
知識(shí)回顧
1
隱喻是一種隱含著比喻的修辭格,它的通常和基本的用法是,表述某一事物的詞或者詞組被用來比喻另外的一種事物。由于它的比喻是隱藏著的,那么它的主體與喻體的關(guān)系就顯得十分的緊密?!掇o?!氛J(rèn)為:隱喻是“比喻的一種。本體和喻體的關(guān)系,比之明喻更為緊切。明喻在形式上只是相類的關(guān)系,隱喻在形式上卻是相合的關(guān)系。本體和喻體兩個(gè)成分之間一般要用‘是’、‘也’等比喻詞。如:‘兒童是祖國的花朵’?!被诖?,人們常稱隱喻為“濃縮的明喻”(a cmpressed r cndensed simile)。
隱喻與明喻的關(guān)系確實(shí)十分緊密,就是說定義也常常把它們一起提起。例如A Dictinary Of Literary Terms認(rèn)為,隱喻是 “A figure f speech in which ne thing is described in terms f anther. The basic figure in petry. A cmparisn is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.”再次指出,隱喻的比喻是隱含著的,而明喻的比喻是明顯的。綜上所述,我們就可以得出這樣一個(gè)概念,隱喻(metaphr)是相對(duì)于明喻(simile)而言的,運(yùn)用隱喻這一修辭方法的人,一般在句中不明確告訴讀者A像B或B像A,而是簡捷地說A是B或B就是A。
方法策略
2
一、寫作中用隱喻為句子表達(dá)潤色
1.用名詞展現(xiàn)形象景象
例如:
All the wrld’s a stage, and all the men and wmen merely players. 整個(gè)世界是座舞臺(tái),男男女女,演員而已。
The human tide was rlling westward. 人流向西涌去。
The web f ur life is f a mingled yarn, gd and ill tgether. 我們的生活是吉兇交織而成的網(wǎng)。
He is a walking dictinary/encyclpedia.他是一本活詞典(百科全書) 。
Life is a jurney.人生是一次旅行。
Experience is the mther f wisdm.經(jīng)驗(yàn)是智慧之母。
He 1ives in a palace f a huse.他住在宮殿一般的房子里,
The bat disappeared in a muntain f a wave.船在一般如山高的大浪中消失了。
2.用動(dòng)詞模仿動(dòng)作特征
例如:
The by wlfed dwn the fd the mment he grabbed it.那男孩兒一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。
Sme bks are t be tasted, thers t be swallwed, and sme few t be chewed and digested.有些書是要品嘗的,有的是要吞吃的,還有少數(shù)要細(xì)嚼慢咽,進(jìn)行消化。
The by is shting up fast.這個(gè)小孩長得特快。
Waves thundered against the rcks.水浪猛烈地拍打著巖岸。
The crridr was flded with bys and girls.走廊里擠滿了男女小孩。
I have been wrestling with this prblem fr half ah hur.我鉆研這個(gè)問題已經(jīng)半小時(shí)了。
Everything was bathed in the glden sunlight.萬物沐浴在金色的陽光下。
He needled his way thrugh the crwd.他穿過人群。
3.用形容詞凸顯面貌、形態(tài)特征等
例如:
We regard it as a burning shame t have lagged behind.我們把落后看成是奇恥大辱。
He has a glden pprtunity.他有著極好的機(jī)會(huì)。
He has the micrwave smile that warms anther persn withut heat.他有一種微波微笑,能不加熱而使別人溫暖。
其他形容詞作喻體的有:
the glden age黃金時(shí)代 strmy applause雷鳴般的掌聲
irn will鋼鐵般的意志 a silver tngue流利的口才
a biting nrth wind刺骨的北風(fēng)等。
注:某些復(fù)合形容詞也含有喻體,例如:dg-tired (=very tired); pitch-dark/black (=very dark/black); cal-black (=very black); snw-white (=very white)等。
4用副詞限定、強(qiáng)調(diào)或摹狀動(dòng)作
例如:
He flatly refused us.他堅(jiān)決拒絕我們。
They 1ived frm hand t muth. 他們收入僅夠糊口。
He was almst at the end f his tether (牽繩) when he stumbled n the slutin f his difficulty.他在山窮水盡之際找到了解決困難的辦法。
Peple wh 1ived in the glass huse shuld nt thrw stnes.處于脆弱地位的人不應(yīng)攻擊他人;正人先正已。
She was brn with a silver spn in her muth.她生于富貴人家。
Time passed at a nail’s pace.時(shí)間過得很慢。
They escaped by a hair’s breath. 他們死里逃生。
5.用諺語的文化內(nèi)涵增添表述的活力
例如:
T many cks spil the brth.人多壞事。
D nt put the cart befre the hrse.勿將本末倒置。
Give him an inch and he will make a mile. 得寸進(jìn)尺。
Lk befre yu leap. 三思而后行。
Strike the irn while it is ht. 趁熱打鐵。
Yu can nt make an melet withut breaking eggs. 做事不可畏首畏尾。
Every dg has its/his day. 人人皆有得意時(shí)。
Still waters run deep. 水靜流深,人靜心深。
二、續(xù)寫中運(yùn)用隱喻的方法舉例
下面我們以高考試題為例,簡要分析如何在續(xù)寫中使用隱喻,為表達(dá)增添活力。
(2021年1月,浙江高考)閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)所給情節(jié)進(jìn)行續(xù)寫,使之構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的故事。
Pumpkin (南瓜) carving at Hallween is a family traditin. We visit a lcal farm every Octber. In the pumpkin field, I cmpete with my three brthers and sister t seek ut the biggest pumpkin. My dad has a rule that we have t carry ur pumpkins back hme, and as the eldest child I have an advantage﹣I carried an 85﹣punder back last year.
