(一)課前自主學(xué)習(xí)

Ⅰ.閱讀單詞——————知其意
1．twin n．　　　 　　　 　 雙胞胎之一；孿生兒之一
adj. 成對的；成雙的
2．straightforward adj. 簡單的；直接的；坦率的
3．a(chǎn)rbitrary adj. 任意的
4．medium n. 媒介；手段；工具
5．fate n. 命運(yùn)；天命
6．cast vt. 扔；投；擲
7．conservative adj. 保守的；守舊的
8．constitution n. 憲法；章程
9．compulsory adj. 必須做的；義務(wù)的；強(qiáng)迫的；強(qiáng)制的
10．opera n. 歌?。桓鑴F(tuán)；歌劇院
11．chorus n. 合唱；合唱隊
12．loaf n. 一條(面包)
13．flour n. 面粉
14．impact n. 撞擊；沖擊；巨大的影響
15．feather n. 羽毛
16．turkey n. 火雞
17．hatch v. 孵出；孵卵；孵化
18．moral adj. 道德(上)的；倫理的
Ⅱ.重點(diǎn)單詞——————寫其形
1．exact adj. 精確的；準(zhǔn)確的
2．obtain vt. 獲得；贏得
3．a(chǎn)ttain vt. 獲得；到達(dá)(水平、年齡、狀況等)
4．forbid vt. 禁止；不準(zhǔn)
5．shortly adv. 立刻；不久
6．strike v. 打；撞擊；罷工
n. 罷工
7．undertake vt. 著手；從事；承擔(dān)
8．breakthrough n. 突破
9．a(chǎn)ltogether adv. 總共；完全地
10．vain adj. 虛榮的；自負(fù)的；徒勞的
11．owe vt. 欠(賬、錢、人情等)；歸功于
12．initial adj. 最初的；開始的
13．bother vt. 打擾
vi. 操心
n. 煩擾
14．merely adv. 僅；只；不過
15．unable adj. 不能的；不會的
16．drawback n．[縱聯(lián)1] 缺點(diǎn)；不利條件
17．a(chǎn)dore vt. 崇拜；愛慕；喜愛
Ⅲ.拓展單詞——————通其變
1．differ vi.不同；相異→different adj.不同的→difference n．差異；不同
2．identical adj.同一的；一模一樣的→identity n．身份；同一性；一致
3．commercial adj.商業(yè)的；貿(mào)易的→commerce n．商業(yè)；貿(mào)易
4．complicated adj.復(fù)雜的；難懂的→complicate vt.使復(fù)雜化
5．correction n．改正；糾正；修正→correct adj.正確的 v．改正
6．object vi.反對；不贊成→objection n．不贊成；反對；異議[縱聯(lián)2]
7．a(chǎn)ccumulate v．積累；聚積→accumulation n．積累；增加[縱聯(lián)3]
8．retire vi.退休；離開→retirement n．退休；引退
9．a(chǎn)ssumption n．假定；設(shè)想→assume vt.假定；設(shè)想[縱聯(lián)4]
10．regulation n．規(guī)則；規(guī)章；法規(guī)→regulate vt.調(diào)節(jié)；管理
11．popularity n．受人喜愛；流行→popular adj.流行的；通俗的；受歡迎的
12．resist vt.抵抗；對抗→resistance n．抵抗；對抗→resistant adj.有抵抗力的；抵制的[縱聯(lián)5]
13．decoration n．裝飾；裝修→decorate v．裝飾；裝修
14．reasonable adj.合情理的；講道理的；公道的→reason n．原因；道理

縱聯(lián)1.“動詞＋副詞”合成名詞還挺多
①drawback缺點(diǎn)　　　　　　　 ②breakdown崩潰；故障
③checkout付款處 ④feedback反饋
⑤set-up計劃；組織 ⑥break-up分手；中斷
⑦get-together 聚會 ⑧workout 鍛煉
縱聯(lián)2.學(xué)會“反對”和“拒絕”
①object vi. 反對 ②oppose v. 反對
③against prep.反對 ④disagree vi. 不同意
⑤reject vt.拒絕 ⑥r(nóng)efuse v. 拒絕
⑦decline v. 婉拒
縱聯(lián)3.積少成多
①accumulate vt.& vi. 積累
②increase vt.& vi. 增長
③enlarge vt.& vi. 擴(kuò)大；放大
④expand vt.& vi. 擴(kuò)大；膨脹
縱聯(lián)4.動詞變名詞的不規(guī)則變化
①assume→assumption 假定
②describe→description 描述
③explain→explanation 解釋
④pronounce→pronunciation 發(fā)音
縱聯(lián)5.以-sist結(jié)尾的動詞你記住了嗎？
①resist抵抗 ②insist堅持
③persist堅持 ④assist協(xié)助
⑤consist由……組成

單元話題——克隆
子話題　克隆技術(shù)
①biotechnology n. 　　　　 　 生物科技
②transplant n．&vt. 移植
③technological adj. 技術(shù)的
④potential adj. 潛在的
