第二部分　題型應(yīng)對策略|精通四種題型解題技巧，有的放矢多拿分
第一講　理解文中具體信息——細(xì)節(jié)理解題
細(xì)節(jié)理解題是高考英語閱讀理解中非常重要的一種題型。細(xì)節(jié)理解題題干針對原文的具體敘述進(jìn)行提問，主要考查考生對閱讀材料中的某一特定細(xì)節(jié)、文章的主要事實或文中個別詞句的理解能力，一般包括查找信息題、數(shù)字計算題等。

高考細(xì)節(jié)理解題題量統(tǒng)計
考綱解讀
年份
浙江卷
(1)文章細(xì)節(jié)對于理解全文內(nèi)容來說至關(guān)重要，同時也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。
(2)命題人員會要求考生根據(jù)不同的要求閱讀文章，以獲得某些特定的信息或準(zhǔn)確地尋求所需的細(xì)節(jié)。
(3)這類試題有時比較直接，理解字面意思即可答題；有時則較為間接，需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。
2019.6
4
2018.11
2
2018.6
3
2017.11
4
2017.6
3


【考查特點】
Ⅰ.把握細(xì)節(jié)理解題常見的命題方式：
(1)特殊疑問句形式：以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題。
(2)填空題形式：通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實和細(xì)節(jié)。
(3)就文中數(shù)字、排序等提問。
Ⅱ.掌握細(xì)節(jié)細(xì)解題的考查角度：
(1)高頻考點：直接信息題；綜合細(xì)節(jié)題。
(2)低頻考點：數(shù)字計算題；正誤判斷題；細(xì)節(jié)排序題。
　直接細(xì)節(jié)題——精準(zhǔn)定位判細(xì)節(jié)
直接細(xì)節(jié)題即事實認(rèn)定類細(xì)節(jié)題，該題型在原文中可直接找到答案，不要求考生對事實做出解釋或者判斷，只需要從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息(有時需要跨段落查找細(xì)節(jié)信息)。正確選項和原文在表述上沒有太大的變化。
常見的設(shè)問方式：
◆Which activity will you choose if...?
◆What will you/the students do on Tuesday/on the Capital City Bike Tour?
◆When can you see a play in Hebrew?
◆Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?
◆At which place can people of different ages enjoy a good laugh?
◆Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames?
[典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅰ·A片段)
Jobs for Youth
If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合條件) for this program, which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.
Who is eligible: Youth 15－18 years old in select communities(社區(qū))．
Summer Company
Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.
Who is eligible: Students aged 15－29, returning to school in the fall.
21．What is special about Summer Company?
A．It requires no training before employment.
B．It provides awards for running new businesses.
C．It allows one to work in the natural environment.
D．It offers more summer job opportunities.

第一步　確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞
Summer Company
第二步　根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句
Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.
第三步　比對選項確定答案
Summer Company的特別之處在于 “它為經(jīng)營新業(yè)務(wù)提供獎勵”。
自主解答：B

第一步　看題目，從題干中提取關(guān)鍵信息。
第二步　采取速讀技巧快速定位原文信息，仔細(xì)比對選項和文中細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)而確定答案?！?
　綜合細(xì)節(jié)題——推理歸納定選項
綜合細(xì)節(jié)題要求考生在原文中找到有關(guān)的信息，但同時需要將選項信息與原文句子進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換， 例如使用同義詞、近義詞或反義詞表達(dá)相同的意思， 這需要考生綜合考慮，把握出題人的考查意圖。
常見的設(shè)問方式：
◆Which of the following best describes...?
◆Why was...a success?
◆How does the writer recommend...to readers?
[典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅱ·C片段)“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know？” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself，” she said.
29．Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A．To meet with her coworkers.
B．To catch up with her work.
C．To have some time on her own.
D．To collect data for her report.

第一步　確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞
prefer to go out，lunch
第二步　根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句
用prefer to go out和lunch尋讀，可以定位在第三段，在第三段找到I just wanted some time to myself.
第三步　比對選項確定答案
根據(jù)信息句可知，Bechtel更喜歡出去吃午飯的原因是想擁有自己的時間。
自主解答：C

第一步　看題目，從題干中提取關(guān)鍵信息。
第二步　采取速讀技巧尋找原文信息，將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，將確定的文章信息進(jìn)行加工處理，進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的辨別，進(jìn)而確定答案。　
　數(shù)字計算題——“加減乘除”巧破解
數(shù)字計算題要求考生在原文中找到相關(guān)的數(shù)字信息，再對相關(guān)的數(shù)字和信息進(jìn)行分析和理解，利用加、減、乘、除等運(yùn)算方法進(jìn)行計算，確定答案。
常見的設(shè)問方式：
◆How much should a couple with a kid pay a visit...?
