【詞匯和短語(yǔ)】
1. barely /?b??l?/ adv. 僅僅; 幾乎不
2. hustle /?h?s?l/ vt. 猛拉; 猛推
3. shoot /?u?t/ v. 射擊; 猛沖; 拍攝 n. 新芽
4. severe /s??v??/ adj. 嚴(yán)重的
5. critic /?kr?t?k/ n. 評(píng)論家; 批評(píng)者
6. challenging /?t??l?nd???/ . adj. 有挑戰(zhàn)性的
7. ultimate /??lt?m?t/ adj. 最終的
8. tough /t?f/ adj. 堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的;艱苦的;粗暴的
9. competitor /k?m?p?t?t?/ n. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手; 參賽者
10. hoop /hu?p/ n. 環(huán);. (籃球) 籃圈
11. bend ?/b?nd/? v. 彎曲,?彎下; 低下 (頭)
12. net /n?t/ n. 網(wǎng) vt. 凈賺
13. goal /ɡ??l/ n. 球門; 進(jìn)球; 目標(biāo)
14. relief /r??li?f/ n. 寬慰; 安心 ; (痛苦、悲痛的) 解除; 救濟(jì)金; 救濟(jì)物資
15. relieve /r??li?v/ vt. 緩解; 減輕; 解除
16. scream /skri?m/ v. (人因痛苦或恐懼而) 尖叫
17. crack /kr?k/ v. . 使…破裂; 破裂; 破解 (難題、密碼)
18. roll /r??l/ v. 滾動(dòng); (車輛) 緩行; (機(jī)器) 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn) n. 卷; 繞 (成柱形或團(tuán)); 面包卷
19. breath /br?θ/ n. 呼氣
20. calm /kɑ?m/ adj. 冷靜的; 平靜的 v. 使冷靜; 使鎮(zhèn)靜
21. roar /r??/ v. (常指車輛) 轟鳴疾馳 ; 咆哮; 吼道
22. spot /sp?t/ . n. 斑點(diǎn); 地點(diǎn) v. 發(fā)現(xiàn)
23. incredible /?n?kr?d?b?l/ adj. 極好的 [表贊許] ; 難以置信的
24. bounce /ba?ns/ v. 使…彈起; 彈起
25. crowd /kra?d/ n. 人群 v. 聚集, 擠滿; 擠進(jìn)

【核心詞組】
1. hang out 晾出; 閑逛
2. leave…off… 漏掉,不列入
3. work on 影響，對(duì)…起作用；繼續(xù)工作；從事于…；
4. kick off (足球或橄欖球比賽的) 開(kāi)球; 開(kāi)始 (事件、比賽等); 踢掉 (鞋子)
5. break through 沖破 (障礙); . (克服困難和障礙而) 獲得成功
6. turn over 翻轉(zhuǎn); . 翻身; 仔細(xì)考慮; 移交
7. step up 走上前去
8. calm down 使冷靜下來(lái); 冷靜下來(lái)



【詞匯重點(diǎn)】
A
1. barely /?b??l?/
1）. adv. You use barely to say that something is only just true or only just the case. 僅僅; 幾乎不
例：Anastasia could barely remember the ride to the hospital.
阿納斯塔西婭只勉強(qiáng)記得被送到了醫(yī)院。
例：It was 90 degrees and the air conditioning barely cooled the room.
氣溫是90度，空調(diào)幾乎沒(méi)有使房間涼快下來(lái)。

2) . adv. If you say that one thing had barely happened when something else happened, you mean that the first event was followed immediately by the second. 剛剛
例：The water had barely come to a simmer when she cracked four eggs into it.
水剛開(kāi)她就打了4個(gè)雞蛋進(jìn)去。

2. hustle /?h?s?l/
1). vt. If you hustle someone, you try to make them go somewhere or do something quickly, for example by pulling or pushing them along. 猛拉; 猛推
例：The guards hustled Harry out of the car.
衛(wèi)兵們把哈里從車子里拉了出來(lái)。

2). v. If you hustle, you go somewhere or do something as quickly as you can. 快速行進(jìn); 趕快做
例：You'll have to hustle if you're to get home for supper.
你想回家吃晚飯的話，得趕緊走了。

3). v. If someone hustles, they try hard to earn money or to gain an advantage from a situation. 奮力爭(zhēng)取
例：I like it here. It forces you to hustle and you can earn money.
我喜歡在這里生活。這個(gè)想法迫使你拼命干活，這樣可以掙到錢。
例：Hustling for social contacts isn't something that just happens. You have to make it happen.
社會(huì)關(guān)系不是說(shuō)建立就建立起來(lái)的，你得想盡一切辦法去爭(zhēng)取。

4). vt. If someone hustles you, or if they hustle something, they try hard to get something, often by using dishonest or illegal means. 詐取 (通常用不正當(dāng)或非法的手段) [美國(guó)英語(yǔ)]

例：Two teenage boys asked us for money, saying they were forming a baseball team. Anna said they were hustling us.
兩個(gè)小男孩向我們要錢，說(shuō)他們要成立棒球隊(duì)。安娜說(shuō)他們?cè)隍_錢。
例：He hustled several daytime jobs and finished his education at night.
他騙得了幾份白班工作，利用晚上完成了學(xué)業(yè)。


3. shoot /?u?t/
1). vt. If someone shoots a person or an animal, they kill them or injure them by firing a bullet or arrow at them. 射死; 射傷
例：The police had orders to shoot anyone who attacked them.
警察得到命令可以向任何襲擊他們的人開(kāi)槍。
例：The man was shot dead by the police during a raid on his house.
這個(gè)人在一次對(duì)他家的突擊搜查時(shí)被警察擊斃了。
2). vi. To shoot means to fire a bullet from a weapon such as a gun. 射擊
例：He taunted armed officers by pointing to his head, as if inviting them to shoot.
他指著自己的頭來(lái)奚落武裝警察，仿佛是在招惹他們開(kāi)槍一樣。
例：The police came around the corner and they started shooting at us.
警察來(lái)到拐角，他們開(kāi)始朝我們開(kāi)槍。

