2020浙江新高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)教師用書：專題一　閱讀理解2第二部分　題型應(yīng)對策略3第三講　理解主旨要義—

主旨大意題是閱讀理解中難度較大的一類題目，是拉開分?jǐn)?shù)差距的一個重要考查點。因為該類試題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力，也對考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。
高考主旨大意題題量統(tǒng)計
考綱解讀
年份
浙江卷
(1)主旨大意題考查的是考生對文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象。
(2)它既考查細(xì)節(jié)理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力，難度較大。
(3)有時從文章的第一個段落，甚至第一個句子即可得出文章的主旨要義；有時，文章的主旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。
2019.6
2(標(biāo)題歸納題；段落大意題)
2018.11
1(標(biāo)題歸納題)
2018.6
1(標(biāo)題歸納題)
2017.11
1(文章大意題)
2017.6
1(文章大意題)

【考查特點】
Ⅰ.把握主旨大意題常見的命題方式：
(1)What would be the best title for the text？/What is the topic of the text?
(2)The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is ________．
(3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on ________．
(4)What is mainly discussed in the text?
(5)What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(6)Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(7)The passage mainly focuses on ________．
Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意題的考查角度：
(1)標(biāo)題類，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題。
(2)主題類(內(nèi)容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
　標(biāo)題歸納題——概括凝練選標(biāo)題
該類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點：精準(zhǔn)性強(不改變原文的意義和感情色彩)；覆蓋性強(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)。
常見的設(shè)問方式：
◆The best title of the passage is ________．
◆Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
◆What would be the best title for the passage?
◆The most appropriate title of the passage is ________．
[典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅲ·B)For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
“It’s no secret that China has always been a source(來源) of inspiration for designers，” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A＋E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(時尚) shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美學(xué)) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
“China is impossible to overlook，” says Hill. “Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales，” adds Hill.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers，” she says. “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China—its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways.”
7．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B．A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C．Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D．Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends

第一步　讀文章，概括文意
文章以國外視角報道中國文化及中國美學(xué)對國際時尚的影響，展現(xiàn)了中國對國際時尚和設(shè)計發(fā)展的引領(lǐng)作用。
第二步　析選項，斟酌判斷
A
向世界推銷夢想的年輕模特
與文章內(nèi)容不符
無中生有，曲解文意
B
在紐約舉辦的一次中國藝術(shù)展
本文提到了在紐約舉辦的一次中國藝術(shù)展，但這不是文章主要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容
以偏概全，主次不分
C
東西方美學(xué)的差異
本文主要講述的是中國引領(lǐng)國際時尚和設(shè)計發(fā)展，C項范圍過大
主題過大，范圍太廣
D
中國美學(xué)影響國際時尚的發(fā)展趨勢
此標(biāo)題全面、精練地概括了文章內(nèi)容
涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文
第三步　對比選項，確定答案
自主解答：D

理解標(biāo)題的三大特點，巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題
一個好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點：
1．概括——準(zhǔn)確而又簡短。
2．針對性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符。
3．醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。
因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個選項能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。
2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對照，一一排除不符選項。
3．研讀備選項本身：研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等?！?
　文章大意題——明確中心定選項
主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通過行文邏輯和各種細(xì)節(jié)來闡明的中心話題。
常見的設(shè)問方式：
◆What’s the main idea/point of the passage?
◆The passage is mainly about ________．
◆What is the text mainly about?
◆The general/main idea of the passage is about ________．
[典例]　(2018·全國卷Ⅲ·B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野)．But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30，000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20，000 people who dug for gold, 4，000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go—to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City—its present population is 762.
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．The rise and fall of a city.
B．The gold rush in Canada.
C．Journeys into the wilderness.
D．Tourism in Dawson.

第一步　讀文章，概括文意
本文主要介紹了加拿大道森的歷史、發(fā)展與現(xiàn)狀。
第二步　析選項，斟酌判斷
A
一個城市的興衰
本文主要以道森為例，講述了城市的興衰
涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文
B
加拿大淘金熱
本文只在第二段提到了淘金熱
以偏概全，主次不分
C
荒野之旅
本文沒提到荒野之旅
無中生有，曲解文意
D
道森的旅游業(yè)
范圍太小，不能涵蓋道森的過去
以偏概全，主次不分
第三步　對比選項，確定答案
自主解答：A

在尋找和歸納一篇文章的主題句時，應(yīng)做到以下幾點：
1．關(guān)注文章的首段和符合主題句特點的句子，留意下文是否對其有解釋和支撐作用；
2．快速通讀文章主體部分的每一段，結(jié)合每一段的主題句，判斷各個段落是否與文章開頭和結(jié)尾的主題句形成呼應(yīng)關(guān)系；
3．注意文章的末尾，看此處出現(xiàn)的主題句和文章開頭的主題句是否呼應(yīng)。
如果文章的首句語言精練，且在中間被從多角度來說明或論證，又與尾段的句子相呼應(yīng)，則這個句子是全文的主題句。此處，如果文章中出現(xiàn)了兩種及以上的不同觀點，則文章最后作者的觀點為文章的主要觀點。此時要注意表示轉(zhuǎn)折含義的詞語如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等，因為這些詞語之后的內(nèi)容往往是作者的觀點，也是文章的主旨大意。
此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地排除錯誤選項，選出正確答案。
　段落大意題——分析結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)揣摩
每一個文段都要圍繞一個特定的主題按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。一般有如下四種結(jié)構(gòu)：
1．總分式。作者在段落開頭概括主題，然后再按照一定的邏輯順序展開段落；有時候，作者也會在開頭先用一個引子導(dǎo)入主題，從而使主題句出現(xiàn)在第二句，但從整體上看，段落仍然是總分式結(jié)構(gòu)。
2．分總式。除了總分式外，還有很多段落在開頭通過舉例子或論述層層推進(jìn)，直到最后才得出段落的主題句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫分總式。分總式也是很常見的一種段落結(jié)構(gòu)。
3．分總分式。一個段落也可以采用分總分的模式，往往在開頭講述一個具體的事例，通過事例得出一個結(jié)論，也就是這個段落的主題句，然后繼續(xù)例證或拓展這個觀點所包含的內(nèi)容。
4．無主題句式。英語中也有少量的段落并沒有主題句，猶如漢語中的散文一樣，講究用一個主題將表面互不相連的一些事例或者表述連接起來。段落雖然沒有主題句，但讀完整個段落，你仍能發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些表面不相連的內(nèi)容卻都指向了同一個主題，這些不明顯的主題通過一些關(guān)鍵詞或者相似結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出來。
常見的設(shè)問方式：
◆What does the author tell us in paragraph...?
