2021版新高考地區(qū)高考英語（北師大通用版）一輪復習學案：Unit9　Wheels-學案下載-教習網(wǎng)

一、語基必備知識
(一)重點詞匯——分類記憶
Ⅰ.閱讀詞匯——知其意
1．jam n．　　　　　　　　阻塞，擁擠
2．flat adj. 平的
3．parking n. 停車場
4．baggage n. 行李
5．platform n. 站臺，月臺
6．a(chǎn)mbassador n. 大使
7．gentle adj. 和善的，溫和的
8．interpreter n. 譯員，口譯者
9．timetable n. 時間表
10．content n. 容納的東西；目錄
11．operator n. 操作人員，接線員
12．essay n. 散文
13．pavement n. 人行道
14．physical adj. 身體的；物質的
15．fare n. 票價，車費
Ⅱ.核心詞匯——寫其形
1．therefore adv. 所以，因此
2．hopeful adj. (人)抱有希望的
3．wherever conj. 無論在何處，無論到哪里
4．insert vt. 插入，嵌入
5．a(chǎn)rrest vt. 逮捕，拘留
6．sensitive adj. 善解人意的；敏感的
7．vocabulary n. 詞匯；詞匯量
8．schedule n. 時間表；進度表
9．chapter n. 章節(jié)
10．a(chǎn)mount n. 數(shù)量
11．figure n. 數(shù)字，數(shù)目
12．somehow adv. 以某種方式
13．whichever pron. 無論哪個
14．damage vt.& n. 損害，損失
15．nowhere adv. 無處，任何地方都不
Ⅲ.拓展詞匯——通其變
1．a(chǎn)ctually adv. 實際地，真實地→actual adj. 實際的
2．benefit vi.& n. 得益；好處→beneficial adj. 有好處的
3．convenient adj. 方便的，便利的→convenience n. 方便，便利
4．consequence n. 后果，結果→consequent adj. 因……而引起的
5．a(chǎn)rgue vi. 爭辯，爭吵→argument n. 理由；依據(jù)；爭論，爭辯
6．reliable adj. 可靠的→rely vi. 依靠，依賴
7．a(chǎn)ppreciate vt. 感謝；欣賞→appreciation n. 感激；評價
8．construction n. 建筑；建筑物→construct vt. 建造，建筑→constructor n. 建造者；制造者
9．physical adj. 身體的；物質的→physicist n. 物理學家→physics n. 物理學；物理現(xiàn)象
10．a(chǎn)dmit vt. 承認，供認→admission n. 承認
11．a(chǎn)ddicted adj. 沉溺于……的→addict vi.& n. 使沉溺，使上癮；癮君子→addiction n. 癮，沉溺；癖好→addictive adj. 上癮的
12．occupy vt. 占用(空間、面積、時間等)→occupied adj. 使用中的；有人使用(或居住)的→occupation n. 職業(yè)
13．suit vt. 適合→suitable adj. 適合的
14．frequent adj.時常發(fā)生的→ frequently adv. 經(jīng)常地；頻繁地

1.“因此”家族
①therefore adv. 因此；所以
②so conj. 因此；所以
③thus adv. 因此；于是
④consequently adv.
所以；因此
⑤as a result 結果；因此
2.由vocabulary想到的
①word　　單詞
②phrase 短語
③sentence 句子
④idiom 習語
⑤proverb 諺語
3.“感謝”家庭
①grateful adj.感激的　gratitude n．　　　感激
②appreciate v. 感激；感謝 appreciation n. 感激
③thank v．& n. 感謝 thankful adj. 感激的
④acknowledge v. 感謝 acknowledgment n. 感謝
(二)重點短語——記牢用活
1．be__in__touch__with　　　　　　　和……有聯(lián)系
2．go__through 通過，經(jīng)過
3．(be)__stressed__out 緊張的，有壓力的
4．compared__to/with 和……相比
5．in__conclusion 總之，最后
6．be__obsessed__with/be__addicted__to 沉迷于，沉醉于
7．bring...to__life 使……復活/蘇醒
8．fed__up 不愉快的，厭煩的
9．rely__on 依賴，依靠
10．work__out 鍛煉身體，做運動；
制定出；計算出
11．pull__up (車輛)停止，停車
12．pull__out (火車)駛離車站，出站
13．so__far 迄今為止
14．take__place 舉行；發(fā)生
15．go__up 上升
16．on__average 平均；通常

1.“總之”說法種種
①in a word
②as a whole
③all in all
④in conclusion
⑤in short/brief
⑥in general
2.“on＋n.”短語精選
①on average　　　　平均；通常
②on business 出差；做生意
③on sale 出售
④on duty 值日，值班
⑤on guard (保持)警惕
⑥on display/show 展示
3.life短語一覽
①give one’s life to　　　為……獻身
②devote one’s life to 為……獻身；致力于
③bring...to life 使復活；使活躍起來
④come to life 復活；復蘇
⑤true to life 逼真
⑥lose one’s life 犧牲
(三)重點句式——背熟巧用