⑤innovation n. 科技創(chuàng)新
⑥digital adj. 數(shù)字的；數(shù)碼的
⑦artificial adj. 人工的
⑧intelligence n. 智能
⑨high-tech adj. 高技術(shù)的；高科技的
⑩device n. 裝置；設(shè)備
?appliance n. 器具；器械
?gene n. 基因
?beneficial adj. 有利的；有益的
?advantage n. 優(yōu)點(diǎn)；優(yōu)勢
?disadvantage n. 缺點(diǎn)；劣勢
?advanced adj. 先進(jìn)的
[學(xué)考對接·活學(xué)活用]
高考采擷(一)　閱讀中的詞匯應(yīng)用
1．(2018·天津高考閱讀C)With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated? chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for 　?　 (decorate) on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly? the same，” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
①寫出加彩在句中的詞性和含義：adj.復(fù)雜的
②用decorate的適當(dāng)形式填空：decoration；常考短語be decorated with意為：用……裝飾
③exactly在句中為副詞，意為：確切地，寫出在本單元中的形容詞：exact
2．(2017·北京高考閱讀C)The 　?　 (resist) to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.
Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out (決定不參加) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow? parents to get an exemption (豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object? to a vaccine.
Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new 　? (regulate) for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.
①用resist的適當(dāng)形式填空：resistance
②寫出加彩詞在本單元的反義詞：forbid；聯(lián)想一下，表示“禁止和禁令”的單詞還有prohibit,_ban
③object在此處為動詞，意為：反對，名詞形式為：objection
④用regulate的適當(dāng)形式填空：regulations
高考采擷(二)　寫作中的詞匯應(yīng)用
(根據(jù)漢語及提示詞翻譯句子)
1．(2018·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))各國對餐桌禮儀的觀點(diǎn)大相徑庭。(differ)
Opinions_on__table_manners_differ_greatly_from_country_to_country.
2．(2016·江蘇高考書面表達(dá))人們可以在網(wǎng)上投票支持他們崇拜的人。(cast, adore)
People_can_cast_on-line_votes_themselves_in_favour_of_those_they_adore.
(二)課堂重點(diǎn)釋疑
1．object vi.反對；不贊成 n．物體；目標(biāo)
[記牢]
(1)object to　　　　　　　　 反對；不贊成
(2)objection n. 反對；異議；不贊成
have/take/make an objection to (doing) sth. 對(做)某事表示反對
raise an objection to sth. 對某事提出異議
(3)objective adj. 客觀的；無偏見的；真實(shí)的；賓格的
[練通]
單句語法填空
①A majority of students objected to being_arranged (arrange) for extra lessons during holidays and weekends.
②As far as I'm concerned, I have an objection (object) to charging for parking.
單句改錯
③But something made her look closer, and she noticed shining object. noticed后加a
④Sometimes, some students object the idea that English classes are taught in English.object后加to
[用準(zhǔn)]　object表示“反對”時，為不及物動詞，加賓語時需加介詞to，而oppose表示“反對”時，為及物動詞，可直接加賓語。
[寫美]　翻譯句子
⑤(2018·江蘇高考書面表達(dá))對于排名持客觀態(tài)度是有必要的。
It_is_necessary_to_hold_an_objective_attitude_towards_ratings.