3).v. If someone or something shoots in a particular direction, they move in that direction quickly and suddenly. 猛沖
例：They had almost reached the boat when a figure shot past them.
他們幾乎快要到達(dá)船上時(shí)，一個(gè)人影沖過(guò)他們身旁。
4). v. When people shoot a movie or shoot photographs, they make a movie or take photographs using a camera. 拍攝
例：He'd love to shoot his film in Cuba.
他很樂(lè)意在古巴拍攝他的電影。
5). n. Shoot is also a noun. 拍攝
例：...a barn presently being used for a video shoot.
…一個(gè)目前被用于電視拍攝的谷倉(cāng)。
6). n. Shoots are plants that are beginning to grow, or new parts growing from a plant or tree. 新芽
例：Prune established plants annually as new shoots appear.
每年嫩芽長(zhǎng)出來(lái)時(shí)，要給長(zhǎng)成的植物剪枝。

4. severe /s??v??/
1). adj. You use severe to indicate that something bad or undesirable is great or intense. 嚴(yán)重的
例：...a business with severe cash flow problems.
…一個(gè)有嚴(yán)重現(xiàn)金流轉(zhuǎn)問(wèn)題的企業(yè)。
例：Shortages of professional staff are very severe in some places.
專業(yè)人員的短缺在一些地方十分嚴(yán)重。

2). adj. Severe punishments or criticisms are very strong or harsh. (懲罰、批評(píng)) 嚴(yán)厲的
例：This was a dreadful crime and a severe sentence is necessary.
這是一種駭人聽(tīng)聞的罪行，重判是必要的。

【同義詞】
severely adv. 嚴(yán)重地
例：The UN wants to send food aid to 10 countries in Africa severely affected by the drought.
聯(lián)合國(guó)想給予10個(gè)受旱災(zāi)嚴(yán)重影響的非洲國(guó)家食品援助。
An aircraft overshot the runway and was severely damaged.
一架飛機(jī)沖出了跑道后嚴(yán)重受損。

5. critic /?kr?t?k/
1). n. A critic is a person who writes about and expresses opinions about things such as books, movies, music, or art. 評(píng)論家
例：Mather was a film critic for many years.
馬瑟做過(guò)多年的電影評(píng)論家。
2). n. Someone who is a critic of a person or system disapproves of them and criticizes them publicly. 批評(píng)者
例：The newspaper has been one of the most consistent critics ever of the government.
該報(bào)紙是政府最堅(jiān)持的批評(píng)者之一。

6. challenging /?t??l?nd???/
1）. adj. A challenging task or job requires great effort and determination. 有挑戰(zhàn)性的
例：Mike found a challenging job as a computer programmer.
邁克找到了一份富有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作——當(dāng)電腦程序師。

2). adj. If you do something in a challenging way, you seem to be inviting people to argue with you or compete against you in some way. 挑釁的
例：Mona gave him a challenging look.
莫娜挑釁地看了他一眼。

7. ultimate /??lt?m?t/
1). adj. You use ultimate to describe the final result or aim of a long series of events. 最終的
例：He said it is still not possible to predict the ultimate outcome.
他說(shuō)現(xiàn)在還不可能預(yù)測(cè)最終的結(jié)果。
2). adj. You use ultimate to describe the original source or cause of something. 最終的; 根本的
例：Plants are the ultimate source of all foodstuffs.
植物是所有食物的最終來(lái)源。
3). adj. You use ultimate to describe the most important or powerful thing of a particular kind. 終極的
例：My experience as player, coach and manager has prepared me for this ultimate challenge.
我做球員、教練和經(jīng)理人的經(jīng)歷已經(jīng)使我為這終極挑戰(zhàn)作好了準(zhǔn)備。
Treachery was the ultimate sin.
背叛曾是彌天大罪。
例：Experience the ultimate adventure!
去體驗(yàn)最有刺激的冒險(xiǎn)吧！

8. tough /t?f/
1). adj. A tough person is strong and determined, and can tolerate difficulty or suffering. 堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的
例：He built up a reputation as a tough businessman.
他樹(shù)立起了一個(gè)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)生意人的名聲。
2). adj If you describe someone as tough, you mean that they are rough and violent. 粗暴的
例：
He had shot three people dead earning himself a reputation as a tough guy.
他已開(kāi)槍打死了3個(gè)人，為自己贏得了一個(gè)硬漢的名聲。
3). adj. A tough way of life or period of time is difficult or full of suffering. 艱苦的
例：She had a pretty tough childhood.
她度過(guò)了一個(gè)非常艱苦的童年。

9. competitor /k?m?p?t?t?/
1). n. A company's competitors are companies who are trying to sell similar goods or services to the same people. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手
例：The bank isn't performing as well as some of its competitors.
這家銀行沒(méi)有它的一些競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手表現(xiàn)好。
2). n. A competitor is a person who takes part in a competition or contest. 參賽者
例：One of the oldest competitors won the individual silver medal.
其中一個(gè)年紀(jì)最大的參賽者贏得了個(gè)人銀牌。

10. hoop /hu?p/
1). n. A hoop is a ring made of wood, metal, or plastic. (木頭、金屬或塑料制成的) 環(huán)
例：A boy came towards them, rolling an iron hoop.
一個(gè)男孩滾著一個(gè)鐵環(huán)朝他們走來(lái)。
2). n. A basketball hoop is the ring that players try to throw the ball into in order to score points for their team. (籃球) 籃圈

B
1. bend ?/b?nd/?
1).?v. ?When you?bend, you move the top part of your body downward and forward. Plants and trees also?bend. 彎下
例：I bent over and kissed her cheek.
我俯身親吻了她的面頰。
例：She bent and picked up a plastic bucket.
她彎腰拎起一個(gè)塑料桶。
2).?v. ?When you?bend?your head, you move your head forward and downward. 低下 (頭)
例：Rick appeared, bending his head a little to clear the top of the door.
里克來(lái)了，他稍稍低頭避開(kāi)門框。
3).?v. When you?bend?a part of your body such as your arm or leg, or when it?bends, you change its position so that it is no longer straight. 彎曲 (身體某個(gè)部位); 彎曲
例：These cruel devices are designed to stop prisoners from bending their legs.
這些殘酷的刑具是設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)限制犯人彎腿的。
4).?vt. ?If you?bend?rules or laws, you interpret them in a way that allows you to do something they would not normally allow you to do. 篡改; 歪曲 (規(guī)則等)
例：A minority of officers were prepared to bend the rules.
少數(shù)官員準(zhǔn)備篡改規(guī)則。