◆The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________．
◆The first paragraph is mainly about ________．
◆Which of the following can best summarize para.1?
[典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅰ·D片段)Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
33．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The classification of the popular.
B．The characteristics of adolescents.
C．The importance of interpersonal skills.
D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.

第一步　讀文章，概括段意
本段介紹了受歡迎的兩類人：討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。
第二步　析選項，斟酌判斷
A
受歡迎人的分類
A項是對本段內(nèi)容的精練總結(jié)和概括
涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文
B
青少年的特征
本文沒有涉及青少年的特征，純屬無中生有
無中生有，曲解文意
C
交際技能的重要性
涉及交際技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主題
以偏概全，主次不分
D
不光彩行為的原因
涉及不光彩行為，但沒有介紹其原因，不是本段的主題
以偏概全，主次不分
第三步　對比選項，確定答案
自主解答：A

方法1：概括段落大意
要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說明，其他句子對其進(jìn)行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；如果對比各事物，那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有時，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。

(2019·浙江卷6月·C)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(資源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)．
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　文章主要講述了美國加利福尼亞州的森林中大樹急劇減少的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其原因。
27．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B．The increasing variety of California big trees.
C．The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.
A　解析：段落大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“The number of trees...declined by 50 percent...more than 55 percent...75 percent”提到的數(shù)字可知，該段主要描述了加州森林中大樹急劇減少的嚴(yán)重性，故選A項。
28．Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A．Ecological studies of forests.
B．Banning woodcutting.
C．Limiting housing development.
D．Fire control measures.
D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Aggressive wildfire control...compete with big trees for resources(資源)”可知，聲勢浩大的森林防火措施雖然一定程度上保護(hù)了森林，但同時也導(dǎo)致小樹泛濫，與大樹爭搶資源，從而導(dǎo)致大樹數(shù)量減少，故選D項。
29．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?
A．Inadequate snowmelt.　　 B．A longer dry season.
C．A warmer climate. D．Dampness of the air.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Since the 1930s，McIntyre said...have been rising temperatures...reduces the water supply”可知，McIntyre認(rèn)為水資源短缺的主要原因是逐漸上升的氣溫，故選C項。
30．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
A　解析：標(biāo)題判斷題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章主要講述了美國加州森林中大樹數(shù)量急劇下降的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其原因。因此A項能很好地概括全文。

找主題句的五個小竅門
1．段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)時，其后的句子很可能是主題句。
2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是主題句。
3．作者有意識地反復(fù)強調(diào)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。
4．首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設(shè)時，例子或假設(shè)后面的內(nèi)容可能是主題句。
5．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的詞語常有therefore, in short等。

A
(2019·寧波十校聯(lián)考)As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves. When they’re little, they need our help with everything. Over time, kids usually take the lead on things like feeding and dressing themselves, but it can be difficult to know when it’s time for them to start doing some basic things, such as packing their own lunches for school or solving problems with teachers without a parent’s help.
Blogger Amy Carney recently shared a post about the things parents should stop doing for their teens. In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.
Barb Harvey, a childhood behavior expert, gave me her answer：The age at which children learn to master certain skills will be different depending upon the maturity(成熟) and interest level of the child.
I asked the same question among my friends. They gave all kinds of answers, which can explain Harvey’s opinion.
Therefore, there’s only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and that’s you. If your kids aren’t ready to pack their own lunches—don’t sweat it. Help them learn the skills they’re ready to deal with and keep working towards the end goal of raising responsible and able adults. Because if there’s one thing that we can all agree on as parents, it’s that time moves quickly when you’re raising kids. One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了父母和孩子成長的關(guān)系。
1．What is Amy Carney’s expectation when her children are 13?
A．To be a skillful cook.
B．To follow Harvey’s opinion.
C．To be an expert.
D．To have basic skills.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.”可知，Amy Carney期望自己的孩子們在13歲時可以掌握一些基本技能。故選D。
2．Who can decide when the children will learn to care for themselves?
A．Amy Carney.　　　　　　 B．Barb Harvey.
C．The children. D．The parents.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Therefore, there’s only one expert who can determine when your kids have the ability to deal with certain skills, and that’s you.”可知，孩子們什么時候可以照顧自己取決于父母。故選D。
3．Why will parents feel upset when their children grow up?
A．Their kids can do nothing.
B．They feel less important.
C．Their children become able adults.
D．Their kids disagree on anything.
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“One day you will wish they could just do things without you and the next day, you will feel upset that they do.”和對第一段的整體理解可推知，當(dāng)孩子們長大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情時，父母會覺得失落是因為父母覺得孩子們不再需要自己了，自己對他們來講沒有那么重要了。故選B。
4．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．Walking a fine line.
B．Blogger Amy Carney.
C．Parents and their children’s growth.
D．A childhood behavior expert.
C　解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“As parents, we walk a fine line between caring for our children and teaching them how to care for themselves.”點題，并結(jié)合對全文的整體理解可知，本文主要講述的是父母和孩子成長的關(guān)系。故選C。
[長難句分析]　In it, Carney shared the basic skills that she expects her kids to master by the time they hit 13, such as waking themselves up in the morning, making their own breakfast and lunch, and finishing their own homework.(第二段第二句)
分析：本句是一個復(fù)合句。句中that she expects her kids to master是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞the basic skills。
譯文：在這篇文章里，Carney分享了一些她期望她的孩子們到他們13歲時應(yīng)該掌握的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒來，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作業(yè)。
B
(2019·紹興診斷性考試)I recently spent a day clearing out my late mother’s wardrobe. It has been two years since she died so it was time to move on. There were four wardrobes and two chests of drawers—10 black bags full of clothes for charity, and seven large boxes of other pieces that I will wear myself, give to family and friends and sell to raise money for Kidney Research.
