押天津卷46—50題閱讀理解C篇說明文 -備戰(zhàn)2022年高考英語臨考題號押題（天津卷）-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

?押天津卷第46—50題
閱讀理解C篇說明文

2021年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語（天津卷）系統(tǒng)考查學(xué)生英語學(xué)科的學(xué)科素養(yǎng)，出題題型以及試卷整體難度與往年基本保持一致?；A(chǔ)語言語法知識的考查都處于新高考大綱范圍之內(nèi)，題型穩(wěn)定的同時，更深入考查學(xué)生用英語分析問題和解決問題的能力。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生既要具備中國人自己的文化信仰和文化自信，又兼具國際性開放包容的視野，同時展現(xiàn)更多的人文關(guān)懷，體現(xiàn)了高考在頂層設(shè)計上展現(xiàn)立德樹人的根本性的素質(zhì)教育目標(biāo)。
調(diào)研2019至2021年新高考英語天津卷真題閱讀理解發(fā)現(xiàn)，從考點來看，近兩年的閱讀理解題均在考綱范圍內(nèi)，主要包括以下幾個方面：把握主旨大意、獲取文章關(guān)鍵信息、利用上下文推斷單詞含義、進行邏輯判斷和推理、能夠梳理文章的發(fā)展順序和組織結(jié)構(gòu)、洞察出作者的意圖，觀點和態(tài)度。從難度上看，這幾年比較平穩(wěn)，但今年更多地考查細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷和主旨題。
閱讀理解C篇說明文主要考察梳理文章細(xì)節(jié)信息、主旨要義、判斷推理等，需要弄懂文章中的故事情節(jié)。運用語言邏輯思維把握關(guān)鍵信息的能力。
年份

體裁
詞數(shù)
話題
考點分布
2020.05
C
說明文
403
電動飛行的特點、優(yōu)點、面臨的挑戰(zhàn)、解決措施和前景
細(xì)節(jié)題 2個
推理題 2個
猜詞題 1個
2020.07
C
說明文
399
聲音科技領(lǐng)域的發(fā)明
細(xì)節(jié)題 3個
推理題 1個
主旨題 1個
2021.03
C
說明文
382
催眠技術(shù)可以減輕病人痛苦和焦慮
細(xì)節(jié)題 4個
推理題 1個
2021.06
C
說明文
415
許多科技公司正在推進、研發(fā)“數(shù)字人類”
細(xì)節(jié)題 3個
推理題 2個

在天津新高考英語試卷中，閱讀理解C篇基本都是說明文體裁，難度比較大。說明文是用平實的語言客觀地解說事物、闡明事理，給人以知識的文體。它通過對實體事物(如儀器、產(chǎn)品、自然環(huán)境)的解說，或?qū)Τ橄笫吕?如概念、原理、定律)的闡釋，使人們對事物的形態(tài)、特征、構(gòu)造、性能、種類、成因、功能等有所了解，或?qū)κ吕淼奶攸c、來源、演變、異同等有所認(rèn)識，從而獲得有關(guān)的知識。說明文實用性很強，它包括廣告、說明書、內(nèi)容提要、規(guī)則章程、解說詞、科學(xué)小品等。考生如果能夠掌握說明文型閱讀理解的文體特征以及解題技巧，一定能在新高考中勝出。
1. 學(xué)習(xí)說明文文體特征，快速閱讀設(shè)問。
說明文按照時間順序(如事物的發(fā)展變化)、空間順序(如建筑結(jié)構(gòu))、邏輯順序(如因果、現(xiàn)象與本質(zhì))來組織文章。故考生應(yīng)該在具備相關(guān)說明文知識的基礎(chǔ)上進行快速閱讀短文的設(shè)問，精準(zhǔn)理解關(guān)鍵詞，面對細(xì)節(jié)判斷題，需要以原文中某一句話或某一個短語為入手點，對細(xì)節(jié)句和短語進行深入判斷分析，并理解出題意圖，以得出最終答案。
2. 精準(zhǔn)定位到原文關(guān)鍵句。
說明文的設(shè)題有一定的難度。新高考延續(xù)了以往的出題特點和命題規(guī)律，考生需要有堅實的閱讀基礎(chǔ)，才能力保不失分。用平時精讀課文的掃讀和查讀能力，迅速匹配問題中的關(guān)鍵信息和原文中的關(guān)鍵句子，仔細(xì)閱讀含有關(guān)鍵信息的句子，就能順利完成此種類型的閱讀任務(wù)。
3. 掌握說明方法，判斷最佳關(guān)聯(lián)，得出正確選項。
說明文的文體特征明顯，為了把事物的本質(zhì)特征說清楚，或者把事理闡述明白，常用下列說明方法：舉例子(by setting examples)、作比較-對比說明相異、類比說明相似(by making comparisons)、析因果(cause and effect)、列數(shù)字(by listing statistics /figures/numbers)、作詮釋(by explanation)、下定義(by definition)、作引用(by quoting)、作假設(shè)(by making assumptions)。因此，考生需要根據(jù)說明文的方法，來幫助自己對文章以及文中長難句的理解，將文章與設(shè)問建立邏輯語義連接，正確得出答案。

Passage 1（2021?天津6月卷?第46—50題）
In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as so advanced that it is indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where Al is capable of thinking and feeling?
Tech company UneeQ is heading for its “digital humans”, which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to a human, but not quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a “digital brain”, that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions “felt” and “expressed” by its “digital people”.
Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. “They’re humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human,” she says. “Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算法)design. Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans.” She then continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直覺地)know how other humans react.”