2．forbid vt.(forbade, forbad; forbidden) 禁止；不準(zhǔn)
[記牢]
(1)forbid doing sth.　　　　　 禁止做某事
forbid sb. to do sth.＝forbid sb. from doing sth.
禁止某人做某事
(2)forbidden adj. 禁止的；不準(zhǔn)的
[練通]　單句語法填空
①It is high time that we forbade setting (set) off fireworks in urban areas!
②You are forbidden to_leave (leave) the room unless you apologize for what you have done.
[用準(zhǔn)]　forbid后不能直接跟動詞不定式作賓語，但可直接跟動名詞作賓語，也可用forbid sb. to do sth.形式，有類似用法的單詞還有：allow, permit, advise等。
[寫美]　補(bǔ)全句子
③我認(rèn)為禁止商店和超市提供免費(fèi)的塑料購物袋是必要的。
I think it necessary to forbid_shops_and_supermarkets_from_offering free plastic shopping bags.
3．owe vt.欠(賬、錢、人情等)；歸功于……；應(yīng)感謝
[記牢]
owe sth. to sb.　　　　　　 把某事歸功于某人
owe it to sb. that ... 把……歸功于某人
owing to 因為；由于
[練通]
單句語法填空
①M(fèi)y English teacher is such a great soul, to whom I owe many thanks.
②I must say I owe all the achievements to the encouragement and help from my colleagues and friends.
單句改錯
③I owe it to you what I have made great progress in my English. what→that
[寫美]　補(bǔ)全句子
④(2015·江蘇高考書面表達(dá))盡管大規(guī)模地建造了道路和高速公路，但是由于近些年來汽車數(shù)量不斷增長，所以仍然有許多改進(jìn)的空間。
In spite of the large-scale construction of roads and highways, there is still much room for improvement, owing_to_the_ever_increasing_number_of_cars_these_years.
4．bother vt.打擾vi.操心 n．煩擾
[記牢]
bother to do sth.　　　　　　　 操心/費(fèi)心做某事
bother doing sth. 費(fèi)心做某事
bother sb. with sth. 用某事打擾某人
bother sb. to do sth. 麻煩某人做某事
[練通]　單句語法填空
①He is always bothering me to_lend_ (lend) him money.
②Don't bother to_look/looking (look) for my umbrella, and it will turn up some day.
③Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students to talk over what is_bothering (bother) them.
[寫美]　補(bǔ)全句子
④(2016·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))我確實(shí)需要你寶貴的建議，希望不會打擾你太多。
I do need your valuable suggestions, hoping_it_won't_bother_you_much.
5．strike v．(struck, struck)打；撞擊；罷工；襲擊；報時n.罷工
[記牢]
be struck by　　　　　　　　　　 被……打動/迷住了
it strikes/hits/occurs to sb. that ... 某人突然想起……
strike ... into one's heart 使……刻骨銘心
[練通]　單句語法填空
①It struck me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team.
②Struck (strike) by the beauty of the West Lake, we stopped to admire it.
③Meeting my dear teachers and fellow students after so many years was indeed a warm occasion, one I'd strike into my heart forever.
④(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)Just before September, Miller was_struck (strike) by a car and lost his right arm.
[寫美]　翻譯句子
⑤(2018·北京高考書面表達(dá))所有的國際學(xué)生都被我的介紹深深地迷住了。
All_the_international_students_were_deeply_struck_by_my_introduction.
[詞匯過關(guān)綜合訓(xùn)練]　 　
Ⅰ.單詞拼寫
1．With medical breakthrough (突破), people are living a healthier and longer life.
2．As is well known to all, there are altogether (總共) seven continents in the world.
3．Our school is a non-smoking school.So smoking is forbidden (禁止的) here.
4．Economists are working on the assumption (假設(shè)) of an interest rate cut.
5．I think our offer is reasonable (合情理的) and realistic and you shouldn't turn it down.
6．This question is quite straightforward (簡單的), while that one is much more complicated.
7．But just as a coin has two sides, Internet has its own drawbacks (缺點(diǎn)) which should not be neglected.
8．In fact, traffic rules are part of rules and regulations (規(guī)章) closely related to public order.
Ⅱ.單句語法填空
1．Does it bother you that the man is always asking to borrow money from you?
2．In view of our long business relation, we do not object to another negotiation.