What struck me as I sorted through the rails was first, what consistent taste my mother had—lots of black, lots of layers—and second, how she never threw anything away. She didn’t buy clothes excessively, rather accumulated them over a lifetime. And every piece she bought, whether it was from St Michael(a luxury brand), H&M or Helmut Lang(fast-fashion brands), she treated as equals. A vintage kimono, a coat she made in the 80s from a Kenzo Vogue dressmaking pattern, the smart black jacket ordered from Asos(an online shop), or the 40-year-old oversized T-shirt from Miss Selfridge was all perfectly kept, carefully hung up or folded, buttons all in one piece, not a stitch out of place. She did not differentiate between high-street bargains and Sunday best. She cherished all her clothes, whatever the price tag.
So, when Dr. Mark Sumner, a lecturer in fashion and sustainability at the University of Leeds, told MPs at the environmental audit committee’s investigation into the sustainability of the fact-fashion industry that high-street clothes can be more durable than fast-fashion ones, it rang true to me. “There’s no correlation to say that price will give you an indication to say which product will wear out，” he said.
Some fast fashion is cheap and nasty and will fall apart after a few washes. The same can be true of designer clothing. It is a misconception that expensive in any way equates to sustainable, or, as Dr.Sumner says, durable(though it’s worth remembering that cheap clothes often mean labor exploitation). As my mother’s wardrobe testifies, if you have a good eye for clothes that are stylish rather than fashionable, choose carefully: look for the best-quality fabrics you can afford, and treat the clothes you buy with the utmost respect, care and love. Your clothes—whatever the price tag—will repay you with years of service.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者在收拾已故母親的衣服時，發(fā)現(xiàn)母親的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時尚的衣服，后來作者想要通過Dr. Mark Sumner的話和自己的感悟告訴大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。
5．What do we know about the writer’s late mother?
A．She was only fond of designer clothes.
B．She liked collecting fashionable clothes.
C．She had preference for black.
D．She often bought clothes online.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句中的“what consistent taste my mother had—lots of black”可知，作者的母親喜歡黑色。故選C。
6．How will the writer treat her late mother’s clothes?
A．She will donate them all to a charity.
B．She will keep some for her own use.
C．She will sell them to fund research.
D．She will give them all to her friends.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“and seven large boxes of other pieces that I will wear myself, give to family and friends and sell to raise money for Kidney Research”可知，作者會留一些自己穿。故選B。
7．What does the author intend to prove in the last two paragraphs?
A．Expensive clothes don’t mean long-lasting clothes.
B．Expensive clothes aren’t easily worn-out clothes.
C．Expensive clothes don’t involve labor exploitation.
D．Expensive clothes mean a good eye for fashion.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后兩段內(nèi)容尤其是最后一段第三句“It is a misconception that expensive in any way equates to sustainable, or, as Dr. Sumner says, durable(though it’s worth remembering that cheap clothes often mean labor exploitation)．”可推知，作者想要證明的是昂貴的衣服不一定耐穿。故選A。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Can Cheap Clothes Be Stylish?
B．Can Price Tag Indicate Fashion?
C．Can Fast Fashion Be Sustainable?
D．Can Designer Clothing Sell More?
C　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，作者在收拾已故母親的衣服時，發(fā)現(xiàn)母親的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時尚的衣服，然后作者通過Dr.Mark Sumner的話和自己的感悟想要告訴大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。故選C。
[長難句分析]　“There’s no correlation to say that price will give you an indication to say which product will wear out，” he said.(第三段最后一句)
分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。主句是there be 句型，動詞不定式作后置定語；that引導(dǎo)賓語從句；which引導(dǎo)賓語從句。
譯文：他說：“這并不是說價格會告訴你哪種產(chǎn)品會容易磨損?！?br />
主旨大意題——標(biāo)題歸納題
(建議用時：25分鐘)
A
(2019·浙江五校聯(lián)考)Recently whenever I turned on my computer or my mobile phone, news about the great effect of Hurricane Harvey on thousands of people caught my eye. I saw many unfortunate events. However, there was also the bright news that confirmed the goodness of mankind. As a journalist, I wrote many human-interest stories during my career. That’s why the story about the guys in the bakery caught my eye.
When the staff at a Mexican bakery chain in Houston were trapped inside the building for two days, they didn’t sit there feeling sorry for themselves. They used their time wisely after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey. While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.
The flood water rose in the street outside. They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread. They used more than 4，200 pounds of flour to create hundreds of loaves and sheets of sweet bread. Although the water kept rising, they continued baking to help more people. By the time the owner managed to get to them, they had made so much bread that they took the loaves to loads of emergency centers across the city for people affected by the floods.
The store manager, Brian Alvarado, told The Independent, “Whenever a disaster occurs, nobody should just feel forlorn. Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others. Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇記敘文。一家連鎖面包店的員工們在面對哈維颶風(fēng)帶來的洪水、斷電時，在等待救援的同時采取積極的行動，利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包去幫助社區(qū)受洪水影響的居民。
1．What did the bakery store workers do after flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey?
A．They volunteered to make bread for their community.
B．They managed to live by selling more bread in the store.
C．They felt sorry that they couldn’t escape from the store.
D．They ate nothing but to wait for their community to rescue them.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“While they were waiting for the eventual rescue that came on Monday morning, four decided to make as many loaves of bread as possible for their community.”可知，當(dāng)這家面包房的員工們在等待周一上午的最終救援時，四人決定為他們的社區(qū)烤盡可能多的面包。故選A項。
2．Which of the following best explains “forlorn” underlined in the last paragraph?
A．Fortunate.　　　　　　　 B．Hopeful.
C．Shallow. D．Desperate.
D　解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Instead, we should take positive action to save ourselves and help others.”可知，相反，我們應(yīng)該采取積極的行動來拯救自己和幫助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思與positive相反，故forlorn與desperate(絕望的)意思相近。故選D項。
3．What can we infer from the text?
A．Alvarado organized his workers to bake much bread.
B．Hurricane Harvey caused a power failure in Houston.
C．The staff in the bakery sent enough flour to emergency centers.
