Sme might say that handwriting has becme a dying art since the appearance f the typewriter in the mid 1880’s,even mre s due t cmputers.In fact,many schls in the United States n lnger required teaching cursive(草體) as a part f the cre curriculums.Hwever,despite the sense that writing n paper is ut f fashin,it actually has a number f very imprtant benefits.
Writing by hand is nt nly imprtant fr language prcessing and memry,it is als imprtant fr cgnitive(認(rèn)知) develpment.A Psychlgy Tday blg lays ut the ways in which learning t write by hand teaches the brain “functinal specializatin” r in ther wrds,the best efficiency.In learning t write by hand,the human brain must integrate sensatin,mvement cntrl,and thinking.Fr whatever reasn,it des nt d s when learning t type.
Writing by hands’ cgnitive benefits are numerus and there are many studies that can prve that.A 2021 study by the University f Tky shws that writing n paper culd help students recall materials better than typing n a keybard.Likewise,a 2014 study frm the Assciatin fr Psychlgical Science shws that taking ntes n a laptp as ppsed t writing them lnghand,leads t shallwer prcessing f the material learned.This is because when using a laptp,students will ften type ut lectures wrd fr wrd,as ppsed t prcessing infrmatin and rewrding it in their wn language.
These benefits actually translate t hw yu recall the infrmatin.In this case writing it by hand instead f typing als helps students d better n exams.A study led by Dr.Virginia Berninger,a prfessr f the University f Washingtn,suggests that children wrte lnger and mre cmplex essays when they were writing by hand,as ppsed t using a keybard.“Children cnsistently did better writing with a pen when they wrte essays.They wrte mre and they wrte faster,” Berninger tld Futurity.
S the next time yu sit dwn t write an email t a lved ne,cnsider the pssibility that it might be better fr yur brain if yu wrte a handwritten letter instead.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論手寫的益處——用鍵盤的學(xué)習(xí)效果遠(yuǎn)不如手寫。
1.What d we learn abut handwriting frm paragraph 1?
A.It has its unique value.
B.It has becme a new fashin.
C.Its cursive frm is required in the US.
D.Its nature has been replaced by cmputers.
答案 A
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“ actually has a number f very imprtant benefits.”可知,盡管手寫已經(jīng)過時(shí),但它的確有很多重要的益處。故選A項(xiàng)。
2.Accrding t paragraphs 2-3,what can we knw abut writing by hand?
A.It can result in less brain cnnectivity.
B.It can bst memry and understanding.
C.It might have little t d with recalling materials.
D.It might lead t shallwer prcessing infrmatin.
答案 B
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Writing by hand is nt nly imprtant fr language prcessing and memry,it is als imprtant fr cgnitive(認(rèn)知) develpment.”及第三段描述可知,手寫不僅有助于記憶,還有助于認(rèn)知發(fā)展。下段敘述這一論點(diǎn)得到了實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。故選B項(xiàng)。
3.What is the authr’s attitude tward writing?
A.Critical. B.Uncertain.
C.Tlerant.D.Supprtive.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段敘述,作者建議手寫信給親人,而不是發(fā)電子郵件。由此可推知,作者對于手寫持支持態(tài)度。故選D項(xiàng)。
4.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A.Efficiency Cmes First
B.Mre Cmplex Essays are Needed
C.The Pen is Mightier than the Keybard
D.Science is the Primary Prductive Frce.
答案 C
解析 主旨大意題。通讀全文,隨著電腦的普及,手寫雖然顯得過時(shí),但依然益處多多。手寫有助于記憶和認(rèn)知發(fā)展,而且得到了諸多實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。因此,用鍵盤的學(xué)習(xí)效果遠(yuǎn)不如動(dòng)手寫(The Pen is Mightier than the Keybard)最能概括文章主旨。故選C項(xiàng)。
B
The printed bk is back.Recent studies have shwn that students keep in mind mre infrmatin when they read a hard-cpy bk cmpared t reading n a digital device.
I lve the way we nw judge printed bks using the language f the digital wrld.E-bks may cme with a “suite f guiding tls”,but it turns ut that the best guiding devices are yur fingers.Yu can use them t lk thrugh the pages frwards and backwards.T think,all this time,thse devices have just been sitting there,hanging at the end f yur arm.
Fans f digital bks may pint ut that e-readers have a handy “search” tl.Old-fashined bks als have a search functin,in which yu turn back t the pening chapter t remind yurself f the her’s descriptin.They even have a “bkmark system”,which uses a device called a “bkmark”.
Fans f the e-bk pint ut that digital text is easy t anntate.Sme devices even feature a little image f a pencil t guide the reader thrugh the prcess.Traditinal-bk users have a similar system called a “pencil”.With it,favured passages can be underlined and,if it’s a histry bk,cmments can be written in the margin(頁邊),such as “Nt s,accrding t The Decline and Fall f the Rman Empire.” Thus nted,such bks can be left arund fr thers t study,cnvincing family members f yur insight.