◆How long does...last?
◆How much may they pay...?
[典例]　(2018·全國卷Ⅰ·C片段)At present, the world has about 6，800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1，000; Africa 2，400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6，000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present?
A．About 6，800.　　　　　　 B．About 3，400.
C．About 2，400. D．About 1，200.

第一步　確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞
less than 6，000 people at present
第二步　根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句
At present, the world has about 6，800 languages.及The median number(中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6，000，which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
第三步　整合推算運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)公式計算
由原文信息句可知，目前全球不同語言使用人數(shù)的中位數(shù)僅是6 000，這就意味著世界上有一半語言的使用人數(shù)不到6 000；結(jié)合At present，the world has about 6，800 languages.可知，目前大約3 400種語言的使用人數(shù)不到6 000。
自主解答：B

第一步　仔細(xì)分析題干，抓牢關(guān)鍵信息。
第二步　從文章中找出包含該信息的段落，運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)公式計算。
對于離散的數(shù)字計算題，需要先找到與之相關(guān)的事實或數(shù)據(jù)，然后再進(jìn)行分析整合?！?

(2019·浙江卷6月·A)Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby. He finds old military(軍隊的) medals for sale in antique stores and on the Internet. But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks down the medals’ rightful owners, and returns them.
His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother, a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A．G. Piccoli, found in an antique shop. Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart—he earned one himself in a war as a soldier. So when his mother gave him the medal, he knew right away what he had to do.
Through the Internet, Zac tracked down Corrado’s sister Adeline Rockko. But when he finally reached her, the woman flooded him with questions: “Who are you? What antique shop？” However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had handled the call. So she called Zac back and apologized. Soon she drove to meet Zac in Watertown, N．Y. “At that point, I knew she meant business，” Zac says. “To drive eight hours to come to see me.”
The Piccolis grew up the children of Italian immigrants in Watertown. Corrado, a translator for the Army during WWⅡ， was killed in action in Europe.
Before hearing from Zac, Adeline hadn’t realized the medal was missing. Like many military medals, the one Zac’s mother had found was a family treasure. “This medal was very precious to my parents. Only on special occasions(場合) would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands，” Adeline says.
As a child, Adeline couldn’t understand why the medal was so significant. “But as I grew older，” Adeline says, “and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left.” Corrado Piccoli’s Purple Heart medal now hangs at the Italian American Civic Association in Watertown.
Zac recently returned another lost medal to a family in Alabama.Since he first reunited Corrado’s medal, Zac says his record is now 5 for 5.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　文章主要介紹了Zachariah Fike為“軍功章”尋找其真正的主人的故事。
21．Where did Zac get a Purple Heart medal for himself?
A．In the army. B．In an antique shop.
C．From his mother. D．From Adeline Rockko.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“he earned one himself in a war as a soldier”可知，Zac曾經(jīng)在戰(zhàn)場上獲得過紫心勛章，故選A項。
22．What did Zac realize when Adeline drove to meet him?
A．She was very impolite.
B．She was serious about the medal.
C．She suspected his honesty.
D．She came from a wealthy family.
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“she called Zac back...To drive eight hours to come to see me”可推知，Adeline很在意這枚勛章，故選B項。
23．What made Adeline treasure the Purple Heart?
A．Her parents’ advice.
B．Her knowledge of antiques.
C．Her childhood dream.
D．Her memory of her brother.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Adeline couldn’t understand...missed my brother more and more...the only thing we had left”可知，這枚紫心勛章代表著Adeline對在戰(zhàn)場上犧牲的兄弟的深切懷念和記憶，故選D項。

“兩關(guān)注”“一防范”巧解細(xì)節(jié)理解題
1．兩關(guān)注：關(guān)注正確選項的特征：一是同義詞替換或釋義， 即把文中語言(詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu))改頭換面， 來表達(dá)相同的意思； 二是對文章信息的綜合理解推斷歸納。
2．一防范：防范干擾選項的逼真性，稍有不慎就會落入命題人設(shè)置的陷阱中。在做間接信息題時，要根據(jù)所找信息，分析選項，對比其中所用詞匯，避免誤選答案。必要時要對原文信息進(jìn)行歸納，然后比對選項，進(jìn)而選出正確答案。



A
(2019·浙江瑞安高三第一次調(diào)研)
Great American Song Contest
Contest Rules & Entry：
This annual event is designed for amateur and semi-pro(半職業(yè)) songwriters only. Songwriters who earn over $10，000 annually from song publishing royalties(版稅) do not have qualifications.
Amateur and semi-pro songwriters from all nations of the world are invited to participate in the Great American Song Contest. Song lyrics(歌詞) may be in any language. Please include an English translation.