3．When climbing Mount Huang, all the tourists were_struck (strike) by its beauty.
4．Do you know any differences (differ) between British English and American English?
5．The organization could undertake to_direct (direct) the distribution of aid.
6．Our strength is from many sources, but most of all, we owe our success to the creativity of our people.
7．The new clothes in the shop are so beautiful that Anna can't resist taking (take) a closer look at them.
8．But the hardest part lay in my oral presentation from my memory — for to read from the paper was_forbidden (forbid).
Ⅲ.單句改錯
1．What the teachers have done has great impact on their students in the future.great前加a
2．Owe to the recent bad weather, the project is several weeks behind schedule._Owe→Owing
3．By the end of last week, we had learnt 3,000 English words for altogether.去掉for
4．He travelled all over the nation after he retired at work.at→from
5．Only if the students accumulate up a great deal of vocabulary can they grasp English.去掉up
Ⅳ.根據(jù)提示補(bǔ)全/翻譯句子
1．他們反對坐公共汽車去那兒，因為會花費(fèi)很長時間。(object)
They objected_to_going_there_by_bus because it would take a long time.
2．在過去的10年中，他積累了大量的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗。(accumulate)
He has_accumulated_a_lot_of_teaching_experience during the past 10 years.
3．最讓他心煩的是沒人操心告訴他更改了的時間表。(bother)
What upset him most was that nobody had_bothered_to_tell_him about the changed timetable.
4．我突然想起家中沒有人。(strike)
It_struck__me_that_there_was_no_one_at_home.
5．他把他的成功歸功于他的努力和耐心。(owe)
He_owes_his_success_to_his_hard_work_and_patience.

(一)課前自主學(xué)習(xí)

1．object_to　　　　　　　　　 反對；不贊成
[串記1] 得到好結(jié)果；取得成功；償清
[串記2] 白費(fèi)力氣；枉費(fèi)心機(jī)
4．in_favour_of 贊成；支持
5．from_time_to_time 不時；偶爾
6．bring_back_to_life 使復(fù)生；使復(fù)活
7．cast_down 使失望；使沮喪
8．(be)_bound_to_(do)_．.. 一定或注定(做)……
9．strike_..._into_one's_heart 使……刻骨銘心
10．in_good/poor_condition 狀況很好(壞)；情況很好(壞)
[同根短語串記]
串記1.“v.＋off”短語薈萃
①pay off償清；取得成功　　　 ②cut off切斷
③take off脫下；起飛 ④turn off關(guān)閉
⑤put off推遲 ⑥move off啟動；離開
⑦give off發(fā)出(光、熱、氣味等) ⑧fall off下降；跌落
⑨show off炫耀；賣弄 ⑩call off取消
?go off離開；變質(zhì) ?leave off停止
串記2.“in＋名詞”短語小聚
①in vain白費(fèi)力氣 ②in relief如釋重負(fù)地
③in short總之；簡言之 ④in trouble陷入麻煩
⑤in need在困難中；急需 ⑥in danger在危險中
⑦in advance事先；提前 ⑧in order秩序井然

1．in their research procedure 在他們的研究步驟中
2．raise a storm of objections 引起了一陣強(qiáng)烈的反對
3．have a great impact on 對……產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響
4．either ... or ... 既……又……
5．pass on 傳給
6．lead ... life 過……的生活
7．the chance of ……的可能性
8．opened everybody's eyes 打開了人們的眼界

1．Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.
克隆植物簡單，而克隆動物非常復(fù)雜。
2．Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.
接著傳來了多莉病重的壞消息。
3．What do_you_think is the writer's point of view in this reading passage?
你認(rèn)為在這篇閱讀材料中作者的觀點(diǎn)是什么？
4．Diversity in a group means having animals with_their_genes_arranged_in_different_ways.
種群多樣性是指種群中動物的基因以不同的方式排列。
5．The_advantage_is_that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die ...
