第19講句子成分和基本句型（講義）-2024年中考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義（全國通用）-學(xué)案下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

中考總復(fù)習(xí)一般分為三輪：
1、第一輪復(fù)習(xí)為基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的單元、章節(jié)復(fù)習(xí)。通過第一輪的復(fù)習(xí)，使學(xué)生系統(tǒng)掌握基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、基本技能和方法，形成明晰的知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和穩(wěn)定的知識(shí)框架。
2、第二輪復(fù)習(xí)打破章節(jié)界限實(shí)行大單元、小綜合、專題式復(fù)習(xí)。第二輪復(fù)習(xí)絕不是第一輪復(fù)習(xí)的壓縮文檔，而是一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)綜合、鞏固、完善、提高的過程。
3、第三輪復(fù)習(xí)是知識(shí)、能力深化鞏固的階段。復(fù)習(xí)資料的組織以中考題及模擬題為主，回扣教材，查缺補(bǔ)漏，進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練。
?第19講句子成分和基本句型（講義）
【復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)】
掌握八大句子成分
掌握五大基本句型
【考情分析】
英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分是高中英語教學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容，是理解文章的基礎(chǔ)，廣泛運(yùn)用于閱讀理解，完形填空，語法填空和寫作中。
簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型在近年來中考英語中沒有直接考查，而且安徽中考英語中從沒有叫學(xué)生分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的考核。但是詞義辨析、非謂語動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣用法、主謂一致等等都會(huì)涉及到句子結(jié)構(gòu)，復(fù)合句的理解更是以簡(jiǎn)單句為基礎(chǔ)，書面表達(dá)也需要學(xué)生能掌握簡(jiǎn)單句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，從而寫出正確的句子。

【網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建】
主語：動(dòng)作發(fā)出者，常位于句首。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the mrning.
謂語：動(dòng)作（有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、單復(fù)數(shù)之分）
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the mrning.
賓語：動(dòng)作承受者，位于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the mrning.
賓語補(bǔ)足語：補(bǔ)充說明賓語情況。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the mrning.
表語（主語補(bǔ)足語）:補(bǔ)充說明主語情況，位于系動(dòng)詞之后。
Lisa was happy.
思維導(dǎo)圖

基本成分
句子成分
狀語:相當(dāng)于副詞，說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the mrning.
定語:相當(dāng)于形容詞，修飾名詞和代詞。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the mrning.
同位語:兩者指的是同一人/物。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the mrning.
修飾成分
1.主語+謂語(vi.)We wrk hard.
2.主語+謂語( vt.)+賓語Tm bught a new bk.
3.主語+謂語(vt.)+間接賓語+直接賓語They ffer me a jb.
4.主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語 Great talkers are little ders.
5.主語+謂語(vt.)+賓語+賓補(bǔ) He made me g hme.
五種基本句型
第一部分：句子成分
英語句子由多個(gè)部分構(gòu)成，各部分在句子中起著不同的作用，這些構(gòu)成句子的不同部分被稱為句子成分。正確分析句子成分是英語成績(jī)得高分的至關(guān)要素。
主要句子成分：主語(subject)---s；謂語(predicate)---v
次要句子成分：賓語(bject)---；定語(attribute)---attr；狀語(adverbial)---adv；
補(bǔ)語(cmplement)-c; 表語(predicative)---p；同位語(Appsitive)等。
N. 1 主語
概念和位置：句子要說明的人或事物，是句子的主體，通常位于句首。
充當(dāng)：通常由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等充當(dāng)。
語序：正常：主語+謂語; 全部倒裝：謂語+主語; 部分倒裝：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。
David arrived last night.（名詞作主語）
That's OK. （代詞）
Tw will be enugh.（數(shù)詞）
T d mrning exercises is gd fr ur health.（不定式）
Seeing is believing.（動(dòng)名詞）
The blind and the lame are well cared fr in ur cuntry.（名詞化的形容詞）
What he said is nt true.（主語從句）
N. 2 謂語
概念和位置：表示主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)、謂語由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，由簡(jiǎn)單謂語動(dòng)詞和復(fù)合謂語動(dòng)詞之分。
一般位于主語之后。
充當(dāng)：一般由動(dòng)詞短語、系動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞、“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)等充當(dāng)，謂語有時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)的變化，同時(shí)受到句子主語的單復(fù)數(shù)和人稱的制約，如果主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)第三人稱形式。
(1)由單一動(dòng)詞V.做謂語 We are Chinese.
(2)情態(tài)V + V原 He can speak English well.
(3)助V +V I have seen this man befre.