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors（行業(yè)）. “Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind,” says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to create digital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. “The biggest motivation for such platforms is to popularize Al,” Dube says.
Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed. “As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to use new ways of communicating with that technology,” she says. “Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans in their goals.”
46. According to Para. 2, in what respect（s）do UneeQ9s “digital humans” resemble human beings?
A. In the way they move around.
B. In the way they act and react.
C. In observation and analysis.
D. In speech and facial expressions.
47. Soul Machines’digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it .
A. leams to make proper emotional responses
B. tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly
C. recognizes the speech sounds it receives
D. processes the natural language it hears
48. In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A. Calculating brain.
B. Language skills.
C. Instinctive judgements.
D. Problem-solving ability.
49. What makes many sectors employ digital humans?
A. The fear of falling behind in efficiency.
B. The urgency to promote e-commerce.
C. The wish to spread digital technology.
D. The need to upgrade the health care system.
50. What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings?
A. It’s well planned.
B. It is promising.
C. It is uncertain.
D. It’s quite hopeless.
【答案】46. D 47. A 48. C 49. A 50. B
【語篇分析】
這是一篇說明文。短文介紹許多科技公司正在推進、研發(fā)“數(shù)字人類”，并被很多部門使用。但一些科學(xué)家對此表示懷疑，并指出了“數(shù)字人類”并不是真正的人類，有很多缺陷。但前景還是很有希望的。
【46題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研發(fā)一種“數(shù)字人”，這種人在屏幕上看起來栩栩如生，不僅因為語言，還因為面部動作:眉毛揚起、微笑，甚至點頭。）由此可知，根據(jù)第2段，UneeQ9s的“數(shù)字人”在言語和面部表情上方面與人類相似。故選D項。
【47題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its “digital people”.”（與此同時，另一家Al公司，靈魂機器公司，正在采取一種更具生物性的方法，擁有一個“數(shù)字大腦”，它模仿人腦的各個方面來調(diào)節(jié)其“數(shù)字人”的“fblt”和“表達(dá)”的情緒。）由此可知，靈魂機器的數(shù)字大腦是一項技術(shù)突破，因為它傾向于做出適當(dāng)?shù)那榫w反應(yīng)。故選A項。
【48題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“"They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直覺地)know how other humans react.”（“他們的外表和聲音都像人類，但這本身不是人類，”她說。“人類的品質(zhì)還包括你如何思考、如何處理問題以及如何分解問題；這需要大量的算法設(shè)計。但他們的行為方式可能不同，人類只是本能地知道其他人的反應(yīng)?！保┯纱伺袛喑觯贛ohan看來，數(shù)字人缺少本能的判斷。故選C項。
【49題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行業(yè)）.Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的數(shù)字員工在金融、醫(yī)療和商業(yè)行業(yè)的使用率很高。除非這些行業(yè)將它們的商業(yè)模式數(shù)字化得更高效，否則它們可能會被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后讓許多行業(yè)使用“數(shù)字人類”。故選A項。
【50題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed.”（ Mohan對這種方法持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度，但她支持這些數(shù)字生物背后的目的，并對他們的未來持樂觀態(tài)度）由此判斷出，Mohan數(shù)字人的未來是有希望的。故選B項。
Passage 2（2021?天津3月卷?第45—50題）
A trial project by the Montreal Children’s Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging (醫(yī)學(xué)影像) procedures.
“During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia (麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified (改變的) state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
“The technologist must build up a story with the patient,” Ms. L’Ecuyer said. “The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure.”
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head,” Ms. L'Ecuyer said. “It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness.”
“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists,” Ms. L’Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.