其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是如果發(fā)生某種新的疾病，這類動物中的一些可能會死掉……
[學(xué)考對接·活學(xué)活用]
高考采擷(一)　完形中的短語(詞匯替換/補(bǔ)全句子)
1．(2017·天津高考完形填空)Influenced by her story, I created the As We Heal (痊愈), the World Heals project. My goal was to lose 150 pounds in one year and raise D|S50,000 in support of a movement founded 30 years ago to end hunger. (用本單元短語替換加彩部分) in_favour_of
2．(2014·天津高考完形填空)My mother is now back with us. But I will never forget what the experience has really taught me. Sacrifices pay_off (取得好結(jié)果) in the end.
高考采擷(二)　寫作中的短語和句式(翻譯句子)
1．(2018·北京高考書面表達(dá))在中國，你一定會有一次難忘且有收獲的經(jīng)歷。(be bound to)
_You_are_bound_to_have_an_unforgettable_and_rewarding_experience_in_China.
2．(2016·浙江高考書面表達(dá))計劃的好處在于它詳細(xì)地告訴我們?nèi)绾巫鑫覀兿胱龅氖虑椤?that引導(dǎo)的表語從句)
The advantage of planning is that it tells us in detail how we do what we want to do.
3．(2018·北京高考書面表達(dá))很快，茶室變得熱鬧起來，每個國際學(xué)生都想自己泡茶。(with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))
Soon_the_tea_room_became_lively_with_every_international_student_trying_to_make_their_own_tea.
(二)課堂重點(diǎn)釋疑
[短語集釋]
1．pay off得到好結(jié)果；取得成功；償清
[記牢]
pay for　　　　　　　　　 付錢；為……付出代價
pay a visit to 參觀；拜訪
pay attention to 注意；留心
[練通]
單句語法填空
①Will you please pay a visit to Tianjin again so that we may meet again?
②I'd also like to know how much I have to pay for the course and whether accommodation is included.
單句改錯
③As students, we should pay more attentions to our habits which we develop in our study.attentions→attention
[用準(zhǔn)]　pay off表示“得到好結(jié)果；取得成功”時是不及物動詞短語，不用于被動語態(tài)。
[寫美]　補(bǔ)全句子
④正如諺語所說，有志者事竟成。我們的努力早晚會得到回報。
As a proverb goes, where there is a will, there is a way. Our efforts will pay off sooner or later.
2．in good/poor condition狀況很好(壞)；情況很好(壞)
[記牢]
out of condition　　　　　 健康狀況欠佳
on no condition 一點(diǎn)也不；決不(放在句首時，用部分倒裝語序)
on condition that ... 在……條件下；倘若
[練通]
單句語法填空
①What I want you to realize is that everybody is likely to be in poor condition.
②They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend.
③He said he was out of condition and was unable to take part in the sports meeting.
補(bǔ)全句子
④The teacher always warns us, “On no condition can_we_give_up our dreams.”
老師總是告誡我們：“我們絕不能放棄我們的夢想?！?br /> [寫美]　翻譯句子
⑤(2018·江蘇高考書面表達(dá))只要我們恰當(dāng)使用這些排名(ratings)，它們在很多方面對我們是有利的。
On_condition_that_we_use_these_ratings_properly,_they_will_benefit_us_in_many_ways.
[句式集釋]
that引導(dǎo)的表語從句
[教材原句]　The_advantage_is_that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die, but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation.
[悟拓展例句]
(1)The advantage of smiling is that it can not only make us happy, but also please others.
(2)(2018·江蘇高考)By boat is the only way to get here, which is how we arrived.
(3)(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)But good news is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home.
(4)(2018·北京高考)This is what my father has taught me — to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
[析用法規(guī)則]
用法歸納
(1)that引導(dǎo)表語從句時，that在句中無詞義，但通常不能省略。
(2)除了經(jīng)常考查that引導(dǎo)的表語從句外，what，where, how, why, because引導(dǎo)的表語從句也是考查的重點(diǎn)。做這一類題目的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在于理清句子的邏輯關(guān)系和句意。
注意事項
另外，that還可以引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句等。如：(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
[背寫作佳句]
(1)(2018·北京高考書面表達(dá))The reason why I think Beijing Language and Culture University is an ideal place for you is that the university is known for its language and culture courses intended for international students.(要點(diǎn)句)
(2)(2018·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))I have the confidence that you will have a great time. (總結(jié)句)
[詞塊、句式過關(guān)綜合訓(xùn)練]　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Ⅰ.選詞填空
in good condition， be bound to， pay off， cast down， in vain， in favour of， bring back to life， from time to time， strike ...into one's heart， object to
1．I feel stressed from_time_to_time. Could you offer me some suggestions?