N. 3 賓語
概念：表示及物動(dòng)詞和及物動(dòng)詞短語的動(dòng)作對(duì)象或內(nèi)容，或用于介詞后構(gòu)成介詞短語；有的動(dòng)詞后可以跟兩個(gè)賓語，其中表示人的賓語稱為間接賓語，把表示物的賓語稱為直接賓語。
位置: 位于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。
充當(dāng)：通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等充當(dāng)。
名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的短語I accepted yur wise advice.
2.代詞或相當(dāng)于代詞的短語All f us like him.
3.數(shù)詞或數(shù)詞短語Give me fur.
4. the + 形容詞表示一類人They teach the blind t read.
5.不定式或不定式短語He began t learn English a year ag./He did nt knw what t say.
6.動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語He is used t wrking at night./This bk is wrth reading.
7.從句I think that he is right./I wnder if yu'd like t g with us.
N. 4 表語
概念: 說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)或身份，與系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。
位置：位于系動(dòng)詞之后。
充當(dāng)：通常由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞或從句等充當(dāng)。
1.形容詞I feel much better tday.
2.代詞The bk is mine.
3.名詞或名詞所有格They are my students.
4.數(shù)詞His telephne number is 88888888.
5.副詞They are ver there.
6.介詞短語They are in truble.
7.不定式短語My dream is t g t cllege.
8.動(dòng)詞ing短語His hbby is cllecting stamps.
9.過去分詞短語My camera is brken.
10.從句The truth is what he said just nw.
N. 5 定語
概念：修飾或限定名詞或代詞的成分叫定語；
位置: 定語有前置定語和后置定語。形容詞、數(shù)詞、代詞、名詞等作定語時(shí)一般放于被修飾詞之前，但是在修飾any-，sme-，n， every-等構(gòu)成的單詞，如smething 等時(shí)，應(yīng)放于這些復(fù)合不定代詞之后進(jìn)行修飾。動(dòng)詞不定式、副詞、介詞短語、從句等作定語時(shí)一般放于被修飾詞之后。
充當(dāng)：定語通常由形容詞、形容詞性物主代詞、名詞或名詞所有格、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞或從句充當(dāng)。
1.形容詞或相同于形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)He is a kind-hearted man./He is a 15-year-ld student.
2.冠詞或代詞This bk is Mine./The by was Tm./My father was washing his car.
3.名詞或名詞所有格He bught a cffee cup yesterday./He is Tm's father.
4.數(shù)詞Three bys are running alng the bank./Yu are the first ne here.
5.副詞The by there needs a pen./He is n his way hme.
6.介詞短語D yu knw the by in the first rw?/The girl in a dress is his sister.
7.不定式短語I have a lt f wrk t d./ The by t write this letter needs a pen.
8.動(dòng)詞ing短語Let me tell yu a mving stry./Hrses are grass-eating animals./The smiling by needs a pen.
9.過去分詞短語 The by needs a pen bught by his mther./In the fall we can see a lt f fallen leaves.
10.從句The meeting that yu have missed yesterday was very imprtant.
N. 6 狀語
概念：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，可表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較、伴隨、條件、程度、讓步等。狀語位置靈活。
位置: 修飾整個(gè)句子時(shí)放于句首;修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)放于其后;表時(shí)間、目的、地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)常放于主句之前或之后，若強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)則應(yīng)放于主句之前;頻度副詞如almst、ften 等作狀語常放于be 動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，放于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。
充當(dāng)：通常由副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、形容詞和從句等充當(dāng)。
1.副詞或副詞短語作狀語He speaks English very well.
2.介詞短語作狀語The by was praised fr his bravery.
3.動(dòng)詞不定式短語The bx is t heavy fr me t lift.
4.動(dòng)詞ing短語Wearing a pair f sunglasses, he went ut .
5.過去分詞短語Written in a hurry， the article was nt s gd.
6.從句作狀語If I am nt busy tmrrw, I will play ftball with yu.
N. 7 補(bǔ)語
概念和位置：有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語后需要添加部分內(nèi)容對(duì)賓語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，補(bǔ)語有兩種，分別是主語補(bǔ)足語、賓語補(bǔ)足語，用來對(duì)主語或賓語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。
充當(dāng)：常由形容詞、名詞、不定式、分詞、副詞等充當(dāng)。高考英語試題主要考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)足語的語法。
Ca believes this will make the hiking trip even mre meaningful.（形容詞做賓補(bǔ)）
We sincerely wish yu a quick recvery and an early return t China.（名詞短語作賓補(bǔ)）
Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better knwn t British students. （過去分詞短語作賓補(bǔ)）
N. 8 同位語
概念和位置：對(duì)句子中某一名詞（詞組）做進(jìn)一步解釋、說明，與前面的名詞在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位語。
充當(dāng)：同位語可用名詞、代詞、名詞短語、同位語從句等充當(dāng)。
1. This exhibitin f sme sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and wrk f Sctland's best lved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, cmes t Lndn. (名詞)
My friend, Mary, bught a beautiful dress in the department last weekend. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主語同位語謂語定語賓語地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)間狀語
第二部分：基本句型
一、英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。
二、英語五種基本句型列式如下：
基本句型一：Ｓ +Ｖ（主＋謂）
基本句型二：Ｓ +link-Ｖ +Ｐ（主＋系＋表）
基本句型三：Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）
基本句型四：Ｓ +Ｖ +IO +Ｏ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）
基本句型五：Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ +Ｃ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）
三、基本句型一：Ｓ +Ｖ（主＋謂）
此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。例如：
1.Time flies.