45. One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ .
A. a better understanding of children
B. less use of certain medicines
C. new medical-imaging technology
D. an improved reputation of the hospital
46. The French technologist came to the children’s hospital to ________.
A. assist in treating a patient
B. carry out hypnosis training
C. start up a new department
D. learn about the procedure
47. According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________.
A. creating a perfect world for patients
B. forcing patients into a state of deep sleep
C. putting patients into an unconscious state
D. leading patients' consciousness away from reality
48. What can we learn about the story used in the procedure?
A. It should keep pace with the procedure.
B. It reflects the patient’s creativity.
C. It is selected by the technologist.
D. It tells what doctors are doing to the patient.
49. The procedure was received among the staff with ________.
A. uncertainty
B. enthusiasm
C. worry
D. criticism
50. What is the passage mainly about?
A. An easy way to communicate with patients.
B. The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C. An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D. The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
【答案】45. B 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. D
【語篇分析】
本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了蒙特利爾兒童醫(yī)院的一個試驗項目表明催眠技術(shù)的使用可以減輕病人的痛苦和焦慮。一位法國醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)專家——也是一位催眠師被邀請到兒童醫(yī)院的醫(yī)學(xué)影像部門培訓(xùn)幾位員工。
【45題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging(醫(yī)學(xué)影像)procedures.”（該項目還導(dǎo)致用于醫(yī)學(xué)影像程序的藥品數(shù)量減少。）可知，實驗的結(jié)果之一就是減少某些藥物的使用。故選B。
【46題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“A French medical-imaging technologist--also a hypnotist -- was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital.”（一位法國醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)專家——也是一位催眠師被邀請到兒童醫(yī)院的醫(yī)學(xué)影像部門培訓(xùn)幾位員工）可知，法國技術(shù)專家來兒童醫(yī)院是做催眠培訓(xùn)來的。故選B。
【47題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第一句“Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified（改變的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.”（催眠狀態(tài)不是一種睡眠的狀態(tài)：而是一種被改變的意識狀態(tài)。技術(shù)專家會引導(dǎo)病人進入這種改變的狀態(tài)——一個想象中的世界，它會越來越脫離接下來的程序）可知，催眠是引導(dǎo)病人的意識遠(yuǎn)離現(xiàn)實，進入一個想象中的世界。故選D。
【48題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story”（催眠過程中接下來發(fā)生的一切都必須和這個故事有關(guān)）以及倒數(shù)第二段“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head”（重要的是技術(shù)專家把病人身體外發(fā)生的事情和他在大腦里看到的聯(lián)系起來）可知，故事必須跟整個催眠過程同步。故選A。
【49題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第一段“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January.”（這個程序在一月份開始引進的時候，吸引了很多員工）以及最后一句“She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.”（她補充說，有一隊員工在她門口等著接受培訓(xùn)）可知，這個催眠程序受到了員工的歡迎。A. uncertainty 不確定；B. enthusiasm 熱情；C. worry 擔(dān)心；D. criticism 批評。故選B。
【50題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(醫(yī)學(xué)影像) procedures.”（蒙特利爾兒童醫(yī)院的一個試驗項目表明催眠技術(shù)的使用可以減輕病人的痛苦和焦慮。一位法國醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)專家——也是一位催眠師被邀請到兒童醫(yī)院的醫(yī)學(xué)影像部門培訓(xùn)幾位員工）可知，全文主要講述催眠技術(shù)在醫(yī)學(xué)影像程序中的應(yīng)用。故選D。
Passage 3（2020?天津7月卷?第46—50題）
For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer can’t let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 遠(yuǎn)程定向聲波發(fā)射器). It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let’s say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine or point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光燈) are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.
46. What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD?
A. It causes temporary hearing loss.
B. It slows down a running man.
C. It makes it easy to identify a suspect.
D. It keeps the suspect from hurting others.
47. The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ________.
A. silence the people around you
B. remove the sound of commercials
C. block the incoming sound waves
D. stop unwanted sound from affecting you
48. What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share?
A. They travel in circles.
B. They clear the atmosphere.
C. They can be transformed into energy.
D. They can be directed onto a specific area.
49. Directed sound can be used for ________.
A. creative designs of restaurant menus
B. ideal sound effects on the theater stage
C. different choices of music for businesses
D. strict control over any suspicious customer
50. What does the passage focus on?
A. How professionals invented sound products.
B. Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C. The growing interest in the study of sound.
D. How sound engineers work in their studios.
【答案】46. A 47. D 48. D 49. C 50. B
【語篇分析】
這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一些聲音技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，包括聲音可以用作武器的遠(yuǎn)程聲學(xué)設(shè)備、用來阻止有害聲音影響你的靜音機以及定向音響技術(shù)。
【46題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.”可知它發(fā)出震耳欲聾的聲音，這種聲音令人如此痛苦以至于它會使人暫時喪失能力。LRAD發(fā)出的噪音像光線一樣被引導(dǎo)，只進入那個人的耳朵，但不會致命。由此可推知，LRAD會導(dǎo)致暫時性聽力損失。故選A。
【47題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.”可知，它的功能是通過分析傳入聲音的波，并產(chǎn)生第二組傳出的波。這兩組波會相互抵消。只要打開機器對準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)，你的寧靜就會回來。由此可知，靜音機是一種專門設(shè)計用來阻止有害聲音影響你的設(shè)備。故選D。
【48題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in one targeted area.”可知，聚光燈只能照亮舞臺的一個部分；類似地，一個“spotsound”在一個目標(biāo)區(qū)域創(chuàng)建一個聲音圈。由此可知，spotsounds和聚光燈的共同特性是它們可以被定向到一個特定的區(qū)域，故選D。
【49題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly,”spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choice on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining.”可知，聚光燈只能照亮舞臺的一個部分；類似地，一個”spotsound”在一個目標(biāo)區(qū)域創(chuàng)建一個聲音圈。這對餐館和商店等企業(yè)很有用，因為它提供了一種吸引顧客的新方式。餐廳可以提供音樂選擇與菜單上的各種食物選擇，讓顧客更多地控制氣氛，在他們用餐。由此可知，定向音響可以用于不同的商業(yè)音樂選擇。故選C。
【50題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中的“In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.”可知，在過去，音響工程師在錄音室的后室工作，但今天的許多音響專業(yè)人士正在與其他領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人士分享他們的知識和經(jīng)驗，以我們所謂的聲音現(xiàn)象為基礎(chǔ)創(chuàng)造新產(chǎn)品。結(jié)合下文具體內(nèi)容可知，本文著重論述了聲音技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。故選B。
Passage 4（2020?天津5月卷?第45—50題）
Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries.
Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine.
Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There’s also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.
While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone’s feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can’t just be ignored.
The transition（過渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing.
It’s certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years.
45. According to Para.l, what is happening in air transport?
A. New explorations of the sky are being launched.
B. Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled.
C. Efforts are being made to make air travel greener.
D. Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively.
46. Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights?
