第6講　動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致


考點一 動詞時態(tài)的一般體
一般體中的一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時分別表示現(xiàn)在、過去的經(jīng)常性、習慣性動作或狀態(tài)；一般將來時表示將來某一時刻的動作或狀態(tài)，或?qū)砟骋欢螘r間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)；過去將來時表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作。所謂一般體，表示既不“進行”，又沒“完成”。
一、一般現(xiàn)在時
1．一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時主要用動詞的原形表示，如果主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則一般在動詞原形后加-s或-es，其變化規(guī)則如下表所示：
情況
規(guī)則
例詞
一般情況
加-s
eat→eats, rise→rises
以s, sh, ch, x，o, z結(jié)尾的動詞
加-es
discuss→discusses
teach→teaches
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞
變y為i加-es
carry→carries
fly→flies
(2)be的變化：am, is, are。
(3)have的變化：has (第三人稱單數(shù))。
2．一般現(xiàn)在時的用法
(1)表示客觀事實或普遍真理(不受時態(tài)限制)。
①Time and tide wait for no man.
歲月不等人。
(2)表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時多用系動詞或狀態(tài)動詞；表示經(jīng)?；蛄晳T性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時間狀語連用。
②These oranges taste good.
這些桔子味道很好。
(3)表示知覺、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時，如see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。
③All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School.
這里所有的學生都是第一中學的。
(4)在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。
④I'll write to her when I have time.
我有時間的時候會給她寫信。
(5)少數(shù)用于表示起止或轉(zhuǎn)移等的動詞，如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，表示按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。當be表示根據(jù)時間或事先安排肯定會出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)時，只用一般現(xiàn)在時。
⑤The shop closes at 11：00 pm every day.
這個商店每天晚上11點關(guān)門。
二、一般過去時
1．一般過去時的構(gòu)成
(1)一般過去時用動詞的過去式構(gòu)成，其規(guī)則動詞變化方法如下表所示：
情況
規(guī)則
例詞
一般情況
加-ed
pack→packed
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞
變y為i加-ed
carry→carried
以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞
雙寫輔音字母加-ed
plan→planned
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞
直接加-d
like→liked
provide→provided
(2)was用于第一、三人稱單數(shù)，were用于其他人稱。
[注意]　以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞，直接加-ed。如play→played。
2．一般過去時的用法
(1)一般過去時的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態(tài)，常與表示過去的具體時間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示)；用于表達過去的習慣。
①When he was young, he took cold baths regularly.
他年輕的時候經(jīng)常洗冷水澡。
(2)如果從句中有一個過去的時間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發(fā)生，但主句中的謂語動詞仍用過去時。
②He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
他告訴我昨晚他讀了一本有趣的小說。
(3)表示兩個緊接著發(fā)生的動作，由以下詞語連接，常用一般過去時。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute等。
③The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
她一進來，就告訴我發(fā)生了什么事。
(4)常用一般過去時的句型。
④Why didn't you think of that?
你為什么沒想到？
⑤I didn't notice it.
我沒注意到。
⑥I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
我忘了告訴你以前我和我哥哥去過那兒。
⑦I didn't recognize him.
我沒認出他來。
三、一般將來時
1．一般將來時的構(gòu)成
(1)will/shall＋動詞原形
(2)is/am/are going to＋動詞原形
(3)is/am/are about to＋動詞原形
(4)is/am/are to＋動詞原形
(5)is/am/are due to＋動詞原形
(6)某些動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進行時形式
2．一般將來時的用法
(1)表示未來的動作或狀態(tài)，常用will/shall＋動詞原形，常與表示將來的時間狀語連用，如：tomorrow, next week等。
①We will have a meeting tomorrow.
我們明天開會。
(2)表示趨向行為的動詞，即表示動作轉(zhuǎn)換的終止性動詞，如come, go, start, begin, leave等詞，常用進行時的形式表示將來時；事物名詞meeting, concert, train等作主語時，要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
②The students are leaving on Sunday.
學生們周日走。
③The train leaves at 8 o'clock.
火車八點整開。
(3)一般將來時的其他表達方式be going to do, be to do, be about to do的用法及區(qū)別：
a．be going to do在口語中常用來表示已經(jīng)決定或安排要做某事、必然或很可能發(fā)生某事，也可用來表示自然現(xiàn)象。
④The shop is going to open on October 1st.
商店將在十月一日開門(營業(yè))。
b．be to do表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。
⑤A meeting is to be held at 3：00 o'clock this afternoon.
今天下午3點開會。
c．be about to do表示“即將，正要”，后面不能接時間狀語或狀語從句。
⑥Autumn harvest is about to start.
秋收就要開始了。
[注意]　be going to do表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?，這種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準備；shall/will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時做出的決定。be going to do表將來，不能用在含有條件狀語從句的主句中；而will do則能，表意愿。
If it is fine， we'll go fishing.[√]
If it is fine， we are going to go fishing.[×]
如果天氣好，我們?nèi)メ烎~。
四、過去將來時
1．過去將來時的構(gòu)成
(1)should/would＋動詞原形
(2)was/were going to＋動詞原形
(3)was/were about to＋動詞原形
(4)was/were to＋動詞原形
(5)某些動詞的過去進行時形式
2．過去將來時的用法
(1)從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的事情。
①He said he would be here at eight o'clock.
他說他將在8點到這里。
②I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.
我正要睡覺這時有人敲門。
③I thought it was going to rain.
我當時覺得要下雨。
(2)過去本打算做而未做的事情。
④I was going to go to the party, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.
我本打算要參加聚會，但是我突然記起來我有作業(yè)要做。
⑤We were to tell you, but you were not in.
我們本來想告訴你的，但是你不在家。