This year, it was hard t tell whether my prize r the ne chsen by my 14﹣year﹣ld brther, Jasn, was the winner. Unfrtunately we frgt t weigh them befre taking ut their insides, but I was determined t prve my pint. All f us were hard at wrk at the kitchen table,with my mm filming the annual event. I'm unsure nw why I thught frcing my head inside the pumpkin wuld settle the matter,but it seemed t make perfect sense at the time.
With the pumpkin resting n the table,hle uppermst,I bent ver and pressed my head against the pening. At first I gt jammed just abve my eyes and then,as I went n with my task,unwilling t quit,my nse briefly prevented entry. Finally I managed t put my whle head int it,like a crk(軟木塞)frced int a bttle. I was able t straighten up with the huge pumpkin resting n my shulders.
My excitement was shrt﹣lived. The pumpkin was heavy. "I'm ging t set it dwn,nw," I said,and with Jasn helping t supprt its weight,I bent back ver the table t give it smewhere t rest. It was nly when I tried t remve my head that I realized getting ut was ging t be less straightfrward than getting in. When I pulled hard, my nse gt in the way. I gt int a panic as I pressed firmly against the table and mved my head arund trying t find the right angle, but it was n use. "I can't get it ut!" I shuted, my vice sunding unnaturally lud in the enclsed space.
注意:
1. 所續(xù)寫短文的詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右;
2.至少使用5個(gè)短文中標(biāo)有下劃線的關(guān)鍵詞語;
3.續(xù)寫部分分為兩段,每段的開頭語已為你寫好;
4.續(xù)寫完成后,請(qǐng)用下劃線標(biāo)出你所使用的關(guān)鍵詞語。
Paragraph 1
I was stuck fr five r six minutes thugh it felt much lnger. _____________________________________
Paragraph 2
That vide was psted the day befre Hallween. ________________________________________
1.利用隱喻增添續(xù)寫表現(xiàn)力的策略
(1)用形容詞模擬心理狀態(tài)
例如: I culd hear my sister’s cutting laughter and Jasn’s muffled vice talking abut frcing the giant thing pen. 我能聽到我姐姐刺耳的笑聲,還有杰森低沉的聲音在談?wù)撊绾伟涯莻€(gè)巨大的東西打開。
(2)用動(dòng)詞刻畫動(dòng)作效果
例如:The air inside the hllw vegetable was flded with f my anxius breath.空心南瓜的空氣中充滿了我焦慮的呼吸。
(3)用名詞凸顯某一事件帶來的影響
例如:One girl recalled celebrating it with her brthers and sisters, and thanked us fr “bringing her hme”.一個(gè)女孩回憶起和她的兄弟姐妹一起慶祝,并感謝我們“把她帶回家”。
2.用隱喻增添續(xù)寫語篇的表現(xiàn)力
It was five r six minutes thugh it felt much lnger. The air inside the hllw vegetable was flded f my anxius breath. I culd hear my sister’s cutting laughter and Jasn’s muffled vice talking abut frcing the giant thing pen. “N! Nt my precius pumpkin!” I prtested. Eventually, Dad helped me adjust my bdy t a mre relaxed psitin, and pulled the pumpkin gently ff my head. Hair in knts, nse and chain cvered in pumpkin flesh, I let ut a sigh f relief. That’s when I realized the camera had been rlling the whle time!
