2021版高考英語(yǔ)（外研版）一輪復(fù)習(xí)教師用書(shū)：必修15Module5　ALessoninaLab

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一、語(yǔ)基必備知識(shí)
(一)重點(diǎn)詞匯——分類(lèi)記憶
Ⅰ.閱讀詞匯——在不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞匯前劃√
liquid n．　　　　　　　 expand vi.
contract vi. oxygen n.
substance n. partial adj.
steam n. float vi.
flame n. facility n.
lecture n. department n.
Ⅱ.核心詞匯——寫(xiě)其形
1．stage n．　　　　 階段；時(shí)期
2．ordinary adj. 普通的；平常的
3．form vi.　　　　 形成
4．balance n. 天平；平衡
Ⅲ.拓展詞匯——通其變
1．mix v．混合→mixture n．混合物
2．electricity n．電→electric adj.電的；用電的→electrical adj.與電有關(guān)的；用電的
3．conclude vt.推論出；斷定→conclusion n．結(jié)論
4．a(chǎn)im n．目標(biāo)；目的→aimless adj.無(wú)目的的，沒(méi)有目標(biāo)的
5．react vi.(化學(xué)) 反應(yīng)→reaction n．反應(yīng)
6．equip vt.裝備；配備→equipment n．設(shè)備；裝備
7．a(chǎn)stonish vt.使驚訝→astonished adj.吃驚的；驚愕的→__astonishment n．驚愕→astonishing adj.令人驚訝的；使人驚奇的

1.物質(zhì)形態(tài)有多種
①liquid n．　　　　　　 液體
②fluid n．　 流體
③solid n. 固體
④gas n. 氣體；燃?xì)?br /> ⑤steam n. 蒸汽；水汽
2.“擴(kuò)展”動(dòng)詞全接觸
①expand　　　　 膨脹；擴(kuò)展
②enlarge 擴(kuò)大
③spread 擴(kuò)展；蔓延
④extend 延伸；延續(xù)
⑤broaden 擴(kuò)大
3.-ture結(jié)尾名詞全掃描
①mixture　　　　 混合物
②furniture 家具
③architecture 建筑
④departure 出發(fā)；離開(kāi)
⑤signature 簽名；簽字
(二)重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)——記牢用活
1．put...in__order　　　 使……有條理
2．a(chǎn)dd...to... 往……加入……
3．used__to 過(guò)去(常常)……
4．in__the__area__of 在……領(lǐng)域
5．be__proud__of 為……感到驕傲/自豪
6．be__supposed__to 應(yīng)當(dāng)；理應(yīng)
7．keep...out__of 不讓……進(jìn)入；使……避開(kāi)……
8．go__ahead 開(kāi)始做某事(表示允許)；請(qǐng)用吧