即時練1　單句語法填空
①They (live) in the same building, don't they?
②I promise I (support) you all the time.
③The plane (take) off at 8：00 am.
④I hoped I (find) a job soon.
⑤—I'm sorry, but there is no smoking on this flight.
—Oh, I (know) that. Sorry, I won't again.
答案：①live?、趙ill support?、踭akes　④would find?、載idn't know
考點二 動詞時態(tài)的進行體
1．進行體的構(gòu)成
(1)考綱對進行體所要求掌握的時態(tài)包括：現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時。它們的形式分別為：
現(xiàn)在進行時
am/is/are＋現(xiàn)在分詞
過去進行時
was/were＋現(xiàn)在分詞
將來進行時
will/shall＋be＋現(xiàn)在分詞

(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成形式：
情況
規(guī)則
例詞
一般情況
加-ing
try→trying
以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾
的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞
雙寫輔音字母加-ing
regret→regretting
ban→banning
以不發(fā)音的e
結(jié)尾的動詞
去掉e，加-ing
hate→hating
date→dating
2．進行體的用法
用法
例句
表示某一時刻正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，具有暫時性和未完成性的特點
I didn't really work there; I was just helping out until the new secretary arrived.
我并不在那里上班，我只是去幫忙。新秘書來了，我就離開了。(暫時性)
表示某階段正在進行的動作或發(fā)生的事情，常與these/those days, this/that week等時間狀語連用
We are making model planes these days.
這些天我們在做飛機模型。(此時此刻不一定在做)
表示贊賞、厭惡、遺憾等情緒，常與always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等連用
He is always thinking of others first.
他總是先想到他人。
有些動詞的進行體可以表示將來(見一般將來時的用法)

3．有些動詞不用于進行體，常見的有：
分類
例詞
感官類
look, smell, sound, taste, see, hear
情感類
like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear, adore
心態(tài)類
wish, hope, want, need, believe, understand, remember, forget, agree, know
狀態(tài)類
appear, lie (位于), remain, belong to, have

即時練2　單句語法填空
①Sorry, you can't use my computer. I (use) it now.
②I (watch) TV when you rang me up.
③At this time tomorrow, I (sit) at the table.
答案：①am using?、趙as watching　③will be sitting
考點三 動詞時態(tài)的完成體
一、完成體的構(gòu)成
考綱對完成體所要求掌握的時態(tài)包括：現(xiàn)在完成時，過去完成時，將來完成時。它們的形式分別為：
現(xiàn)在完成時
have/has＋過去分詞
過去完成時
had＋過去分詞
將來完成時
will have＋過去分詞