A. It runs short route
B. It has a strong partner.
C. Its planes can land on the sea.
D. It has planes with powerful engines.
47. The expression “added bonus” refers to the fact that electric planes___________.
A. give passengers more pleasant views
B. bring airlines more financial benefits
C. offer more enjoyable flying experiences
D. cost less in maintenance than traditional ones
48. What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying?
A. To improve the ground service for e-planes.
B. To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry.
C. To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes.
D. To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes.
49. What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight?
A. To produce new electric components.
B. To increase battery consumption.
C. To use mixed-power technology.
D. To expand the landing field.
50. What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying?
A. Short-sighted.
B. Wait-and-see.
C. Optimistic.
D. Skeptical.
【答案】45. C 46. A 47. C 48. D 49. C 50. C
【語篇分析】
本文是說明文。為了使航空旅行更環(huán)保, 出現(xiàn)了電動飛行。文章介紹了電動飛行的特點、優(yōu)點、面臨的挑戰(zhàn)、解決措施和前景。
【45題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中 If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking. Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries(如果我們想要大的綠色天空解決方案，就需要藍(lán)天思維。幸運的是，現(xiàn)在有很多這樣的情況發(fā)生，尤其是靠電池供電的短途飛行)由此判斷出，人們正在努力使航空旅行更加環(huán)保。故選C。
【46題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying30000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less uan30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines.可知，Harbour Air是北美最大的水上飛機航空公司，每年有40架水上飛機搭載3萬次商業(yè)航班。值得注意的是，所有港口航線的飛行時間都不到30分鐘，這使得它完全適合于電動引擎。也就是說 Harbour Air的飛行航線短使電動飛行成了可能。故選A。
【47題詳解】
猜測詞義題。根據(jù)下文that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.可知，電動飛機沒有發(fā)動機的噪音，沒有燃油的味道，只有環(huán)保的寧靜等優(yōu)點，因此為乘坐電動飛機的乘客提供更愉快的飛行體驗。所以added bonus指的是乘客獲得的更愉快飛行體驗的額外收獲。故選C。
【48題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段 A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft., where every bit of weight counts, this can' t just be ignored.可知電池不能提供足夠的燃料, 而攜帶足夠的電池會使飛機太重而無法起飛。在飛機上，每一點重量都很重要，不能忽視。由此推知平衡電動飛機電池的功率和重量是電動飛機面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。故選D。
【49題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段The transition(過渡) from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity.可知從燃料飛行到電動飛行過渡過程中，可以使用燃料和電力混合動力技術(shù)。故選C。
【50題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to come a reality in the next few years.可知電動飛行無疑是激動人心的，電動飛行短途旅行將在未來幾年內(nèi)成為現(xiàn)實。由此判斷出作者對電動飛行的前景是樂觀的。故選C。

Passage 1（2021屆天津和平區(qū)高三下學(xué)期一模）
These days, it’s not unusual to see middle-aged men collecting Star Wars action figures, office workers wearing Hello Kitty accessories, or celebrities like David Beckham playing with Lego bricks. It’s becoming more and more common to see adults taking an interest in toys, comic books and the activities that are traditionally associated with children. This phenomenon has given rise to a new word: kidult.
What lies behind the phenomenon? One is about adults’ nostalgia（懷舊之情）for the carefree days of childhood, and this is especially true with today's fast-paced, stressful lifestyles. Another is about a societal change in recent decades where people are starting families later. As a result, they have more time and money to spend on themselves. Some adults could only window-shop for their dream toys when they were kids, but now they can afford that radio controlled car or high-priced doll they have always wanted.
Businesses have been quick to exploit the kidult trend, and the number of toy stores that target adults has risen. Companies are repackaging products from past decades and also bringing out new ones for adults. Lego, for example, has brought out an architectural series featuring landmarks from around the world.
Society traditionally disapproves of adults who refuse to put aside childhood interests, viewing the refusal as a sign of social immaturity and irresponsibility. Those who agree with this view sometimes claim that kidults are suffering from the pop-psychology concept known as Peter Pan Syndrome, an anomaly （異常）that people remain emotionally at the level of teenagers. On a grander scale, these kidult opponents （對手）argue that such delayed adulthood causes couples to marry later and have fewer children. This in turn can lead to shrinking national economies, for there needs to be a generational replenishment（補充）of the workforce.
From the standpoint of kidults, though, this phenomenon is seen as nothing but harmless fun. Kidults insist that having youthful interests keeps them young, happy and creative, and their refusal to conform to society’s acceptable tastes shows independent thinking. Besides, they argue that being part of the social trend of delayed adulthood is not purely a personal choice. The real causes include expensive housing, increased educational requirements for employment and poor work opportunities.
Whether the kidult phenomenon will continue to grow or prove to be a passing trend is anyone’s guess. As the debate about it continues, remember that there is nothing wrong with being young at heart.
46. What does the kidult phenomenon refer to?
A. Adults act like children.
B. Adults have child-like tastes.
C. Adults go in for collecting toys.
D. Adults like playing with children.
47. Which of the following might cause the emergence of kidults?
A. Different living conditions.
B. More choices about toys.
C. High pressure of modern life.
D. Good memories of childhood.
48. What does the underlined word “exploit” probably mean?
A. Get used to.
B. Look forward to.
C. Take advantage of.
D. Make way for.
49. How does the text deal with the debate about kidults?
A. By strongly opposing kidult opponents.
B. By convincing readers to accept kidults.
C. By refusing to take a stand on the issue.
D. By presenting both sides of the argument.
50. What can we infer about the author's attitude towards the phenomenon from the last paragraph?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.