1.order相關(guān)短語(yǔ)大全
①put...in order　　　　　 使……有條理
②in order 按順序；井然有序
③in good order 秩序井然
④in order of 按……順序
⑤out of order 有毛?。怀龉收?br /> 2.“位置”短語(yǔ)集錦
①at the top/bottom of...　　　 在……的頂/底部
②at the foot of 在……腳下
③in (the) front of 在……前面(部)
④on the left/right 在左/右邊
⑤in the middle 在中間
(三)重點(diǎn)句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：分?jǐn)?shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由分?jǐn)?shù)所修飾的名詞來(lái)決定
Two-thirds of the earth’s surface is__water.
地球表面的三分之二是水。
句型2：It is＋adj.＋to do sth.
It__is__hard__to__think__of a world without metals.
做某事是……的很難想象一個(gè)沒(méi)有金屬的世界。
句型3：the＋比較級(jí) ...，the＋比較級(jí) ... 意為“越……，就越……”
The__closer you are, the__more you’ll see.
你離得越近，看到的就越多。
二、語(yǔ)境強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練
Ⅰ.語(yǔ)境填詞——根據(jù)提示寫(xiě)出該詞的適當(dāng)形式
A．根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示寫(xiě)出下列單詞
1．My brother graduated from the English department(科，系) of a key university five years ago.
2．The population of Africa is expanding(膨脹) so rapidly as to cause concern of the whole world.
3．The economy continues to contract(收縮), raising fears of further political problems.
4．As a world-famous professor, he is busy delivering lectures(演講) in different universities every year.
5．The government has taken some measures to solve the shortage of electricity(電), but it may be some time before the situation improves.
B．根據(jù)所給單詞寫(xiě)出適當(dāng)形式
6．We should have a balanced(balance) diet to keep us energetic every day.
7．Ordinarily(ordinary), I find this job easy, but today I’m having problems.
8．Good habits formed(form) at an early age will benefit you a lot in your whole life.
9．Do remember to take this medicine three times a day with warm boiled(boil) water!
10．With much rubbish floating(float) on the river, I appeal to everyone to protect our environment.
Ⅱ.語(yǔ)境品詞——寫(xiě)出加黑詞匯在語(yǔ)境中的意義
1．(2019·北京卷)Whatever stage of life you’re at, wherever you go and whatever project you do in GDA, you’ll create positive changes in a poor and remote community(社區(qū))．階段
2．(2019·浙江卷6月)They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music.反應(yīng)
3．(2019·北京卷)An A-team may require a balance—not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.平衡；均衡
4．(2019·江蘇卷)This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities.設(shè)備__設(shè)施/設(shè)備
Ⅲ.選詞成篇
at the top of; be proud of; be supposed to; put...in order; used to
My room 1.used__to be in a mess, which greatly bothered my mother. One day she was so angry that she shouted 2.at__the__top__of her voice, “You will never be organised if your room go on like this.” At her words, I realized I 3.was__supposed__to change my habits. From then on, I have made it a rule to 4.put everything in__order. Seeing my clean room, my mother 5.is__proud__of me.
in the area of; find out; add...to...; keep...out of; go ahead; react with
Tom, who is interested in chemistry, aims to make a breakthrough 6.in__the__area__of chemistry. Yesterday, to see if iron 7.reacts__with air-free water, he 8.added some oil to the water, which could help 9.keep air out__of the water. In the end, he drew a conclusion that iron does not rust in air-free water. To 10.find__out more scientific truth, he will 11.go__ahead with several other experiments in the following days.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．這座城市五分之四的面積是由樹(shù)和草地覆蓋的。
Four-fifths of the area is__covered__by__trees__and__grass in the city.
2．(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)你通曉中國(guó)文化是必要的。
It’s__necessary__for__you__to__have__a__good__knowledge__of Chinese culture.
3．寫(xiě)作文的時(shí)候你越細(xì)心，你犯的錯(cuò)誤就越少。
The__more__careful you are while writing a composition, the__fewer__mistakes you will make.

aim　n．目標(biāo)；目的；對(duì)準(zhǔn)　v．對(duì)準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)，打算
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①(2019·北京卷)All our projects aim to__promote(promote) the development of poor and remote communities.
②a.(2019·北京卷)Earth Day, marked on 22 April, is an annual event aiming(aim) to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
b．(2017·北京卷)She started the Ladybug Foundation, an organization aiming/aimed(aim) at getting rid of homelessness.
③The aim of education is to__teach(teach) young people to think for themselves and not follow others blindly.
④(2017·北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly(aim) down the tree-lined street, not knowing where she was heading.
[能力提升]——詞匯升級(jí)
⑤(普通表達(dá))In order to improve the level of English, we attend English Corner once a week.
(高級(jí)表達(dá))With__the__aim__of__improving/Aiming__at__improving/Aiming__to__
improve the level of English, we attend English Corner once a week.(aim)

(1)aim to do sth.　　　　　　　 旨在做某事
aim at doing sth./be aimed at 目的是；旨在
(2)take aim at... 瞄準(zhǔn)……
with the aim of 以……為目標(biāo)；
意在……
(3)aimless adj. 無(wú)目的的
aimlessly adv. 無(wú)目的地
　[佳句背誦]
This activity is aimed at improving the students’ ability of listening and speaking.
這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的目的是提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力。
[詞塊助記](méi)
aim high　　　　　　志 存高遠(yuǎn)
achieve/realize my aim 達(dá)到我的目的/實(shí)現(xiàn)我的目標(biāo)
a programme aimed at teenagers
針對(duì)青少年的節(jié)目
balance　n．天平，秤；平衡　vt.平衡；權(quán)衡
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①You have to balance the advantages of living in a big city against the disadvantages.
②People have learnt the importance of keeping a balanced(balance) diet to satisfy their nutritional needs.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③(天津卷)你太努力工作了，你最好使工作和放松保持平衡。
You are working too hard. You’d better keep__a__balance__between__work__and__
relaxation．
④(湖北卷)男孩追他哥哥時(shí)，失去了平衡，重重地摔了一跤。
When he was running after his brother，the boy lost__his__balance and had a bad fall.