[溫馨提示]　(1)規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成方法同過去式的構(gòu)成方法，詳見“一般過去時”部分。
(2)不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成詳見“附錄Ⅰ”。
二、完成體的用法
1．現(xiàn)在完成時
(1)表示發(fā)生在過去的動作或存在的狀態(tài)到說話時剛剛完成或結(jié)束?，F(xiàn)在完成時常與up to now, so far, already, yet, recently, in the past few years, just等表示時間的詞(短語)，或since引導的狀語從句(從句中使用一般過去時)，或for＋一段時間，或since＋時間點連用。
①His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一本小說自從上個月出版以來就很受歡迎。
[注意]　非延續(xù)性動詞leave， arrive， come， go， return， join， die， buy， borrow等的完成時，在肯定句中不能與for引出的時間段，since＋時間點或how long等狀語連用，要轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞才能與一段時間連用。但其否定式可與這類時間狀語連用。試比較：
[誤]I have bought the computer for a year.
[正]I have kept the computer for a year.
這臺電腦我買了有一年了。

(2)表示過去發(fā)生或完成的某個動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，強調(diào)的是這個影響或結(jié)果，常與yet, already, just, before, lately等時間狀語連用。
②I have just turned off the light.
我剛剛把燈關(guān)了。
③I have already read the book.
我已讀過這本書了。
(3)用于時間、條件狀語從句中，表示將來要完成的動作或一個動作先于另一個動作。(用來代替將來完成時)
④—When shall we restart our business?
—Not until we have finished our plan.
——什么時候我們重新開始我們的企業(yè)？
——直到我們已完成我們的計劃。
(4)用于現(xiàn)在完成時的固定句型：
a．在“It/This is/will be the first/second/third ... time＋that從句”中，that從句中的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。
⑤This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
這是我們第一次作為一家人在電影院看電影。
b．在“It/This is the best/worst/most＋adj.＋名詞＋從句”中，從句中的謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時。
⑥It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
這是我到這個學校以來聽過的最有教育意義的演講。
2．過去完成時
(1)表示在過去某一時刻或某一動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，時間定位是“過去的過去”。句中一般有明確的表示“過去的過去”的時間狀語(從句)，如by, by the end of, by the time, until, when, before等引出的表示過去的時間狀語(從句)。但有時需要通過上下文來判斷。
①By nine o'clock last night, we had finished most of the work.
到昨晚9點鐘，我們已完成了大部分工作。
(2)表示從過去某一時刻開始，一直持續(xù)到過去另一時刻的動作或狀態(tài)，或用在賓語從句(或間接引語)中，這時從句謂語動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作(過去時)之前。
②I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.
當公共汽車終于來的時候，我已在車站等了30分鐘。
(3)某些動詞用于過去完成時，表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，意為“本來期望/認為/打算……”。這類動詞主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。
③I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.
我本想去幫你的，但當時確實太忙了。
(4)常用于過去完成時的固定句型：
a．在hardly/scarcely ... when ...，no sooner ... than ... 句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。意思為“一……就……”。
④Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than it began to rain.
我一到家就開始下雨。
b．It was＋一段時間＋since從句。since從句用過去完成時。
⑤It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我離開北京至少有三個月了。
c．It was the first/second/ ... time＋(that)從句。從句用過去完成時。
⑥It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
這是我第一次用英語在網(wǎng)上聊天。
d．By the time ... (表示過去時間的句子)＋主句(過去完成時)。
⑦By the time he was ten, Tom had built a chemistry lab himself.
到十歲的時候，湯姆已經(jīng)自己建了一個化學實驗室。
3．將來完成時
將來完成時用來表示在將來某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)的動作。經(jīng)常與before＋將來時間或by＋將來時間連用，也可與before或by the time引導的現(xiàn)在時的從句連用。
On her next birthday，Ann will have been married for twenty years.
到下次生日時，安將已結(jié)婚20年了。

即時練3　單句語法填空
①Happy birthday! By this time of next year, you (turn) 18.
②She found that she (leave) her luggage on the bus.
③This is the first time that he (pass) the exam.
④Hardly (have) we started when the car got a flat tyre.
⑤I arrived late; I (not, expect) the road to be so icy after snowing.
答案：①will have turned　②had left?、踙as passed?、躧ad?、輍adn't expected
考點四 動詞時態(tài)的完成進行體
對完成進行體，高中階段要求掌握的時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成進行時和過去完成進行時，其形式為：have/has/had＋been＋doing。
1．現(xiàn)在完成進行時
(1)表示從過去某一時刻開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。這一動作可能剛完成，也可能仍在進行，具有持續(xù)性和未完成性。該時態(tài)多用于延續(xù)性動詞。
①The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
從上午9點開始，經(jīng)理就一直在告訴工人們?nèi)绾胃倪M這個項目。
(2)所表示的動作有時并不是一直在不停地進行，而是在斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地重復，但一定強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響。
②I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately.
我得去看醫(yī)生，因為最近我一直咳嗽得厲害。
2．過去完成進行時
(1)表示在過去某一時間之前一直在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
①I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
這東西我找了好多天才找著。
(2)表示在過去某段時間內(nèi)反復發(fā)生的動作。
②She had been trying to find a job, but hadn't found one yet.
她當時一直設(shè)法找工作，但仍沒找到。

