太空活動(dòng)計(jì)劃的最新成就。activity 為可數(shù)名詞,設(shè)空前沒有冠詞修飾,應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù),表示泛指。故填 activities. ]
6.are [句意:我們都認(rèn)為他的父母和杰克都應(yīng)為這個(gè)小男孩在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)不好負(fù)責(zé)。當(dāng) as well as 連接兩個(gè)成分作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其后謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式通常要與前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致,故此句主語(yǔ)為parents,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故填 are.]
7.inspiration [句意:羅江女神的故事啟發(fā)了無(wú)數(shù)當(dāng)代藝術(shù)家,他們通過(guò)電影和舞劇等各種藝術(shù)形式描繪了這位無(wú)與倫比的美麗女神。根據(jù)設(shè)空前the可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞,且inspiration為不可數(shù)名詞。故填inspiration.]
8.gets [句意:直到有人受傷之前,它完全是有趣的游戲,而這正是電子游戲上癮所發(fā)生的事情。此處描述一種事實(shí),應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),且主語(yǔ) someone是單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。故填gets.]
9.variety [句意:因此,他們通過(guò)在螞蟻的家和食物來(lái)源之間建造各種寬度的橋梁來(lái)控制交通密度。a variety of“各種各樣的”為固定搭配。故填 variety.]
10.reflection [根據(jù)設(shè)空前a可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞單數(shù)。故填reflection. ]
(二)語(yǔ)法填空
(2022·河北邯鄲高三月考)The China National Space Administration published on Thursday three pictures 1 (take) recently by its Zhurong Mars rover(探測(cè)器), 2 showed the parachute(降落傘)and bowl-shaped back shell used in the rover's landing.
The pictures 3 (shoot) by Zhurong's camera on Monday as the rover was traveling southward for its scientific 4 (explore).
As of Thursday afternoon, Zhurong, named 5 the Chinese god of fire in ancient mythology, had operated 60 days on Mars and traveled 450 meters 6 (survey) the barren planet. Meanwhile, the mission's orbiter has continued traveling around the Red Planet.
The 240-kilogram Zhurong is tasked with surveying Mars' landforms, geological structures, soil characteristics, potential locations of water and ice, and other physical 7 (property).
8 1.85-meter-high rover is the core component of the Tianwen 1 mission, the country's first interplanetary adventure. Tianwen 1 was 9 (success) launched by a Long March 5 heavy-lift carrier rocket on July 23, 2020 from the Wenchang Space Launch Center, 10 (begin) the nation's first mission to another planet.
1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. ________
6. ________ 7. ________ 8. ________ 9. ________ 10. ________
答案:篇章導(dǎo)讀:本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。文章主要報(bào)道了中國(guó)發(fā)射的天問(wèn)一號(hào)以及祝融號(hào)火星探測(cè)器。
1.taken [考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意:中國(guó)國(guó)家航天局周四公布了三張最近祝融號(hào)火星探測(cè)器所拍攝的照片,照片顯示了探測(cè)器著陸時(shí)所使用的降落傘以及碗形的背殼。pictures 和take之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)。故填taken.]
2.which [考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞為“three pictures”,指物,在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which.故填which.]
3.were shot[考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。句意:周一祝融號(hào)探測(cè)器的攝像機(jī)拍攝了這些照片,當(dāng)時(shí)探測(cè)器正在向南進(jìn)行科學(xué)探測(cè)。The pictures 與shoot 之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且根據(jù)設(shè)空后was可知,動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,應(yīng)使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故填were shot.]
4.exploration [考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。設(shè)空處位于形容詞 scientific后應(yīng)用名詞作賓語(yǔ)。故填exploration.]
5.after [考查介詞。句意;至周四下午,以中國(guó)古代神話中的火神命名的祝融號(hào)已經(jīng)運(yùn)行了60天,行走了450米的距高,來(lái)調(diào)查這個(gè)荒蕪的星球。Name after“以“命名”為固定搭配。故填after.]
6.to survey/surveying [考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。結(jié)合句意可知,此處應(yīng)用不定式作目的狀語(yǔ),或者是使用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示伴隨。救填 to survey/surveying.]
7.properties [考查名詞。句意:240千克重的視融號(hào)的任務(wù)是調(diào)童火星地形、地理結(jié)構(gòu)、土壤特性,潛在的水源位置以及冰和其他物理特性,根據(jù)設(shè)空前的other 以及形容詞 physical 可知,此處應(yīng)用可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填properties.]
8.The [考查冠詞。句意:1.85米高的探測(cè)器,是這次天間一號(hào)任務(wù)的核心組成部分,是國(guó)家第一次星際探險(xiǎn)。設(shè)空處位于名詞rower 前,表示特指,應(yīng)用定冠詞,位于句首,首字母大寫。故填The. ]
9.successfully [考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。天同一號(hào)是2020年7月23日在文昌航天發(fā)射中心搭載長(zhǎng)征五號(hào)運(yùn)載火箭成功發(fā)射的,開始了國(guó)家第一次探索另一個(gè)星球的任務(wù)。修飾動(dòng)詞launched應(yīng)用副詞。故填 successfully.]
10.beginning [考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。Tianwen 1和begin之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。故填beginning.]
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