All participants will be sent an entry confirmation and a judging schedule when their songs are received and processed.
This year’s deadline is March 5. Online submissions must be received by this date. Mailed submissions must be postmarked(蓋郵戳) by this date.
An entry fee of $30 is required for each entered song. After the first two entries, the entry fee drops to $25 for each additional song.
If the same song is entered in multiple categories, each requires a separate entry fee.
Prizes & Benefits：
Grand Prize Winner receives $1，000 in cash; each First Prize Winner receives $500 in cash. In addition, all winners receive a free membership to TAXI Independent A&R Company—$300 value!
Unlike those highly competitive “big cash prize” contests, which receive 20，000 to 30，000 entries each year but reward only a few, the Great American Song Contest offers a clear benefit to everyone who enters. Songwriters can get their songs heard and get feedback from knowledgeable music-industry professionals. That’s because the Great American Song Contest offers this opportunity and unique guarantee: All participating songwriters receive written opinions on their songs from experienced music-industry professionals!
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一則廣告。文章主要介紹Great American Song Contest的規(guī)則、參賽費(fèi)用和獎勵。
1．What can we know from the contest rules?
A．Song lyrics must be written in English only.
B．Not all songwriters can take part in the contest.
C．All submissions must be received by the deadline.
D．Not all participants will receive a judging schedule.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“This annual event is designed for amateur and semi-pro(半職業(yè)) songwriters only. Songwriters who earn over $10，000 annually from song publishing royalties(版稅) do not have qualifications.”可知 ，只有業(yè)余和半職業(yè)歌曲作者可以參賽，即并非所有歌曲作者都能參賽。故正確答案為B。
2．How much should a songwriter pay for his three entries?
A．$75.　　　　　　　 B．$80.
C．$85. D．$90.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Contest Rules & Entry部分倒數(shù)第二段“An entry fee of $30 is required for each entered song. After the first two entries, the entry fee drops to $25 for each additional song.”可知，三首參賽歌曲需付(30×2＋25＝)85美元。故正確答案為C。
3．What’s an advantage of the Great American Song Contest?
A．More cash for every prize.
B．Quicker confirmation.
C．A larger number of entries.
D．Written comments on entries.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句中的“All participating songwriters receive written opinions on their songs from experienced music-industry professionals！”可知，每個參賽者的歌曲都可以得到有經(jīng)驗的音樂界專業(yè)人士的書面評價。故正確答案為D。
[長難句分析]　Songwriters who earn over $10，000 annually from song publishing royalties(版稅) do not have qualifications. (Contest Rules & Entry部分第一段第二句)
分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。who 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞Songwriters。
譯文：每年從歌曲出版版稅中賺取一萬美元以上的歌曲作者沒有參賽資格。
B
(2019·嘉興模擬)Scientists have recreated a 1985 study of birds in Peru that shows climate change is pushing them from their natural environment. Thirty years ago, researchers studied over 400 kinds of birds living on a mountainside in Peru. In 2017, researchers looked again at the bird populations. They found that almost all had moved to higher places in the mountain. Almost all had decreased in size. And, the scientists say at least eight bird groups that started at the higher elevations(高地) had died out completely.
The researchers say the birds might have moved up the mountain because of temperature changes. Or changes to food sources may have forced them to go higher. The findings were published in a science journal. The 1985 research has documented birds and other animals moving up in elevation in reaction to warming temperatures. Mark Urban, a biologist at a university, said this recent study was the first to prove that rising temperatures and moving to avoid them can lead to extinction.
In 2016, Fitzpatrick, director and a co-writer of the study passed his notes, photos and other records to Benjamin Freeman. Freeman has been researching tropical birds for more than 10 years. He set out in August and September of 2017 to copy Fitzpatrick’s study. His team used the same methods, searching the same places in the same time of year.
Freeman’s team wanted to see how things had changed for the bird groups since 1985. The average temperatures on the mountain had risen 0.42 degrees Celsius. His team placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain to record the sounds of birds that might not easily be seen.
Freeman said that the birds moved an average of 98 meters further up the mountain. He believes that temperature is the main cause of the birds’ movement. Fitzpatrick noted that birds used to living in areas with little temperature change may be especially at risk because of climate change. He said, “We should expect that what’s happening on this mountain top is happening more generally in the Andes, and other tropical mountain ranges.”
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，溫度上升會讓鳥類向海拔更高的地方遷徙，而這會導(dǎo)致鳥類的滅絕。
4．How many kinds of birds lived in Peru 30 years ago?
A．At least eight bird groups.
B．More than 400.
C．Over eight bird groups.
D．Less than 400.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“Thirty years ago, researchers studied over 400 kinds of birds living on a mountainside in Peru.”可知，在三十年前，有400多種鳥類生活在秘魯。故正確答案為B。
5．Why did the birds move up the mountain?