2. The mn rse.
3. The man cked.
4. We all eat, and drink.
5. Everybdy laughed.
6. I wke very sn.
7. They talked fr half an hur.
8. He walked yesterday .
9.He is playing.
10.They have gne.
四、基本句型二：Ｓ +link-Ｖ +Ｐ（主＋系＋表）
此句型句子謂語動(dòng)詞不能獨(dú)立表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：
(1)表示狀態(tài)的連系動(dòng)詞。這些詞有：be, lk, seem, appear, smell, taste, sund, keep, remain, 等等。
(2)表示轉(zhuǎn)變或結(jié)果的系動(dòng)詞。這些詞有：becme, get, grw, turn, g, cme, prve等。
1. This is an English dictinary.
2. The dinner smells gd.
3. He felt happy.
4. Everything lks different.
5. He is tall and strng.
6. The bk is interesting.
7. The weather became warmer.
8. His face turned red.
五、基本句型三：Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）
此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。
1. Wh knws the answer?
2. She laugh at her.
3. He understands English.
4. He made cakes.
5. They ate sme apples.
6. Danny likes dnuts.
7. I want t have a cup f tea.
8. He said Gd mrning.
六、基本句型四：Ｓ +Ｖ +IO +Ｏ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）
此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：謂語動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來連接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承受者之前時(shí)，這一介詞往往被省略。
1. She passed him a new dress.
2. She cked her husband a delicius meal.
3. He brught yu a dictinary.
4. He bught her nthing.
5. I shwed him my pictures.
6. I gave him a hand.
7. I tld me hw t run the machine.
8. He shwed me that the bus was late.
七、基本句型五：Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ +Ｃ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）
此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。
1. We keep the table clean.
2. They painted the dr green.
3. They call supper dinner.
4. They fund the huse dirty.
5. What makes him sad?
6. We saw him ut.
7. He asked me t cme back sn.
8. I saw them getting n the bus.
一、單項(xiàng)選擇
1．（2023·甘肅隴南·統(tǒng)考三模）Which is the ADVERBIAL f the fllwing sentence “He is ding the husewrk nw.”?
A．“He”B．“is ding”C．“the husewrk”D．“nw”
2．（2023·四川廣元·統(tǒng)考一模）Lucy tried t make Alice ________ her mind but failed.
A．changeB．t changeC．changingD．changed
3．（2023·甘肅定西·?？寄M預(yù)測(cè)）Which part is the SUBJECT f the fllwing sentence “Susan walks t schl every day.”?
A．“Susan”B．“walks”C．“schl”D．“every day”
4．（2023·四川內(nèi)江·威遠(yuǎn)中學(xué)校校考二模）We’d like mre students t jin the stry telling club.
A．狀語B．直接賓語C．賓語補(bǔ)足語D．謂語
5．（2023·四川內(nèi)江·威遠(yuǎn)中學(xué)校?？级＃㊣ g t the mvies nce a week.
A．賓語B．狀語C．表語D．定語
6．（2023·四川內(nèi)江·威遠(yuǎn)中學(xué)校校考二模）There will be mre frests fr pandas t live in.
A．定語B．表語C．主語D．賓語
7．（2023·四川內(nèi)江·威遠(yuǎn)中學(xué)校?？家荒＃￤e ften hear the birds sing happily in the trees.
A．謂語B．定語C．狀語D．賓補(bǔ)
8．（2023·四川內(nèi)江·威遠(yuǎn)中學(xué)校校考一模）As we knw, teenagers aren’t allwed t smke.
A．主語B．謂語C．賓語D．表語
9．（2023·四川內(nèi)江·威遠(yuǎn)中學(xué)校?？家荒＃㎜ily usually ges t schl by bus.
A．狀語B．主語C．定語D．賓補(bǔ)
10．（2023·四川內(nèi)江·威遠(yuǎn)中學(xué)校校考一模）I was ding my hmewrk when yu called yesterday.