句型公式
教材原句
句型1：wherever表示“無論在哪里，無論到哪里”，相當于no matter where，引導讓步狀語從句
Wherever someone finished a journey they would leave the bike there for someone else to use.
無論人們在哪里騎完一段路程，他們就把那輛自行車放在那里以便他人使用。
句型2：過去分詞或形容詞(短語)作狀語
How often do we arrive at work or school stressed__out,__tired__and__angry？
有多少次我們在極度焦慮、疲憊、惱怒的狀態(tài)下到達單位或學校？
句型3：compared to/with...在句中作狀語，意為“與……相比”
But anger and stress are nothing compared__to the real costs of the motor car.
但是比起汽車的實際代價，憤怒和緊張還是微不足道的。
句型4：before引導時間狀語從句
Think before you go.
想好了再去。
句型5：It is/was...that/who...強調句型
Before 1908，when Ford’s cars became available to the public，it__was only the very rich who could afford to own a car.
1908年福特汽車問世以前，只有非常有錢的人才能買得起汽車。
二、語境強化訓練
Ⅰ.語境填詞——根據(jù)提示寫出該詞的適當形式
1．With his reputation damaged(損害), he regretted having done so.
2．Her assistant was accused of theft and arrested(逮捕) by the police.
3．(2019·全國卷Ⅲ)Questions about subject content(內容) are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus(教學大綱) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn’t hiding in plain sight.
4．We had intended to do everything according to the schedule(時間表), but it didn’t go on as planned.
5．In the absence of actual data，no reliance can be placed on such figures(數(shù)字)．
6．In this resort you can enjoy all the comfort and convenience(convenient) of modern tourism.
7．(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)Knowing the history of the Tang Dynasty will be very beneficial(benefit) to your understanding of the poems.
8．(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation(appreciate) for his strange and delightful worlds.
9．Only after a long argument(argue) did he agree with us.
10．(2018·天津卷)Since you have just won the first prize in the Robotics Competition and have shown great talent in designing robots, you are the most suitable(suit) person.
Ⅱ.派生詞練習——用所給詞的適當形式填空
1．My mother is a teacher by occupation and her time is fully occupied with his students.How to teach her students well always occupies her mind.(occupy)
2．These constructors planned to construct a tall building here and it would be under construction soon.(construct)
3．The boy liked physics and wanted to be a physicist．But he had physical and mental problems under great pressure.(physics)
4．Nowadays，many people are addicted to WeChat Moments. WeChat Moments are really addictive,__so we must try our best to deal with the addiction to it.(addict)
5．I can say it is of great benefit to share your feelings with someone you trust, which is also beneficial to your mental health.(benefit)
Ⅲ.選詞成篇
on average; so far; take place; pull up; go up; rely on; fed up
1．So__far many people have been 2.fed__up with shopping in stores because traffic jams often 3.take__place on their way to the stores. Besides, it is very difficult to find a
place to 4.pull__up. Therefore, the number of the people who like shopping online is 5.going__up.6.On__average,__60 percent of my workmates are busy shopping online during their spare time. I think they are 7.relying__on it too much.
be addicted to; in conclusion; thanks to; work out; compared to
8．Compared__to Tom, Jack is much cleverer. 9.Thanks__to his hardwork, Tom was admitted into a key university this summer, but Jack was not admitted though he also worked hard.I strongly doubted it.So I decided to 10.work__out the reason.Jack’s teacher told me that Jack had 11.been__addicted__to playing computer games before the exams. 12.In__conclusion,__if we want to succeed, we must try our best to study.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．無論去哪兒，他都會帶把傘以防下雨。
Wherever__he__goes,__he will take an umbrella with him in case.
2．他回到家里，累壞了但是很高興。
He arrived home, tired__but__happy．
3．和美國文化相比，中國文化有著更為悠久的歷史。
Compared__to/with__American__culture,__Chinese culture has a longer history.
4．他參軍之前工作了三年。
He__had__worked__for__three__years__before he joined the army.
5．直到午夜他才下班回家。
It__was not until midnight that he came back home from work.

benefit　vt.& vi.有益于；有助于；受益　n．好處；利益；優(yōu)勢
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①(2019·北京卷) The students benefitting(benefit) most from college are those who are totally engaged(參與) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(資源)．
②As we all know, books are the source of knowledge, from which we benefit a lot.
③Companies were run primarily for the benefit of management and employees.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)了解中國的餐桌禮儀對你很有益。
④Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will benefit__you__greatly．(benefit vt.)
⑤Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will be__of__great__benefit__to_
_you．(benefit n．)
⑥Having a good knowledge of table manners of China will be__very__beneficial__to__you．(beneficial adj.)

(1)benefit from/by... 從……中受益；得益于……
(2)for the benefit of 為了……的利益
be of (much/great) benefit to
對……(極) 有益處
(3)beneficial adj. 有利的；有益的；
對……有益
be beneficial to 對……有益　
[佳句背誦] Join us as a volunteer manager to develop your own skills while bringing benefits to the communities.　加入我們志愿者服務在給社區(qū)帶來益處的同時發(fā)展自身的技能。(2019·北京卷)
[聯(lián)想發(fā)散] be＋of＋great＋n.短語薈萃：
①be__of__great__use＝be very useful；
②be__of__great__help＝be very helpful；
③be__of__great__importance＝be very important
convenient　adj.方便的，便利的；近而方便的
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①a.(2019·江蘇卷)To enjoy the convenience(convenient) of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
b．The hotel is conveniently(convenient) located close to the beach, thus making it popular among tourists.
②(全國卷Ⅲ)If it’s convenient to/for you, let’s meet at 8：30 outside the school gate.
③(山東卷)Would it be convenient for you to__pick(pick) me up at four o’clock and take me to the airport?
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(2018·浙江卷6月)如能盡早回復，我將不勝感激。
④I would appreciate it if you could reply at__your__earliest__convenience．(convenience)
⑤I would appreciate it if you could reply when__it__is__convenient__to__you．(convenient)

(1)It is convenient for sb.to do sth.
　　　　　對某人來說做某事是方便的。
sth.be convenient to/for sb.
對某人來說……是方便的
(2)convenience n. 方便；便利
at one’s convenience
在某人方便時　
[名師點津] convenient作表語時，不可用人作主語，而要用物或形式主語作主語?！爱斈惴奖愕臅r候”應譯成“When it is convenient to you”而不能譯成“When you are convenient”。
[詞塊助記]
a convenience store　　　一個便利店
convenience foods 方便食品
argue　vi.爭論，辯論，說服；主張；認為
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①It’s no use arguing(argue) with him about the question for he won’t change his mind.
②(福建卷)When this happens, the important thing is to try not to let a calm discussion turn into a heated argument(argue).
[能力提升]——完成句子
③我們嘗試了很多辦法勸說他接受我們的建議，但都是徒然。
We tried many ways to__argue__him__into__accepting__our__advice,__but in vain.
④最終我說服了他戒掉吸煙。
I argued__him__out__of__smoking eventually.

(1)argue with sb.about/over sth. 與某人爭論某事
argue sb. into/out of doing sth.
說服某人做某事/不做某事
argue that...(should) ... 主張/認為……
(2)argument n. 爭論；辯論
beyond argument 毋庸置疑　
[名師點津] 表示“說服某人做某事”的其他表達形式：persuade sb.to do sth.；persuade/talk sb.into doing sth.；convince sb.to do sth.等。
content　adj.滿足的；滿意的　n．滿足；內容；包含物　vt.使?jié)M足
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①My parents are content to__live(live) in the country, where the air is fresh and clean.
②We should never content ourselves with the knowledge learned from the books.
③She dropped her purse and the contents(content) fell out on the floor.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
依我看來，你一定不會滿足于這么小的成就。
④From my point of view, you must not be__pleased__with__such__a__small__success．
⑤In my view, you must not be__content__with__such__a__small__success．
⑥As far as I’m concerned, you must not be__satisfied__with__such__a__small__success．

(1)
(2)content oneself with　　　某人滿足于　
[佳句背誦] He made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.　在人們感到沮喪的時候，他可以使他們開懷大笑，于是人們就對自己的生活感到更加的滿足。
[聯(lián)想發(fā)散] “對……滿意”的常用短語小結：
①be content with；
②be pleased with；
③be satisfied with；
④be happy with
appreciate　 vt.欣賞；感激；理解；明白
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①(2019·北京卷)For many students, Wilson’s help is not only appreciated(appreciate), it’s also entirely necessary for them to be able to complete their college education.
②a.(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)I’d appreciate your writing(write) me back at your earliest convenience.
b．I appreciate being__given(give) the opportunity to work in your company two years ago.
③In order to leave some impressive memories on all of us before graduation, our class made a special video to express our appreciation(appreciate) of our school.
[能力提升]——同義句改寫
④I’d be grateful if you could take my advice into account.
→I’d appreciate__it if you could take my suggestions into consideration.