D．The author preferred to write stories about people facing disasters.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“They took advantage of their emergency power supply to bake bread.”可知，他們利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包。由此可推知，哈維颶風(fēng)造成休斯敦停電。故選B項。
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．A Popular Mexican Bakery Chain in Houston
B．Wait for the Eventual Rescue in a Big Disaster
C．All Kinds of Disasters Caused by Hurricane Harvey in Houston
D．Bake Bread to Make a Difference in the Face of Hurricane Harvey
D　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第二三段的內(nèi)容和最后一段中的“Our acts of kindness will make a big difference.”可知，D項(在面對哈維颶風(fēng)時，烤面包起了很大作用)作為標(biāo)題最能概括全文內(nèi)容。故選D項。
B
Every year between May and September, all 54 employees of Basecamp, a Chicago-based web application company, have a short work week: just four days—a total of 32 hours. Also, they usually work five days a week for the rest of the year.
“That’s plenty of time to get great work done. This is all we expect and all we want from people，” says Jason Fried, a co-founder. “Working 50-， 60-， or 70-plus hours is unnecessary. In fact, if you have to work 50-， 60-， or 70-plus hours a week, there’s a management problem.”
The company’s summer workload must fit reduced hours, Mr.Fried insists, otherwise the benefits of a shorter week—to recover from work, enjoy time with family and pursue(追求) outside interests—would be undone.
His new research finds that it is not just long hours that are harmful to employees’ physical and mental health. It is also the intensity(強度) of work. Moreover, it suggests that intense work harms career prospects. That is because unbearable hours and intensity are in the opposite direction, reducing the quality of the work.
The research concludes that the level of intensity we apply to the work we do is generally “a stronger predictor of unfavorable outcomes than overtime work”．
The research compared people of similar jobs and education levels, and found they were more likely to suffer poorer happiness and worse career prospects, including satisfaction, security and promotion, when they worked at an intense level for long periods.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。本文以一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp的54名員工將近半年時間每周只工作4天，共32小時的情況為例說明了較短的工作周有益于人們的身心健康，并以一項研究來證明。
5．What do we know about Basecamp’s four-day work week?
A．It lasts nearly half a year.
B．The work pressure is too high.
C．There are some management problems.
D．Employees work more than 8 hours a day.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知，一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp的54名員工在每年5月到9月期間每周的工作時間都很短：只有四天，共32小時，持續(xù)5個月，大概半年時間。故選A項。
6．What does Mr.Fried intend to say in paragraph 2?
A．Given plenty of time, people can do more.
B．To get work done well needs plenty of time.
C．People can do a job very well in a short work week.
D．A long work week is appropriate for reduced workload.
C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Working 50-， 60-， or 70-plus hours is unnecessary. In fact, if you have to work 50-， 60-， or 70-plus hours a week, there’s a management problem.”可知，弗里德先生認(rèn)為一周工作五六十個小時，甚至七十幾個小時是沒有必要的。如果真這么做了，反而會出現(xiàn)管理上的問題，由此推知，弗里德先生認(rèn)為人們可以在短時間內(nèi)把工作做好，故選C項。
7．What does the research mentioned in the text want to tell us?
A．Getting much more rest.
B．Improving work quality.
C．Refusing a five-day work week.
D．Avoiding working too intensely.
D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干中的the research可定位到第四至六段。通讀這幾段，尤其是第四段可知，這個新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)長時間工作不只對員工的身心健康有害，工作的強度也會影響員工的職業(yè)前景。這是因為難以忍受的工作時長和工作強度會降低工作質(zhì)量。第五六段進(jìn)一步說明了長時間高強度工作的壞處。由此可以推知，該研究是建議人們要避免高強度工作，故選D項。
8．What can be the best title for this passage?
A．More Work, More Profits
B．Less Work, Less Benefits
C．Shorter Week, Better Reward
D．Longer Hours, Higher Intensity
C　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。本文以一家總部位于芝加哥的網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用公司Basecamp為例，說明了較短的工作周的好處。除此之外，還介紹了一項有關(guān)工作時長和工作強度對人的影響的研究，由此更進(jìn)一步印證了較短工作周對人身心方面的益處。因此C項最能概括全文內(nèi)容。
C
It’s common knowledge that some countries have higher life expectancies than others, but the city you live in can also affect your health.
Some cities are hard on their residents. In places with poor city planning, for example Lagos, which was called out recently by the Economist Intelligence Unit, public spaces are few, making outdoor activities hard. Lack of infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.
These are just some of the factors added up by Spotahome, a rental agency. They’ve analyzed data from a range of sources, including the World Health Organization, TripAdvisor and the CIA World Factbook to score each city on health, gym availability and quality, life expectancies, obesity, green space and other elements to make a list to work out which are the world’s healthiest cities.
The list is certainly Eurocentric and sunshine is seen as a positive factor. It does go some way toward suggesting which cities are getting it right in providing a good life for their residents. It may not be surprising to learn that most of the healthiest cities are in northern Europe, known for its people-first approach to city planning. The cities of Australia and Canada also do well. However, the first American city is only in 34th place. The U．K. doesn’t fare too well either—its only city in the top 50 list is London, in 40th.
Whether you’re planning a wholesome holiday, or simply wondering what your city can do better in its quest for happy citizens, the list of the 50 healthiest cities will give you pause for thought about the future of city planning. Here are the slender, healthy-eating, clean-aired cities that are getting it right.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了研究者們通過調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)城市建設(shè)會影響居民的健康。通過分析健康、綠化、預(yù)期壽命等因素，研究者們還列出了一個世界上最健康的城市的清單。
9．What plays the key role in building a healthy city according to the text?
A．Local culture.
B．City planning.
C．Economic condition.
D．Geographical position.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知，大家都知道一些國家比其他國家擁有更高的預(yù)期壽命，但是人們居住的地市也會影響人們的健康，即城市規(guī)劃在創(chuàng)建一個健康城市方面扮演著一個很重要的角色，故選B項。
10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．How the list of the healthiest cities came into being.
B．What Spotahome discovered in the recent study.
C．The reasons why Spotahome carried out the study.
D．The places where the data of the study came from.
A　解析：段落大意題。第三段主要介紹了研究者們通過從各種來源中分析數(shù)據(jù)，然后根據(jù)健康、體育設(shè)備的利用率和質(zhì)量、預(yù)期壽命、肥胖指數(shù)、綠化方面和其他的一些因素對每個城市進(jìn)行打分來制訂清單并列出世界上最健康的城市。由此可知，本段主要介紹了這份最健康城市的清單是怎樣形成的，故選A項。
11．What can we learn from the text?