【答案】46. B 47. C 48. C 49. D 50. B
【語篇分析】
這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了如今社會，成年人對玩具、漫畫書以及傳統(tǒng)上與孩子有關(guān)的活動產(chǎn)生興趣的現(xiàn)象越來越普遍。這種現(xiàn)象背后的原因及社會上對這種現(xiàn)象的不同看法。
【46題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第一段最后句“It's becoming more and more common to see adults taking an interest in toys, comic books and the activities that are traditionally associated with children. This phenomenon has given rise to a new word: kidult.”（成年人對玩具、漫畫書以及傳統(tǒng)上與孩子有關(guān)的活動產(chǎn)生興趣的現(xiàn)象越來越普遍。這種現(xiàn)象催生了一個新詞:kidult。）可知，“大孩子現(xiàn)象”指的是成年人有像孩子的一樣的愛好。故選B項。
【47題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第二段第二句“One is about adults' nostalgia （懷舊之情）for the carefree days of childhood, and this is especially true with today's fast-paced, stressful lifestyles.”（一個原因是成人對童年的無憂無慮的日子的懷舊之情以及當(dāng)今快節(jié)奏和緊張的生活方式。）可知，導(dǎo)致成年兒童的出現(xiàn)的原因是現(xiàn)代生活的高壓。故選C項。
【48題詳解】
猜測詞義題。由文章第三段第一句“Businesses have been quick to exploit the kidult trend, and the number of toy stores that target adults has risen.”（企業(yè)迅速利用了這一趨勢，以成年人為目標(biāo)的玩具店數(shù)量也在增加。）及第二句“Companies are repackaging products from past decades and also bringing out new ones for adults.”（公司正在重新包裝過去幾十年的產(chǎn)品，并推出新的成人產(chǎn)品。）可知，第二句是對第一句內(nèi)容的具體體現(xiàn)，公司之所以重新包裝過去幾十年的產(chǎn)品，并推出新的成人產(chǎn)品是因為公司要利用這一兒童成年人的趨勢。固劃線的詞的意思是“利用”，A. Get used to.習(xí)慣于；B. Look forward to.期盼；C. Take advantage of.利用；D. Make way for.為……讓路。故選C項。
【49題詳解】
推理判斷題。由文章第四段前兩句“Society traditionally disapproves of adults who refuse to put aside childhood interests, viewing the refusal as a sign of social immaturity and irresponsibility. Those who agree with this view sometimes claim that kidults are suffering from the pop-psychology concept known as Peter Pan Syndrome, an anomaly （異常）that people remain emotionally at the level of teenagers.”（傳統(tǒng)上社會不贊成那些拒絕把童年興趣放在一邊的成年人，認(rèn)為這種拒絕是社會不成熟和不負(fù)責(zé)任的表現(xiàn)。那些贊成這種觀點的人有時聲稱兒童成年人患有流行心理學(xué)概念稱為彼得潘綜合癥疾病, 一種人們保持情感上的青少年水平的異常。）可知，文章是通過提出論點的兩個方面來處理有關(guān)成年兒童的辯論的。故選D項。
【50題詳解】
推理判斷題。由文章最后段最后一句“As the debate about it continues, remember that there is nothing wrong with being young at heart.”（當(dāng)關(guān)于這個問題的爭論還在繼續(xù)時，請記住，心態(tài)年輕并沒有錯。）可知，作者對這一現(xiàn)象持積極的態(tài)度。故選B項。
Passage 2（2022屆天津市南開區(qū)高三下學(xué)期一模）
A world-champion body builder has no more muscles than does a 90-pound person who is physically weak. So what makes him so strong? What other qualities does he need?
Muscles are made of thousands of stringy fibers—a number that is fixed during childhood—which contract (收縮）when doing work. Strength does not depend on the number of fibers but on the function of their thickness and how many of them contract at the same time.
Exercise actually damages the muscles. During the recovery stage, the muscle fibers increase in size. Exercise also trains more muscle fibers to work at one time. If a muscle is weak or untrained, for example, only 10 percent of its fibers will contract, whereas up to 90 percent of the fibers in a weight lifter's biceps(二頭肌）will contract.
Aside from the strength, two other factors go into making an athlete: fitness and endurance. Fitness is related to the condition of the heart. During exercises, there is an increase in the amount of blood returning to the heart from the muscles. A typical volume for a runner at rest is about 5 quarts a minute, compared with 30 quarts during a vigorous trial(運動測試). This greater volume means more work for the heart—a muscular balloon that expands and contract is to take in blood and push it out. Like any other muscle, the heart enlarges and gets stronger with routine exercise.
Endurance, or the length of time muscles can work, depends in part on how much fuel－in this case sugar—the muscles can store. A muscle that is continually exercised until it runs out of sugar tends to store more when it refuels at the next meal. And more sugar can translate into greater endurance the next time the muscle is put to the test.
46. What determines the strength of a world-champion body builder?
A. The thickness of fibers and the number of those contracting contemporarily.
B. The number of fibers and the amount of exercise he does at the same time.
C. The function of fibers and their thickness.
D. The function of fibers and their recovery.
47. What effect does exercise have on muscle fibers according to the passage?
A. It helps fibers more easily to contract.
B. It makes fibers increase quickly in size.
C. It makes more fibers weak or untrained.
D. It helps more fibers to work at one time.
48. What does the author mean by saying “this greater volume means more work for the heart ”?
A.The heart bears the task of making more blood during a vigorous trial.
B. The heart needs to bear the fast heart beating during a vigorous trial.
C. The heart takes in more blood and pushes it out during a vigorous trial.
D. The heart enlarges and becomes stronger routinely during a vigorous trial.
49. What could be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. The more sugar muscles store, the thicker the fibers in them become.