A．To avoid temperature changes.
B．To find more food sources.
C．To adapt to extreme temperature.
D．To react to the increase of other kinds of animals.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“The researchers say the birds might have moved up the mountain because of temperature changes.”可知，它們是為了避開溫度的變化。故正確答案為A。
6．How did Freeman and his team record the sound of birds not easily being seen?
A．They had the temperature rise 0.42 degrees Celsius.
B．They moved an average of 98 meters further up the mountain.
C．They placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain.
D．They kept on listening to the sound happening on this mountain top.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“His team placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain to record the sounds of birds that might not easily be seen.”可知，他們是通過在山上放置20個錄音設(shè)備來記錄那些不容易被看見的鳥類的聲音的。故正確答案為C。
7．What is the main idea of the text?
A．Two teams used the same methods to do researches.
B．Scientists documented birds and other animals moving up in elevation.
C．Scientists have been researching tropical birds for more than 10 years.
D．Rising temperature causes some birds in Peru to become extinct.
D　解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了一項研究成果，即溫度上升會讓鳥類向海拔更高的地方遷徙，而這會導(dǎo)致鳥類的滅絕。D項體現(xiàn)了這項研究的結(jié)果，概括了本文的主要內(nèi)容。故正確答案為D。
[長難句分析]　Mark Urban, a biologist at a university, said this recent study was the first to prove that rising temperatures and moving to avoid them can lead to extinction.(第二段最后一句)
分析：本句是一個復(fù)合句。a biologist at a university是Mark Urban的同位語；this recent study was...是省略了that的賓語從句，作said的賓語；rising temperatures...can lead to...是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，作prove的賓語。
譯文：Mark Urban，一所大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家，說最近這項研究首次證明，氣溫上升和為避免高溫而進(jìn)行的遷徙可能會導(dǎo)致物種的滅絕。

細(xì)節(jié)理解題——直接細(xì)節(jié)題
(建議用時：25分鐘)
A
(2019·溫州適應(yīng)性測試)Born in the State of New York on May 14th, 1984, Mark Zuckerberg was an instant success. In his high school years, he was considered one of top students in the class, before moving into the arts, sciences, and literature, again picking up high marks and receiving academic praise. It earned him admission to Harvard University.
As a rebellious yet relatively quiet student, he created a website called Facemash in the university—an instantly controversial website that encouraged students to rate each other based on appearance.
The site was controversial for several reasons. The first was its illegal use of photographs, which the university and students took issue with. The second was its controversial nature—not every student likes being ranked based on their appearance. The third was its huge resource use—while it was hosted on Harvard servers, it was the most popular page in the university’s entire network.
Zuckerberg was soon forced to shut the site down, but its popularity and controversy had made him consider its future potential. He soon turned the simple site into a personal one for Harvard students, encouraging them to network with their peers at the college. It was then, together with his two friends, that they launched “The Facebook”， which immediately spread to other colleges and grew into a public service that anyone could access in the United States, whether to network with friends and family, or to play games.
The company has been criticized frequently, nevertheless, Zuckerberg has remained true to his initial vision—to create a website that the entire world can use to communicate openly and easily with one another and to keep the user experience clean and pure. The end result is one of the world’s biggest online businesses.
Although its true value is debatable, it’s safe to say that Facebook, and its creator Mark Zuckerberg, are two of the twenty-first century’s most influential, controversial, and potentially powerful figures.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要介紹了Facebook網(wǎng)站的創(chuàng)始人Zuckerberg創(chuàng)建網(wǎng)站的過程以及他努力克服所遇困難的故事。
1．What can we know about Mark Zuckerberg when he was a student?
A．He was often praised by teachers for the website he created.
B．He had good academic performance.
C．He alone created a website called Facebook.
D．He encouraged students to set up business like him.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“In his high school years, he was considered one of top students in the class, before moving into the arts, sciences, and literature, again picking up high marks and receiving academic praise.”可知，Mark Zuckerberg在學(xué)生時期就有良好的學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)。故B項正確。
2.Why did Zuckerberg shut the site down?
A．Because his website was not popular.
B．Because he was doubted for the way he used photographs.
C．Because he needed time to reconsider his choice.
D．Because he stole resource on Harvard server.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“The first was its illegal use of photographs, which the university and students took issue with.”可知，他關(guān)閉該網(wǎng)站的第一個因素就是照片的非法使用。故B項正確。
3．Which words can best describe Zuckerberg?
A．Easy-going and smart.
B．Quiet and shy.
C．Talented and outgoing.
D．Rebellious and creative.