(1)balance A against B　　　 權(quán)衡/比較A和B
balance A with B 使A和B平衡
(2)keep/lose one’s balance 保持/失去平衡
break the balance 打破平衡
(3)balanced adj. 均衡的
　[語(yǔ)段背誦]
We should try our best to keep the balance between our development and environment protection. Sometimes, over-development can break the balance of ecology. Once nature loses the balance, it will bring us many disasters.
add...to...　往……加入……
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò)
①a. (2019·北京卷)For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method...
b．(2018·浙江卷6月)And an unexpected shower added to the difficulty of us in finding a way home, for all the tracks we had made disappeared because of the rain.
②The president agreed, added that he hoped for a peaceful solution to the dispute.added→adding
[能力提升]——完成句子
③請(qǐng)把這些數(shù)字加起來(lái)，我確信總數(shù)會(huì)超過(guò)1 000。
Please add__up the numbers and I’m sure it will add__up__to more than 1，000.

(1)add to　　　　　　　 增加；增添
add up 把……加起來(lái)
add up to 加起來(lái)共計(jì)/達(dá)
(2)add that 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)
[佳句背誦] The dictionary is out of date: many words have been added to the language since it was published.　這本字典過(guò)時(shí)了：自從它出版，很多單詞被增加到這種語(yǔ)言中。(天津卷)
[詞塊助記](méi)
little steps add up to big dreams
小進(jìn)步成就大夢(mèng)想
used to　過(guò)去(常常)……；以前常常
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①He used to__stay(stay) up late, but now he is used to going(go) to bed early.
②The large amount of wood which is cut from that forest is used to__build(build) the bridge.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③以前在他們房子的后面有一個(gè)美麗的大花園。
There__used__to__be__a__big__and__beautiful__garden at the back of their house.
④(四川卷)我仍然記得我幸福的童年，那時(shí)媽媽經(jīng)常在周末的時(shí)候帶我去迪士尼樂(lè)園。
I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would__take__me__to Disneyland at weekends.

(1)There used to be...　　　 過(guò)去常常有……
(2)be/get used to (doing) sth. 習(xí)慣 (做) 某事
be used to do sth. 被用來(lái)做某事
[佳句背誦] The girl used to be shy, but is gradually getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.
那個(gè)女孩過(guò)去很害羞，但現(xiàn)在團(tuán)隊(duì)合作越來(lái)越積極，比以前更愿意表達(dá)她自己的想法。(湖北卷)
[名師點(diǎn)津] used to和would二者均含有過(guò)去常做某事的意義，used to表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在不那樣了，而would單純指過(guò)去常做某事，不含與現(xiàn)在比較的意思。
be supposed to　應(yīng)當(dāng)；理應(yīng)
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①a. (遼寧卷)What are you doing out of bed, Tom? You’re supposed to__be(be) asleep.
b．(陜西卷)The message is very important, so it is supposed to__be__sent(send) as soon as possible.
②Supposing/Suppose(suppose) that there was an earthquake, what would be the right way to escape?
[能力提升]——完成句子
③環(huán)境已經(jīng)大大地影響了人們的日常生活，政府應(yīng)該采取有效措施保護(hù)環(huán)境。
The government is__supposed__to__take__effective__measures__to__protect the environment, which has greatly affected people’s daily life.

(1)be supposed to do sth.　　 應(yīng)該/理應(yīng)做某事
(2)suppose＋sb.＋(to be)＋adj./n.
認(rèn)為某人……
suppose/supposing (that) ... 假定/假如/
如果……
　[佳句背誦] Chopsticks are used to nip, pick, rip and stir food, which are supposed to be a very important invention and reflect the wisdom of ancient Chinese people.
筷子被用來(lái)夾、挑、扯和攪拌食物，它被認(rèn)為是一項(xiàng)重要的發(fā)明， 反映了古代中國(guó)人的智慧。

