A
（2017北京，D）
Hllywd’s thery that machines with evil（邪惡的）minds will drive armies f killer rbts is just silly. The real prblem relates t the pssibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may becme extremely gd at achieving smething ther than what we really want. In 1960 a well-knwn mathematician Nrbert Wiener, wh funded the field f cybernetics（控制）, put it this way: “If we use, t achieve ur purpses, a mechanical agency with whse peratin we cannt effectively interfere（干預(yù)）, we had better be quite sure that the purpse put int the machine is the purpse which we really desire.”
A machine with a specific purpse has anther quality, ne that we usually assciate with living things: a wish t preserve its wn existence. Fr the machine, this quality is nt in-brn, nr is it smething intrduced by humans; it is a lgical cnsequence f the simple fact that the machine cannt achieve its riginal purpse if it is dead. S if we send ut a rbt with the single instructin f fetching cffee, it will have a strng desire t secure success by disabling its wn ff switch r even killing anyne wh might interfere with its task. If we are n careful, then, we culd face a kind f glbal chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whse bjectives cnflict with ur wn, with the real wrd as the chessbard.
The pssibility f entering int and lsing such match shuld cncentrate the minds f cmputer scientists. Sme researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind f firewall, using them t answer difficult questins but never allwing them t affect the real wrd. Unfrtunately, that plan seem unlikely t wrk: we have yet t invent a firewall that is secure against rdinary humans, let alne super intelligent machines.
Slving the safety prblem well enugh t mve frward in AI seems t be pssible but nt easy. There are prbably decades in which t plan fr the arrival f super intelligent machines. But the prblem shuld nt be dismissed ut f hand, as it has been by sme AI researchers. Sme argue that humans and machines can cexist as lng as they wrk in teams-yet that is nt pssible unless machines share the gals f humans. Others say we can just “switch them ff ” as if super intelligent machines are t stupid t think f that pssibility. Still thers think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11,1933, famus physicist Ernest Rutherfrd stated, with cnfidence, “Anyne wh expects a surce f pwer in the transfrmatin f these atms is talking mnshine.” Hwever, n September 12, 1933, physicist Le Szilard invented the neutrn-induced（中子誘導(dǎo)）nuclear chain reactin.
詞匯積累
1. evil adj. 邪恐的 2. intelligence n. 智力
3. assciate v. 混在一起；將（……和…）聯(lián)系起來(lái)
4. instructin n. 指令，教導(dǎo) 5. dismiss v. 摒棄
6. bjective n. 目標(biāo)
1. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________.
A. run ut f human cntrl
B. satisfy human’s real desires
C. cmmand armies f killer rbts
D. wrk faster than a mathematician
2. Machines with specific purpses are assciated with living things partly hecause they might be able t ________ .
A. prevent themselves frm being destryed
B. achieve their riginal gals independently
C. d anything successfully with given rders
D. heat mars in internatinal chess matches
3. Accrding t sme researchers, we can use firewalls t ________.
A. help super intelligent machines wrk better
B. be secure against evil human beings
C. keep machines frm being harmed
D. avid rbts’ affecting the wrld
4. What des the authr think f the safety prblem f super intelligent machines?
A. It will disappear with the develpment f AI.
B. It will get wrse with human interference
C. It will be slved but with difficulty
D. It will stay fr a decade.
B
Whether in the hme r the wrkplace, scial bts are ging t becme a lt mre cmmn in the next few years. Scial rbts are abut t bring technlgy t the everyday wrld in a mre humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the rbt cmpany Jib.
While husehld rbts tday d the nrmal husewrk, scial rbts will be much mre like cmpanins than mere tls. Fr example, these rbts will be able t distinguish when smene happy r sad. This allws them t respnd mre apprpriately t the user.
The Jib rbt, arranged t ship later this year designed t be a persnalized assistant. Yu can talk t the rbt, ask it questins, and make requests fr it perfrm different tasks. The rbt desn’t just deliver general answers t questins; it respnds based n what it learns abut each individual in the husehld. It ca d things such as reminding an elderly family member ke medicine r taking family phts.