2. net /n?t/
1). n. Net is a kind of cloth that you can see through. It is made of fine threads woven together so that there are small equal spaces between them. 網(wǎng)

2). n. A net is a piece of netting which is used as a protective covering for something, for example to protect vegetables from birds. (保護(hù)性的) 網(wǎng)罩
例：I threw aside my mosquito net, jumped out of bed and drew up the blind.
我撩開(kāi)蚊帳，跳下床，拉開(kāi)百葉窗。

3). n. A net is a piece of netting which is used for catching fish, insects, or animals. (用于捕獵的) 羅網(wǎng)
例：Several fishermen sat on wooden barrels, tending their nets.
幾個(gè)漁民坐在木桶上修補(bǔ)他們的魚(yú)網(wǎng)。
4). vt. If you net a fish or other animal, you catch it in a net. 捕撈
例：I'm quite happy to net a fish and then let it go.
我特別喜歡撈到一條魚(yú)后再把它放了。
5). vt. If you net something, you manage to get it, especially by using skill. (尤指運(yùn)用技巧) 獲取
例：Two fourth-quarter drives netted a grand total of 21 yards.
第4節(jié)的兩次擊球總計(jì)獲得了21碼。
6). vt. If you net a particular amount of money, you gain it as profit after all expenses have been paid. 凈賺
例：He netted profit of $1.85 billion from three large sales of stock.
他通過(guò)3大筆股票銷售，凈賺了18.5億美元。

3. goal /ɡ??l/
1）. n. In games such as football or hockey, the goal is the space into which the players try to get the ball in order to score a point for their team. 球門
例：The Dragons had only one shot on goal.
龍隊(duì)只有一次射門。
2).n. In games such as football or hockey, a goal is when a player gets the ball into the goal, or the point that is scored by doing this. 進(jìn)球
例：They scored five goals in the first half of the match.
他們?cè)谏习雸?chǎng)進(jìn)了5個(gè)球。
3). n. Something that is your goal is something that you hope to achieve, especially when much time and effort will be needed. 目標(biāo)
例：It's a matter of setting your own goals and following them.
這是一個(gè)設(shè)定自己的目標(biāo)并努力實(shí)現(xiàn)它們的問(wèn)題。

4. relief /r??li?f/
1). n. If you feel a sense of relief, you feel happy because something unpleasant has not happened or is no longer happening. 寬慰; 安心

例：I breathed a sigh of relief.
我安心地松了一口氣。

2). n. If something provides relief from pain or distress, it stops the pain or distress. (痛苦、悲痛的) 解除
例：...a self-help programme which can give lasting relief from the torment of hay fever.
…一個(gè)可以永久解除花粉熱折磨的自助療方。
3). Relief is money, food, or clothing that is provided for people who are very poor, or who have been affected by war or a natural disaster. 救濟(jì)金; 救濟(jì)物資
例：Relief agencies are stepping up efforts to provide food, shelter, and agricultural equipment.
救濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)正在加緊努力提供食物、住處和農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)備。

5. scream /skri?m/
1). v. When someone screams, they make a very loud, high-pitched cry, for example, because they are in pain or are very frightened. (人因痛苦或恐懼而) 尖叫
例：Women were screaming; some of the houses nearest the bridge were on fire.
女人們?cè)诩饨?；最靠近橋的一些房屋在燃燒?br /> 2). n. Scream is also a noun. 尖叫
例：Hilda let out a scream.
希爾達(dá)發(fā)出了一聲尖叫。

3.) v. If you scream something, you shout it in a loud, high-pitched voice. 尖聲說(shuō)
例："Brigid!" she screamed. "Get up!"

6. relieve /r??li?v/
1). vt. If something relieves an unpleasant feeling or situation, it makes it less unpleasant or causes it to disappear completely. 緩解; 減輕; 解除
例：Drugs can relieve much of the pain.
藥物可以大大緩解疼痛。
2). vt. If someone or something relieves you of an unpleasant feeling or difficult task, they take it from you. 使解脫; 使擺脫
例：A part-time bookkeeper will relieve you of the burden of chasing unpaid invoices.
一名兼職簿記員將使你擺脫追討欠款的負(fù)擔(dān)。

3). v. If you relieve someone, you take their place and continue to do the job or duty that they have been doing. 接 (某人) 的班; 接替
例：At seven o'clock the night nurse came in to relieve her.
7點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)值夜班的護(hù)士進(jìn)來(lái)接了她的班。
4). v. If someone is relieved of their duties or is relieved of their post, they are told that they are no longer required to continue in their job. 使解除 (職務(wù)); 使免除 (職位) [正式] [usu passive]
例：
The officer involved was relieved of his duties because he had violated strict guidelines.
該名軍官因違反了嚴(yán)格的準(zhǔn)則而被解除了職務(wù)。

7. crack /kr?k/
1). v. If something hard cracks, or if you crack it, it becomes slightly damaged, with lines appearing on its surface. 使…破裂; 破裂
例：A gas main had cracked under my neighbour's garage and gas had seeped into our homes.
鄰居家車庫(kù)下的煤氣主管道破裂了，煤氣滲漏進(jìn)我們家。
2). v If something cracks, or if you crack it, it makes a sharp sound like the sound of a piece of wood breaking. 使…噼啪作響; 發(fā)出辟裂聲
例：Thunder cracked in the sky.
空中雷聲炸響。
3). vt. If you crack a hard part of your body, such as your knee or your head, you hurt it by accidentally hitting it hard against something. 撞擊
例：He cracked his head on the pavement and was knocked cold.
他的頭撞著了路面，撞昏了。
4). vt. When you crack something that has a shell, such as an egg or a nut, you break the shell in order to reach the inside part. 叩開(kāi)
例：Crack the eggs into a bowl.
把雞蛋打到碗中。
5). vt. If you crack a problem or a code, you solve it, especially after a lot of thought. 破解 (難題、密碼)
例：He has finally cracked the system after years of painstaking research.
經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)年的艱苦研究，他最終破譯了該系統(tǒng)。
6). vi If someone cracks, they lose control of their emotions or actions because they are under a lot of pressure. (精神) 垮掉
例：She's calm and strong, and she is just not going to crack.
她冷靜而堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，決不會(huì)垮掉的。