2．To avoid accidents, it's important to check that all your tools are in_good_condition before starting.
3．Don't let yourself be cast_down by a small failure in the experiment. Try again.
4．In ancient times, people believed that they could be brought_back_to_life after death.
5．Keep on working hard like this, and your research is_bound_to obtain great success.
6．The athlete's years of hard training paid_off when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.
7．Mount Tai struck its beauty into_her_heart and she decided to visit it again the next year.
8．All efforts will be in_vain if we can't learn English by practicing repeatedly.
9．There were 16 votes in_favour_of my suggestion, and 15 against it.
10．She made it clear that she objected_to the proposal, for it was useless and unrealistic.
Ⅱ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換/補(bǔ)全句子
1．I have lost his address, and it is a trouble.
→The trouble is that_I_have_lost_his_address.
2．He wants to study abroad. His parents prefer him to stay at home.
→He wants to study abroad while his parents prefer him to stay at home.
3．Many people are going to help us, and we are sure to finish it in time.
→With so many people to_help_us,_we are sure to finish it in time.
4．The teacher came in and then the lesson began.
→ In_came the teacher and the lesson began.
5．你認(rèn)為上面哪件事是最有趣的？
Which of the events above do_you_think will be the funniest?
Ⅲ.分步寫作
假定你是李華，你班最近就“To clone or not to clone”展開了激烈地辯論?，F(xiàn)請你給一家英文報社的編輯寫一封信，告訴他你班同學(xué)對克隆的不同觀點(diǎn)，并表達(dá)自己的看法。
注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；
2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。
第一步：準(zhǔn)確審題，理行文脈絡(luò)，擬寫作要點(diǎn)
1．審題：①文體：議論文　②人稱：主要是第三人稱
③時態(tài)：主要是一般現(xiàn)在時
2．本文沒有給出具體的寫作要點(diǎn)，比較開放，需要從題目中提煉要點(diǎn)，這很容易造成要點(diǎn)遺漏，因此審題擬點(diǎn)很關(guān)鍵。通過審讀題目，可從以下4個要點(diǎn)來寫作：
要點(diǎn)1：引出寫作話題(對于是否應(yīng)該克隆進(jìn)行了討論)。
要點(diǎn)2：闡述贊同者的理由(對人類和瀕危生物有益)。
要點(diǎn)3：闡述反對者的理由(會產(chǎn)生社會問題)。
要點(diǎn)4：表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)(利用克隆造福人類)。
要點(diǎn)1：最近我們班就“是否應(yīng)該克隆”展開了一場激烈的辯論。
Recently_in_our_class,_there_is_a_heated_debate_about_“To_clone_or_not_to_clone”．
要點(diǎn)2－①：一些同學(xué)相信克隆對人類大有益處。
Some_students_believe_cloning_is_of_great_benefit_to_human_beings.
要點(diǎn)2－②：它也能幫助瀕危的野生生物。
It_can_also_help_the_wildlife_in_danger.
要點(diǎn)3－①：另外一些人反對克隆，因為他們認(rèn)為會出現(xiàn)很多社會問題。
Others_are_against_cloning_because_they_think_that_many_social_problems_may_arise.
要點(diǎn)3－②：他們擔(dān)心的是我們或許會生產(chǎn)出一個超人人種。(主語從句作主語)
What_they_worry_is_that_we_may_produce_a_superhuman_race.
要點(diǎn)4：既然克隆是一個科學(xué)突破，我認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該盡全力利用好它為人類造福。(draw upon)
Since_cloning_is_a_scientific_breakthrough,_I_think_that_we_should_do_our_best_to_draw_upon_it_well_to_help_human_beings.