A．Cities in America lack enough sunshine.
B．The U．K. ranked higher than America in the list.
C．Australia and Canada have the best city planning.
D．Some people in Lagos may live a poor life.
D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Lack of infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) blocks the streets with cars and the air with pollutants, and residents work long hours for little money.”可知，在拉各斯，一些居民可能過著貧窮的生活，故選D項。
12．What may be the best title for the text?
A．The Best Places to Have a Rich Life
B．The Happiest Lifestyle in the World
C．The City Factors Affecting Your Health
D．The Nice Countries to Keep Healthy
C　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題?？v觀全文可知，本文主要介紹了城市建設(shè)對居民健康的影響，故選C項。
主旨大意題——文章大意題
(建議用時：25分鐘)
A
(2019·浙江部分重點中學(xué)聯(lián)考)Five-year-old Prisilla Perez, a student at Meador Elementary School in Willis, was unhappy with her recent haircut, which resulted from a severe disease. When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy, she felt ashamed, often crying and losing focus in school.
Her teacher, Shannon Grimm, sympathized with her unhappiness. Grimm and Prisilla’s mom were concerned, but their ideas didn’t work. “We had classroom discussions about how girls have short hair and boys have long hair, and I showed them photos of movie stars with different looks，” Grimm said. “However, it wasn’t sinking in.”
Grimm thought about Prisilla throughout the winter break, and one morning, she had an idea: Cut off her hair—a scary thought for Grimm, who wore her hair long and took pride in it. “I’ve never had short hair, and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision，” she said. On Jan. 4, Grimm invited a hairstylist friend to her home. “I told him to keep going, even if I cried，” she said.
The class loved their teacher’s new do, especially Prisilla, who excitedly ran off the school bus that afternoon yelling, “Mom, Ms. Grimm cut her hair！” The teacher also bought matching bows for herself and the girl, so they could style their hair together.
In February, the teacher recommended Prisilla for the school district’s Student of the Month Award, but during the Monday ceremony, she received a surprise “hero medal” from the girl. “Now we have matching awards，” says Grimm.
Prisilla’s mother, Maria, said that Grimm’s thoughtfulness brought her to tears. “I was shocked. I was crying. I couldn’t believe it—she did something I wouldn’t have the bravery to do. I will never forget that.”
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了Grimm老師剪短頭發(fā)以幫助學(xué)生Prisilla的故事。
1．Why was Prisilla unhappy at school?
A．She wasn’t satisfied with her teacher.
B．She couldn’t concentrate in class.
C．She was laughed at by her classmates.
D．She couldn’t get on well with others.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“When students in her class started calling Prisilla a boy, she felt ashamed, often crying and losing focus in school.”可知，Prisilla在學(xué)校不開心是因為她被同學(xué)嘲笑。
2．What made Grimm have her own hair cut?
A．Praise from her students.
B．Devotion to her students.
C．Request of Prisilla’s mother.
D．Suggestion from the hairstylist.
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容，尤其是“Grimm thought about Prisilla...she had an idea: Cut off her hair”可知，Prisilla因為是短頭發(fā)而被同學(xué)嘲笑，為了安慰Prisilla, Grimm老師決定把自己的頭發(fā)剪短。由此可推知，Grimm老師出于對學(xué)生的關(guān)愛才剪短了頭發(fā)。
3．What can we know about Grimm?
A．She had her hair cut together with Prisilla.
B．She expressed her sincere thanks to her pupils.
C．She hesitated a lot before having her hair cut.
D．She won a gold medal for facing difficulties bravely.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“‘I’ve never had short hair, and I stressed about it for two weeks before making a decision，’ she said.”可知，Grimm老師剪短頭發(fā)之前很猶豫。
4．What is the text mainly about?
A．How Grimm helped her student out.
B．What problem Prisilla had at school.
C．Why Prisilla won the Month Award.
D．When Grimm got her new hairstyle.
A　解析：主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，Prisilla因為是短頭發(fā)而被同學(xué)嘲笑，她在學(xué)校很不開心，Grimm老師為了幫助、安慰她而剪短了自己的頭發(fā)，故A項正確。
[長難句分析]　I couldn’t believe it—she did something I wouldn’t have the bravery to do.(最后一段第四句)
分析：句中“I wouldn’t have the bravery to do”是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句。
譯文：她做了連我都沒有勇氣去做的事兒，我難以相信。
B
Thomas Cheatham had planned to study Latin during his time at Hebron High School in Texas. But when he learned that the school district was going to offer a Mandarin(普通話) class, he quickly changed his mind.
“I thought Mandarin would be more beneficial than Latin，” said Cheatham, who is now in his second year of studying the language.
He speaks Mandarin to order food at Chinese restaurants and can read social media posts from his Chinese-speaking friends. While it’s a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career. “Chinese is a good language to know, especially with China becoming a growing power，” he said.
Many experts agree that proficiency(熟練) in a language spoken by a billion people worldwide will give American students an edge in the global economy.
“People are looking at China as our next economic competitor, and interest in Mandarin is growing fast，” said Marty Abbott, director of the American Council(議會) on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. “We’re seeing it in all parts of the country.”
Abbott predicts that as many as 100，000 students are now studying Mandarin in public and private schools throughout the US. She said the US government has designated(指定) Mandarin as an “important needs” language and provides professional development programs for teachers. “Our government wants to increase our language ability for national security and economic competitiveness，” Abbott added.
At the same time, the Chinese government is spreading knowledge of the Chinese language and culture through Confucius Institutes set up in many US states. For example, the Confucius Institute at the University of Texas in Dallas has been the home of a Confucius Institute for 10 years. It sponsors Confucius Classrooms at 21 local public and private schools, where tens of thousands of students are learning Mandarin.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講了普通話在美國學(xué)生中日益流行。
5．Why did Thomas Cheatham decide to study Mandarin instead of Latin?
A．Mandarin was easier to learn than Latin.
B．Mandarin could be helpful to his future career.
C．Mandarin might help him learn more about China.