B. The more sugar a muscle consumes, the less it tends to store next time.
C. The more sugar the muscles of an athlete store, the longer time they can work.
D. The amount of sugar in muscles largely depends on when they refuel at the nest meal.
50. What could be the best title for the passage?
A. Strong Heart and World-champion
B. Strength, Fitness and Endurance
C. Body Building and Muscles
D. Resources of Strength
【答案】46. A 47. D 48. C 49. C 50. B
【語篇分析】
這是一篇說明文。短文介紹健美運動員為什么會這么強壯，需要具備哪些品質(zhì)。作者首先闡明了力量產(chǎn)生的原因，在于肌肉的功能以及肌肉纖維同時收縮的數(shù)量，還論述了心臟的健康度以及肌肉工作的耐力都對運動員具有重要意義。
【46題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù) Strength does not depend on the number of fibers but on the function of their thickness and how many of them contract at the same time.（力量不取決于纖維的數(shù)量而是肌肉纖維厚度的功能，以及同時收縮時有多少肌肉纖維。）可知，A項The thickness of fibers and the number of those contracting contemporarily符合。故選A項。
【47題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Exercise also trains more muscle fibers to work at one time.（鍛煉也能訓(xùn)練肌肉纖維同時工作。）根據(jù)文章意思，D項 It helps more fibers to work at one time符合。故選D項。
【48題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù) During exercises, there is an increase in the amount of blood returning to the heart from the muscles.（鍛煉過程中，血液會極大增加由肌肉回流到心臟）由此判斷出，C項The heart takes in more blood and pushes it out during a vigorous trial符合。故選C項。
【49題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Endurance, or the length of time muscles can work, depends in part on how much fuel－in this case sugar—the muscles can store. （耐力，或者肌肉工作的時間長度，取決于肌肉能儲存多少能量，在這種情況是糖。）由此可知，C項 The more sugar the muscles of an athlete store, the longer time they can work符合。故選C項。
【50題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)整篇文章，第一段導(dǎo)入話題，第二段講力量的來源，第三段講鍛煉時肌肉的工作，第四段講健康，第五段論述耐力。由此判斷出，B項Strength, Fitness and Endurance符合。故選B項。
Passage 3（2022屆天津市河西區(qū)高三下學(xué)期一模）
“Hi, how are ya,” some people say when they see a familiar face. The words run together into a mass, all sense and meaning lost. All the same, people do care how you are. After they greet you, it’s likely you will greet them back, with an equally meaningless phrase like, “Can’t complain, can’t complain.” You could probably complain, at length, or share a brilliant thought you were just beginning when a greeting interrupted you. You don’t though, you say, “Great, you?”
You are not giving each other information about your health and well-being. All the same, you are sharing information. You’re acknowledging each other’s positions as acknowledged friends, or at least as accepted acquaintances. And you are reestablishing the ties that may have lapsed since yesterday.
It’s what anthropologist Bronislaw Malinoski called a phatic communication. Its message is not in the words you use, but in the fact that you speak ritually accepted words. In Asia, for example, people may ask one another if they have eaten, or if they are busy. They’re not really asking for their lunch menu or their agenda, they are saying hello. A phatic signal says hi.
There’s embarrassment of being near people without acknowledging them. That uncomfortable feeling is one reason why lonely passengers in the subway may behave as if they cannot see anyone around them or may escape their uncomfortable situation with a book. Some people read all the way home, and never turn a page.
Your friend isn’t asking how you are, and you aren’t telling him. However, he is recognizing your existence, and when you answer, you are recognizing his. In addition, the set speech you have shared opens the door to closer communications if both agree. Someday, you may come to real close friendship, and really tell one another how you are.
Meanwhile, people who greet one another this way do care. They care enough to recognize someone’s essential humanity. They send a signal across the space between, to share, very briefly and lightly, in awareness of one another.
Your greetings prove that neither of you has become a social outcast. How are you? You are still a member of society in good status. You are still the one who knows the rituals necessary to get to work each day.