(1)appreciate sth./(one’s) doing sth.
　　　　　感激某事物/(某人) 做某事
I would appreciate it if...
如果……我將不勝感激
(2)appreciation n. 欣賞，感激　
[佳句背誦] In this letter, I would like to convey my sincere appreciation to you for your help.
在這封信中，我想向你對我的幫助表示真誠的感謝。
[名師點津] (1)appreciate后不能用不定式，而要用動名詞作賓語。作“感激；感謝”講時，其賓語不能是人，只能是事或物。
(2)當appreciate, hate, dislike, love, depend, rely on等后接賓語從句時，一般先加it，再加賓語從句。
figure　n．數(shù)字；圖形；人物；身材；人影　v．計算；想；估計；認為
[一詞多義]——寫出下列句中figure的詞性和含義
①(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)I figured whoever lost the dog was probably just as close to it as I am to my dogs. vt.認為
②(2017·江蘇卷)Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. n．數(shù)字
③(北京卷)As for my favorite figure in Chinese history, it must be Wei Yuan, a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.__n．人物
④ (福建卷)I wonder how Mary has kept her figure after all these years.__n．身材
[能力提升]——完成句子
⑤(2019·全國卷Ⅰ) It is difficult to__figure__out(弄明白) a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20，000－25，000 polar bears worldwide.

(1)keep one’s figure　保持體形
(2)figure out 想出，理解；弄明白，看透
figure on 期待，指望，依賴
figure in 把……列入計算/考慮范圍
figure that 認為，認定
[佳句背誦] I couldn’t figure out how she managed to keep her figure. She figured that taking exercise was the best way to lose weight. 　我弄不明白她是怎樣保持身材的。她認為鍛煉是最好的減肥方法。
[詞塊助記]
a slim figure　　　　　　　苗條的身材
the latest trade figures 最新的貿易數(shù)據(jù)
check up the figure 核對一下這個數(shù)字
a public/a leading/an authority figure
一個公眾/領軍/權威人物
admit　vt.& vi.允許進入，允許；承認；接收
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①Tom admitted cheating/having__cheated(cheat) in the examination and he was not admitted to/into the school at last.
②a.(浙江卷)Joe is proud and stubborn, never admitting(admit) he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame.
b．(2017·天津卷)She asked me whether I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted(admit) that I hadn’t.
③Gaining admission(admit) to a key university is seen as a key to future success for some parents.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
這個男孩不承認向母親撒了謊，這讓他的母親很失望。
④The boy didn’t__admit__lying/having__lied__to__his__mother,__which made his mother disappointed.
⑤The boy didn’t__admit__that__he__had__lied__to__his__mother,__which made his mother disappointed.

(1)admit (doing/having done) sth.
　　　　　　承認(做了)某事
admit sb./sth. to be＋adj./n.
承認某人/某事是……
(2)admit sb. into/to...
允許某人進入/加入……
(3)admission n. 準許進入；入場費；承認　
[名師點津] 雙寫輔音字母的過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞：
①admit：admitted/admitted/admitting
②permit：permitted/permitted/permitting
③plan：planned/planned/planning
④refer：referred/referred/referring
⑤prefer：preferred/preferred/preferring
addicted　adj.入了迷的；上了癮的
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①Now I work in a centre for drug addicts(addict), helping others to stop taking drugs.
②She kicked her three－pack－a－day cigarette habit, and overcame her addiction(addict) to alcohol.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
很多孩子沉迷于上網(wǎng)，以致他們對學習失去了興趣。
③Many kids become/are/get__addicted__to surfing the Internet, so they have lost interest in study. (addicted)
④Many kids addict__themselves__to surfing the Internet, so they have lost interest in study. (addict)
⑤Addicted__to surfing the Internet, many kids have lost interest in study. (分詞作狀語)

(1)be/become/get addicted to
沉溺于……；對……上癮
(2)addict vt. 使沉溺；使上癮
n．有癮的人
addict oneself to sth. 某人沉溺于某事
(3)addiction n．癮；入迷；嗜好　
[佳句背誦]
Learning that you are addicted to table tennis, I am writing to sincerely invite you to join the table tennis team in our school.
得知你沉醉于乒乓球，我寫信真誠地邀請你加入我們學校的乒乓球隊。(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)
occupy　v．占領；占據(jù)；使從事，使忙碌；任職
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①I’ve invented a game that will keep the kids occupied(occupy) for hours.
②He would have attended your birthday party but he was__occupied(occupy) with a very important experiment.
③Choosing an occupation(occupy) takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升級
④(普通表達)Jane__has__been__occupied__in(一直忙于) getting used to everything and she hasn’t had time for social activities.
⑤(高級表達)Occupied__in__getting__used__to__everything,__Jane hasn’t had time for social activities.(過去分詞短語作狀語)
⑥(高級表達)Occupying__herself__in__getting__used__to__everything,__Jane hasn’t had time for social activities.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語)

(1)occupy oneself with sth./in doing sth.
忙于(做)某事；專心于(做)某事
(2)be occupied in doing sth.　忙于做某事
be occupied with sth. 從事/忙于某事
(3)occupation n. 占領；職業(yè)，工作
[佳句背誦] Problems at work continued to occupy his mind for some time.
工作上的問題繼續(xù)在他的腦海中縈繞了一段時間。
[名師點津] 表示“忙于做某事”的短語：be busy with sth./(in) doing sth.；be employed with sth./(in) doing sth.；be engaged in sth.。
[詞塊助記] occupy a position占據(jù)位置；擔任職位
suit　vt.適合；使適應　vi.合適；相稱　n．一套衣服；套裝
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①She had the ability to suit her performance to the different audience, which amazed us.
②The quiet place is suitable for people to__get(get) together.
③(2018·天津卷)Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited/suitable(suit) for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(2018·浙江卷6月)因為我精通英語，我的確認為我適合這項志愿者工作。
④I do believe this voluntary work suits__me,__because I have a good knowledge of English.
⑤I do believe I am__suitable__for/am__fit__for this voluntary work, because I have a good knowledge of English.