D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“As a rebellious yet relatively quiet student, he created a website called Facemash in the university”可知，Zuckerberg是一個叛逆的學(xué)生，并且在學(xué)生時期就創(chuàng)建了網(wǎng)站。由此可推知，Zuckerberg是叛逆的和有創(chuàng)造性的。故D項正確。
4．What is the best title of the passage?
A．Mark Zuckerberg and His Facebook
B．The Foundation of Facebook
C．A Talent from Harvard University
D．The Development of Facebook
A　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了Zuckerberg在創(chuàng)建網(wǎng)站的過程中遇到的困難以及他努力克服所遇困難的過程，A項適合作本文的標(biāo)題。故A項正確。
[長難句分析]　It was then, together with his two friends, that they launched “The Facebook”， which immediately spread to other colleges and grew into a public service that anyone could access in the United States, whether to network with friends and family, or to play games.(第四段第三句)
分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。It was...that 構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句；which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞“The Facebook”；第二個that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞a public service。
譯文：就在那時，他和兩個朋友一起推出了“The Facebook”。Facebook迅速傳播到其他大學(xué)并發(fā)展成為一項公共服務(wù)。在美國，任何人都可以使用這一服務(wù)，無論是用來與朋友和家人聯(lián)系，還是玩游戲。
B
While weather forecasters can make fairly accurate predictions, there’s always the risk that you’ll be caught out while driving in the rain. But the days of having to quickly close your sunroof could soon be a thing of the past thanks to Jaguar Land Rover’s latest technology.
The firm is developing cars that can adapt automatically by closing windows and roofs or starting the heater if they detect bad weather is on the way. The weather forecasting system uses a set of air pressure, humidity(濕度) and light sensors(傳感器) to help its vehicles predict changes in conditions and adapt to them. Cars equipped with the system could make slight changes to the air conditioning if it finds the weather is getting warmer during a journey or increase the cabin temperature if it will get colder.
The forecast may indicate there is a possibility of one or more weather conditions, such as rain, within a period of time, such as five minutes. The vehicle may then adapt to the local weather conditions. In particular, it may close one or more windows, or close a roof of the vehicle in response to a forecast of rain. Similarly windows could be darkened using electrochromic(電致變色的) glass to improve visibility if bright sunshine is forecast.
Although it’s unclear whether this technology will make its way to a production vehicle anytime soon, such a system would be advantageous on autonomous vehicles. Since there’s no human driver present, the system will allow the vehicle to make it comfortable for its passengers, based on current weather conditions. It can also make the vehicle safer if it knows rain or snow is coming.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了捷豹路虎最新的技術(shù)——天氣預(yù)報系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)使用了一整套氣壓、濕度和光線傳感器，幫助車輛預(yù)測大氣狀況的變化并加以適應(yīng)。
5．How will Jaguar Land Rover’s latest technology benefit drivers?
A．Vehicles can automatically drive themselves.
B．Vehicles can find positions and routes themselves.
C．Vehicles can act as mobile weather forecasting stations.
D．Vehicles can open windows and sunroofs automatically.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“The weather forecasting system uses a set of air pressure, humidity(濕度) and light sensors(傳感器) to help its vehicles predict changes in conditions and adapt to them.”可知，捷豹路虎的最新技術(shù)可以讓車輛像可移動的天氣預(yù)報站一樣，幫助車輛預(yù)測天氣狀況的變化并加以適應(yīng)，從而造福于駕駛員。故選C。
6．What is the feature of the glass of a vehicle with the new technology?
A．It can help adjust the temperature.
B．It can still be clear in rainy days.
C．It is too strong to break into pieces.
D．Its colour can change with the sunshine.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Similarly windows could be darkened using electrochromic(電致變色的) glass to improve visibility if bright sunshine is forecast.”可知，采用新技術(shù)的汽車玻璃的顏色會隨著陽光而改變。故選D。
7．What can we know about the weather forecasting system from the text?
A．It is intelligent enough to stop raining.
B．It makes the driver more comfortable.
C．It can’t predict the weather accurately.
D．It makes autonomous cars safer in bad weather.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“It can also make the vehicle safer if it knows rain or snow is coming.”可知，天氣預(yù)報系統(tǒng)會使無人駕駛汽車在惡劣天氣下更安全。故選D。
8．Where might the text be taken from?
A．A book review.　　　　　　 B．A science report.
C．A science fiction. D．A travel brochure.
B　解析：文章出處題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了捷豹路虎最新的技術(shù)，因此本文最可能出自科學(xué)報道。故選B。
[長難句分析]　While weather forecasters can make fairly accurate predictions, there’s always the risk that you’ll be caught out while driving in the rain.(第一段第一句)
分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句。while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；you’ll be caught out while driving in the rain是同位語從句，說明risk的內(nèi)容。
譯文：雖然天氣預(yù)報員可以做出相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測，但你還會有在雨中開車時會淋雨的風(fēng)險。
C
Who’re happier, men or women? Research shows it’s a complex question and that asking whether males or females are happier isn’t really that helpful, because basically, happiness is different for women and men.