The printed bk,f curse,has ther advantages.A full bkshelf is at nce a sund base and a stre f knwledge.And any prperly thumbed bk will always fall pen at the sexiest scene.Als,the smell f ld bks in a secnd-hand bkshp is instantly remindful.Yes,it’s a mix f muld(霉味) and ld paper,but t me it represents pssibility.
Educatinal fashins cme and g,s maybe the shift back t traditinal bks wn’t last.But fr the mment,I find myself standing at attentin,extending my textbk-built shulders and saluting their glrius return.
In the debate abut which is better,it seems that the hard-cpy bk is harder t knck ut than riginally thught.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要介紹了印刷書籍的回歸及其原因。
5.Why des the authr use the digital language t judge printed bks?
A.T explain cncepts.
B.T highlight develpment f languages.
C.T please readers.
D.T make better cmparisns.
答案 D
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。關(guān)鍵詞定位在第二段。根據(jù)第二段第一句“I lve the way we nw judge printed bks using the language f the digital wrld.”以及在文章各處的引用的電子術(shù)語“suite f guiding tls” “search” “bkmark system” “pencil”這些傳統(tǒng)的紙質(zhì)書閱讀中的術(shù)語,可能在電子書閱讀時(shí)代被賦予了新的內(nèi)涵,但重點(diǎn)還是第二段中的“judge printed bks using the language f the digital wrld”可推知,作者喜歡使用這些電子時(shí)代的語言來評判紙質(zhì)書,更多是為了在兩者之間更好地作比較。通過下文看,作者也是一條一條來說明的。第二段就電子書籍便捷的導(dǎo)引功能,作者提到事實(shí)證明,最好的導(dǎo)引工具還是人的手指;第三段提到電子書籍便捷的搜索功能,作者指出紙質(zhì)書同樣具備此功能,而且還具備“書簽系統(tǒng)”;第三段提到電子書籍便于加注,作者提出紙質(zhì)書讀者用鉛筆加注,遇到喜歡的章節(jié),可以加下劃線,若是歷史書籍,還可以在頁邊處寫評論,以便與家人分享你的觀點(diǎn)。故選D項(xiàng)。
6.What des the underlined wrd “anntate” in paragraph 4 mean?
A.Search. B.Access.
C.Add ntes.D.Get infrmatin.
答案 C
解析 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Fans f the e-bk pint ut that digital text is easy t anntate.”以及下面的舉例可知,用鉛筆可將喜歡的段落標(biāo)注下劃線,若是歷史書籍,可在頁邊題寫評論。由此可推斷,anntate一詞意為“加注”。故選C項(xiàng)。
7.What attracts the readers as t printed bks?
A.Value f senses.B.Knwledge strage.
C.Bkshelves.D.Bkstres.
答案 A
解析 推理判斷題。本題定位在第五段。此段首句“The printed bk,f curse,has ther advantages.”表示除了上述紙質(zhì)書閱讀與電子閱讀的區(qū)別(或者說,與電子閱讀相比,紙質(zhì)書略勝一籌外),紙質(zhì)書還獨(dú)具一些優(yōu)勢:一個(gè)擺滿書的書架總是一個(gè)顯眼的地方,那里存貯了滿滿的知識(shí),而且人們高贊的書籍總是打開,擺在最耀眼的位置;根據(jù)第五段第四、五句可知,印刷書的氣味是霉味和舊報(bào)紙的混合氣味,但于作者而言,這種氣味代表(獲取知識(shí))的無限可能性。故選A項(xiàng)。
8.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A.Why E-bks Are Cnvenient
B.Why the Printed Bk Is Back
C.Why Educatinal Fashins Change
D.Why Digital Reading Becmes Ppular
答案 B
解析 主旨大意題。文章開宗明義,提出“The printed bk is back.”,印刷書籍重新興起,而且用研究結(jié)論來支撐。研究表明:學(xué)生通過閱讀紙質(zhì)書籍,比在電子閱讀中記住更多的信息。下文大篇幅就印刷書與電子書的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)展開比較,尤其突出了使用印刷書閱讀的美好體驗(yàn)。最后一段回歸主題,進(jìn)行總結(jié):盡管傳統(tǒng)書籍的回歸不一定持續(xù)多長時(shí)間,但此時(shí)此刻,“我”向這種回歸致敬。與文章開頭相照應(yīng)。因此,“印刷書為何回歸”是最佳標(biāo)題。故選B項(xiàng)。
C
The mnarch is perhaps the best-knwn butterfly in Nrth America.Every fall,they migrate frm the US and Canada t Califrnia and Mexic fr the winter,breeding multiple generatins alng the way.But nw the mnarch is in truble.Due t habitat lss,milkweed,the plants that the butterfly caterpillars feed n,are fewer and farther between,s the number f mnarch is declining.
In the 1990s,researchers at the University f Minnesta decided t use citizen science t cllect lng-term data n mnarch caterpillars and milkweed habitat in rder t prvide infrmatin that decisin makers can use t help prevent the mnarch’s decline.The Mnarch Larva Mnitring Prject has grwn t invlve vlunteers frm acrss Nrth America.