Scial rbts are nt just finding their way int the hme. They have ptential applicatins in everything frm educatin t health care and are already finding their way int sme f these spaces.
Fellw Rbts is ne cmpany bringing s rbts t the market. The cmpany’s “Oshbt” rbt is built t assist custmers in a stre, which can help the custmers find items and help guide them t the prduct’s lcatin in the stre. It can als speak
Different languages and make recmmendatins fr different items based n what the custmer is shpping fr.
The mre interactin the rbt has with humans, the mre it learns. But Oshbt, like ther scial rbts, is nt intended t replace wrkers, but t wrk alngside ther emplyees. “We have technlgies t train scial rbts t d things nt fr us, but with us,” said Breazeal.
詞匯積累
1. distinguish vt.區(qū)分；辨別 2. apprpriately adv.適當(dāng)?shù)?；合適地
3. persnalized adj.個(gè)性化的；個(gè)人化的 4.individual n.個(gè)人 5.applicatin n. 應(yīng)用；申請(qǐng)；應(yīng)用程序 6. interactin n.交流；相互作用 7. recmmendatin n.推薦
5. Hw are scial rbts different frm husehld rbts?
A. They can cntrl their emtins.
B. They are mre like humans.
C. They d the nrmal husewrk
D. They respnd t users mre slwly
6. What can a Jib rbt d accrding t Paragraph 3?
A. Cmmunicate with yu and perfrm pera.
B. Answer yur questins and make requests.
C. Take yur family pictures and deliver milk.
D. Obey yur rders and remind yu t take pills.
7. What can Oshbt wrk as?
A. A language teacher.
B. A tur guide.
C A shp assistant.
D. A private nurse.
8. We can learn frm the last paragraph that scial rbts will .
A. train emplyees
B. be ur wrkmates
C. imprve technlgies
D. take the place f wrkers
9. What des the passage mainly present?
A. A new design idea f husehld rbts.
B. Marketing strategies fr scial rbts.
C. Infrmatin n husehld rbts.
D. An intrductin t scial rbts.
參考答案
A
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為議論文。人工智能如果有了某種特定的目標(biāo)，它便會(huì)不擇手段地去生存并去實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)。如果放任不管，人類也許會(huì)失去對(duì)人工智能的控制。解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題雖然是有可能的，但并非易事
1. A【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段可知，人工智能有可能會(huì)超出人類的控制，Nrbert Wiener創(chuàng)立的控制論也說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。
2. A【解析】推理判斷題。由第二段中的“a wish t preserve its wn existence"以及“it is a lgical cnsequence f the simple fact that the machine cannt achieve its riginal purpse if it is dead”可以看出，有特定目標(biāo)的機(jī)器會(huì)保護(hù)自身免于毀滅，故選A。
3. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Sme researchers argue that we can seal the machines.，using them t answer difficult questins but never allwing them t affect the real wrld.” AJLA得知，一些研究者認(rèn)為利用防火墻可防止機(jī)器影響到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界。
4. C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段的首句“Slving the safety prblem well enugh t mve frward in Al seems t be pssible but nt easy."可知，很好地解決安全問(wèn)題并取得進(jìn)展是有可能的，但是絕非易事，C項(xiàng)符合文章內(nèi)容。
B
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為說(shuō)明文，題材為科普知識(shí)類。過(guò)不了幾年，社交類機(jī)器人就會(huì)以更加人性化的服務(wù)方式進(jìn)入人們的日常生活。它們不僅是一種工具，而且會(huì)成為人們的朋友根據(jù)不同的人群提供不同的服務(wù)。
5. B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容可知，如今家庭機(jī)器人可以做日常家務(wù)，但是社交類機(jī)器人則更像是人類的朋友，而不僅僅是工具。例如：這些機(jī)器人可判斷人的不同心情，從而做出不同的反應(yīng)。由此可推知與家庭機(jī)器人相比，這些機(jī)器人更像人類。
6. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知，你可以和這種機(jī)器人說(shuō)話，問(wèn)它問(wèn)題，要求它去執(zhí)行各種任務(wù)，這種機(jī)器人不僅可以給出問(wèn)題的一般答案，而且還會(huì)根據(jù)不同的家庭成員作出不同的反應(yīng)，如提醒老人吃藥或者拍全家福等。D項(xiàng)中服從命令”和“提醒吃藥”都是這種機(jī)器人可以勝任的。
7. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第二段的“…is built t assist custmers in a stre"可知，Oshbt可以作為售貨員，幫助顧客找到他們所需要的商品，并且還能根據(jù)顧客需要提出建議。
8. B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句可知，設(shè)計(jì)這種機(jī)器人不是用來(lái)替代工人的，而是和其他工人一起工作的，因此它們會(huì)成為我們的同事。
9. D【解析】主旨大意題。概括全文可知，本文主要介紹了社交類機(jī)器人，如為家庭提供人性化服務(wù)的 Jib rbt以及可作為售貨員的 Oshbt。

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高中英語(yǔ)人教版 (2019)選擇性必修 第四冊(cè)電子課本

Unit 1 Science Fiction

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年級(jí)： 選擇性必修 第四冊(cè)

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