7). v. If your voice cracks when you are speaking or singing, it changes in pitch because you are feeling a strong emotion. (嗓音) 突然變化
例：Her voice cracked and she began to cry.
她失聲哭了起來(lái)。
8). v. If you crack a joke, you tell it. 說(shuō) (笑話)
例：He drove a Volkswagen, cracked jokes, and talked about beer and girls.
那時(shí)他開(kāi)著一輛大眾牌汽車，講著笑話，談?wù)撝【坪团ⅰ?br />
8. roll /r??l/
1). v. When something rolls or when you roll it, it moves along a surface, turning over many times. 滾動(dòng)
例：The ball rolled into the net.
球滾進(jìn)了網(wǎng)。
2). v. If you roll somewhere, you move on a surface while lying down, turning your body over and over, so that you are sometimes on your back, sometimes on your side, and sometimes on your front. 打滾
例：When I was a little kid I rolled down a hill and broke my leg.
我小的時(shí)候曾滾下山摔斷了腿。
3). vi. When vehicles roll along, they move along slowly. (車輛) 緩行
例：The truck quietly rolled forward and demolished all the old wooden fencing.
卡車靜靜地緩慢前行，毀了所有舊木柵欄。
4). vi. If a machine rolls, it is operating. (機(jī)器) 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)
例：He slipped and fell on the step as the cameras rolled.
在相機(jī)拍攝時(shí)，他滑倒在了臺(tái)階上。
5). vi. If drops of liquid roll down a surface, they move quickly down it. (液體) 滾落
例：She looked at Ginny and tears rolled down her cheeks.
她看著金尼，淚珠順著臉頰淌下。
6). vt. If you roll something flexible into a cylinder or a ball, you form it into a cylinder or a ball by wrapping it several times around itself or by shaping it between your hands. 卷; 繞 (成柱形或團(tuán))
例：He took off his sweater, rolled it into a pillow, and lay down on the grass.
他脫下毛衣，卷成一個(gè)枕頭，然后在草地上躺了下來(lái)。
7）. n. A roll is a small piece of bread that is round or long and is made to be eaten by one person. Rolls can be eaten plain, with butter, or with a filling. 面包卷
例：He sipped at his coffee and spread butter and marmalade on a roll.
他抿了一口咖啡，將黃油和果醬涂在了面包卷上。

9. breath /br?θ/
1). n. Your breath is the air that you let out through your mouth when you breathe. If someone has bad breath, their breath smells unpleasant. 呼氣
例：I could smell the whisky on his breath.
我能從他的呼氣中聞到威士忌酒味。
2). n. When you take a breath, you breathe in once. 呼吸
例：He took a deep breath, and began to climb the stairs.
他深深地吸了一口氣,然后開(kāi)始爬樓梯。
例：Gasping for breath, she leaned against the door.
她靠在門上,大口喘著氣,
3). If you go outside for a breath of fresh air or for a breath of air, you go outside because it is unpleasantly warm indoors. (到戶外) 透口氣
例：I had to step outside for a breath of fresh air.
我得到外面去透口氣。
4). If you describe something new or different as a breath of fresh air, you mean that it makes a situation or subject more interesting or exciting. 帶來(lái)新氣象
例：Her brisk treatment of an almost taboo subject was a breath of fresh air.
她對(duì)一個(gè)幾乎是禁忌話題的干脆處理令人耳目一新。
5). When you get your breath back after doing something energetic, you start breathing normally again.
例：I reached out a hand to steady myself against the house while I got my breath back.
我伸出一只手撐在房子上使自己站穩(wěn),緩口氣。
6). If you are out of breath, you are breathing very quickly and with difficulty because you have been doing something energetic. 喘不過(guò)氣
例：She was slightly out of breath from running.
她跑過(guò)后有點(diǎn)上氣不接下氣。
7). You can use in the same breath or in the next breath to indicate that someone says two very different or contradictory things, especially when you are criticizing them. 自相矛盾
例：He hailed this week's arms agreement but in the same breath expressed suspicion about the motivations of the United States.
他贊揚(yáng)了這周的武器協(xié)定,可自相矛盾的是又表示了對(duì)美國(guó)的動(dòng)機(jī)的懷疑。
8). If you are short of breath, you find it difficult to breathe properly, for example, because you are ill. You can also say that someone suffers from shortness of breath. 氣短
例：She felt short of breath and flushed.
她感到氣短,臉也紅了。
9). If you say something under your breath, you say it in a very quiet voice, often because you do not want other people to hear what you are saying. 低聲地
例：Walsh muttered something under his breath.
沃爾什低聲嘀咕了什么。

10. calm /kɑ?m/
1). adj. A calm person does not show or feel any worry, anger, or excitement. 冷靜的; 平靜的
例：She is usually a calm and diplomatic woman.
她通常是個(gè)冷靜而圓滑的女人。
例：Try to keep calm and just tell me what happened.
試著保持冷靜，告訴我發(fā)生了什么。
2). n. Calm is also a noun. 冷靜; 平靜
例：He felt a sudden sense of calm, of contentment.
他突然感受到了內(nèi)心的平靜和滿足。
3). adj. If someone says that a place is calm, they mean that it is free from fighting or public disorder, when trouble has recently occurred there or had been expected. 平靜的
例：The city of Sarajevo appears relatively calm today.
薩拉熱窩市今天顯得相對(duì)平靜了些。
4）. adj. If the sea or a lake is calm, the water is not moving very much and there are no big waves. 平靜無(wú)波的
例：...the safe, calm waters protected by an offshore reef.
…由近海礁脈保護(hù)的安全、平靜無(wú)波的海域。
5). adj. Calm weather is pleasant weather with little or no wind. 風(fēng)和日麗的
例：Tuesday was a fine, clear and calm day.
星期二是晴空萬(wàn)里、風(fēng)和日麗的一天。
6）. v. If you calm someone, you do something to make them feel less angry, worried, or excited. 使冷靜; 使鎮(zhèn)靜
例：The ruling party's veterans know how to calm their critics.
執(zhí)政黨中的資深官員們深諳安撫批評(píng)者之道。
例：She was breathing quickly and tried to calm herself.
她呼吸急促，試圖使自己鎮(zhèn)定下來(lái)。