即時練4　單句語法填空
①In order to find the missing child, villagers (do) all they can over the past five hours.
②Where had you been? We (look) for you everywhere.
③We (work) on it for several hours but we have not yet reached any conclusions.
④My friend, who (teach) Chinese in this primary school all his life, is retiring next month.
⑤I was tired. I (work) since dawn.
答案：①have been doing　②had been looking?、踙ave been working?、躧as been teaching?、輍ad been working
考點五 幾組易混時態(tài)的區(qū)別
1．一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別
一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的事，與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系，且過去時間是可以具體確定的，與其他時間沒有牽連；現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，或是對現(xiàn)在有影響。比較下面幾組句子，體會兩種時態(tài)的不同：
①
②
③
2．一般過去時和過去完成時的用法區(qū)別
(1)一般過去時是指過去的動作或情況，而過去完成時指過去的一個動作或時間之前發(fā)生的事。
①He had learned 3,000 English words before he came to this school.
他來這個學校之前就已經(jīng)學了3,000個英語單詞了。
(2)過去完成時的時間狀語常用by或before引導的短語或句子表示，如by that time, by the end of, before 2010，by the time＋句子(一般過去時)等。
②He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.
到上個月底為止，他已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。
3．過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時表示的是延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或同現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的動作，而過去完成時表示的是在過去某時之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過去某時的動作。比較下面的說法：


即時練5　單句語法填空
①The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody (see) them ever since.
②I'm calling to apply for the position you (advertise) the other day. Could you tell me more about it?
③During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs (increase) sharply.
答案：①has seen?、赼dvertised?、踙as increased
考點六 動詞的被動語態(tài)
動詞的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be＋過去分詞，口語中也用“get/become＋過去分詞”表示。被動語態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時用被動語態(tài)；強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(tài)(by短語有時可以省略)。
1．使用被動語態(tài)時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題
(1)主動變?yōu)楸粍訒r雙賓語的變化。
①My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
→An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.
→I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.
我的朋友在我生日時給了我一本有趣的書。
(2)主動變?yōu)楸粍訒r，賓語成主語；作補語的不定式前需加to。
②The boss made him work all day long.
→He was made to work all day long (by the boss)．
老板讓他整天都工作。
(3)短語動詞變被動語態(tài)時，勿要掉“尾巴”。
③Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
你應(yīng)該注意你的發(fā)音和拼寫。
(4)情態(tài)動詞， be going to, be to, be sure to, have to等結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，只需將它們后面的動詞原形變?yōu)椤癰e＋過去分詞”。
④We can repair this watch in two days.
→This watch can be repaired in two days.
我們可以在兩天內(nèi)修好這塊手表。
(5)當句子的謂語為say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等時，被動語態(tài)有兩種形式：
a．謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式作主補。
b．用it作形式主語，真正的主語用主語從句來表示。
⑤People say he is a smart boy.
→He is said to be a smart boy.
→It is said that he is a smart boy.
據(jù)說他是個聰明的男孩。
⑥People know paper was made in China first.
→Paper was known to be made in China first.
→It is known that paper was made in China first.
眾所周知，紙最先在中國被制造。
類似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that ...
2．不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況
(1)所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)。
(2)表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：last, hold, contain, fit, cost等。
(3)表示歸屬的動詞，如have，own，belong to等。
(4)表示“希望、意圖、喜好”的動詞，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。
(5)賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)。
(6)賓語是同源賓語、不定式、動名詞等，謂語動詞不用被動語態(tài)。
3．主動形式表被動含義
(1)當feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后面接形容詞時；當cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash等作為不及物動詞，表示主語(通常為物)內(nèi)在“品質(zhì)”或“性能”時；當動詞表示“開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動”等意思時。
①The fish smells good.
魚聞起來味道不錯。
②This kind of cloth washes easily.
這種布料好洗。
③These novels won't sell well.
這些小說不暢銷。
④My pen writes smoothly.
我的鋼筆書寫流暢。
⑤The door won't lock.
這門無法關(guān)上。
(2)當happen, occur, break out, take place, come about, work out等動詞(短語)表示“發(fā)生、制定”等意思時。
⑥The plan worked out successfully.
計劃成功實施了。
⑦How did the crazy situation come about?
這種瘋狂局面是如何發(fā)生的？
(3)want, require, need后面的動名詞用主動形式表示被動含義。
(4)be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義。
(5)在“be＋形容詞＋to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動形式表示被動含義。
⑧This kind of water isn't fit to drink.
這種水不適合飲用。
⑨The girl isn't easy to get along with.
這個女孩不易相處。