The vide was psted nline the Mnday befre Hallween.I lked just like a pumpkin head in it. Embarrassed and a little annyed, I fled t my rm, but Mm stpped me. “Yu haven’t read the cmments yet.” I scrlled dwn the screen and marveled at the stries the viewers shared abut Hallween. One girl recalled celebrating it with her brthers and sisters, and thanked us fr “bringing her hme”. The wrds brught warmth t my heart and tears t my eyes. I felt lucky t be a part f this mischievus yet lving family.
實(shí)踐強(qiáng)化
3
基礎(chǔ)演練
A
閱讀下面材料,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段,使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。
It seems that friendship can als exist between dgs and hrses. I’ve witnessed ne inspiring case.
One mrning, I went utside t feed ur hrse Bullet. Usually, Bullet waits eagerly at the fence fr his breakfast. But this mrning he stayed near a tree in the pasture’s center. As he began jyfully walking tward me, I nticed a dg lying in the tall grass beneath the tree. S this was what held Bullet’s attentin this mrning: a hmeless dg. Mst f the hmeless dgs shied away frm ur large Bullet, but this ne seemed t feel safe in the shelter f the tall grass regardless f Bullet. I placed alfalfa cubes inside the fence. After Bullet ate them, I’d give him sme ckies he lved mst.
I walked back t my prch and sat dwn. As Bullet ate alfalfa, the dg std up cautiusly, stared at Bullet fr lng and then slwly walked tward Bullet. The dg ften paused and lked at me t ensure I wasn’t a threat. As the dg drew clser t Bullet, I held my breath. I didn’t knw hw Bullet wuld react t an animal that apprached while he was eating. Knwing a hrse’s kick can kill a dg, I decided t scare the dg away. Just then Bullet swung his head and lked at the dg. Nt minding it, he ate his fd again.
The dg drew clse enugh t take an alfalfa cube. My heart brke as I watched the dg — a female — chewing n the alfalfa. She had t be extremely hungry t attempt t eat hrse feed. I went inside the huse, carried sme meat and walked tward the fence. The dg sn ran t the safety f the tall grass near the tree. I put the meat dwn utside the fence and went back inside the huse. She’d prbably cme fr the meat when I was ut f sight.
Minutes later, I realized I hadn’t yet given Bullet his ckies. I tk sme and went back utside. Amazingly, Bullet was lying dwn in the grass beneath the tree with the dg next t him. I smiled at the warm scene they created.
注意:1. 續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右;
2. 請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。
Knwing I carried his treat, Bullet gt up quickly and ran t me.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
But Bullet didn’t care as the dg jumped frward and tk a ckie.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
讀后續(xù)寫隱喻修辭使用導(dǎo)引
【參考范文】
Knwing I carried his treat, Bullet gt up quickly and ran t me. The dg watched and waited in the glass as I threw ckies ver the fence. I nticed she hadn’t gtten the curage t venture utside the fence t get the meat. I went back t the prch, trying t think f a way t make the dg vercme her fear and cme fr the meat. Nticing Bullet was eating, the dg began t mve frward at a nail’s pace, watching me all the while. “He might share his alfalfa with yu, but he’ll never let yu eat his favrite ckies!” I said t myself.
But Bullet didn’t care as the dg jumped frward and tk a ckie. The dg sn swallwed the ckie, and then tk mre. When Bullet walked back tward the tree’s shade, the dg walked alng. All day lng, they stayed tgether. The next day, Bullet still shared his fd with the dg. And I managed t make the dg get ut f the pasture and adpted her. Althugh she eventually warmed t me, she always lved Bullet’s cmpany mst. They’d run jyfully tgether and rest tgether. And ften Bullet tuched the dg with his nse and she licked his face. I knew they had becme clse friends and a valuable life jurney began.