(1)suit sb.(fine)　　　 (很)合某人的意；對某人
(很)合適
suit...to... 使……適合/適應……
suit oneself 隨自己的意愿行事；自便
(2)suitable adj. 適當?shù)?；相配?br /> be suitable for＝be fit for
適合；勝任
be suitable to do... 適合做……　
[佳句背誦] If you can find whatever learning method (that)suits you，your learning efficiency is likely to improve remarkably.　如果你能找到適合你的學習方法，你的學習效率有可能會大大提高。(上海卷)
work out　vt.鍛煉身體，做運動；解決，解答，計算出；產(chǎn)生結果，發(fā)展；制定出
[一詞多義]——寫出下列句中work out的含義
①These athletes work out at the gym for two hours every day.鍛煉身體；做運動
②She worked out the problem with no difficulty.解決；解答
③The area can be easily worked out if you know the length and the breadth.計算出
④It wasn’t too long before we had worked out a plan acceptable to all.制定出
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
⑤Her mother used to work as a clerk in a bank when she was young.
⑥The player will have to work on getting fit before the game.

work as　　　　　　　　　做……工作
work on 從事……；繼續(xù)……
[佳句背誦] ①I believe that you can work out this problem by yourself.
我相信你自己能做出這道題。
②The exams are likely to work out as expected and my dream to be admitted into my favorite university will come true.　考試結果可能會正如所預料的那樣，我被我最喜愛的大學錄取的夢想將會成為現(xiàn)實。 (四川卷)
[名師點津] work out作“解決，制定”講時，是及物動詞短語，可以帶賓語；作“鍛煉，產(chǎn)生結果”時，為不及物動詞短語，沒有被動形式。
rely on/upon　依賴；依靠；信任；信賴
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①(福建卷)Nowadays parents do everything for their single children, which makes the children rely on/upon their parents badly.
②a.Nowadays the children rely more on their parents to__do(do) everything for them.
b．If he promises to do something, he will do it, so you can rely on his lending(lend) you the money.
③My friend is a reliable(rely) person, and you can rely on it that he will come to meet you on time.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
你可以相信你困難時我會幫助你。
④You can rely__on/upon__my__helping__you when you are in trouble.
⑤You can rely__on/upon__me__to__help__you when you are in trouble.
⑥You can rely__on__it__that__I__can__help__you when you are in trouble.

(1)rely on sb.to do sth.
＝rely on sb.’s doing sth. 依靠某人做某事
rely on it that... 相信……，指望……
(2)reliable adj. 可依靠的；可信賴的　
[佳句背誦] These days，we rely heavily on computers to organize our work.
現(xiàn)在，我們在很大程度上依賴電腦來安排工作。
[名師點津] 在rely on it that...結構中， it作形式賓語，代替that引導的真正的賓語從句。類似的還有：
①depend on it that... 　　放心好了，請相信……
②take it for granted that... 認為……是理所當然的
③appreciate it＋if從句如果……，將不勝感激
④like/hate it＋when從句喜歡/痛恨……的時候

過去分詞或形容詞(短語)作狀語
(教材P42)How often do we arrive at work or school stressed out，tired and angry?
有多少次我們在極度焦慮、疲憊、惱怒的狀態(tài)下到達單位或學校？
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①Excited(excite) and happy, we greeted the foreign guests at the entrance of the school.
②(全國卷Ⅰ)It was a real race against time to get the project done. Luckily(lucky), we made it.
[能力提升]——句式升級
③(普通表達)I was too nervous, and I couldn’t think of anything at the beginning of the exam.
(高級表達)Too__nervous,__I couldn’t think of anything at the beginning of the exam. (形容詞短語作狀語)

(1)過去分詞或形容詞(短語)作狀語，說明句子主語的特點或處于某種狀態(tài)。形容詞(短語)作狀語可以表示方式、原因或伴隨狀況等。
(2)過去分詞或形容詞(短語)作狀語，可位于句首、句末或句中，常用逗號與句子其他成分隔開。
　[佳句背誦] To our relief, the missing child returned home ten days later, tired but healthy.
令我們欣慰的是，失蹤的孩子十天后回到家里，疲憊卻健康。
[名師點津] 如果用來修飾句子的謂語動詞或整個句子，則應用副詞作狀語。
before引導時間狀語從句
(教材P43)Think before you go.　想好了再去。
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①a.(2019·天津卷)She left before I could even make it to the door to offer my thanks.
b．(北京卷)I’m sorry you’ve been waiting so long, but it’ll still be some time before Brian gets back.
②(2017·天津卷)It has been two weeks since you returned your home and I’ve been missing you very much.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③(陜西卷)那對年輕的夫婦歸還了我丟失的錢包，我還沒有來得及問他們的名字他們就走了。
The young couple, who returned my lost wallet, left__before__I__could__ask__for__their__names．
④將近一天之后，他才意識到他的錯誤并向他的朋友彼得道歉。
It__was__nearly__a__day__before he realized his mistakes and said sorry to his friend Peter.

(1)before作連詞引導時間狀語從句時，在句中的譯法很靈活。通常有以下含義：在……之前；……之后才……；不多久就……；還沒來得及……就……。
(2)“It was/will be＋時間段＋before...”意為多長時間后就/才……。
“It was not/will not be＋時間段＋before...”意為不久就……。
[佳句背誦] A dog’s eating habit requires regular training before it is properly established.　狗的飲食習慣在正確地建立之前需要規(guī)則的訓練。(2019·天津卷)
[名師點津] “It is/has been＋一段時間＋since 引導的狀語從句”表示“自從……(到現(xiàn)在)有多長時間了”。
It is/was...that/who...強調句型
(教材P46)Before 1908，when Ford’s cars became available to the public，it was only the very rich who could afford to own a car.　1908年福特汽車問世以前，只有非常有錢的人才能買得起汽車。
[基礎練習]——單句語法填空
①(2018·天津卷)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
②(四川卷)Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr. Smith got angry?
③(重慶卷)Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognized.
④(天津卷)You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel that the coach picks up tourists.
[能力提升]——句式升級
⑤(普通表達)In the newly-built stadium, we can participate in various physical activities.(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)
(高級表達)It__is__in__the__newly-built__stadium__that__we__can__participate_
_in__various__physical__activities.(強調句)