D．Mandarin could enable him to study computer engineering.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“While it’s a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career.”可知，Thomas希望中國普通話能夠?qū)λ窈舐殬I(yè)發(fā)展的道路有所幫助。故選B。
6．The underlined word “edge” in paragraph 4 probably means “________”．　
A．a(chǎn) slight advantage　　　　 B．the outside limit
C．a(chǎn) sharp tone of voice D．a(chǎn)n exciting quality
A　解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段可知，許多專家同意熟練掌握一種被全球10億人說的語言將會給美國學(xué)生在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)方面帶來優(yōu)勢。故選A。
7．Which of the following statements might Marty Abbott agree with?
A．Mandarin should be taught in classrooms throughout the US.
B．Those skilled at Chinese will be the most competitive in the future.
C．The US government’s policy has helped popularize Mandarin in the US.
D．Americans learn Mandarin because they worry about their national security.
C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“She said the US government has designated(指定) Mandarin as an ‘important needs’ language and provides professional development programs for teachers.”可知美國政府對于中國普通話的重視，將中國普通話歸類為“重要需求”并為教師提供職業(yè)培訓(xùn)項目，促使更多的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)中國普通話。故選C。
8．What does the author mainly talk about in this passage?
A．The rising popularity of Mandarin among American students.
B．The great benefits of learning Mandarin for American students.
C．The influence of China’s growing power on American education.
D．The effect of Confucius Institutes in promoting Mandarin in the US.
A　解析：主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，作者主要介紹了美國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)中國普通話的熱情升溫的現(xiàn)象，并分析出現(xiàn)該現(xiàn)象的背景和原因。故選A。
[長難句分析]　While it’s a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career.(第三段第二句)
分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，在從句中作主語，修飾先行詞the high school junior；句中“it will be important for his career”是省略了that的賓語從句，作及物動詞think 的賓語。
譯文：盡管對于這個計劃學(xué)習(xí)計算機工程的高中三年級學(xué)生來講，這是門很難掌握的語言，但是他認(rèn)為這對他的職業(yè)來講將會是重要的。
C
Are you a procrastinator(拖延者)? It’s a common problem. And it can be harmful, as previous research has shown that people who procrastinate have higher levels of stress and lower well-being, reported the Association for Psychological Science in the US. But a new study has found a way to deal with this problem: Be more connected to your future self.
Psychologists think that each person believes that they are really two people：“Present Me” and “Future Me”. “People act as if they prefer their current selves’ needs and desires to those of their future selves，” wrote psychologists Neil Lewis and Daphna Oyserman.
Oyserman and Lewis decided to try to find a way to make “Present Me” imagine exactly how “Future Me” would feel the night before a big paper was due, though “Present Me” hadn’t started yet. They made “Present Me” think about a far-off event a number of days away, not months or years.
Thinking about events in this__way meant that something like a friend’s wedding seemed 16.3 days sooner when considered in days rather than months and 11.4 months sooner when considered in months rather than years.
The researchers also tried to find out whether people would take action sooner if they were told a certain event was happening in several days rather than years. For example, participants imagined they had a newborn child, and that the child would need to go to college in either 18 years or 6，570 days. The researchers found those in the “days” condition planned to start saving four times sooner than those in the “years” condition.
So if you think of your life in days instead of years, you may get things done quicker.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文主要探究了一種應(yīng)對拖延癥的方法。
9．What did Oyserman and Lewis intend to do through their study?
A．To work on a solution to test if someone is a procrastinator.
B．To find out whether human beings usually have two different characters.
C．To discover procrastinators are more likely to have a lower sense of well-being.
D．To prove it’s helpful to connect our current selves more with future selves.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)對第三段的整體理解可知，Oyserman和Lewis想要通過他們的研究去驗證把“現(xiàn)在的我”和“將來的我”聯(lián)系起來是否會對應(yīng)對拖延癥有一定的幫助，故選D。
10．The underlined part “this way” in paragraph 4 refers to “________”．
A．setting up tough deadlines
B．following schedules strictly
C．counting in smaller units of time
D．imagining how your future self will feel
C　解析：推理判斷題。承接第三段最后一句“They made ‘Present Me’ think about a far-off event a number of days away, not months or years.”可推知，畫線部分是指用更小的時間單位去計量，故選C。
11．What helps prevent people from procrastinating?
A．Comparing their future selves with present selves.
B．Considering their current selves’ needs and desires.
C．Thinking about far-off events in days rather than years.
D．Marking important events on a calendar as a reminder.
C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容以及最后一段“So if you think of your life in days instead of years, you may get things done quicker.”可推知，用天而不是用年去考慮將來所發(fā)生的事情會幫助拖延者不再拖延，故選C。
12．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．A way to get things done in time.
B．The harmful effects of procrastination.
C．The reason to overlook future needs and desires.
D．The way to reduce stress and improve happiness.
A　解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“But a new study has found a way to deal with this problem: Be more connected to your future self.”，并結(jié)合對全文的整體理解可推知，本文主要探究了一種應(yīng)對拖延癥的方法，故選A。
[長難句分析]　The researchers also tried to find out whether people would take action sooner if they were told a certain event was happening in several days rather than years.(第五段第一句)
分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。whether引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作find out的賓語；if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句；“a certain event was happening in several days rather than years”是省略了that的賓語從句，作told的賓語。
譯文：研究人員也試圖弄清楚如果人們被告知某事將在幾天后而不是幾年后發(fā)生，他們是否會更快采取行動。
主旨大意題——段落大意題
(建議用時：25分鐘)
A
(2019·嘉興高中學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)測試)I read a newspaper article about a new concept. The idea is simple, but revolutionary(革命性的): combining a residential home for the elderly with a nursery school in the same building. The children and the residents(住戶) eat lunch together and share activities such as music, painting and gardening. In the afternoons, the residents enjoy reading stories to the children and, if a child is feeling sad or tired, there is always a kind lap to sit on and a hug.
Nowadays there is less and less contact between the old and the young. There are many reasons for this, including the breakdown of the extended family, working parents with no time to care for ageing relations, and smaller flats with no room for grandparents. But the result is the same: increasing numbers of children without grandparents and old people who have no contact with children. It’s a major problem in many societies.
