過去分詞作表語和狀語  一、過去分詞作表語1．意義：用在系動詞后面，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，此時過去分詞大多已變成了形容詞。I felt confused，even bored.我有點迷惑不解，甚至有點煩。We were encouraged at the news.聽到這個消息我們很受鼓舞。2．過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。這一結(jié)構(gòu)從形式上與被動語態(tài)相同，但被動語態(tài)強調(diào)主語所承受的動作。試比較：The book is well written.這本書寫得好。The book was written by a soldier.這本書是由一位士兵寫的。3．感覺類及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別。英語中有很多與感覺有關(guān)的及物動詞，其現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，即“令人有某種感覺的”，多用來修飾物；其過去分詞含有被動意義，即“人被引起某種感覺的”，多用來指人、人的聲音、笑容或表情等。常用的這類詞有：We were surprised at what he said at the meeting.我們對他在會上講的話很是驚訝。His words were discouraging，which made many people discouraged.他的話令人泄氣，使得很多人灰心喪氣。 二、過去分詞(短語)作狀語 (一)過去分詞(短語)作狀語的具體用法表示被動的或完成的動作，這時句子的主語和過去分詞之間為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系。而現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作狀語時，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。Written in a hurry，this article was not so good. 因為寫得匆忙，這篇文章不是很好。本句中的written即為過去分詞作狀語，表示這篇文章是被寫的，而且已經(jīng)被寫完。過去分詞(短語)通常在句中作時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、讓步狀語、方式狀語和伴隨狀語等。1．過去分詞作時間狀語，在句中相當于一個時間狀語從句。Asked about his address(＝When he was asked about his address)，the little boy didn’t respond.問及他的地址時，小男孩沒有作答。 2．過去分詞作原因狀語，在句中相當于一個原因狀語從句。Annoyed at the decision(＝As he was annoyed at the decision)，he refused to attend the meeting.由于對這個決定很生氣，他拒絕參加會議。 3．過去分詞作條件狀語，在句中相當于一個條件狀語從句。Given more time(＝If they were given more time)，the trees could grow taller.如果再多給一點時間，這些樹會長得更高。Heated to a high temperature(＝If it is heated to a high temperature)，water will change into vapor.如果加熱到高溫，水就能變成蒸氣。 4．過去分詞作讓步狀語，在句中相當于一個讓步狀語從句。Left (＝Although he was left) alone at home，John didn’t feel afraid at all.雖然約翰被單獨留在家里，但他一點都不害怕。 5．過去分詞作方式、伴隨狀語。Followed by a group of students，the teacher entered the classroom.＝The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students.老師走進教室，后面跟著一群學生。 注意：過去分詞(短語)作狀語時，前面有時可以加上when，if，while，though，even if，until，unless等連詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作是一種省略的狀語從句(省略部分多為“主語＋be的多種形式”)。需要注意的是，省略的主語必須和主句的主語相同或是it。Even if invited(＝Even if I’m invited)，I won’t take part in the party.即使受到邀請，我也不會參加這個聚會的。 拓展　部分過去分詞來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語時不表示“被動關(guān)系”。這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有：lost in(陷入某種狀態(tài))、seated(坐著的)、hidden(躲著)、lost/absorbed(沉溺于)、dressed in(穿著)、tired of(厭煩了)等。 Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，she didn’t hear the sound.由于陷入沉思，所以她沒有聽到那個聲音。Dressed in a new dress，she looks very beautiful.穿著一件新衣服，她看上去很漂亮。 (二)過去分詞作狀語時的位置過去分詞作條件、原因及時間狀語時，通常放在句首；作伴隨、結(jié)果狀語時，通常放在句末；作方式狀語時，一般放在句末，有時也放在句首；作讓步狀語時，一般放在句首，有時也放在句末。Told that his mother was ill，Li Lei hurried home quickly.(原因狀語)得知母親生病了，李雷迅速趕回了家。The old man walked into the room，supported by his son.(方式狀語)老人在兒子的攙扶下走進了房間。 (三)過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別過去分詞與句子的主語之間存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，即表示被動；現(xiàn)在分詞與句子的主語之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即表示主動。助記　分詞作狀語記憶口訣分詞作狀語，主語是問題。前后兩動作，共用一主語。主語找出后，再來判關(guān)系。主動用-ing，被動用-ed。Used for a long time，the book looks old.(動賓關(guān)系)由于用了很長時間，這本書看上去陳舊。Using the book，I find it very useful.(主謂關(guān)系)在使用這本書時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)它很有用。注意：無論是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，其邏輯主語必須和句子的主語一致。如果不一致，則必須用狀語從句、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等其他表達形式。