Women’s happiness has been declining for the past 30 years, according to recent statistics. And research shows that women are twice as likely to experience depression compared with men. Gender(性別) differences in depression are well confirmed and studies have found that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the differences.
Early studies on gender and happiness found men and women were socialized to express different feelings. Women are more likely to express happiness, warmth and fear, which help with social bonding and appear more consistent with the traditional role as a primary caregiver, while men display more anger, pride and disrespect, which are more consistent with a protector and provider role.
Recent research suggests that these differences are not just socially, but also genetically related. Studies have looked into these findings further and discovered that females use more areas of the brain containing mirror neurons(鏡像神經(jīng)元) than males when they process feelings. Mirror neurons allow us to experience the world from other people’s view, to understand their actions and intentions. This may explain why women can experience deeper sadness. Women tend to experience more negative feelings, such as more guilt, shame and to a lesser degree, embarrassment.
Psychologically it seems men and women differ in the way they process and express feelings. With the exception of anger, women experience feelings more strongly and share their feelings more openly with others. Studies have found in particular that women express more appreciation—which has been linked to greater happiness. This supports the theory that women’s happiness is more dependent on relationships than men’s.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文從社會、生理和心理三個方面介紹了男性和女性在幸福感上的差異。
9．Which feeling are men more likely to show compared with women?
A．Warmth. B．Depression.
C．Happiness. D．Disrespect.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句中的“while men display more anger, pride and disrespect”可知，男性表現(xiàn)更多的是生氣、驕傲和無禮，故選D。
10．What factors cause women to share feelings more openly?
A．Psychological factors. B．Biological factors.
C．Educational factors. D．Social factors.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，本段從心理方面介紹了男性和女性在處理和表達(dá)感情方面的不同：與男性相比，女性更加公開地表露自己內(nèi)心的情感。
11．One can probably read the text from________．
A．a(chǎn) science fiction B．a(chǎn) culture brochure
C．a(chǎn) nursery guide D．a(chǎn) health magazine
D　解析：文章出處題。根據(jù)本文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要從社會、生理和心理三個方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差異。由此可推知，本文有可能摘自一本健康雜志，故選D項。
12．What is the text mainly about?
A．Men and women differ in biology and psychology.
B．Men and women experience happiness differently.
C．Social roles have a great effect on men and women.
D．Women’s happiness has declined in the past years.
B　解析：主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文從社會、生理和心理三個方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差異，故B項最符合文意。
[長難句分析]　Gender(性別) differences in depression are well confirmed and studies have found that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the differences.(第二段第三句)
分析：本句是一個由and連接的并列句。that biological，psychological and social factors contribute to the differences為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
譯文：抑郁癥的性別差異已得到充分證實，而且研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，生理、心理和社會因素造成了這些差異。
細(xì)節(jié)理解題——綜合細(xì)節(jié)題
(建議用時：25分鐘)
A
(2019·浙江金麗衢十二校高三聯(lián)考)A simple project to help a family in need stopped Luke Mickelson in his tracks. In 2012, he and his family were inspired to build and donate a bunk bed, one bed on top of the other, after learning there were local children who slept on the floor. Shocked to discover how widespread this need was in his community, Mickelson founded Sleep in Heavenly Peace, a nonprofit that builds and delivers beds to children in need.
Born and raised in Idaho, Mickelson, now 41, had a thriving career. He coached his kids’ sports teams and fished in the nearby river. But when he met children who were sleeping on the floor, his peaceful life changed course.
Using safety guidelines and his daughter’s bunk bed as a model, Mickelson started buying wood and supplies to build beds with his own money. He recruited friends and family members to help around the holidays. As the word spread, interest and involvement from his and other communities flooded—along with Mickelson’s bunk bed output. “That first project, we built 11 bunk beds in my garage，” he said. “The next year, we did 15. Then it doubled every year. In 2017, we built 612 bunk beds.”
With the motto “No kid sleeps on the floor in our town”， the nonprofit and its more than 65 branches have built and delivered more than 1，500 free beds to children across America. But along with the rapid growth, Mickelson was faced with a tough choice: advancing his career or his nonprofit. He chose the latter and went from making “great money to zero money”. He’s never looked back. “I found that the need I have isn’t financial，” he said. “The need I have is seeing the joy on kids’ faces, knowing that I can make a difference.”
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇記敘文。Mickelson為了讓自己社區(qū)的無床可睡的孩子們能夠有床睡覺，成立了一個公益組織“Sleep in Heavenly Peace”。
1．Why did Mickelson set up Sleep in Heavenly Peace?