11. roar /r??/
1）v. If something, usually a vehicle, roars somewhere, it goes there very fast, making a loud noise. (常指車輛) 呼嘯疾馳
例：A police car roared past.
一輛警車呼嘯而過(guò)。
2）. v. If something roars, it makes a very loud noise. 咆哮; 轟鳴
例：The engine roared, and the vehicle left forward.
引擎轟鳴，車子猛地向前駛?cè)ァ?br /> 3). n. Roar is also a noun. 咆哮聲; 轟鳴聲
例：...the roar of traffic.
…車輛的轟鳴聲。
4). v. If someone roars with laughter, they laugh in a very noisy way. 哄然 (大笑)
例：Max threw back his head and roared with laughter.
馬克斯把頭向后一甩，哄然大笑。
5). v. If someone roars, they shout something in a very loud voice. (人) 吼道; 吼 [書(shū)面]
例："I'll kill you for that," he roared.
“我要為此殺了你，” 他吼道。
例：During the playing of the national anthem the crowd roared and whistled.
奏國(guó)歌時(shí)，人群又吼又吹口哨。
6). n. Roar is also a noun. 吼叫聲
例：There was a roar of approval.
響起了一片表示贊成的喊叫聲。

12. spot /sp?t/
1).n. Spots are small, round, coloured areas on a surface. 斑點(diǎn)
例：The leaves have yellow areas on the top and underneath are powdery orange spots.
葉子上端有黃色斑塊，下方有粉狀橙色斑點(diǎn)。
2). n. Spots on a person's skin are small lumps or marks. (皮膚上的) 小疙瘩; 斑
例：My brother's face was covered with spots.
我弟弟曾滿臉疙瘩。
3). n. You can refer to a particular place as a spot. 地點(diǎn)
例：They stayed at several of the island's top tourist spots.
他們?cè)趰u上幾個(gè)最好的旅游景點(diǎn)呆過(guò)。
4）. v. If you spot something or someone, you notice them. 發(fā)現(xiàn)
例：Vicenzo failed to spot the error.
維森佐沒(méi)能發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
5）. n. A spot of a liquid is a small amount of it. 滴; 點(diǎn) [英國(guó)英語(yǔ)]
例：Spots of rain had begun to fall.
雨點(diǎn)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始落下來(lái)了。
6). If you do something on the spot, you do it immediately. 當(dāng)即; 當(dāng)場(chǎng)
例：James was called to see the producer and got the job on the spot.
詹姆斯被叫去見(jiàn)那個(gè)制片人，當(dāng)即得到了那份工作。

13. incredible /?n?kr?d?b?l/
1). adj. If you describe something or someone as incredible, you like them very much or are impressed by them, because they are extremely or unusually good. 極好的 [表贊許]
例：The wildflowers will be incredible after this rain.
這場(chǎng)雨過(guò)后，野花將開(kāi)得非常好。
2). adj. If you say that something is incredible, you mean that it is very unusual or surprising, and you cannot believe it is really true, although it may be. 難以置信的
例：It seemed incredible that people would still want to play football during a war.
在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間人們?nèi)匀幌胩咦闱颍@似乎不可思議。
3). adj. You use incredible to emphasize the degree, amount, or intensity of something. 非常的
例：
I work an incredible amount of hours.

【同根詞】
incredibly 極好地
例：Their father was incredibly good-looking.
他們的父親十分英俊。

incredibly 難以置信地
例：Incredibly, some people don't like the name.
令人難以置信的是，有些人不喜歡這個(gè)名字。

14. bounce /ba?ns/
1）. v. When an object such as a ball bounces or when you bounce it, it moves upward from a surface or away from it immediately after hitting it. 使…彈起; 彈起
例：My father would burst into the kitchen bouncing a tennis ball.
我父親會(huì)拍打著網(wǎng)球闖進(jìn)廚房。
例：...a falling pebble, bouncing down the eroded cliff.
…彈跳著滾下被蝕懸崖的一塊卵石。
2）. n. Bounce is also a noun. 彈
例：The wheelchair tennis player is allowed two bounces of the ball.
殘疾網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員可以有兩次彈球的機(jī)會(huì)。
3). v. If sound or light bounces off a surface or is bounced off it, it reaches the surface and is reflected back. 使…反射; 反射
例：Your arms and legs need protection from light bouncing off glass.
你的雙臂和雙腿需要保護(hù)，免受玻璃反射光的照射。
4). v. If something bounces or if something bounces it, it swings or moves up and down. 使…跳動(dòng); 跳動(dòng)
例：Her long black hair bounced as she walked.
她長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的黑發(fā)在她走路時(shí)擺動(dòng)著。
例：The car was bouncing up and down as if someone were jumping on it.
車上下顛簸，仿佛有人正在上面跳動(dòng)。
5).v. If you bounce on a soft surface, you jump up and down on it repeatedly. 蹦跳
例：She lets us do anything, even bounce on our beds.
她允許我們做任何事，甚至是在床上蹦跳。
6). v. If someone bounces somewhere, they move there in an energetic way, because they are feeling happy. (因?yàn)殚_(kāi)心) 蹦跳著走
例：Moira bounced into the office.
莫伊拉蹦蹦跳跳地走進(jìn)辦公室。