If caught，the police will punish the thief.(×)If caught，the thief will be punished by the police.(√)If the thief is caught，the police will punish him/her.(√) 三．練習Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．When I entered his room，he was _________(bury) in his books.2．The old man lay on the beach at ease，_______(expose) to the sun.3．He was________(discourage) when he heard his mother’s words.4．_______-(admit) into a key university，the girl was very excited and burst into tears.5．The child was clearly _______(puzzle) at being addressed(稱呼) in such a grown-up way.6．Not________-(know) what to do，the children had to wait for their parents to come back.7．__________(discuss) for many times，the problems were settled at last.8．The case shocked the public，________-(cause) a hot debate over human nature on the Internet.9．Steve arrived and sat in the front row，_______-(surround) by his family.(2019·江蘇)10．First_______(celebrate) in 1970，the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions (地區(qū))．(2019·北京)  Ⅱ.用括號內(nèi)所給動詞的適當形式填空As one of the greatest leaders of China，Song Qingling,11.____(bear) on 27th January 1893 in Shanghai was a well-known stateswoman.When she was young, she was much concerned about the future of China.Later she 12.______(take) part in many activities 13._______(fight) for the freedom of Chinese people.After the foundation of the PRC, she was completely devoted to the development of new China and 14.______(play) an important part in many activities.On 8th May 1981, she 15._______(die) in Beijing at the age of 88, which 16._______(bring) great sorrow to the Chinese people.17.________(honor) as one of the greatest women of the 20th century, she 18.__________(remember) by the Chinese people forever.  Ⅲ.用分詞(短語)作狀語改寫下列狀語從句1．I won’t go to the meeting，even if I am invited._____________________________________________2．If he is given time，he’ll make a first-class tennis player._____________________________________________ 3．Because he received the training of MS Company，he did well._____________________________________________ 4．A flood struck the area and thousands of people were left homeless._____________________________________________ 5．The president of the company came to the factory，and he was followed by some workers._____________________________________________  Ⅳ.單句寫作6．受到老師的責備，這個男孩非常難過。Blamed by the teacher，the boy was in low spirits.7．由于在事故中受傷了，這個運動員只好退出了比賽。Injured in the accident，the player had to drop out of the match.8．由于專心于科學研究事業(yè)，他沒有時間放松。Absorbed in his science research，he has no time to relax.9．如果再多給我?guī)追昼?，我會完成全部工作的?/span>Given a few more minutes，I’ll finish the whole work.10．我對昨晚看的電影很失望。我原以為它能好些。I was disappointed at the film I saw last night.I had expected it to be better.    
                                                                                                            buried  2.exposed   3.discouraged 4. Admitted 5. puzzled 6.  knowing  7.Discussed/Having been discussed 8. causing 9. surrounded  10.celebratedborn  12. took 13. to fight 14. played  15.died 16. brought  17.Honored  18.is remembered 1.→I won’t go to the meeting，even if invited.2.→Given time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.3.→Having received the training of MS Company，he did well.4.→A flood struck the area，leaving thousands of people homeless.5.→The president of the company came to the factory，followed by some workers. 

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