4．被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況
be seated坐著；be hidden躲藏；be lost迷路；be drunk喝醉；be dressed穿著
5．被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
此處的系表結(jié)構(gòu)指“連系動詞＋用作表語的過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，它與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一樣。要注意它們的區(qū)別：
被動語態(tài)強調(diào)動作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特點或狀態(tài)。
①The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被動語態(tài))
這本書在某一家書店出售。
②The book is well sold. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))
這本書賣得好。

即時練6　單句語法填空
①If nothing (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
②Hundreds of jobs (lose) if the factory closes.
③A new cinema (build) here. They hope to finish it next month.
④Your article (read) very well.
⑤The flower needs (water)．
答案：①is done?、趙ill be lost?、踚s being built　④reads?、輜atering/to be watered
考點七 主謂一致
主謂一致是指謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上與主語一致，一般遵循三個原則，即語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。做題時還要保證時態(tài)及其他語法及詞義的正確性。
1．語法一致原則
(1)當主語后面接由as well as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, with, together with等構(gòu)成的詞組時，其謂語動詞的形式要依主語的單復數(shù)而定。在這樣的句子里，這些詞所引導的詞組不影響主語自身的單復數(shù)形式，它們在句子里其實是狀語。
①The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位領(lǐng)導兼藝術(shù)家和我們的一些英語老師去年得到了一次出國的機會。
②My father, together with his workmates, has been to Beijing.
我父親和他的同事們?nèi)ミ^北京。
(2)由lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修飾的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞與所修飾的名詞形式保持一致。
③A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.
很多被邀來參加晚會的學生來自于我校。
④A great deal of water is polluted every year.
每年大量的水被污染。
但quantities/amounts of修飾名詞時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于quantity和amount的單復數(shù)形式。
⑤Quantities of information are available on the Internet.
在網(wǎng)上可得到大量的信息。
(3)定語從句中的謂語動詞的單復數(shù)由其修飾的名詞的單復數(shù)形式來確定；如果定語從句修飾前面的整個句子，從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
⑥Those who were praised at the meeting would be sent to America for further study.
在這次會議上被表揚的人將被派到美國深造。
⑦He married Mary, which was very natural.
他娶了瑪麗，這是很自然的事。
(4)倒裝句、強調(diào)句中的主謂一致
a．倒裝句中謂語動詞的數(shù)與后面的主語保持一致，即謂語后面的主語是單數(shù)，動詞用單數(shù)；謂語后面的主語是復數(shù)，動詞用復數(shù)。
⑧A building stands in front of us.
→In front of us stands a building.
我們面前矗立著一棟樓。
⑨Rows of fruit trees were on either side.
→On either side were rows of fruit trees.
在每一邊都有一排排的果樹。
b．在強調(diào)句中，如果被強調(diào)的成分是原來句子的主語，引導詞that(或who)后面的謂語與被強調(diào)的成分在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。
⑩I am a doctor.
→It is I who am a doctor.
我是一名醫(yī)生。
?He is a doctor.
→It is he who is a doctor.
他是一名醫(yī)生。
2．就近一致原則
(1)由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ... , not ... but ... 等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞常與最近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。
①Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music of this kind.
不僅學生們而且這位老師也喜歡聽這種音樂。
②Neither the children nor the mother knows anything about it.
孩子們和母親都不知道這件事。
(2)在There be句型及Here開頭的句子中，有兩個或幾個并列主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語保持一致。
③There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table.
桌子上有一支鋼筆、兩把小刀和幾本書。
→There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.
桌子上有兩把小刀、一支鋼筆和幾本書。
3．意義一致原則
(1)and, both ... and ... 連接兩個不同的主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；但是如果由and連接的兩個名詞表示同一個人或物時，謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式。
①Her teacher and her friends are in the sitting room.
她的老師和朋友們都在客廳。
②The poet and writer has produced many works.
這位詩人兼作家寫出了許多作品。
(2)“no/each/every/many a＋單數(shù)名詞＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
③Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held next Sunday.
每個男生和女生都希望參加下周日舉行的聚會。
(3)動詞不定式、動名詞和從句作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)形式。
④To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think.
學會一門外語并不像你想象的那么難。
⑤That he has won the game is known to us all.
他贏了這場比賽是我們都知道的事。
⑥Swimming in rivers in summer is a good sport, but to swim in rivers in winter needs great willpower.
夏天在河里游泳是很好的運動，但冬天在河里游泳需要極大的意志力。
[注意]　從句作主語時，若主句謂語部分為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，主句謂語的數(shù)通常由作表語的名詞/代詞決定。
⑦What they need is money while what we need most are textbooks.
他們需要的是錢，而我們最需要的是教科書。
(4)含修飾語的名詞作主語的特殊情況：
a．many a/more than one＋單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
⑧Many a parent was forced to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫經(jīng)歷這一段痛苦的過程。
b．the rest, the remaining/part ...，plenty of, a great deal of等＋主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)所表達的單復數(shù)意義而定。
⑨The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was very boring.
講座的前半部分很生動，但后半部分非常枯燥。
c．分數(shù)、百分數(shù)指代或修飾名詞時，謂語動詞的數(shù)與其所修飾的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。
⑩About one third of the books are worth reading.
這些書中大約有1/3值得一讀。
?Only 60 percent of the work was finished yesterday.
昨天只干了60%的活。
[注意]　population由分數(shù)或百分數(shù)修飾時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
Two-thirds of population have been killed in the accident.
在這次事故中2/3的人喪生。