A．謂語B．賓語C．賓補(bǔ)D．定語
二、用所給單詞適當(dāng)形式填空
11．（2022·內(nèi)蒙古包頭·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Hw d yu yurself when yu have sme challenges? (curage)
12．（2021·內(nèi)蒙古包頭·?？既＃〢 smile slwly acrss her face when she heard that she passed the exam. (spread)
13．（2021·內(nèi)蒙古包頭·包頭市第二十九中學(xué)?？既＃㏕he Internet is s cnnected with ur daily life. Can yu imagine a life withut it?（clse）
14．（2023·上海長(zhǎng)寧·統(tǒng)考一模）The target audience fr this advertisement was teenagers. (main)
15．（2022·甘肅隴南·?？寄M預(yù)測(cè)）They were prud t say these paintings belnged t (they).
16．（2022·江蘇無錫·統(tǒng)考二模）Culd yu tell me if the tw girls (service) custmers every day?
17．（2022·上海松江·統(tǒng)考二模）There is still a lng way t g befre we . (success)
18．（2013·江蘇無錫·統(tǒng)考二模）The varius fantastic drawings the famus artist devted himself t ______ (shw) in ur schl hall the day befre yesterday.
三、完成句子
19．（2023·陜西西安·西安市鐵一中學(xué)校考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）我上星期收到了母親的一封信。
I had a letter frm my mther .
20．（2023·陜西西安·西安市鐵一中學(xué)?？寄M預(yù)測(cè)）放學(xué)后在操場(chǎng)上運(yùn)動(dòng)是莫大的樂趣。
It is great pleasure t d sprts after schl.
三、完型填空
（2024·遼寧·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）
閱讀短文，理解其大意，從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。
A lark (云雀) made her nest (鳥巢) in a field f yung wheat (小麥). In this nest were three baby larks. The mther had t fly away every day t get them 21 . All arund them the wheat grew tall and began t ripen (成熟).
One day, a farmer and his sn came t the 22 . The farmer said, “This wheat is ripe. We must ask smene t help us 23 it.”
Hearing what they said, the larks were in great 24 because they were afraid f lsing their hme. When their mther gt back t the nest, they at nce tld her what they had heard.
“We must 25 at nce!” said the yung larks. “Or the men will cme and kill us.”
“There is n need t 26 nw, my children,” said the mther. “We are quite safe at present. The man wh waits fr thers t help him with his 27 is nt t be feared. But when they cme again, listen and tell me what they say.”
A few days later, the farmer fund that the wheat was s ripe. He said t his sn, “ 28 this wheat is nt cut at nce, we will lse half f them. We can’t affrd t wait any lnger fr help frm thers. Tmrrw we must start t wrk, urselves.”
When the yung larks tld their mther what they had heard that day, she said, “Ah! It’s 29 fr us t leave nw. When a man decides t d his wn wrk and nt t 30 anyne else, then it is sure t be dne.”
By this time the little larks culd fly, s the next day, they flew away t a new hme.
21．A．timeB．fdC．funD．space
22．A．huseB．marketC．fieldD．park
23．A．eatB．cutC．sellD．grw
24．A．fearB．happinessC．excitementD．surprise
25．A．sleepB．stpC．shutD．mve
26．A．wrryB．regretC．checkD．practice
27．A．studyB．healthC．wrkD．exercise
28．A．UnlessB．AlthughC．UntilD．If
29．A．necessaryB．difficultC．impssibleD．interesting
30．A．lk afterB．laugh atC．listen tD．depend n
1．（2023·四川內(nèi)江·統(tǒng)考中考真題）Excuse me. Are there any restrms near here?
A．定語B．主語C．表語D．賓語
2．（2023·四川內(nèi)江·統(tǒng)考中考真題）The students will have a three-day hliday sn.
A．定語B．賓語C．狀語D．表語
3．（2022·四川內(nèi)江·統(tǒng)考中考真題）The return capsule(艙) f the Shenzhu-13 manned spaceship landed successfully n April 16, 2022.
A．主語B．謂語C．賓語D．狀語
4．（2022·四川內(nèi)江·統(tǒng)考中考真題）They are having an active discussin n hw t use time prperly.
A．表語B．狀語C．賓語D．主語
5．（2022·四川內(nèi)江·統(tǒng)考中考真題）Mary was cking when the drbell rang.
A．賓語B．謂語C．定語D．狀語
6．（2019·甘肅·中考真題）What is the sentence pattern f "I lve English. "?
A．S+VB．S+V+OC．S+V+PD．S+V+O+OC
目錄
一
復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)
掌握目標(biāo)及備考方向
二
考情分析
2023年中考考情分析
三
網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建
知識(shí)點(diǎn)頭腦風(fēng)暴
四
考向
句子的成分
五大基本句型
3.提升必考題型歸納
五
真題感悟
中考句子成分和基本句型經(jīng)典考題

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