15. crowd /kra?d/
1). n. A crowd is a large group of people who have gathered together, for example, to watch or listen to something interesting, or to protest about something. 人群
例：A huge crowd gathered in a square outside the Kremlin walls.
一大群人聚集在了克里姆林宮墻外的廣場(chǎng)上。
例：It took some two hours before the crowd was fully dispersed.
用了大約兩個(gè)小時(shí)才把人群完全驅(qū)散。
2). n. A particular crowd is a group of friends, or a set of people who share the same interests or job. 一幫 (朋友); 一群 (志趣相投的人) [非正式]
例：All the old crowd have come out for this occasion.
所有老朋友都前來(lái)參加了這次活動(dòng)。
3). v. When people crowd around someone or something, they gather closely together around them. 聚集
例：The hungry refugees crowded around the tractors.
饑餓的難民們圍在拖拉機(jī)旁。
4). v. If people crowd into a place or are crowded into a place, large numbers of them enter it so that it becomes very full. 擠滿; 擠進(jìn)
例：Hundreds of thousands of people have crowded into the centre of the Lithuanian capital, Vilnius.
幾十萬(wàn)人涌進(jìn)了立陶宛首都維爾紐斯的中心。
例：One group of journalists were crowded into a minibus.
一群記者擠滿了一輛面包車。
5). v. If a group of people crowd a place, there are so many of them there that it is full. 擠滿
例：Thousands of demonstrators crowded the streets shouting slogans.
數(shù)千名示威者喊著口號(hào)，擠滿了街道。

【核心詞組】
1. hang out
1). 晾出
例：I was worried I wouldn't be able to hang my laundry out.
我擔(dān)心不能把洗的衣服晾到外面去。
2). 閑逛
例：I often used to hang out in supermarkets.
我過(guò)去常常到超市閑逛。

2. leave…off… 漏掉,不列入
例：She has been deliberately left off the guest list.
她被故意從客人名單里漏掉了。

3. work on 影響，對(duì)…起作用；繼續(xù)工作；從事于…；
We work on improving visual acuity.
我們致力于提高視覺(jué)敏銳度。

4. kick off
1）. (足球或橄欖球比賽的) 開(kāi)球
例：They kicked off an hour ago.
他們是1小時(shí)前開(kāi)球的。

2）. In American football, when the players kick off, they resume a game by kicking the ball. (足球比賽中) 重新開(kāi)始

3）. If an event, game, series, or discussion kicks off, or is kicked off, it begins. 開(kāi)始 (事件、比賽等)
例：The shows kick off on October 24th.
展覽從10月24日開(kāi)始。
例：The mayor kicked off the party.
市長(zhǎng)揭開(kāi)了宴會(huì)的序幕。

4）. If you kick off your shoes, you shake your feet so that your shoes come off. 踢掉 (鞋子)
例：She stretched out on the sofa and kicked off her shoes.
她在沙發(fā)上伸了個(gè)懶腰然后踢掉鞋子。
5）. To kick someone off an area of land means to force them to leave it. 趕走
例：We can't kick them off the island.
我們不能把他們從島上趕走。

5. break through
1）. If you break through a barrier, you succeed in forcing your way through it. 沖破 (障礙)
例：Protesters tried to break through a police cordon.
抗議者們?cè)噲D沖破警察的封鎖線。
2）. If you break through, you achieve success even though there are difficulties and obstacles. (克服困難和障礙而) 獲得成功
例：There is still scope for new writers to break through.
新作家們還有取得成功的空間。

6. turn over
1）. If you turn something over, or if it turns over, it is moved so that the top part is now facing downward. 翻轉(zhuǎn)
例：Liz picked up the blue envelope and turned it over curiously.
莉茲撿起那個(gè)藍(lán)色的信封，好奇地把它翻過(guò)來(lái)。
例：The buggy turned over and Nancy was thrown out.
那輛嬰兒車翻倒了，南希被甩了出來(lái)。
2）. If you turn over, for example, when you are lying in bed, you move your body so that you are lying in a different position. 翻身
例：Ann turned over in her bed once more.
安在床上又翻了一次身。
3）. If you turn something over in your mind, you think carefully about it. 仔細(xì)考慮
例：Even when she didn't say anything you could see her turning things over in her mind.
即使在她什么也不說(shuō)時(shí)，你也能看得出她腦子里在考慮事情。
4）. If you turn something over to someone, you give it to them when they ask for it, because they have a right to it. 交; 移交
例：I would have to turn the evidence over to the police.
我將不得不把證據(jù)交給警察。

7. step up 走上前去
8. calm down
1）. 使冷靜下來(lái); 冷靜下來(lái)
例：Calm down for a minute and listen to me.
冷靜一下，聽(tīng)我說(shuō)。
例：I'll try a herbal remedy to calm him down.
我會(huì)嘗試用一種香草療法使他平靜下來(lái)。
2）. 使平息下來(lái); 平息下來(lái)
例：We will go back to normal when things calm down.
一切平息下來(lái)后，我們將恢復(fù)正常。

【單元語(yǔ)法】
1.分詞做狀語(yǔ)；
2. 分詞復(fù)習(xí)；
3. 語(yǔ)法拓展：獨(dú)立主格

一、現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)
1.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，幾乎每個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ing形式作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，特別是動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式。要特別注意動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系
動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)的含義
動(dòng)詞-ing形式的位置
動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作就立即發(fā)生，用動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般形式作狀語(yǔ)
意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“on+動(dòng)詞-ing”結(jié)構(gòu)
放在句首
常用的這類動(dòng)詞多是表示一個(gè)極短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：
arrive到達(dá)
close關(guān)閉
hear聽(tīng)見(jiàn)
leave離開(kāi)
open打開(kāi)
return歸還
see看見(jiàn)
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：When they heard the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
on+動(dòng)詞-ing：On hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying.
當(dāng)聽(tīng)到這個(gè)不幸的消息時(shí)，他們情不自禁地哭了起來(lái)。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系
動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)的含義
動(dòng)詞-ing形式的位置
動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行過(guò)程中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生了，在這種情況下，可以用動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，但一般在它的前面加上when或while
意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”
放在句首、句末均可
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Be careful when crossing the street.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：Be careful when you are crossing the street.過(guò)馬路時(shí)要小心。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：While playing the piano,she got very excited.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：While she was playing the piano,she got very excited.
當(dāng)她彈鋼琴時(shí)（過(guò)程中），她變得十分興奮。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系
動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)的含義
動(dòng)詞-ing形式的位置
在動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作完成之后，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作才發(fā)生，用動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式作狀語(yǔ)
意為“在……之后”，可轉(zhuǎn)換成“after+動(dòng)詞-ing”結(jié)構(gòu)
放在句首、句末均可
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Having turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：After he had turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
after+動(dòng)詞-ing：After turning off the radio,he began to go over his lessons.
關(guān)上收音機(jī)之后，他開(kāi)始溫習(xí)功課。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Having received his letter,I decided to write back.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：After I had received his letter,I decided to write back.
after+動(dòng)詞-ing：After receiving his letter,I decided to write back.
收到他的信后，我決定給他回信。