(5)“a number of＋復數(shù)名詞”表示“許多……”，作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；“the number of＋復數(shù)名詞”表示“……的數(shù)量”，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
?A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.
這個周末許多學生打算去野炊。
?The number of days in February this year is 28.
今年二月份的天數(shù)是二十八天。
(6)集體名詞作主語時，若被看作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；若被看作是構(gòu)成集體的一個個成員，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。常見的集體名詞有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
?The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.
這個班由25個男生和20個女生組成。
?The class are doing experiments.
全班學生都在做實驗。
[注意]　(1)people， cattle， police等集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞必須用復數(shù)形式。
(2)單復數(shù)同形的名詞，如：deer， sheep， fish， means， works， Chinese等作主語時，要視其意義來決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式。

(7)表示時間、距離、重量、金額等復數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。
?Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.
對于一個男孩來說，3,000美元是一筆大數(shù)目。
(8)以-s/-ics結(jié)尾的學科名詞，如physics, politics等及news作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
?Bad news travels quickly.
[諺語]壞事傳千里。

即時練7　單句語法填空
①His suggestion (have) been accepted.
②To say you were ignorant of the rules (be) no excuse.
③The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often (surprise) people even to death.
④The cattle (be) eating grass on the hill now.
⑤Not every means (be) useful.
⑥The English (be) proud of their sense of humor.
⑦ (be) either you or he fit for the job?
⑧Not you but I (be) responsible for this.
⑨ (be) not only the students but also their teacher required to attend the meeting?
⑩Many a good man (have) been destroyed by drink.
?The writer and translator (be) delivering a speech in our school now.
?Tom, not the students, (have) gone there.
?Mary, along with her sisters, (attend) the conference regularly.
?Compasses (be) usually used to draw circles.
?That pair of compasses (be) lost.
?Ten years (be) a moment in history.
?A third of his composition (have) been corrected.
?A third of his compositions (have) been corrected.
?Some new forms of art (be) being discussed at the meeting now.
?He is one of the boys who (have) helped me.
He is the only one of the boys who (have) helped me.
答案：①has?、趇s?、踫urprises?、躠re?、輎s?、轪re?、逜re?、郺m?、酇re　⑩has　?is　?has　?attends　?are　?is　?is　?has　?have　?are　?have　has