Participants vlunteer t mnitr a particular site—ften their wn backyards.Thrugh nline r in-persn training,the vlunteers learn hw t identify milkweed as well as the eggs,caterpillars and pupae(蛹) f mnarch butterflies.They als learn abut the mnarch’s migratin.Each year,vlunteers recrd when milkweed plants first cme ut f the grund and hw many are present at the site they are mnitring.Then,n a weekly basis,they recrd the number f eggs and caterpillars they see.The final step is entering the data int an nline database.
Fr citizen science prjects,data validity(效度) can be a cncern.Sme say that nn-scientists can’t be trusted t cllect reliable data.The prject addresses such cncerns by using a standardized rules and requiring repeated bservatins f the same species in the same place.The MLMP als ffers training,and all data are carefully checked befre used fr research purpses.Anther challenge is getting vlunteers t reprt zeres r the lack f mnarchs.As the mnarch ppulatin declines,vlunteers may be discuraged and nt want t cllect data.MLMP staff wrk with vlunteers t highlight the imprtance f knwing where mnarchs are nt fund.
The prject is successfully meeting its cre purpse:t help scientists better understand hw and why mnarch ppulatins are changing.Data prvided by citizen scientists have frmed the basis fr a grwing number f scientific publicatins.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹為有效阻止北美“魅力昆蟲”君王斑蝶數(shù)量減少,啟用了公民科學(xué)項(xiàng)目,旨在讓社會(huì)公眾參與重要科學(xué)研究,構(gòu)建老少咸宜的戶外科學(xué)課堂。
9.Why is the number f mnarch butterflies declining?
A.They are influenced by the cld weather.
B.There are fewer milkweed plants alng the way.
C.Many butterfly caterpillars lse their habitats.
D.The distance f their migratin becmes lnger.
答案 B
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Due t habitat lss,milkweed,the plants that the butterfly caterpillars feed n,are fewer and farther between,s the number f mnarch is declining.”可知,由于棲息地的喪失,蝴蝶幼蟲賴以為食的草屬植物(植物乳草)的大面積減少,因此君王斑蝶數(shù)量減少。故選B項(xiàng)。
10.What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A.The applicatin f citizen science in the prject.
B.Findings f Mnarch Larva Mnitring Prject.
C.The establishment f the mnarch nline data base.
D.The reasn f citizen science being adpted.
答案 A
解析 段落大意題。文章第二段提到,明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)的研究者們啟用了公民科學(xué)項(xiàng)目,采集君王斑蝶幼蟲和草屬植物棲息地的長周期數(shù)據(jù)信息,來有效阻止君王斑蝶數(shù)量的減少。這家公益項(xiàng)目已吸納北美的志愿者。承接上文,第三段詳細(xì)介紹這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的應(yīng)用情況。第三段第一句中的“Participants vlunteer t mnitr a particular site”很明顯交代了主旨,參與者自愿在特定區(qū)域(一般在自己后院)監(jiān)控,通過網(wǎng)上或者親身培訓(xùn),志愿者學(xué)會(huì)如何鑒別植物乳草,如何辨別君王斑蝶幼蟲蟲卵、毛蟲以及蛹(從卵,到成蟲,再到蛹的整個(gè)孵化過程)。志愿者還得學(xué)會(huì)關(guān)于君王斑蝶遷徙的知識(shí)。每年負(fù)責(zé)記錄乳草剛露芽時(shí),君王斑蝶出現(xiàn)在監(jiān)控區(qū)域的數(shù)量,而后每周記錄出現(xiàn)的蟲卵及幼蟲數(shù)量,最后將數(shù)據(jù)上傳到網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫。故選A項(xiàng)。
11.What wuld be the challenge f the citizen science prjects?
A.The legality f the prtcl(協(xié)議).
B.The training quality fr vlunteers.
C.The research cmpetence f citizens.
D.The reliability f the cllected data.
答案 D
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Fr citizen science prjects,data validity can be a cncern.Sme say that nn-scientists can’t be trusted t cllect reliable data.”可知,在公民科學(xué)項(xiàng)目中,數(shù)據(jù)的有效性(可信度)令人擔(dān)憂。有人擔(dān)心這些非科學(xué)家公民采集的數(shù)據(jù)不可信。其實(shí)段中還提及項(xiàng)目的另一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn),就是志愿者們對君王斑蝶的零上報(bào)或者監(jiān)控區(qū)域沒有君王斑蝶。鑒于君王斑蝶數(shù)量不斷減少,人們收集數(shù)據(jù)的熱情可能受挫,當(dāng)然針對這一現(xiàn)象,MLMP也有相應(yīng)的對策。故選D項(xiàng)。
12.What is the authr’s attitude twards the prject?
A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.
C.Dubtful.D.Apprving.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段描述,這個(gè)項(xiàng)目成功達(dá)成核心目標(biāo):幫助科學(xué)家更好理解君王斑蝶數(shù)量如何變化及變化的原因。公民科學(xué)家提供的數(shù)據(jù)也形成了多項(xiàng)研究的基礎(chǔ)。故選D項(xiàng)。

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