It is ＋adj.＋ to do sth.做某事是……的
(教材原句)It is hard to think of a world without metals.
很難想象一個(gè)沒(méi)有金屬的世界。
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①a.(2018·浙江卷11月)It’s a really good idea to__visit(visit) colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.
b．(天津卷)It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.
②a.It is careless of you to make so many mistakes in the exam.
b．It is necessary for us to practice speaking English every day.
③It’s no use arguing(argue) with her—she won’t listen.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(安徽卷)事實(shí)是每個(gè)人都會(huì)有一段時(shí)期，在這段時(shí)期里很多事都不順利，因此你不必太擔(dān)心。
④It__is__true__that everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong, so you don’t have to worry so much.(it作形式主語(yǔ))
⑤The__truth__is__that everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong, so you don’t have to worry so much.(表語(yǔ)從句)

(1)本句屬于“It is＋形容詞/名詞＋不定式”句式。其中it是形式主語(yǔ)， 不定式短語(yǔ)是真正的主語(yǔ)。
(2)it作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：
①I(mǎi)t is＋adj.＋ (for/of sb.) to do sth.
②It is＋adj./n.＋that從句
③It is no good/use doing sth.做某事是沒(méi)有好處/用的
[佳句背誦] It is necessary to learn traditional Chinese culture. The more you learn, the more interested you will become in it.
學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化是有必要的。你學(xué)得越多， 你就會(huì)對(duì)它越感興趣。
[名師點(diǎn)津] 在“It is/was＋adj.(for/of sb.) ＋to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中，for前面的形容詞通常是difficult，necessary，important，quick，easy等，這些形容詞多與事物的特征有關(guān)。而of前面的形容詞常常是wise，kind，stupid，silly，bright，nice，good等，這些形容詞常常與人的性格特點(diǎn)有關(guān)。

維度一　在空白處填入括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式
1．He drew a conclusion(conclude) that robots would play an important part in doing housework in the future.
2．—Would you like to drink some coffee with some sugar or milk?
—Oh, I’d like some milk added(add) to the coffee.
3．Is it he or you who are in charge of the job and supposed to__complete(complete) it on time?
4．The more you listen to English, the easier(easy) you’ll feel in speaking English.
5．He used to__play(play) games on the Internet, but now he is used to taking(take) a walk after supper.
維度二　在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~
1．It is uncertain whether he can come to Jenny’s birthday party or not.
2．His parents are proud of his achievements which he has made in the field of chemistry.
3．The baby boy is at the stage where he can only say a few simple words but not yet full sentences.
4．The school is looking for a teacher who is professional in the area of computer science.
5．The books on the shelf are out of order. Let’s put them in order.
維度三　派生詞練習(xí)
1．The school has been rebuilt and it is well equipped. Much money has been spent on the office equipment．(equip)
2．The reaction showed us how the company reacted to the need of the customer.(react)
3．In my opinion, each of us should have an aim of our own.But some of us lead an aimless life every day.(aim)
4．To our astonishment,__the famous star died.That’s to say, we were astonished at the news of her sudden death, and it was really astonishing．(astonish)
維度四　易錯(cuò)混用
1．Put everything in the order before you leave the room.刪除第一個(gè)the
2．Although astonishing at what he heard, Peter didn’t say anything.astonishing→astonished
3．Our school has been given some new teaching equipments since 2019.equipments→equipment
4．The apartments are so expensive that they are hard for ordinarily people to buy.ordinarily→ordinary
5．Two fifths of the land in that district are covered with trees and grass.are→is