第二步：添加細(xì)節(jié)，文意更豐滿，表達(dá)更亮眼
為使內(nèi)容更充實(shí)，我們需要對要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行適度拓展。,要點(diǎn)2－①可以添加which引導(dǎo)的定語從句來說明具體的好處；要點(diǎn)2－②可以添加so that引導(dǎo)的狀語從句來表達(dá)幫助野生生物的目的；要點(diǎn)3－①可以添加if條件狀語從句(如果技術(shù)應(yīng)用失控)；要點(diǎn)3－②可以添加that引導(dǎo)的定語從句(替代我們)。
拓展要點(diǎn)2－①：一些同學(xué)相信克隆對人類大有益處，可以被用來治愈一些嚴(yán)重疾病。(which引導(dǎo)定語從句)
Some_students_believe_cloning_is_of_great_benefit_to_human_beings,_which_can_be_used_to_cure_some_serious_diseases.
拓展要點(diǎn)2－②：它也能幫助瀕危的野生生物，以便我們能夠在世界上有越來越多的野生生物。(so that引導(dǎo)狀語從句)
It_can_also_help_the_wildlife_in_danger_so_that_we_can_have_more_and_more_wildlife_in_the_world.
拓展要點(diǎn)3－①：另外一些人反對克隆，因為他們認(rèn)為如果這種技術(shù)的應(yīng)用失去控制就會出現(xiàn)很多社會問題。(if引導(dǎo)狀語從句， get out of control)
Others_are_against_cloning_because_they_think_that_many_social_problems_may_arise_if_the_use_of_this_technology_gets_out_of_control.
拓展要點(diǎn)3－②：他們擔(dān)心的是我們或許會生產(chǎn)出一個會替代我們的超人人種。(that引導(dǎo)定語從句)
What_they_worry_is_that_we_may_produce_a_superhuman_race_that_could_replace_us.
第三步：連句成文，排語句順序，重銜接過渡
本寫作可采用四段式結(jié)構(gòu)組織全文。根據(jù)句子間的邏輯關(guān)系可對要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)整合，并且可增加銜接詞如 besides， however， in my opinion把各個要點(diǎn)銜接起來，使文章過渡自然，上下連貫。
Dear_editor，
Recently_in_our_class,_there_is_a_heated_debate_about_“To_clone_or_not_to_clone”．
Some_students_believe_cloning_is_of_great_benefit_to_human_beings,_which_can_be_used_to_cure_some_serious_diseases.Besides,_it_can_also_help_the_wildlife_in_danger_so_that_we_can_have_more_and_more_wildlife_in_the_world.
However,_others_are_against_cloning_because_they_think_that_many_social_problems_may_arise_if_the_use_of_this_technology_gets_out_of_control.What_they_worry_is_that_we_may_produce_a_superhuman_race_that_could_replace_us.
In_my_opinion,_since_cloning_is_a_scientific_breakthrough,_I_think_that_we_should_do_our_best_to_draw_upon_it_well_to_help_human_beings.
Yours_sincerely，
Li_Hua

掌握閱讀技能之(四)　復(fù)現(xiàn)
復(fù)現(xiàn)是完形文章中詞匯的一種銜接手段，即表達(dá)相同意思的詞匯在文章的不同地方出現(xiàn)。復(fù)現(xiàn)可以是相同的詞重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，也可以是用不同的詞表達(dá)相同的意思。
一、復(fù)現(xiàn)在命題中的運(yùn)用——指明閱讀方向
1．挖空的詞大多是未挖空詞的再現(xiàn)和重復(fù)
一般來說，在一篇完整的文章中，單詞和語句共同構(gòu)成一張語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在這個語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)里，很多詞都有不同形式的再現(xiàn)和重復(fù)。命題組的老師根據(jù)文章上下文構(gòu)成的語義場，選取那些重復(fù)的詞、那些在其他地方有或明或暗提示的詞。有選擇地找出那些詞，將它們挖掉，供考生處理的空格也就出來了。
[高考典例]　(2014·山東卷)So in 1887, she appealed to the Manitoba Legislature to__38__a licence to her but they, too, refused. Charlotte 39(continued) to practise without a licence until 1912. She died four years later at the age of 73.
In 1993, 77 years after her40(death),_a medical licence was issued to Charlotte.