2.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作原因狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)也可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式也經(jīng)常用來(lái)作原因狀語(yǔ)。和作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一樣，也要注意動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系。
A.動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或者幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，用動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Not recognizing the voice,he refused to give the person his address.
原因狀語(yǔ)從句：Because he didn’t recognize the voice,he refused to give the person his address.
因?yàn)闆](méi)聽(tīng)出這個(gè)人的聲音，所以他沒(méi)把自己的地址給他。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Being so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep.
原因狀語(yǔ)從句：Because he was so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep.
他因?yàn)樘鷼饬硕荒苋胨?br /> 動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Forgetting his manners,he put his feet up on the desk.
原因狀語(yǔ)從句：As he forgot his manners,he put his feet up on the desk.
此時(shí)他忘記了風(fēng)度，一抬腿把腳放在了書(shū)桌上。
補(bǔ)充：若作狀語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式含有心理活動(dòng)的意義，則這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)一般是表示原因的，如：know，think，forget，learn等。
B.動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，用動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Having been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.
原因狀語(yǔ)從句：Because/As he had been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.他已去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城許多次了，故上周他沒(méi)去。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Not having received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him.
原因狀語(yǔ)從句：Because he hadn’t received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him.
因?yàn)闆](méi)收到父親的信，所以他決定打個(gè)電話給父親。

3.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作讓步狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。有時(shí)，動(dòng)詞-ing形式前可帶有連詞although，whether，even if，even though。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：Although working from morning till night,his father didn’t get enough food.
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：Although his father worked from morning till night,he didn’t get enough food.
雖然他父親從早到晚拼命干，但還不能糊口。

4.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示方式或伴隨情況是比較常見(jiàn)的，它用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況。此時(shí)，一般情況下，動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。它沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)換，但可以用并列句來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.
并列句：They sang and laughed;they came into the classroom.他們又唱又笑地走進(jìn)教室。
注意：在動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示方式或伴隨情況時(shí)，動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的是次要?jiǎng)幼鳎^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的是主要?jiǎng)幼?。在上例中，came（進(jìn)來(lái)）是主要?jiǎng)幼?，singing，laughing是次要?jiǎng)幼?，是伴隨著came這一動(dòng)作而有的。所以這句不能寫(xiě)為：
（誤）They sang and laughed,coming into the classroom.

5.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在句末，中間有逗號(hào)。有時(shí)為了突出結(jié)果，分詞前帶有thus。它可以轉(zhuǎn)換為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
動(dòng)詞-ing形式：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,thus causing the delay.
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,so it caused the delay.
公共汽車被大風(fēng)雪所阻，因而耽擱了。

二、過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)
1.過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的基本用法
過(guò)去分詞和過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)也可以在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、讓步或伴隨 等情況。但該狀語(yǔ)一般表示一個(gè)次要的動(dòng)作。并且，它一般都可以變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句或并列句。
表時(shí)間：
Asked how old she was,Mary said it was a secret.（Asked表時(shí)間）
當(dāng)被問(wèn)到年齡時(shí)，瑪麗說(shuō)那是個(gè)秘密。
表原因：
Confused by the stones flying at them from all sides,the boys ran into the building.
（Confused表原因）從四面八方向男孩們飛來(lái)的石頭把他們弄糊涂了，于是他們跑進(jìn)了那幢大樓里。
表?xiàng)l件：
Given more water,the fish couldn’t die.（Given表?xiàng)l件）如果多給些水，這些魚(yú)就不會(huì)死。
表讓步：
Even though defeated again,the scientist didn’t give up.（defeated表讓步）
盡管又失敗了，這位科學(xué)家仍沒(méi)有放棄。
表?xiàng)l件/時(shí)間：
Seen from a spaceship,the earth looks like a blue green white ball.（Seen表時(shí)間/條件）
從飛船上看，地球像一個(gè)藍(lán)色、綠色、白色相間的大球。

2.關(guān)于過(guò)去分詞和動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)
A.過(guò)去分詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是句子的主語(yǔ)。此外，過(guò)去分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)之間應(yīng)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而動(dòng)詞-ing形式與句子的主語(yǔ)之間應(yīng)是主謂關(guān)系。
從山頂上看，這座城市非常美麗。
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：
Seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.（句子的主語(yǔ)是the city）
=If/When it is seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.（從句與主句的主語(yǔ)一致）
動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：
Seeing from the hill,you can see the whole city is beautiful.（句子的主語(yǔ)是you）
=If/When you see from the hill,the city is beautiful.（從句與主句的主語(yǔ)不同）
注意：過(guò)去分詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)邏輯上的主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。
（誤）Seeing from the hill,the city is beautiful.
（seeing的邏輯主語(yǔ)是you，所以句子的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)用you，而不是the city。）
加熱到100℃，水就沸騰了。
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：
（正）Heated to 100℃,water will boil.（句子的主語(yǔ)是water）
（正）Heated to 100℃,water boils.（講述的是自然現(xiàn)象）
（誤）Heating to 100℃,water boils.（heating邏輯上的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是人，而非water）
狀語(yǔ)從句作狀語(yǔ)：
If/When it is heated to 100℃,water will boil.（從句與主句的主語(yǔ)一致）
If/When we heat it to 100℃,water will boil.（從句與主句的主語(yǔ)不同）
B.過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作如果和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，則要放在句首；如果它表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，則要放在句尾。
Finding the door locked,Tom went home.（原因）看到門鎖著，湯姆就回家去了。
Tom went home,finding the door locked.（結(jié)果）湯姆回到家，發(fā)現(xiàn)門鎖著。
切記：一般來(lái)講，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步等的分詞短語(yǔ)多放在句首，而表示結(jié)果、伴隨的分詞短語(yǔ)多放在句尾。
Not knowing her address,I can’t write to her.（原因）因?yàn)椴恢浪淖≈?，我沒(méi)法給她寫(xiě)信。
The old woman died in 1967,leaving her sons a lot of money.（結(jié)果）
這位老婦人于1967年去世，給她的兒子們留下了一大筆錢。
Greatly moved by the hero,she decided to study harder.（原因）
被英雄人物深深地感動(dòng)，她決心更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)。
補(bǔ)充：有些過(guò)去分詞和動(dòng)詞-ing形式用作介詞或連詞
according to按照
granted認(rèn)為
including包括
supposing假設(shè)，假如
According to his report,the situation is getting serious.根據(jù)他的報(bào)告，形勢(shì)變得嚴(yán)峻了。
Many people including the old go to work without any pay on Saturday.
許多人包括老人們都參加了星期六的義務(wù)勞動(dòng)。
Supposing he won’t pass the exam,what should he do?假如他通不過(guò)考試，他該怎么辦？