A．To help the poor children.
B．To make a big fortune.
C．To inspire his community.
D．To get more donations.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段，尤其是最后一句中的“Mickelson founded Sleep in Heavenly Peace, a nonprofit that builds and delivers beds to children in need”可知，Mickelson創(chuàng)建這個非營利組織是為了幫助貧困兒童。
2．What do we know about Luke Mickelson?
A．He had his own fish farm.
B．He changed his career from time to time.
C．He used to sleep on the floor when he was a kid.
D．He originally had a relaxing and pleasant life.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段，尤其是最后一句“But when he met children who were sleeping on the floor, his peaceful life changed course.”可知，Mickelson一開始過著輕松、舒適的生活。
3．How did other people react to Mickelson’s project?
A．They showed little interest in it.
B．They were supportive and involved in it.
C．They were doubtful about the safety of the bunk bed.
D．They volunteered to buy beds with their own money.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“He recruited friends and family members to help around the holidays. As the word spread, interest and involvement from his and other communities flooded”可知，Mickelson的朋友和其他家庭成員都來幫忙，隨著消息的傳播，更多人參與進(jìn)來，由此可知，人們對Mickelson創(chuàng)建的這個組織非常支持，并且積極參與。
4．What is Mickelson’s attitude to the nonprofit?
A．Ambiguous.　　　　　 B．Defensive.
C．Cautious. D．Positive.
D　解析：觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段，尤其是“The need I have...make a difference.”可知，Mickelson想要看到孩子們臉上的喜悅，他知道他在做一些有影響的事；由此可推知，他對這個組織持積極的態(tài)度。
[長難句分析]　Shocked to discover how widespread this need was in his community, Mickelson founded Sleep in Heavenly Peace, a nonprofit that builds and delivers beds to children in need.(第一段最后一句)
分析：本句是一個復(fù)合句。句中含有how引導(dǎo)的從句，作discover的賓語；“that builds and delivers beds to children in need”為that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞“a nonprofit”， that在從句中充當(dāng)主語。
譯文：Mickelson震驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種需求在他的社區(qū)如此普遍，于是他創(chuàng)建了Sleep in Heavenly Peace——一個為有需要的兒童建造并運(yùn)送床的非營利組織。
B
The American dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, creativity and determination, they can achieve a better life for themselves. More specifically, they agree on how to get ahead in America: get a college education, find a reliable job, and buy their own house. But do Americans still believe in that path, and if they do, is it attainable?
The most recent National Journal poll asked participants about the American dream, what it takes to achieve their goal, and whether or not they felt the control over their ability to be successful. Obviously, the results show that today, the idea of the American dream and what it takes to achieve it looks quite different from it did in the late 20th century. Generally speaking, people felt that their actions and hard work—not outside force—deciding their lives. But the participants had definitely mixed feelings about what actions make for a better life in the current economy.
In the last seven years, Americans have grown more pessimistic(悲觀的) about the power of education to lead to success. Even though they see going to college as a fairly achievable goal, a majority—52 percent—think that young people do not need a 4-year college education in order to be successful.
Miguel Maeda, 42, who has a master’s degree and works in public health, was the first in his family to go to college, which has allowed him to achieve a sense of financial stability(穩(wěn)定) his parents and grandparents never did. While some, like Maeda, emphasized the value of degree rather than the education itself, others still see college as a way to gain new viewpoints and life experiences. To Fendley, a sense of drive and purpose, as well as an effective high-school education, and basic life skills, like balancing a checkbook(支票簿), are the necessary elements for a successful life in America.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。一項民意測驗表明，美國人現(xiàn)在不像以前那么相信美國夢了，有一半多的美國人認(rèn)為不接受大學(xué)教育也可以成功。
5．It used to be commonly acknowledged that to succeed in America, one had to have ________．
A．a(chǎn) sense of drive and purpose
B．a(chǎn)n advanced academic degree
C．a(chǎn) firm belief in their dream
D．a(chǎn)n ambition to get ahead
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“More specifically, they agree on how to get ahead in America: get a college education, find a reliable job, and buy their own house.”可知，過去在美國，人們通常認(rèn)為一個人要成功必須獲得大學(xué)教育、有大學(xué)文憑。故正確答案為B。
6．What is the finding of the latest National Journal poll concerning the American dream?
A．More and more Americans are finding it hard to realize.
B．It remains alive among the majority of American people.
C．An increasing number of young Americans are abandoning it.
D．Americans’ idea of it has changed over the past few decades.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Obviously, the results show that today, the idea of the American dream and what it takes to achieve it looks quite different from it did in the late 20th century.”可知，這次民意調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)在過去的幾十年里，美國人對美國夢的看法已經(jīng)改變了。故正確答案為D。
7．What do Americans now think of the role of college education in achieving success?