38．A.sell　　　B．donate　　　C．issue　　　D．show
解析：選C　命題人之所以挖38空是因為下文40空后有“a medical licence was issued to Charlotte”，38空的issue正是此句中“issued”的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)。
2．未設(shè)空的文字一定是重要線索
一篇二、三百詞的文章挖空后，不能影響到考生對全文大意和主旨的把握。為了保證題目可解，待選空格的內(nèi)容實(shí)際上必須要在保留的殘缺不全的文章中給出提示，這就是命題者遵循的“重復(fù)原則”。依據(jù)這一原則，每一個空格所對應(yīng)的正確選項應(yīng)該在文章中其他句子或段落中有所再現(xiàn)和重復(fù)，“重復(fù)原則”是完形填空解題的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)。
[高考典例]　(2014·重慶卷)Also be cautious about expressing __34__. Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly.
34．A.emotions 　B．concern C．interest D．views
解析：選A　命題人之所以挖此空格，是因為34空后的句子“Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly.”為本空的解題提供重要的線索，即getting angry是一種情感(emotion)。

二、復(fù)現(xiàn)在解題中的運(yùn)用——提高閱讀能力
復(fù)現(xiàn)是一種語境銜接手段，它通過原詞、同義詞或近義詞、反義詞、上義詞、下義詞、同源詞或同根詞等形式，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)來表達(dá)某一概念，使整篇文章上下連貫，有機(jī)地銜接在一起。因此，考生可根據(jù)文章的具體情況，理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語境，利用文章中的復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象來選擇正確的答案。
1．原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)——在上下文中同一詞匯重復(fù)出現(xiàn)
[高考典例]　(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits ...
... I managed to get an A in that __53__ and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 54(classroom).
53．A.game B．presentation
C．course D．experiment
分析：本題可以利用原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。根據(jù)選文首句中的“the education department was offering a ‘free’ course”可知，“我”設(shè)法在那門“課程”上獲得了A，此處是course的原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，故選C項。
2．同/近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)——意思相同、相近的表達(dá)方式，或者解釋性的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)
[高考典例]　(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)The baby was born and update texts were 47(coming_in) quickly from the overjoyed grandmother, Teresa.In her __48__， she didn't seem to realize that she was 49(sharing) the baby's photos with a complete stranger.
48．A.opinion B．a(chǎn)nxiety
C．excitement D．effort
分析：本題可以利用近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。根據(jù)上文中的“the overjoyed grandmother”可知，此處填入的詞應(yīng)與“overjoyed (欣喜若狂的)”在語義范疇上一致，故選C項。
3．同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)——詞形變化的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)
[高考典例]　(2016·北京卷)It was a cold January in 1925 in Nome, Alaska.The town was cut off from the rest of the world due to heavy snow.
...
How could the medicine get to Nome? The town's 39(harbor) was already full of ice, so it couldn't come by ship.Cars and horses couldn't travel on the __40__roads.
40．A.narrow 　B．snowy C．busy D．dirty
分析：本題可以利用同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。根據(jù)選文第一段可知，大雪覆蓋了道路，切斷了小鎮(zhèn)與外界的聯(lián)系，故汽車和馬無法在滿是雪的(snowy)道路上行進(jìn)，空格處與第一段最后一個單詞snow是同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選B。
4．上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)——總括與分述的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)
[高考典例]　(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)Sitting back in the car on the way to the airport, I figured it all out.Rani's __59__— her warm smile, her nods, her ‘I'm here for you’ 60(attitude) — were all silent signals that didn't travel through wires.
59．A.forgiveness B．eagerness
C．friendliness D．skillfulness
分析：本題可以利用上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。根據(jù)下文“她溫暖的微笑，她的點(diǎn)頭，她的‘我在這里為你我服務(wù)’的態(tài)度”等表明瑞妮很友好(friendliness)，故選C。其中smile，nod等是下義詞(具體行為)，friendliness是上義詞(概括)。
5．反義詞——詞義相反的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)
[高考典例]　(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)I had advised the kids that while verbs (動詞) may seem dull, most of the__50__things they do throughout their lives will be verbs.
50．A.simple 　　B．unique 　C．fun D．clever
分析：本題可以利用反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。根據(jù)前面的while(雖然)可知，空格處所在句與前面為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，應(yīng)填與dull(無聊的，枯燥無味的)意思上相反的詞fun，表示“有趣的，令人快樂的”。故選C。


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