(1)強調句的基本句型：It is/was＋被強調部分＋that/who＋句子其余部分．
(2)強調句的一般疑問句：Is/Was it＋被強調部分＋that＋句子其余部分？
(3)強調句的特殊疑問句：疑問詞＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其余部分？
(4)not...until...的強調句型：It is/was not until...that...　
[佳句背誦] It’s not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that makes life happy.　生活的快樂不在于做自己喜歡的事，而在于喜歡自己不得不做的事。(湖南卷)
[名師點津] 強調謂語動詞時用“do/does/did＋動詞原形”。

維度一　在空白處填入括號內單詞的正確形式
1．(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically(physics) fit.
2．So far the traveler has__visited(visit) over two hundred towns in the world.
3．(2018·江蘇卷)Try to understand what’s actually(actual) happening instead of acting on the assumption you’ve made.
4．(2018·江蘇卷)There is no denying that such ratings might bring convenience to consumers, but they are often misleading and unreliable(rely)．
5．(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently(frequent)，compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home.
維度二　在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~
1．It’ll be only a few days before the Spring Festival comes round.
2．The heavy rain has caused great damage to the crops here, which has made the peasants sad.
3．If you can be admitted into Peking University, your parents will surely be proud of you.
4．It was only with the help of the local guide that the mountain climber was rescued.
5．If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里) burning benefits for the whole day, not in your sleep.
維度三　語境品詞(寫出加黑詞匯在語境中的意義)
1．(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)However, if others benefit in the process, and I get some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies？獲益
2．We are looking for someone who is reliable and hard-working.可信賴的
3．(2019·天津卷)Additionally，I’m crazy to learn how to appreciate western paintings, and it can’t be better if you can tell us some tricks about how to paint. 欣賞；理解
4．We can’t go abroad this year, so we’ll have to content ourselves with a holiday in Shanghai.使?jié)M足
5．Mary has kept her figure after all these years by working out every day.身材
6．(2019·天津卷)I liked facts, things that are concrete.I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.爭論，辯論
7．This kind of accommodation offers an independent lifestyle and is more suitable for the students who come from the countryside.適合的
8．Being occupied with work should not be the reason for treating one’s neighbours as strangers.從事，忙于
9．He has got used to living in the remote mountainous village without any modern conveniences.方便

提能一　語段填空(短文中黑體部分為本單元核心知識點，請補全短文，并背誦體會黑體部分用法)
We were walking in the street to the near Internet bar on a weekend when a car knocked down Tom. We all stood there, 1.frightened(frighten) and unmoved. It was obvious that the car couldn’t pull 2.up immediately. Luckily, a passer-by gave him first aid immediately. After a while Tom came to himself slowly. It was the passer-by 3.who saved Tom’s life. We were all grateful to him. Afterwards, we had to think about why such a bad accident happened to us. If we hadn’t gone to the bar, probably it wouldn’t have occurred.
I 4.admit(admit) that the Internet is of great benefit to us. On the one hand, it is 5.convenient(convenience) for us to do many things. We can 6.appreciate(appreciate) all kinds of programs on the Internet. On the other hand, there are amounts of useful information on the Internet available to us. But nowadays some people rely 7.on the Internet too much and many young people are even 8.addicted(addict) to it. In consequence, surfing the Internet 9.occupies(occupy) much of their time. Last week we held a meeting 10.arguing(argue) about the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet. At last, we worked out a plan to control the time we would spend surfing the Internet.
提能二　話題寫作(用本單元詞匯、句式和語法知識寫滿分作文)
1．補全要點句(黑體部分請用本單元所學詞匯)
①史密斯先生三年前養(yǎng)成了吸煙的習慣，過去他平均每天吸3包煙。
Mr.Smith formed__the__habit__of smoking three years ago, and he used__to__smoke three packets of cigarettes on__average every day.
②吸煙不僅花了他大量的錢，而且對身體造成了危害。
Smoking cost him a__large__amount__of money and did__great__damage__to his health.
③他的妻子很煩他，他決心戒煙。
His wife was__fed__up__with him. He decided to quit smoking.
④戒煙對他來說是很難的，因為他吸煙上癮很長時間了。
He had__a__difficulty__in__stopping__smoking,__because he had____been__addicted__to_
_smoking for a long time.
⑤憑借自己的努力，他做到了。
He managed__to__quit__smoking__relying__on____his__own__efforts．
2．升級平淡句
⑥用not only...but also...升級句②
Smoking__not__only__cost__him__a__large__amount__of__money__but__also__did__great__damage__to__his__health.
⑦用it作形式主語升級句④
It__was__difficult__for__him__to__stop__smoking,__because__he__had__been__addicted__to__smoking__for__a__long__time.
3．銜接成美文(注意使用適當?shù)倪^渡銜接詞匯：therefore, indeed, however)
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One possible version：
Mr.Smith formed the habit of smoking three years ago, and he used to smoke three packets of cigarettes on average every day. Smoking not only cost him a large amount of money but also did great damage to his health. His wife was fed up with him. Therefore, he decided to quit smoking. Indeed, it was difficult for him to stop smoking, because he had been addicted to smoking for a long time. However, he managed to quit smoking relying on his own efforts.