提能一　語(yǔ)段填空(短文中黑體部分為本模塊核心知識(shí)點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)補(bǔ)全短文，并背誦體會(huì)黑體部分用法)
Tom, my classmate, used 1.to__play(play) computer games, and his grades were getting worse and worse. The teacher told him that he was supposed 2.to__set(set) an aim and form 3.a good habit. 4.It was difficult for him to give up playing games then, but with the help of the teacher he kept 5.himself(he) out of them. Besides, the teacher’s encouragement 6.added(add) to his confidence. He was 7.astonished(astonish) to find that the more he studied, the 8.more__interested(interest) he became in studying. Meanwhile, he attached importance to taking exercise. In 9.conclusion(conclude), he could keep a balance between study and exercise and his parents were proud 10.of him.
提能二　話題寫(xiě)作(用本模塊詞匯、句式和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)寫(xiě)滿分作文)
假設(shè)你是李華，某國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)站邀請(qǐng)你發(fā)帖分享有效的學(xué)習(xí)方式。要點(diǎn)如下：
①確定具體目標(biāo)；
②充分利用時(shí)間；
③其他方式自擬。
1．補(bǔ)全要點(diǎn)句(黑體部分請(qǐng)用本模塊所學(xué)詞匯)
①確定具體的目標(biāo)是必要的和有用的。
To__set__a__specific__aim is necessary and useful.
②因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)你有具體的目標(biāo)時(shí)，你才能更有效地學(xué)習(xí)。
It is because only when__you__have__a__specific__aim can you study more efficiently.
③我們應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。它們能有助于提高學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)。
We are__supposed__to__form__good__learning__habits,__and they can contribute to better academic performance.
④充分利用時(shí)間就是最好的習(xí)慣之一。
Making__full__use__of__time is one of the best habits.
⑤對(duì)我們而言，保持學(xué)習(xí)和適當(dāng)放松的平衡同樣重要。
It is equally important for us to__keep__a__balance__between study and proper relaxation.
⑥總之，我們的學(xué)習(xí)方法越科學(xué)，我們?cè)诳荚囍芯湍芸嫉迷胶谩?br /> In__conclusion,__if our learning methods are more scientific, we will perform better in exams.
2．升級(jí)平淡句
⑦用it作形式主語(yǔ)升級(jí)句①
It__is__necessary__and__useful__to__set__a__specific__aim.
⑧用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句升級(jí)句③
We__are__supposed__to__form__good__learning__habits,__which__can__contribute__to__better__academic__performance.
⑨用“the＋比較級(jí)，the＋比較級(jí)”升級(jí)句⑥
In__conclusion,__the__more__scientific__our__learning__methods__are,__the__better__we__will__perform__in__exams.
3．銜接成美文(注意用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)渡銜接詞匯：first of all, in addition, for example, besides)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
First of all, it is necessary and useful to set a specific aim. It is because only when you have a specific aim can you study more efficiently. In addition, we are supposed to form good learning habits, which can contribute to better academic performance. For example, making full use of time is one of the best habits. Besides, it is equally important for us to keep a balance between study and proper relaxation. In conclusion, the more scientific our learning methods are, the better we will perform in exams.

Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
(2020·陜西摸底檢測(cè))
In the story of The Crow and the Pitcher from Aesop’s Fables, a thirsty crow(烏鴉) drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.
Now scientists have evidence to back up that story. Crows actually do understand how to make water displacement(排水量) work to their advantage, experiments show. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.
Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, presented six crows with tubes containing water. Inside the tubes, a worm or a piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating, just out of reach of the crows. In front of the tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.
However, the__birds__handled__awkwardly in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said. Dropping objects into a narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide tube. The crows obviously didn’t realize this, and most of them went for the wide tube first.
Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文主要介紹了科學(xué)家通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)烏鴉智商進(jìn)行的研究。
1．How did the crows get the snack in Sarah’s experiment?
A．By breaking the tube.
B．By dropping in erasers.
C．By standing on the wood.
D．By removing the wood.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.”可知，烏鴉能夠把橡皮擦扔到管里，使水位升高，然后吃到零食。所以選B項(xiàng)。
2．What does the author mean by “the birds handled awkwardly” in Paragraph 4?
A．They were unable to tell different shapes.
B．They dropped objects only into narrow tubes.
C．They were not aware of the snack at first sight.
D．They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.
D　解析：推理判斷題。從第四段可知，實(shí)驗(yàn)中的烏鴉在面對(duì)粗細(xì)不同的管子時(shí)，雖然只需往細(xì)管里投兩次物體就可以夠到零食，而需往粗管里投大約七次物體才能夠到零食，但是烏鴉往往先去粗管那邊，而沒(méi)有選擇更容易獲得零食的細(xì)管。由此可推知，畫(huà)線部分是說(shuō)它們通常沒(méi)有選擇更容易的方式得到零食。
3．What does the text mainly focus on?
A．Stories of Aesop’s Fables.
B．The development of crows.
C．Crows’ intelligence.
D．Human-animal communication.
C　解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.”以及下文中的實(shí)驗(yàn)可知，整篇文章都是圍繞烏鴉的智商問(wèn)題來(lái)展開(kāi)的。
4．What do we know about crows in the passage?
A．Crows are almost as clever as first-graders in some respects.
B．Crows understand water displacement completely.
C．Chimps and children are much smarter than crows.
D．The story of The Crow and the Pitcher lacks evidence.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.”可知，烏鴉在一些方面幾乎跟一年級(jí)學(xué)生一樣聰明。
B
(2020·濰坊統(tǒng)一考試)
Plants cannot run or hide, so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten. Some curl up their leaves, others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling on them, chewing them up or laying eggs on them—all signals of an attack. New research now shows that some flora can feel a plant-eating animal well before it launches an attack, letting a plant prepare a preemptive(先發(fā)制人的) defense that even works against other pest species.
When ecologist John Orrock of the University of Wisconsin-Madison sprayed snail slime—a liquid the animals release as they slide along—onto soil, nearby tomato plants appeared to notice. They increased their levels of an enzyme(酶), which is known to prevent plant-eating animals. “None of the plants were ever actually attacked，” Orrock says. “We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”
Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails; in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat. The investigators found that hungry caterpillars(毛蟲(chóng)), which usually eat tomato leaves greedily, had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance. This nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival, says Orrock, who reported the results with his colleagues in March in Oecologia.
The finding that a snail’s approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made Richard Karban curious, a plant communications expert, who was not involved in the study. “It is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such far-ranging effects，” Karban says. “The research was comprehensive，” he adds, “but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.”
“That’s the million-dollar question，” Orrock says. He hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)新的科學(xué)研究。研究表明植物會(huì)對(duì)外在威脅相當(dāng)警覺(jué)，會(huì)自動(dòng)作出反應(yīng)進(jìn)行自我保護(hù)。
5．John Orrock sprayed a liquid onto soil near tomato plants to ________．
A．make them grow better
B．give them a warning
C．keep plant-eating animals away
D．inform plant-eating animals of danger
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”可推知，John Orrock在西紅柿植株附近的泥土上噴灑液體的目的是給予植物一種警告，讓它們能夠產(chǎn)生自我保護(hù)性反應(yīng)，且其與第三段第一句中的“his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat”呼應(yīng)，故選B。
6．Why is the example of caterpillars mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．To introduce another animal.
B．To confirm the result of the study.
C．To appeal to people to protect animals.
D．To analyze different resistance chemicals.
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails；in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat.”可推知，文章中提到毛蟲(chóng)的例子是為了驗(yàn)證研究的結(jié)果，故選B。
7．What does Richard Karban really want to know?