That’s why inter-generational(代際的) programs are growing in popularity all over the world. There are examples of successful actions all over the world. Using young people to teach IT skills to older people is one obvious example. Using old people as volunteer assistants in schools is another. One successful scheme in London pairs young volunteers with old people who are losing their sight. The young people help with practical things such as writing letters, reading bank statements and helping with shopping, and the older people can pass on their knowledge and experience to their young visitors. For example, a retired judge may be paired with a teenager who wants to study law.
But it isn’t only the individuals concerned who gain from inter-generational activities. The advantages to society are huge too. If older people can understand and accept the youth of today, there will be less conflict in a community. And we can use the strengths of one generation to help another. Then perhaps getting old won’t be so sad after all.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。如今老年人和青少年之間的聯(lián)系越來越少，這是一個很嚴(yán)重的問題，因此以為老年人和青少年創(chuàng)造聯(lián)系的橋梁代際計劃越來越受歡迎。
1．Why does the author mention the newspaper article he read?
A．To argue for a new concept.
B．To show his interest in the topic.
C．To introduce the topic of the text.
D．To draw our attention to a social problem.
C　解析：寫作意圖題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“The idea is simple, but revolutionary(革命性的): combining a residential home for the elderly with a nursery school in the same building.”可知，作者在報紙上讀到的那篇文章主張將養(yǎng)老院和幼兒園結(jié)合起來，將它們建在一起；再根據(jù)后面作者所講述的內(nèi)容可判斷出，作者之所以提到那篇文章是為了引出要講的話題。故正確答案為C。
2．What is the purpose of the inter-generational programs?
A．To provide a good job opportunity for the young.
B．To bring the old and the young together.
C．To teach the young to respect the old.
D．To ask the old to care for the young.
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“But the result is the same: increasing numbers of children without grandparents and old people who have no contact with children. It’s a major problem in many societies.”和第三段第一句“That’s why inter-generational(代際的) programs are growing in popularity all over the world.”可知，目前沒有祖父母照顧的孩子的數(shù)量以及沒有機會和孩子聯(lián)系的老人的數(shù)量都在增加，這是一個很大的問題，而代際計劃就是為了解決這一問題的。由此可判斷出代際計劃的目的是使老人和孩子生活在一起。故正確答案為B。
3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The reasons why inter-generational programs enjoy popularity in the world.
B．The inter-generational programs’ benefits to individuals.
C．The inter-generational programs all over the world.
D．The examples of inter-generational activities.
D　解析：段落大意題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可判斷出，本段主要介紹的是一些代際活動的例子。故正確答案為D。
4．What may be the best title for the text?
A．Building Bridges for the Old and the Young
B．A New Concept in Caring for the Old Is Born
C．Offering a Warm Home for the Young
D．Being Old Is No More Sad
A　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。通過全文可知，本文主要講述的是：如今老年人和青少年之間的聯(lián)系越來越少，這是一個很嚴(yán)重的問題，因此以為老年人和青少年創(chuàng)造聯(lián)系的橋梁代際計劃越來越受歡迎。A項體現(xiàn)了本文的核心，適合用作本文的標(biāo)題。故正確答案為A。
[長難句分析]　One successful scheme in London pairs young volunteers with old people who are losing their sight.(第三段第五句)
分析：本句是一個復(fù)合句。who引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞old people。
譯文：倫敦的一項成功的方案是將年輕的志愿者與視力漸失的老年人配對組合。
B
World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5th and was created to inspire people around the globe to take an active part in environmental protection and learn more about ways we can help to guarantee the future of our planet is safe.
The very first World Environment Day took place in 1974, established by the United Nations General Assembly on the first day of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment that took place in 1972. Each year the United Nations picks a theme and a host city where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others, followed by different kinds of exhibits to promote environmental awareness. Environmentalists, academics and scientists come together to bring new ideas on the table concerning the environment.
The 2018 World Environment Day is hosted by India, and the theme is Beat Plastic Pollution. It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags to reduce the production and use of disposable plastic, which makes up 10% of all of the waste. Even though the United Nations picks a specific host city every year, people around the world still celebrate World Environment Day in their hometowns with parades(游行), concerts, cleaning up and tree planting and all kinds of green actions to work towards having a beautiful planet and battling pollution.
World Environment Day is not a public holiday, so you won’t be getting the day off work or school, but if you want to celebrate, why not bring it to the attention of your parents, friends, colleagues or classmates? World Environment Day is all about working together to take action for the planet, so try to get everyone you know interested in helping do something. Things as small as making sure people have a way to recycle can make a difference. You could also try beautifying your neighborhood by planting gardens, learn about green foods, raise money for a local wildlife conservation group or simply learn about the effects of different products on the earth.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了世界環(huán)境日的由來和情況，并呼吁全員行動起來幫助保護(hù)地球。
5．Why is World Environment Day set up?
A．To make people know more about nature.
B．To ask people to help to protect the globe.
C．To warn people of the danger of air pollution.
D．To encourage people to plan the earth’s future.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第一段中的“to inspire people around the globe to take an active part in environmental protection and learn more about ways we can help to guarantee the future of our planet is safe”可以看出，世界環(huán)境日的目的是鼓勵人們積極參與環(huán)境保護(hù)并多學(xué)會些方法來幫助確保地球?qū)淼陌踩?。故選B。
6．What do people do on World Environment Day?
A．Decide a host city.
B．Hold a theme party.
C．Discuss environmental ideas.
D．Show some plastic products.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第二段中的“where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others”以及“Environmentalists, academics and scientists come together to bring new ideas on the table concerning the environment.”可以看出，人們主要是在這一天討論環(huán)境問題。
7．Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “disposable” in paragraph 3?
A．High-cost.　　　　　　　 B．Poor-quality.
C．Second-hand. D．Single-use.
D　解析：詞義猜測題。從第三段中的“Beat Plastic Pollution”可以看出，2018年的主題是“塑戰(zhàn)速決”，再結(jié)合畫線詞前面的“It urges people to explore and choose supportable alternatives like paper or cloth bags”和后面的“which makes up 10% of all of the waste”可知，“disposable plastic”造成大量資源浪費，所以“一次性的”符合語境，故選D項。
8．What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．Every bit of effort counts.
B．Doing is better than saying.