課時練1　2篇閱讀＋1篇完形
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
(2020·合肥高三聯(lián)考)Two deer jumped out in front of 16-year-old Amanda Floyd’s car. She put on the brake, stopping the car just in time. But later, she started texting. Distracted, Amanda turned left and right, then crashed into another car. Luckily, she wasn’t in a real car—she was in a driving simulator(模擬器) at Roosevelt High School, Ohio, US. “I never really realized that cars made a turn that much，” Amanda, a junior, said. She added that she wouldn’t text while driving anymore.
The Ohio Department of Transportation(ODOT) and Ohio State Highway Patrol brought the simulator to the school. They said they wanted to help students learn about the danger of driving while drunk, texting, or talking on the phone.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, distracted driving claimed 3，450 lives in 2016 alone. Experts believe the actual figure is probably higher.
The simulator is basically a computer program. Like many computer games, it was a hit with the students. They lined up and crowded around to watch each other take turns. The simulator has a steering wheel(方向盤), brake and gas pedal(油門). It is made up of three large computer screens on a table.
Students choose a distraction, such as driving while drunk or texting. They always crash, of course. Then, they are pulled over by the police to be taught the bad results of their driving：how much damage they’ve caused, what their fine is, if anyone died in the accident, and if they’re going to go to prison.
“It teaches how to drive without being on the road，” said Shante Thompson, 16. She had just crashed into a deer.
ODOT spokesman Justin Chesnic said hundreds of kids have gone behind the wheel so far. He said even more have benefited from watching their classmates.
“Driving is such a major responsibility, so take it seriously，” he said. “Put away your cellphone. A lot of the accidents out there are because of distracted driving. It can not only change your life, but change someone else’s life forever. The results are serious.”
【解題導語】　本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了一個駕駛模擬器，學生通過操作這個駕駛模擬器可以增強交通安全意識。
1．What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 1?
A．Introduce the topic of the text.
B．Illustrate the author’s point of view.
C．Provide some advice for the readers.
D．Offer some background information.
A　解析：推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，文章第一段講述了一個事例，然后通過這個事例引出了本文的話題，即driving simulator。由此可推知，作者寫第一段的目的是引出文章的主題，故選A。
2．Why is the driving simulator project introduced to Roosevelt High School?
A．It tests the students’ ability to stay focused.
B．It gets students to have fun between classes.
C．It teaches students how to deal with traffic accidents.
D．It makes students aware of the dangers of distracted driving.
D　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“They said they wanted to help students learn about the danger of driving while drunk, texting, or talking on the phone.”可知，他們想要幫助學生們了解醉酒、發(fā)短信或者打電話時駕車的危害，故選D。
3．What can we know about the driving simulator?
A．It is connected to the local police station.
B．It is a real car but has large computer screens.
C．It attracts the students’ interest as a computer program.
D．It benefits the students who use it more than those who only watch.
C　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的描述，尤其是“The simulator is basically a computer program. Like many computer games, it was a hit with the students.”可知，這個模擬器實質上是一個電腦程序，和許多電腦游戲一樣，它很受學生們的歡迎，引起了學生們的興趣，故選C。
4．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Traffic rules in Ohio, US.
B．Dangers of distracted driving.
C．Simulated driving for students.
D．Advantages of computer games.
C　解析：主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了一個駕駛模擬器，學生通過操作它可以增強交通安全意識，故選C。
B
(2020·濟南模擬)
New York Walking Tours
◆Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Walking Tour
Start this exciting guided 4-hour tour by getting early Reserve Line Access boarding on the ferry to Liberty Island. Once there, go inside the base of the statue and head to the observation decks for an awesome view of New York City and its surroundings. Then come back on the ferry to Ellis Island to learn about the history of immigration(移民入境) to America that took place here between 1892 and 1954.
◆Central Park Walking Tour
Walk through Central Park’s most picturesque highlights on a 2-hour tour with a professional photographer. Remember your New York City adventure with unforgettable images of you with family or friends as you circle the towers at Belvedere Castle, and walk through paths with flowers in the Conservatory Garden, or feed the swans by the Loeb Boathouse.
◆New York City Architecture Walking Tour
Learn about the history of the buildings that define the New York City skyline on a 3-hour walking architecture tour. Walk down the famous 42nd Street corridor with a longtime New York resident(居民) and architectural expert, stopping along the way to learn about Midtown Manhattan’s most iconic structures like the Chrysler Building, Grand Central Station and the New York Public Library.
◆Greenwich Village Walking Tour
Greenwich Village is one of New York City’s most beautiful and famous neighborhoods. Take a guided 2-hour walking tour of this legendary Lower Manhattan space. Hear about the famous artists who once lived here, from Edgar Allan Poe to Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix and countless others. Walk the winding streets and visit popular Washington Square Park, reliving more than 200 years of history.
【解題導語】　本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了四個在紐約進行徒步旅行的項目。
5．Why do tourists visit Ellis Island?
A．To know about American immigration history.
B．To explore the surroundings of the island.
C．To get a whole view of New York City.
D．To observe Statue of Liberty closely.
A　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Walking Tour部分的最后一句“Then come back on the ferry to Ellis Island to learn about the history of immigration(移民入境) to America that took place here between 1892 and 1954.”可知，旅游者參觀埃利斯島的目的是了解移民美國的歷史。故選A。
6．Who will go with tourists on Central Park Walking Tour?
A．An experienced guide.
B．An architectural expert.
C．A professional photographer.
D．A longtime New York resident.
C　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Central Park Walking Tour部分的第一句“Walk through Central Park’s most picturesque highlights on a 2-hour tour with a professional photographer.”可知，在中央公園的徒步旅行中會有一個專業(yè)攝影師和旅游者在一起。故選C。
7．Which tour takes the longest time?
A．Central Park Walking Tour.
B．Greenwich Village Walking Tour.
C．New York City Architecture Walking Tour.
D．Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Walking Tour.
D　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Walking Tour部分第一句中的“Start this exciting guided 4-hour tour”可知，這個徒步旅行需要4個小時。而其他三個徒步旅行需要的時間分別是：A：2個小時，B：2個小時，C：3個小時。故選D。
8．What can tourists do on Greenwich Village Walking Tour?
A．Take unforgettable pictures.
B．Come across Bob Dylan.
C．Visit New York Public Library.
D．Learn about famous artists.
D　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第三句“Hear about the famous artists who once lived here, from Edgar Allan Poe to Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix and countless others.”可知，游客可以通過Greenwich Village Walking Tour這個徒步旅行項目去了解著名的藝術家。故選D。