46. When people greet, they ________.
A. want to show their different educational backgrounds
B. rarely show something related to the words themselves
C. want to know other people’s privacy
D. often complain about the bad weather
47. According to Bronislaw Malinoski, a phatic communication ________.
A. is rarely used by Asian people
B. is too complex to be used often
C. helps establish or keep certain relationships
D. often ruins the normal relationships between friends
48. Some people seldom greet strangers because ________.
A. they want to be polite to others B. they feel uncomfortable to do it
C. they don’t know when to greet them D. they want to do something meaningful
49. The underlined word “outcast” in the last paragraph probably means ________.
A. a person who is well-educated B. a person who succeeds suddenly
C. a person who is a burden to society D. a person who is not accepted by others
50. What does the text mainly tell us?
A. Greetings should be better expressed.
B. Greetings convey different meanings to different people.
C. Greetings help prove an individual’s social independence.
D. Greetings help an individual be connected with the society.
【答案】46. B 47. C 48. B 49. D 50. D
【語篇分析】
這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了問候本身沒有意義，這一行為的作用是承認(rèn)彼此是公認(rèn)的朋友，或者至少是公認(rèn)的熟人以及重建昨天就已經(jīng)失去的關(guān)系。論述了問候有助于個人與社會聯(lián)系。
【46題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中““Hi, how are ya,” some people say when they see a familiar face. The words run together into a mass, all sense and meaning lost. All the same, people do care how you are. After they greet you, it’s likely you will greet them back, with an equally meaningless phrase like, “Can’t complain, can’t complain.(“嗨，你好嗎？”有些人在看到熟悉的面孔時會這樣說。這些詞聚在一起，失去了所有的意義。盡管如此，人們還是很關(guān)心你的。在他們問候你之后，你很可能也會用一句同樣毫無意義的話來回應(yīng)他們，比如：“還行，過得去?！?”可知，當(dāng)人們打招呼時，他們很少會表現(xiàn)出與這些話本身有關(guān)的東西。故選B。
【47題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“And you are reestablishing the ties that may have lapsed since yesterday.(你正在重建昨天就已經(jīng)失去的關(guān)系)”以及第三段“It’s what anthropologist Bronislaw Malinoski called a phatic communication. Its message is not in the words you use, but in the fact that you speak ritually accepted words. In Asia, for example, people may ask one another if they have eaten, or if they are busy. They’re not really asking for their lunch menu or their agenda, they are saying hello. A phatic signal says hi.(這就是人類學(xué)家Bronislaw Malinoski所說的“交際”。它的信息不在于你所使用的語言，而在于你在儀式上所說的話。例如，在亞洲，人們可能會互相問對方是否吃過了，或者是否很忙。他們并不是真的要他們的午餐菜單或日程安排，他們只是在打招呼。一個客套話表示“你好”)”可推知，根據(jù)Bronislaw Malinoski的說法，客套話有助于建立或保持某些關(guān)系。故選C。
【48題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“That uncomfortable feeling is one reason why lonely passengers in the subway may behave as if they cannot see anyone around them or may escape their uncomfortable situation with a book.(這種不舒服的感覺是為什么在地鐵里孤獨的乘客可能會表現(xiàn)得好像看不到周圍的人，或者可能會用一本書來逃離這種不舒服的情況的原因之一)”可知，有些人很少和陌生人打招呼，因為他們覺得這樣做不舒服。故選B。
【49題詳解】
詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“Your greetings prove that neither of you has become a social”以及后文“You are still a member of society in good status. You are still the one who knows the rituals necessary to get to work each day.”可知，問候證明你仍然是地位很好的社會的一員。你仍然是那個知道每天上班必須例行公事的人，即你們的問候證明你們倆都沒有成為社會上不被別人接受的人。故畫線詞意思是“不被別人接受的人”。故選D。
【50題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Your greetings prove that neither of you has become a social outcast. How are you? You are still a member of society in good status. You are still the one who knows the rituals necessary to get to work each day. (你們的問候證明你們倆都沒有成為社會的棄兒。你好嗎？你仍然是地位很好的社會的一員。你仍然是那個知道每天上班必須例行公事的人)”結(jié)合文章主要說明了問候本身沒有意義，這一行為的作用是承認(rèn)彼此是公認(rèn)的朋友，或者至少是公認(rèn)的熟人以及重建昨天就已經(jīng)失去的關(guān)系。論述了問候有助于個人與社會聯(lián)系?？芍恼轮饕嬖V我們問候有助于個人與社會聯(lián)系。故選D。

Passage 1
EVERY few hundred years, a sleeping giant in southern Italy awakens with a bang, spewing volcanic ash across the countryside. The volcano, called Mount Vesuvius, formed 25,000 years ago. During its most explosive eruptions, the volcano could blanket nearby cities with hot ash, sometimes also burying them with deadly flows of mud and rocks. One famous eruption occurred nearly 2,000 years ago, in the year AD 79. It lasted 18 hours and destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, killing thousands of people as they tried to escape.
Scientists and city officials had supposed that Naples, one of Italy’s most populous cities, was far enough away that it would be safe from the volcano’s wrath. New evidence suggests that this might not be the case.
Researchers recently discovered 4000-year-old layers of ash and mud under present-day Naples. Just outside the city, they also uncovered abandoned villages, as well as human and animal skeletons. Most surprising of all, the researchers say, was the discovery of thousands of footprints from the same time period, pressed into layers of wet ash that had rained from the sky. The footprints show that thousands of people were fleeing to the northwest, away from the volcano, as it erupted.
Mount Vesuvius hasn't had a major eruption since 1631, but it’s still very active. The discovery of the ancient ash layers, skeletons, and footprints is a warning that modern Naples, a city of 3 million people, isn’t safe from the volcano, scientists say. So, when the volcano begins to rumble again, Naples should have an emergency evacuation plan ready - just in case.
46. Which of the following is true with Mount Vesuvius?
A. It formed 2,500 years ago.
B. Its latest eruption occurred 2,000 years ago.
C. It is an active, destructive volcano.
D. It is where the city Naples is located.
47. What does the word underlined possibly mean?
A. Path. B. Heat. C. Fear . D. Eruption.
48. The researchers found the new evidence EXCEPT _________.
A. ancient layers of ash and mud
B. animal footprints
C. abandoned villages
D. human skeletons
49. What can we conclude from the passage?
A. City Pompeii has been rebuilt now.
B. City Naples isn’t suitable for living.
C. Mount Vesuvius will not erupt in a hundred years.
D. Mount Vesuvius is a potential danger to Naples.
50. The author of the passage intends to ________.
A. introduce Mount Vesuvius
B. describe the city Naples
C. present new discoveries by researchers
D. propose a plan for escape
【答案】46. C 47. D 48. B 49. D 50. A
【語篇分析】
考查說明類短文閱讀。文章介紹了意大利南部一座活火山——維蘇威火山。
【46題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段Mount Vesuvius hasn't had a major eruption since 1631, but it's still very active.可知維蘇威火山仍然是一座活火山。故C正確。
【47題詳解】
詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段Scientists and city officials had supposed that Naples, one of Italy's most populous cities, was far enough away that it would be safe from the volcano's wrath.可以推測出wrath含義為“噴發(fā)”之意。故D正確。
【48題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段Researchers recently discovered 4000-year-old layers of ash and mud under present-day Naples. Just outside the city, they also uncovered abandoned villages, as well as human and animal skeletons.可知新證據(jù)中并沒有動物足跡。故B項正確。
【49題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段So, when the volcano begins to rumble again, Naples should have an emergency evacuation plan ready - just in case.可知維蘇威火山對那不勒斯有潛在的危險。故選C項正確。
【50題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章大意：文章介紹了意大利南部一座活火山——維蘇威火山。故A項正確。
Passage 2
In a story from Aesop’s Fables (伊索寓言), a thirsty crow (烏鴉) drops stones into a narrow bottle to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.