A．How tomato plants become aware of danger.
B．What the chemicals in the snail slime are.
C．Whether the research is of practical value.
D．What the finding of the research is.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“‘The research was comprehensive，’he adds，‘but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.’”，并結(jié)合對(duì)最后一段的整體理解可推知，Richard Karban實(shí)際上想了解的是西紅柿植株是如何意識(shí)到危險(xiǎn)的，故選A。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Watchful Plants　　　　　 B．Greedy Animals
C．A Snail’s Approach D．A Defense Attack
A　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)文章中的關(guān)鍵詞plant，并結(jié)合對(duì)全文的整體理解可推知，本文主要講述的是有關(guān)植物的科學(xué)研究，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物有對(duì)外在威脅或攻擊的自我保護(hù)性反應(yīng)，故選A。
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2020·昆明診斷測(cè)試)I received 3 missed calls from a number I didn’t recognize today. I __1__ it was something to do with an accident I had recently. I was ready to answer __2__ when the number called a 4th time. __3__， I was asked if I was Jessica and if I had __4__ anything. I said I didn’t think so and __5__ who it was.
It was a man called Darren who __6__ he was behind me in the shop this morning. As I was leaving, my purse __7__. He picked it up and __8__ to see where I had gone but he couldn’t see me any more. So he opened my purse and called the __9__ inside it.
I have just been to __10__ him to get my purse back, only to find out Darren is __11__ and lives rough in the streets of Cardiff. He even apologized as he said he had taken out some __12__ to call me to return my purse. But __13__ a few pounds used to contact me, everything was all still __14__. I admit that I wouldn’t have blamed him if he’d spent more of the __15__．
I felt __16__ that someone returned it, and that the person who returned it was someone who had __17__. It made me __18__ not only was I lucky that my purse was found by someone __19__， but that I was going to a warm home.
The __20__ would be a much better place with more kind people like Darren in it.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文通過(guò)作者的錢(qián)包失而復(fù)得的故事告訴我們：只要人人都能夠善良對(duì)待他人，我們的世界將會(huì)變成更加美好的地方。
1．A.assumed　　　　　　　 B．promised
C．declared D．a(chǎn)greed
A　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，作者有三個(gè)來(lái)自同一號(hào)碼的未接來(lái)電，作者認(rèn)為(assumed)這和自己最近的一起事故有關(guān)。promise “許諾”；declare “宣布”；agree “同意”。
2．A.gently B．gratefully
C．humorously D．eagerly
D　解析：根據(jù)上文“I ______ it was something to do with an accident I had recently.”可推知，作者渴望(eagerly)去接這通電話。gently“溫和地”；gratefully “感激地”；humorously “幽默地”。
3．A.Often B．Instead
C．Still D．Besides
B　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，作者認(rèn)為那通電話和自己的一起事故有關(guān)，但是接通電話后才知道并非如此。此處前后表示轉(zhuǎn)折，故Instead “相反”符合語(yǔ)境。
4．A.explored B．bought
C．lost D．checked
C　解析：根據(jù)第二段和第三段的描述可推知，Darren撿到了作者的錢(qián)包，因此他打電話問(wèn)作者是否丟了(lost)什么東西。
5．A.forgot B．remembered
C．suspected D．a(chǎn)sked
D　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，作者接電話時(shí)并不知道打電話的人是誰(shuí)，因此作者問(wèn)(asked)對(duì)方是誰(shuí)。forget “忘記”；remember “記得”；suspect “懷疑”。
6．A.explained B．requested
C．repeated D．believed
A　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可推知，Darren向作者解釋(explained)了事情的經(jīng)過(guò)。
7．A.broke B．failed
C．dropped D．disappeared
C　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，作者離開(kāi)商店的時(shí)候錢(qián)包掉在(dropped)地上了。
8．A.walked away B．looked around
C．turned up D．got through
B　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境并結(jié)合常識(shí)可推知，Darren環(huán)顧(looked around)四周尋找作者。
9．A.card B．a(chǎn)ddress
C．bill D．number
D　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，Darren找不到作者，于是打開(kāi)作者的錢(qián)包，撥打了里面的號(hào)碼(number)。
10．A.meet B．question
C．beg D．remind
A　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，通過(guò)電話后，作者去見(jiàn)(meet)Darren以拿回自己的錢(qián)包。
11．A.hopeful B．helpful
C．homeless D．speechless
C　解析：根據(jù)本句中的“l(fā)ives rough in the streets of Cardiff”可推知，Darren是一個(gè)無(wú)家可歸的(homeless)人。
12．A.pictures B．change
C．tickets D．jewelry
B　解析：根據(jù)上文可推知，Darren很窮，他不得不從作者的錢(qián)包里拿出一些零錢(qián)(change)給作者打電話。
13．A.in spite of B．in terms of
C．owing to D．a(chǎn)part from
D　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境及該句中的“But”可推知，Darren除了(apart from)從作者的錢(qián)包里拿出幾英鎊和作者聯(lián)系外，其余的東西都沒(méi)動(dòng)(untouched)。
14．A.untouched B．unlimited
C．classified D．consumed
A　解析：參見(jiàn)上題解析。untouched “原封未動(dòng)的”符合語(yǔ)境。
15．A.time B．effort
C．cash D．energy
C　解析：作者承認(rèn)，即使Darren從自己的錢(qián)包里多拿一些現(xiàn)金(cash)，作者也不會(huì)責(zé)怪他。
16．A.embarrassed B．surprised
C．worried D．relaxed
B　解析：作者的錢(qián)包丟了，有人撿到并歸還給作者，而且這個(gè)人一無(wú)所有(nothing)，這讓作者感到驚訝(surprised)。
17．A.everything B．something
C．a(chǎn)nything D．nothing
D　解析：參見(jiàn)上題解析。nothing “沒(méi)有什么”符合語(yǔ)境。
18．A.realize B．consider
C．recall D．imagine
A　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，這件事讓作者意識(shí)到(realize)自己是幸運(yùn)的，因?yàn)樽约簛G失的錢(qián)包被一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的(honest)人撿到，并且作者將回到一個(gè)溫暖的家。
19．A.familiar B．polite
C．honest D．wise
C　解析：參見(jiàn)上題解析。
20．A.shop B．world
C．environment D．street
B　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，如果這個(gè)世界有更多像Darren這樣善良的人存在的話，這個(gè)世界(world)將會(huì)是一個(gè)更加美好的地方。