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2020·大連一模)Being jobless for the last three months, I am upset nowadays. My son has lost his __1__ from a good school and he might have to go to a less qualified school. I have moved from a spacious(寬敞的) apartment to a small one in order to __2__ my living expenses. My wife has built extra stress. On top of that, my father-in-law __3__ a week ago, which has added fuel to fire, __4__ our family into a more terrible state.
In these circumstances I have two mental __5__： either to feel upset and keep losing my peace of mind, or __6__ my negative thoughts with super mental powers about self-confidence and consistency, and __7__ applying for new jobs with positive attitude.
I choose the second option because I believe that the pain I am __8__ today will build up my __9__. My strengths will then increase my confidence and make me a(n) __10__ man one day. I understand that good and bad stages are parts of __11__. While good times make me happy, bad times __12__ the “inner” me.
Two months later, __13__， I have finally landed a job which is very exciting and offers a nice salary. Time has healed my wife’s mental stress __14__ the death of her father. My son has already been accepted by another good school because the admissions for new academic year were still __15__！
As I am back on the track of normal life, I can __16__ say that the most important things that helped me __17__ the crisis(危機) were my consistent character of patience, and __18__ attitude towards life. So, while I wish you all the best life can __19__ you, I would highly recommend taking the same attitude towards life __20__ you are trapped in any of such situations.
【解題導語】　本文是一篇記敘文，主要通過講述作者成功應對困境的故事從而啟迪讀者要一直保持積極的生活態(tài)度。
1．A.admission　　　　　　　　 B．benefit
C．diploma D．permission
A　解析：根據(jù)該句中的“he might have to go to a less qualified school”可推知，作者的兒子失去了進入好學校的資格，與下文中的“My son has already been accepted by another good school because the admissions for new academic year were still ______！”呼應。
2．A.share B．reduce
C．break D．raise
B　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，作者失業(yè)三個月，為了縮減生活開支作者從寬敞的公寓搬到了較小的公寓。
3．A.showed up B．set off
C．fell down D．passed away
D　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“Time has healed my wife’s mental stress ______ the death of her father.”可知，作者妻子的父親過世了。pass away“去世”。
4．A.putting B．finding
C．forming D．lifting
A　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，作者的岳父一周前去世了，這使作者一家處于更糟糕的狀態(tài)，put“使處于(某狀態(tài)或情況)”符合語境。
5．A.problems B．concerns
C．choices D．a(chǎn)ctivities
C　解析：根據(jù)空后的“either to feel upset...or ______ my negative thoughts”可推知，作者面對這種困境，有兩種心理選擇(choices)，與下文中的“I choose the second option”相呼應。
6．A.link B．replace
C．mix D．exchange
B　解析：固定搭配replace...with...意為“用……替代……”，與空前的“keep”形成對比，故選B。
7．A.regret B．stop
C．keep D．risk
C　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“I have finally landed a job”可推知，作者也可以保持積極的態(tài)度，繼續(xù)申請新的工作。keep“繼續(xù)”。
8．A.practicing B．suffering
C．producing D．relieving
B　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，作者選擇以積極的態(tài)度繼續(xù)申請新的工作，因為作者相信他現(xiàn)在遭受的(suffering)痛苦將增強他的毅力(character)。
9．A.intelligence B．body
C．character D．reputation
C　解析：參見上題解析。
10．A.careful B．hard-working
C．easy-going D．successful
D　解析：根據(jù)上文作者失去工作，兒子不能進入好的學校，岳父去世等一堆糟心的事，并結合該句“My strengths will then increase my confidence and make me a(n) ______ man one day.”可推知，作者相信自己有一天會成功。
11．A.life B．wealth
C．time D．health
A　解析：根據(jù)語境并結合常識可知，作者明白好的階段和壞的階段都是生活的一部分，與下文中的“As I am back on the track of normal life”呼應。
12．A.hide B．destroy
C．strengthen D．kill
C　解析：根據(jù)該段第一句并結合語境可推知，艱難的時光會讓作者韜光養(yǎng)晦，積蓄力量。
13．A.desperately B．unwillingly
C．hopefully D．fortunately
D　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，兩個月后，作者幸運地(fortunately)找到了一份稱心的工作。
14．A.regardless of B．due to
C．instead of D．a(chǎn)part from
B　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，前后句表示邏輯上的因果關系，前果后因。due to“由于”符合語境。
15．A.occupied B．empty
C．open D．closed
C　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，新學年入學申請依然開放(open)，因此作者的兒子被另一所好學校錄取。
16．A.disappointedly B．surprisedly
C．deliberately D．confidently
D　解析：根據(jù)上文中的“My strengths will then increase my confidence”可推知，當生活回到正軌時，作者信心滿滿(confidently)。
17．A.fight B．meet
C．change D．delay
A　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，作者戰(zhàn)勝了(fight)危機，生活重新步入正軌。
18．A.general B．positive
C．friendly D．honest
B　解析：根據(jù)上文中的“applying for new jobs with positive attitude”并結合語境可推知，作者始終如一的堅毅性格和積極的(positive)生活態(tài)度幫助作者戰(zhàn)勝了生活中的危機。
19．A.offer B．expect
C．manage D．send
A　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，作者祝愿人們萬事如意。offer“給予”符合語境。
20．A.as if B．in that
C．now that D．in case
D　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，作者極力建議人們如果陷入像這樣的境地，也以相同的態(tài)度面對生活。in case“如果，假使”。
課時練2　2篇閱讀＋1篇讀后續(xù)寫
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
(2020·河南六市高三聯(lián)考)Being stuck behind crowds of slow walkers when you’re in a hurry is one of the most annoying things. But now, Lakeside Shopping Centre in Essex, one of the UK’s largest shopping malls, has introduced its very own fast lane for shoppers in a hurry, aiming to help impatient shoppers avoid slow walkers and the anger that goes with them.
The Lakeside Shopping Centre in Essex has introduced a 720-foot “fast lane” reserved for fast walkers only, just in time for the festive rush. The centre’s management team said, “The lane will help the shoppers who know where they want to go quickly and don’t want to get caught in behind unhurried shoppers at the busiest time of the year.”
The fast lane was introduced after a MasterCard survey found that 80 percent of consumers found slow walkers their biggest annoyance while shopping. The research also found that the average walking speed slowed down by 21 percent during the festive shopping period, as most shoppers spent more time window shopping during this period.
Gary Mortimer, an expert from the Queensland University of Technology, said he wasn’t surprised by the promotion about the launch of the fast lane, and thought the concept would appeal to shoppers all over the world.
“Crowded parking lots and busy shopping centres tend to be two of the biggest complaints of shoppers over the festive season，” he said. “I think the fast lanes are a new approach. However, I suspect it will be a bit like fast lanes on the highway, so it might end up being more trouble than its worth.”
The MasterCard survey also identified the four most common types of shoppers. They include “Skaters” who try and make their way through crowds politely, “Dodgers” who move down the paths to avoid slow walkers, “Bulldozers” who push their way through crowds, and “Tutters” who express their frustrations to slow walkers.
【解題導語】　本文主要介紹了英國一家大型購物中心在節(jié)日高峰期引進快速通道一事。
1．The fast lane is intended for the shoppers who________．
A．can’t move quickly because of physical disabilities
B．buy things on their shopping lists quickly
C．take their time to do window shopping
D．want to leave the mall quickly
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“But now, Lakeside Shopping Centre in Essex, one of the UK’s largest shopping malls, has introduced its very own fast lane for shoppers in a hurry, aiming to help impatient shoppers avoid slow walkers and the anger that goes with them.”和第二段最后一句“The centre’s management team said, ‘The lane will help the shoppers who know where they want to go quickly and don’t want to get caught in behind unhurried shoppers at the busiest time of the year.’”可推知，快速通道是為那些想迅速購物的人而設計的，故選B。