誤區(qū)一　句子沒有謂語動詞或一個句子中出現(xiàn)多個謂語
(1)【誤】The windows broken.
【正】The windows are/were broken.
[分析]　“窗戶應(yīng)為被打破”，故應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)，如直接用過去分詞broken，句子則缺少謂語成分。此處也可將broken看作過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞作表語。
(2)【誤】Today, the number of people learn English is increasing rapidly in China.
【正】Today, the number of people who learn English is increasing rapidly in China.
【正】Today, the number of people learning English is increasing rapidly in China.
[分析]　一個句子中只能有一個謂語，如出現(xiàn)兩個(或兩個以上)的謂語，須將另外出現(xiàn)的動詞改為非謂語動詞形式或用從句進行表述。
誤區(qū)二　中式英語比比皆是
(1)【誤】I very like listen music and every day I also will see some newspapers.
【正】I like listening to music very much and every day I read some newspapers as well. (習慣性動作用一般現(xiàn)在時)
[分析]　修飾動詞like應(yīng)用副詞(短語)；like后應(yīng)加動名詞或不定式，而不能直接跟動詞原形；“看報紙”，在英語中用read而不用see，此為習慣表達。
(2)【誤】I don't know I should do what.
【正】I don't know what I should do.
[分析]　know后為賓語從句，what引導賓語從句且在從句中作賓語，引導詞應(yīng)放于從句句首，注意中英表達中語序的差異。
(3)【誤】Our village has taken place great changes.
【誤】Great changes have been taken place in our village.
【正】Great changes have taken place in our village.
[分析]　take place為不及物動詞短語，主語應(yīng)是“事”而非“人”，且不能用于被動語態(tài)。
[注意]　造成以上錯誤的原因一方面在于對動詞的語法功能和五種基本句式掌握不牢固，另一方面則是由于不了解中英表達的差異，受漢語干擾過大，這兩類錯誤是考生特別愛犯的錯誤，尤其是在寫作中，考生應(yīng)高度重視?？傊@些錯誤都是由于基礎(chǔ)薄弱而致，所以考生平時應(yīng)多記多背多分析，不斷積累總結(jié)，才能厚積薄發(fā)。

誤區(qū)三　動詞時態(tài)曲折變化的誤用
(1)【誤】She promised that she will not let out the plan to the press.
【正】She promised that she would not let out the plan to the press.
[分析]　在賓語從句中，主從句的時態(tài)要保持前后一致。本句主句是一般過去時，故從句也要用相應(yīng)的過去將來時態(tài)。
(2)【誤】To arrange for an appointment with us, please complete the reply slip and sent it back to us.
【正】To arrange for an appointment with us, please complete the reply slip and send it back to us.
[分析]　根據(jù)語境以及and可知，sent應(yīng)與complete保持一致，故sent改為send。
(3)【誤】By the time you will arrive in London, we will have been in Europe for two weeks.
【正】By the time you arrive in London, we will have been in Europe for two weeks.
[分析]　by the time后的時間狀語從句一般用現(xiàn)在時表將來。
(4)【誤】The detective fixed his sharp eyes on the box, wondering whether he saw it somewhere before.
【正】The detective fixed his sharp eyes on the box, wondering whether he had seen it somewhere before.
[分析]　分析語境可知，see的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，故用過去完成時。
(5)【誤】Nancy is not coming tonight. But she has promised!
【正】Nancy is not coming tonight. But she promised!
[分析]　根據(jù)語境“南希答應(yīng)要來”可知，promise的動作發(fā)生在過去，與現(xiàn)在時間無關(guān)，故用一般過去時。
誤區(qū)四　動詞語態(tài)曲折變化的誤用
(1)【誤】The book which had been lost returned to the library.
【正】The book which had been lost was returned to the library.
[分析]　return是及物動詞，句子的主語The book與之構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，表示“被歸還”，故returned前加was。
(2)【誤】There's a feeling among a lot of people that music has been become too commercial in recent years.
【正】There's a feeling among a lot of people that music has become too commercial in recent years.
[分析]　become意為“變得，變成”，不及物動詞不能使用被動語態(tài)。
[注意]　造成以上錯誤主要是因為對動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)了解不夠透徹，可從三方面入手：①翻譯；②注意句中的動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞；③注意其他提示信息，如主句的時態(tài)、時間狀語、關(guān)鍵詞等。當然要處理好此類問題還要系統(tǒng)全面地學習，應(yīng)對此部分所講內(nèi)容認真學習，碰到錯誤，對照所講知識找出錯誤根源，才能不斷進步。