Now scientists have experiments to back up that story. The experiments show that crows actually do understand how to make water displacement (排水量) work to their advantage. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some cases, as smart as first-graders.
Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, presented six crows with bottles, containing water. Inside the bottles, a piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating (漂浮), just out of reach of the crows. In front of the bottles, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the bottles in order to raise the water level and get their meat.
However, the birds were awkward in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide bottle or a narrow one to get the meat, the researchers said. Dropping objects into a narrow bottle would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the meat to the same level in the wide bottle. The crows obviously didn’t realize this, and most of them went for the wide bottle first.
Previous studies showed that chimps (大猩猩) and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a bottle to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.
46. What does the text focus on?
A. The truth of Aesop’s fables. B. Crows’ intelligence.
C. The development of crows. D. Human-animal communication.
47. How did the crows get the meat in Sarah’s experiment?
A. By breaking the bottle. B. By dropping erasers.
C. By standing on the wood. D. By removing the wood.
48. What does the underlined part “the treat” refer to?
A. The bottle. B. The objects. C. The meat. D. The water.
49. What does the experiments in Paragraph 4 want to prove?
A. Crows are unable to tell different shapes.
B. Crows prefer narrow bottles.
C. Crows are good at counting numbers.
D. Crows are not clever all the time.
50. Examples of chimps and kids are used to show that ________.
A. crows are as smart as them.
B. crows are smarter than them.
C. crows are less smart than them.
D. crows can not be compared with them.
【答案】46. B 47. B 48. C 49. D 50. A
【語篇分析】
這是一篇說明文。文章主要講了科學(xué)家通過喝水實驗研究了烏鴉的智商。
【46題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段“The experiments show that crows actually do understand how to make water displacement (排水量) work to their advantage. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some cases, as smart as first-graders.”（實驗表明，烏鴉確實知道如何讓排水量對它們有利。結(jié)果表明，至少在某些情況下，這些鳥和一年級學(xué)生一樣聰明。）可知，整篇文章都是在研究烏鴉的智商。故選B項。
【47題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the bottles in order to raise the water level and get their meat.”（烏鴉發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們可以把橡皮擦扔進瓶子里，以提高水位，得到肉。）可知，烏鴉是通過把橡皮擦扔到瓶子里，讓食物上升來得到食物的。故選B項。
【48題詳解】
詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第四段“while it took around seven drops to raise the meat to the same level in the wide bottle.”（而在寬瓶中，大約需要七滴才能將肉提升到相同的高度。）可知，此處the treat指代的是食物the meat。故選C項。
【49題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段“However, the birds were awkward in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide bottle or a narrow one to get the meat, the researchers said.”（然而，研究人員說，這些鳥在選擇把物體扔進寬瓶或窄瓶來得到肉的實驗中顯得很笨拙。）可知，這個實驗室為了表明烏鴉并不是一直都很聰明。故選D項。
【50題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a bottle to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at?the bottom ”（先前的研究表明，黑猩猩和人類兒童能夠解決類似的任務(wù)。在2011年的一項研究中，黑猩猩和孩子們發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們可以把水放進瓶子里，以得到漂浮在底部少量水中的花生）可知，舉猩猩和小孩子的例子是為了說明烏鴉和他們一樣聰明。故選A項。
Passage 3
How does an ecosystem (生態(tài)系統(tǒng)) work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator (掠食動物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(獵物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction(滅絕) of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists say, because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(臨界點), it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
46. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?
A. The living habits of species in food webs.
B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
47. A strong link is found between two species when a predator ________.
A. has a wide food choice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks to one prey species
D. can quickly move to another place
48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline?
A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
49. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4?
A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
50. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance?
A. By getting illegal practices under control.
B. By stopping us from killing large predators.
C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.
D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.
【答案】46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. D
【語篇分析】
這是一篇說明文。本文介紹了借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些食物網(wǎng)運行的關(guān)鍵原則?？茖W(xué)家們說一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)越過了它的臨界點，它們很難再回來?？茖W(xué)家們已經(jīng)建立了一個基于數(shù)學(xué)模型的預(yù)警系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)將會發(fā)出信號告訴我們?nèi)祟惢顒诱龑⑸鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，允許我們采取措施將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)從邊緣拉回來。
【46題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.可知，借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了食物網(wǎng)中的一些關(guān)鍵原則。故選B。
【47題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中When a predator(掠食動物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(獵物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked.可知，當(dāng)捕食者總是吃大量的單一獵物，這兩個物種是緊密相連的。故選C。
【48題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.可知，處于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動物對它們沒有直接攻擊的其他物種的種群數(shù)量有著驚人的控制，由此可推斷出，如果食物鏈頂級食肉動物的數(shù)量大大下降，其他物種的種群將經(jīng)歷意想不到的變化。故選D。
【49題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.可知，無計劃的人類活動證明了由頂級掠食者自上而下控制的想法是正確的。在海洋中，我們大規(guī)模捕撈鱈魚等頂級捕食者，而在陸地上，我們殺死狼等大型捕食者。這些行為極大地影響了生態(tài)平衡。由此可推斷出，不受控制的人類活動會極大地破壞了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A。
【50題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Scientists have built an early-warming system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.可知，早期預(yù)警系統(tǒng)通過發(fā)出緊急需要采取預(yù)防行動的信號幫助我們維持生態(tài)平衡。故選D。

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