2．What is Gary Mortimer’s attitude to the fast lane?
A．Supportive.　　　　　　　　 B．Indifferent.
C．Critical. D．Objective.
D　解析：觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)對第四段及第五段的整體理解可知，Gary Mortimer對快速通道進行了全面的評論，既肯定了快速通道的優(yōu)點，又看到了其潛在的劣勢，因此他的態(tài)度是客觀的，故選D。
3．Who may patiently move behind a slow crowd?
A．Skaters. B．Dodgers.
C．Bulldozers. D．Tutters.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句中的“‘Skaters’ who try and make their way through crowds politely”可推知，Skaters在購物時會耐心地跟在緩慢的人群后，故選A。
4．What is the main idea of the text?
A．Shopping can be annoying sometimes.
B．How to avoid slow walkers when shopping.
C．The problems that shopping centres face during busy holidays.
D．The shopping mall creates the fast lane to avoid slow walkers.
D　解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段開篇點題，并結合對全文的整體理解可知，本文主要介紹了英國一家大型購物中心引進快速通道，從而在節(jié)日高峰期使購物迅速的人避開購物緩慢的人的新聞，故選D。
B
(2020·陜西部分學校摸底)While we may think it feels good to complain, complaining has some bad effects associated with it.
Why isn’t complaining beneficial? Research shows that it connects our brain with negativity. The brain is designed to work efficiently. This means that when we repeat a thought, negative or positive, the nerve cells form a bridge between each other to pass information in a higher speed. Therefore, the next time we have a similar type of thought, it is more easily passed. This explains why certain thought patterns become habits.
Yet the harmful effects don’t stop there. A study shows that complaining causes the hippocampus(海馬), which plays a vital role in problem-solving, to become smaller.
In addition to causing brain damage, complaining also releases a stress hormone: cortisol(皮質醇), a kind of chemical the body produces when we meet with some danger. Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and lower immunity(免疫力)．
The ill effects of our complaining aren’t just limited to ourselves: they also involve those around us. We tend to mirror the moods of our friends. For this reason, we should be cautious about having stubborn complainers in our circle of companions.
The best way to deal with constant negativity is to develop a sense of gratitude. Just like complaining acts as a poison, gratitude acts as a medicine. Research shows it lowers cortisol levels by 23 percent, as well as reduces blood pressure and blood sugar. It also decreases tiredness and depression. Gratitude is the perfect cure for complaining, a behavior that steals our brain power, happiness and physical well-being.
What have you observed about the effects of complaining in your own life or in the lives of others? Have you noticed that when you are grateful, you feel better all round? Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.
【解題導語】　研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，抱怨與消極性密切相關，除了導致腦損傷，抱怨還會釋放皮質醇，持續(xù)高水平的皮質醇會導致高血壓、高血糖和免疫力低下，而感恩卻與之相反，會帶來很多益處；人們在生活中要少點抱怨，多些感恩。
5．What do Paras. 2－3 mainly talk about?
A．The diseases caused by complaining.
B．The decrease of a vital part of our brain.
C．The bad effects of complaining on brain power.
D．The reason why certain thought patterns become habits.
C　解析：段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句和第三段第一句“Yet the harmful effects don’t stop there.”可知，第二、三段主要講的是抱怨對人的腦力的不良影響。故選C項。
6．What can we know about cortisol from the passage?
A．Gratitude is an effective cure for cortisol.
B．Our body produces cortisol when we feel excited.
C．Cortisol is a chemical that can cause brain damage.
D．Having a high level of cortisol can lead to many health problems.
D　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二句“Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in...immunity(免疫力)．”可知，高水平的皮質醇會導致很多健康問題。故選D項。
7．What attitude does the writer take to stubborn complainers?
A．Grateful. B．Tolerant.
C．Disapproving. D．Skeptical.
C　解析：觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第五段的內容尤其是最后一句“For this reason, we should be cautious about...companions.”可知，抱怨者也會對身邊的人有不好的影響，因此作者認為身邊有頑固的抱怨者時要小心，由此可推知，作者對抱怨者持不贊成的態(tài)度。故選C項。
8．Where can the passage most probably appear?
A．In a newspaper.
B．In a medical report.
C．On a website.
D．In a radio program.
C　解析：文章出處題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.”可知，本文很可能出現(xiàn)在一個網(wǎng)站上。故選C項。
Ⅱ.讀后續(xù)寫
閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。續(xù)寫的詞數(shù)應為150左右。
Jenny was the only child in her family. She had a quarrel with her mother that afternoon and she ran out of the house angrily. She couldn’t help weeping sorrowfully when she thought of the scolding from her mother. Having wandered aimlessly in the street for hours, she felt a little hungry and wished for something to eat. She stood beside a stand for a while, watching a middle-aged seller busy doing his business. However, with no money in hand, she gave a sigh and had to leave.
The seller behind the stand noticed the young girl and asked，“Hey, girl, you want to have the noodles？”
“Oh, yes, but I don’t have money on me，”she replied.
“That’s nothing. I’ll treat you today，”said the man.“Come in.”
The seller brought her a bowl of noodles, and the smell was so attractive. As she was eating, Jenny cried silently.
“What is it？”asked the man kindly.
“Nothing. Actually I was just touched by your kindness！”said Jenny as she wiped her tears.“Even a stranger on the street will give me a bowl of noodles, while my mother drove me out of the house. She showed no care for me. She is so merciless compared to a stranger！”
Hearing the words, the seller smiled，“Girl, do you really think so? I only gave you a bowl of noodles and you thanked me a lot. But it is your mother who has raised you since you were a baby. Can you number the times she cooked for you? Have you expressed your gratitude to her？”
Jenny sat there, speechless and numb with shock; she remembered her mother’s familiar face and weathered hands.“Why didn’t I think of that? A bowl of noodles from a stranger made me feel indebted. Why haven’t I thanked my mum for what she has done for me？”
On the way home, Jenny made up her mind to make an apology to her mother for her rudeness as soon as she arrived home.
Paragraph 1：
Approaching the doorway, __________________________________________________
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Paragraph 2：
A gentle touch on her hair called her mind back.
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One possible version：
Paragraph 1：
Approaching the doorway, Jenny took a deep breath. Tired and sad, she sat down in front of the house.“Where might my mother be？”she wondered.“Is she really so angry with me that she doesn’t want to show any care for me？”Again, the scene of the quarrel appeared in her mind. She remembered her rudeness to her mother, and she just realized that all the scolding from her mother was due to the fact that her mother really cared a lot about her. Tears rolled down her cheeks.
Paragraph 2：
A gentle touch on her hair called her mind back. She raised her head to see the familiar face and the worried eyes.“Here you come! I’ve been looking for you，”came the tired voice. Jenny couldn’t help but throw herself into her mother’s arms.“I’m sorry and thank you for all you have done for me.”She expressed the sincere apology and the great gratitude. Then she felt the hug tightened.