2.獨(dú)立主格
我們?cè)谇懊嬷v到過(guò)去分詞（短語(yǔ)）和動(dòng)詞-ing形式（短語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它們的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是句子的主語(yǔ)。但有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)帶有自己的主語(yǔ)（即它們之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系），這個(gè)邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般是由名詞或代詞主格擔(dān)任，放在過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞之間，我們稱之為獨(dú)立主格。一些含獨(dú)立主格的句子可以轉(zhuǎn)化為含狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。另一些含獨(dú)立主格的句子則可以轉(zhuǎn)化為含兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的并列句。
獨(dú)立主格：（正）It being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.（It是動(dòng)詞-ing形式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)）
說(shuō)明：It being Sunday構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句子中作原因狀語(yǔ)。
（誤）Being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.今天是星期天，你不必去上學(xué)。
說(shuō)明：being的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)，所以此句是錯(cuò)誤的。
原因狀語(yǔ)從句：Because it is Sunday,you needn’t go to school.
（it是從句主語(yǔ)，you是主句主語(yǔ)）因?yàn)榻裉焓切瞧谔?，所以你不必去上學(xué)。
獨(dú)立主格：All the officials having arrived,the meeting was declared open.
（All the officials是動(dòng)詞-ing形式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)）官員們都到齊了才宣布開(kāi)會(huì)。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：After/When all the officials had arrived,the meeting was declared open.
（all the officials是從句主語(yǔ)，the是主句主語(yǔ)）等官員們都到齊了才宣布開(kāi)會(huì)。
補(bǔ)充：分詞作獨(dú)立主格時(shí)，前面有時(shí)可以加with或without。
The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green.
所有的樹(shù)都變成了嫩綠色，使得公園很漂亮。
獨(dú)立主格：Weather permitting,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow.
（Weather是動(dòng)詞-ing形式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)）天氣允許的話，我們后天就去頤和園。
條件狀語(yǔ)從句：If weather permits,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow.
（weather是從句主語(yǔ)，we是主句主語(yǔ)）如果天氣允許的話，我們后天去頤和園。
獨(dú)立主格：All the work done,you can have a rest.
（All the work是過(guò)去分詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)）
并列句：All the work is done and you can have a rest.所有的工作都做完，你們就可以休息了。
獨(dú)立主格：The plan carried out,everything is all right.
（The plan是過(guò)去分詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)）
并列句：The plan is carried out and everything is all right. 計(jì)劃已經(jīng)實(shí)施，一切進(jìn)展順利。


【課堂練習(xí)】
1.That’s not a new car.It’s a __________ car.
A.using B.used C.use D.having used
2.Do you have a letter __________ in English?
A.writing B.written C.to write D.having been written
3.I want __________ America.
A.visit B.to visit C.visiting D.visited
4.After reading the letter,he went on __________ a reply.
A.to write B.write C.writing D.written
5.Nathan Hale refused __________ for the enemy.
A.working B.worked C.to work D.to be working
6.The teacher advised us __________ more English after class.
A.to speak B.speak C.speaking D.spoke
7.I advised her __________ the next day,because she had been given such a lot of work to do.
A.not to go B.against going C.not go D.would not go
8.A:Does it matter,Doctor?
B:No,__________.I advise you __________ more exercise.
A.something wrong;to take B.the place hurts;take
C.nothing serious;to take D.nothing wrong;take
9.In order to protect the environment,we are not allowed __________ the waste as we used to.
A.to burn up B.burning up C.to burn down D.burning down
10.Amy advised her __________ the winter vacation with her cousin.
A.not spend B.not spending C.not to spend D.don’t spend
11.Please keep your eyes __________ and your month __________.
A.open;close B.opened;closed C.open;closed D.opened;close
12.If a pan of oil catches fire,__________ the pan.
A.cover B.covering C.covered D.to cover
13.I’m busy,for I have scores of wounded soldiers __________.
A.look B.to take care C.looking at D.to take care of
14.All of us agreed __________ the meeting at that hall.
A.hold B.to hold C.holding D.on holding
15.He decided __________ his holiday in Shanghai.
A.spends B.spent C.spending D.to spend
16.He likes __________ on the sofa.But today he doesn’t like __________ there.Would you like __________ there?
A.lie;lie;lie B.lying;lying;lying C.to lie;lying;to lie D.lying;to lie;to lie
17.An old man who was walking along the street stopped __________ to me.
A.talk B.to talk C.talking D.talked
18.You must remember __________ this letter.It’s very important.
A.posting B.post C.to post D.posted
19.I can remember __________ this letter.I posted it on Sunday morning.
A.posting B.post C.to post D.posted
20.At last the workers had their pay __________.
A.rose B.risen C.raise D.raised

1.1-5 BBBAC 6-10 AACAC 11-15 CADBD 16-20 DBCAD

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