A．It still remains open to debate.
B．It has proved to be beyond doubt.
C．It is much better understood now than ever.
D．It is no longer as important as it used to be.
D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知，現(xiàn)在美國人對大學(xué)教育能引領(lǐng)成功這一看法越來越悲觀，有一半多的美國人認(rèn)為成功并不需要大學(xué)教育。由此可推斷出，現(xiàn)在美國人認(rèn)為大學(xué)教育對于成功來說并不像過去那么重要。故正確答案為D。
8．How do some people view college education these days?
A．It helps broaden their minds.
B．It needs to be strengthened.
C．It widens cultural diversity.
D．It promotes gender equality.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句“While some, like Maeda, emphasized the value of degree rather than the education itself, others still see college as a way to gain new viewpoints and life experiences.”可推斷出，如今一些人認(rèn)為大學(xué)教育能幫助擴(kuò)展他們的視野。故正確答案為A。
[長難句分析]　The American dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, creativity and determination, they can achieve a better life for themselves.(第一段第一句)
分析：本句是一個復(fù)合句。“held by many people in the United States of America”是非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)，在此作后置定語，修飾faith; that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，解釋說明 faith的具體內(nèi)容。
譯文：美國夢是許多美國人的信念，他們認(rèn)為通過努力工作、勇氣、創(chuàng)造力和決心，他們可以為自己創(chuàng)造更好的生活。
C
Chinese cuisine is widely known and enjoyed all around the world. Who doesn’t long for a favorite Chinese dish? But there is one interesting concept concerning Chinese food which is almost unheard in the West, and which is becoming increasingly ignored by the youth of the East—the ancient custom of tonic food.
Tonic food is food which is consumed to improve one’s well-being or avoid sickness. For instance, it was once the custom for new mothers to eat a sesame oil hotpot every day for the first month after giving birth. It was believed that this dish would benefit the muscles, reduce pain, improve circulation, stimulate sweating, and warm the body. Some foods, such as goat meat and spinach(菠菜), are seen as“hot”， while others, such as Chinese cabbage and radishes(小蘿卜), are seen as “cold”. One should be careful not to eat too much of either “hot” or “cold” food. However, how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s health.
The custom of employing tonic food for a healthier life also influences the catering industry. Chinese herbal medicines, such as the wolfberry(枸杞子), can be found on many a restaurant menu, either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish. These herbs attract customers, such as overworked office staff, in need of a modest pick-me-up.
So, whether you need to boost your strength with a large helping of chicken soup, or increase your mental powers with a serving of pig brain soup, you may find that this ancient Chinese custom could be just the tonic you were looking for.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文主要介紹了中國滋補(bǔ)食物的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
9．What is the present situation of tonic food?
A．It is catching less attention.
B．It is enjoyed by many young people.
C．It is well known worldwide.
D．It is becoming increasingly popular.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“But there is one interesting concept concerning Chinese food which is almost unheard in the West, and which is becoming increasingly ignored by the youth of the East—the ancient custom of tonic food.”可知，目前滋補(bǔ)食物不再受到追捧。故選A。
10．What is believed to benefit new mothers?
A．Chinese cabbage. B．Fruit tea.
C．Sesame oil hotpot. D．Pig brain soup.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“For instance, it was once the custom for new mothers to eat a sesame oil hotpot every day for the first month after giving birth.”可知，人們認(rèn)為麻油燜罐對新媽媽有益。
11．Which of the following best explains “catering” underlined in paragraph 3?
A．Medicine. B．Restaurant.
C．Education. D．Fashion.
B　解析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Chinese herbal medicines, such as the wolfberry(枸杞子), can be found on many a restaurant menu, either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish.”可推知，滋補(bǔ)食物對餐飲業(yè)有一定的影響，故“catering”與restaurant意思相近。
12．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．The Charm of Chinese Cuisine
B．The Popularity of Tonic Food
C．An Introduction to Chinese Tonic Food
D．Differences Between Hot Food and Cold Food
C　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Tonic food is food which is consumed to improve one’s well-being or avoid sickness.”和對全文的整體理解可推知，本文主要對中國的滋補(bǔ)食物進(jìn)行了簡要的介紹。
[長難句分析]　However, how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s health.(第二段最后一句)
分析：本句是一個復(fù)合句。第一個how引導(dǎo)主語從句；第二個how引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中作狀語；what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中作賓語。
譯文：然而，一個人應(yīng)該吃多少“熱性”或“涼性”的食物因一年中的時間、食物的烹飪方式、食物的搭配以及個人的健康狀況而異。

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