誤區(qū)五　主謂一致中常見的誤用
(1)【誤】My dream school look like a big garden.
【正】My dream school looks like a big garden.
[分析]　主語My dream school是單數(shù)，故謂語動詞也應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式。
(2)【誤】Jeff is the only one of the journalists who were awarded.
【正】Jeff is the only one of the journalists who was awarded.
[分析]　本句中的中心詞是the only one，因此定語從句中謂語動詞的數(shù)需要根據(jù)the only one而定。
(3)【誤】The teacher, as well as his students, are going to see the film this afternoon.
【正】The teacher, as well as his students, is going to see the film this afternoon.
[分析]　當主語后面接由as well as構(gòu)成的詞組時，其謂語動詞的形式要依其前面主語的單復數(shù)而定，本句主語為The teacher。
(4)【誤】Not only my parents but also I are good at dancing and singing.
【正】Not only my parents but also I am good at dancing and singing.
[分析]　not only ... but also ... 連接主語時，謂語遵循就近一致原則。
(5)【誤】Among all my friends are a special one I'm most thankful to.
【正】Among all my friends is a special one I'm most thankful to.
[分析]　此句是倒裝句，主語a special one是單數(shù)形式，故謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式。
[注意]　主謂一致的誤用主要出現(xiàn)在三大原則的特殊情況中，如非謂語動詞或從句作主語時、特殊名詞(特別是由特定連詞連接的名詞)作主語時、就近原則與就遠原則時，以及倒裝句和定語從句中的特殊情況，因此除了知道基礎(chǔ)語法的同時，還應(yīng)加強留意特殊情況的積累、糾錯。



1．(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
答案：have reported
2．(2019·全國卷Ⅲ)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
答案：recommended
3．(2019·天津高考)I (hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
答案：had hoped
4．(2019·天津高考)Amy, as well as her brothers, (give)a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
答案：was given
5．(2019·浙江高考)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody (have) to worry about fashion (時尚).
答案：has/will have
6．(2019·浙江高考)The musician along with his band members (give) ten performances in the last three months.
答案：has given

1．(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistakes as well.

答案：include→includes
2．(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.

答案：are→were
3．(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!

答案：came→comes
4．(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.

答案：become→became
5．(2016·浙江高考)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.

答案：was→were,

1．掌握獨特的時間狀語標志
(1)看到always, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等要想到用一般現(xiàn)在時；
(2)看到y(tǒng)esterday, last night, a few days ago, the other day等要想到用一般過去時；
(3)看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等要想到用一般將來時；
(4)看到now, at present等要想到用現(xiàn)在進行時；
(5)看到at that time, at six o'clock yesterday等要想到用過去進行時；
(6)看到this time tomorrow, from 1 o'clock to 3 o'clock tomorrow等要想到用將來進行時；
(7)看到since, so far, up to now, in the last/past few years等要想到用現(xiàn)在完成時。
2．熟記固定句型中的時態(tài)
(1)be doing ... when ...，主句常用過去進行時，從句常用一般過去時；
(2)It is/has been＋時間段＋since ... 表示“自從……以來已經(jīng)……”，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時或一般現(xiàn)在時，從句用一般過去時；
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陳述句，陳述句常用一般將來時。
3．分清主動被動，辨析語態(tài)
看到動詞為及物動詞，后面缺少賓語時，要想到用被動語態(tài)。

1．“六根據(jù)”定時態(tài)、語態(tài)
(1)根據(jù)語篇和上下文整體把握時態(tài)；
(2)根據(jù)時間狀語判斷時態(tài)；
(3)根據(jù)連詞連接成分的對稱原則辨清時態(tài)；
(4)根據(jù)主句謂語識別從句時態(tài)：在復合句中，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時，從句可根據(jù)需要用各種時態(tài)；主句用一般過去時，從句用過去的某種時態(tài)；
(5)根據(jù)固定句式要求改正時態(tài)；
(6)根據(jù)句子的主動被動含義辨析語態(tài)。
2．“四看”定謂語單復數(shù)
(1)看主語為第一、二人稱還是第三人稱，確定謂語動詞形式；
(2)看到主語為動名詞短語、to do不定式或從句，要想到謂語應(yīng)為第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
[溫馨提示]　主謂一致在高考中，往往不獨立考查，經(jīng)常與名詞、時態(tài)、特殊句式及三大從句結(jié)合在一起考查。

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