C．Many hands make light work.
D．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
A　解析：段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，世界環(huán)境日不是公共節(jié)日，所以人們不放假。但如果你想慶祝的話，為何不讓你周圍的人關(guān)注它？所以最后一段主要是講每個人都可以從身邊小事做起，行動起來保護(hù)地球，每個人的微小努力都很重要，故選A項。Doing is better than saying“行勝于言”；Many hands make light work“眾人拾柴火焰高”；Nothing is impossible to a willing heart“有志者事竟成”。
[長難句分析]　Each year the United Nations picks a theme and a host city where anyone who is concerned about the environment can talk about environmental topics with others, followed by different kinds of exhibits to promote environmental awareness.(第二段第二句)
分析：本文是一個主從復(fù)合句。where引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，修飾a host city，在這個定語從句中又有一個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，followed by是過去分詞短語作伴隨狀語。
譯文：每年聯(lián)合國都會選擇一個主題和主辦城市，在那里任何關(guān)心環(huán)境的人都可以與別人談?wù)摥h(huán)境話題，之后還有不同種類的展品展出以提高(人們的)環(huán)境意識。
C
At the age of seven, while his friends were spending their allowance on things like candy and toys, Jose Adolfo Quisocola was busy saving money for basic purchases. To try to get his peers(同齡人) to do the same, the boy from Peru came up with the idea of an eco-bank, the Bartselana Student Bank, which allows kids of all ages to become financially independent while also helping the environment.
Set up in 2012, the bank is the world’s first bank for kids. To become a member, a kid has to bring in at least 5 kilograms of solid waste and set a savings goal. Once accepted, all bank “partners” are required to deposit at least one additional kilogram of recyclables on a monthly basis and observe other requirements, such as attending financial education and environmental management workshops.
The waste accumulated is sold to local recycling companies, which, thanks to Jose’s efforts, pay a higher-than-market rate for everything brought in by the bank members. The money received is placed in the personal account where they collect until the savings goal is reached. The account holder can then withdraw the money, or choose to leave it and make it continue to grow for a bigger target. “At the beginning, my teachers thought I was crazy or that a child could not undertake this type of project，” Jose recalls. “They did not understand that we are not the future of the country but its present. Luckily, I had the support of the school headmaster and an assistant in my class.”
The boy’s efforts paid off, and by 2013, the bank had over 200 members, who brought in one ton of recyclable waste. Today, the eco-bank, which now has the support of several local institutions, boasts ten educational centers. They are designed to teach over 3，000 students, aged 10 to 18, to become financially independent, use their money wisely, and help the environment.
Not surprisingly, Jose’s efforts have earned him several national and international awards. On November 20, 2018, Jose won Children’s Climate Prize, which comes with a medal and $ 5，500 in prize money and is given to a child or youth who has accomplished an extraordinary achievement for the climate or environment.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇記敘文。當(dāng)其他的孩子把零花錢花在糖果和玩具上時，七歲的Jose卻想著如何儲蓄。在校長的支持下，他成立了學(xué)生生態(tài)銀行，讓學(xué)生帶廢品開戶，之后將廢品銷售給收購商。該銀行受到了孩子們的歡迎。
9．Why did Jose set up the bank?
A．To raise money and set up a recycling company.
B．To buy necessities and donate them to needy kids.
C．To save much money and protect the environment.
D．To educate the students and help them win prizes.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“To try to get his peers(同齡人) to do the same, the boy from Peru came up with the idea of an eco-bank, the Bartselana Student Bank, which allows kids of all ages to become financially independent while also helping the environment.”可知，為了讓他的同齡人也這么做，這個來自秘魯?shù)哪泻⑾氤隽艘粋€生態(tài)銀行的點子，這個銀行能讓各個年齡段的孩子變得經(jīng)濟(jì)獨立，同時也有助于環(huán)境保護(hù)。據(jù)此可知，Jose創(chuàng)立生態(tài)銀行旨在儲蓄的同時保護(hù)環(huán)境，故C項正確。
10．How can a kid be admitted to the eco-bank?
A．By donating to the eco-bank.
B．By turning in one kilogram of waste in a month.
C．By sending in an application.
D．By presenting a savings goal and a certain amount of waste.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“To become a member, a kid has to bring in at least 5 kilograms of solid waste and set a savings goal.”可知，若要成為生態(tài)銀行的一員，一個孩子必須至少上交5千克的固體垃圾，并設(shè)定一個儲蓄目標(biāo)，故D項正確。
11．How did the teachers feel about Jose’s program?
A．Doubtful.　　　　　　 B．Excited.
C．Moved. D．Worried.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第四句“‘At the beginning, my teachers thought I was crazy or that a child could not undertake this type of project，’Jose recalls.”可知，開始時老師們認(rèn)為Jose瘋了，認(rèn)為一個孩子不能承擔(dān)這種類型的項目。據(jù)此可推知，老師們對Jose的項目持懷疑態(tài)度，故A項正確。
12．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．How the environment is improved.
B．What the project has achieved.
C．How tons of waste has been recycled.
D．What support the local institutions get.
B　解析：段落大意題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“The boy’s efforts paid off, and by 2013, the bank had over 200 members, who brought in one ton of recyclable waste.”可知，Jose的努力得到了回報，到2013年，該銀行已有200多名成員，他們帶來了一噸可回收垃圾；并結(jié)合該段其他內(nèi)容可知，該段主要介紹了生態(tài)銀行的成就，故B項正確。
[長難句分析]　To try to get his peers(同齡人) to do the same, the boy from Peru came up with the idea of an eco-bank, the Bartselana Student Bank, which allows kids of all ages to become financially independent while also helping the environment.(第一段第二句)
分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。句中“which allows kids of all ages to become financially independent while also helping the environment”為which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，which指代先行詞the Bartselana Student Bank，在從句中作主語；句中動詞不定式短語“To try to get his peers(同齡人) to do the same”作目的狀語。
譯文：為了讓他的同齡人也這么做，這個來自秘魯?shù)哪泻⑾氤隽艘粋€生態(tài)銀行——Bartselana學(xué)生銀行的點子，這個銀行能讓各個年齡段的孩子變得經(jīng)濟(jì)獨立，同時也有助于環(huán)境保護(hù)。