【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文講述了作者的牧場(chǎng)來了一只流浪狗,但作者的馬Bullet并不介意這只狗,Bullet選擇和這只狗共享自己的食物,它們之間產(chǎn)生了友誼。作者最終收養(yǎng)了狗,狗非常喜歡Bullet的陪伴,它們成了親密的朋友。
1.段落續(xù)寫:
①由第一段首句內(nèi)容“Bullet知道我拿著他的食物,趕緊站起來跑向我”可知,第一段可描寫作者讓狗克服恐懼過來吃東西,以及Bullet的反應(yīng)。
②由第二段首句內(nèi)容“但Bullet并不在意,因?yàn)楣诽诉^去,拿走了一塊餅干?!笨芍诙慰擅鑼態(tài)ullet和狗分享了自己愛吃的食物,以后它們最終成為朋友的經(jīng)過。
2.續(xù)寫線索:Bullet過來吃食物——狗恐懼——狗靠近Bullet——狗吃餅干——收養(yǎng)狗——狗和Bullet成為朋友
3.詞匯激活
行為類
拿著:carry/hld
嘗試:try t/attempt t
開始:begin /start
情緒類
快速:quickly /rapidly
介意:care / mind
【典型句式】
[句式1] The dg watched as I threw ckies ver the fence. (運(yùn)用了as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句)
[句式2] Althugh she eventually warmed t me, she always lved Bullet’s cmpany mst. (運(yùn)用了讓步狀語從句)
綜合演練
B
1.閱讀下面材料,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段,使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。
The Case f the Missing Dinsaur(恐龍)
My little brther Teddy and I run a detective agency tgether ut f an ffice in my bedrm clset. The sign n the dr says Investigatins by Nina (with help frm Teddy). Well, We’re detectives. We find things like missing shes and hats.
Teddy handed me ntes he’d gathered frm the empty flwerpt n ur prch(走廊). That’s where family and neighbrs let us knw abut mysteries t slve. I read the papers, nly t find that there were nthing imprtant.“ Hw abut a dinsaur?” asked Teddy. “ My friend Peter is missing his dinsaur.” That sunded great. I asked Teddy t tell me everything he knew.
Mst days after schl, my brther ges acrss the street t Peter’s huse t play G Fish. But yesterday, Peter refused t play any games. His eyes were red. He kept talking abut his dinsaur, Brun. We decided t help him. Then we walked t Peter’s huse t check things ut.
注意:1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右;2.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。
I started with my usual questins.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Teddy was turning ut t be a gd detective.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【參考范文】
I started with my usual questins.“ When did yu last see Brun? Where did yu see him?” I asked. “Yesterday, in the mrning. I was hlding him.” Peter answered. That’s weird. “ I have an idea,” said Teddy, “Let’s pretend it was yesterday.” Then Peter held his imaginary dinsaur with ne hand. He went t the pantry and pulled ut a chair with bth hands. “ Wait,” I said. “ Hw did yu hld Brun while yu were carrying the chair?” “ The pantry!” Teddy whispered.
Teddy was turning ut t be a gd detective. He ran int the pantry and fund a stuffed dinsaur. “ Yu prbably put Brun there when yu picked up the chair,” Teddy explained. Peter hugged his dinsaur tightly. He wuldn’t let us leave until we hugged his dinsaur t. Back hme, I peeked inside the flwerpt n ur prch. Three mre slips f paper waited fr us. I had the feeling it was ging t be anther busy Saturday.
【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文以人物故事為線索展開,講述了作者和弟弟泰迪開了一家偵探社,弟弟的一個(gè)朋友皮特的恐龍玩具不見了,他現(xiàn)狀心情很糟糕,我們決定幫助他,然后我和弟弟去他家進(jìn)行調(diào)查。開始我們問了皮特一些問題,隨著問題深入,答案逐漸浮出水面,他們跑進(jìn)跑進(jìn)食品儲(chǔ)藏室,找到了皮特的恐龍玩具,他非常開心的故事。
1.段落續(xù)寫:
①由第一段首句內(nèi)容“我從我通常的問題開始?!笨芍?,第一段可描寫作者開始詢問一些與案件有關(guān)的問題,事情將逐漸清晰。
②由第二段首句內(nèi)容“特迪原來是個(gè)好偵探?!笨芍?,第二段可描寫作者和弟弟泰迪終于幫皮特找到了恐龍玩具。
2.續(xù)寫線索:問問題——回答——思考——深調(diào)查——找到——感謝
3.詞匯激活
行為類
①.開始:start/begin
②.回家:back hme/return hme
③.擁抱:hug/embrace/enfld
情緒類
①.緊緊的:tightly/clsely/firmly
②.忙碌的:busy/engaged
【典型句式】
[句式1]. “ Yu prbably put Brun there when yu picked up the chair,” Teddy explained. (由連接副詞when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句)
[句式2].He wuldn’t let us leave until we hugged his dinsaur t.(由“直到……才”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句)
2.閱讀下面材料,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段,使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。
It was the mst beautiful mtrbike and the first f its kind in the neighbrhd, a magic blue ne with tw smart rear-view mirrrs. It belnged t Ranjan’s uncle. Overnight, Ranjan had becme a prince amng us bys.
We surrunded him the next day, wanting t learn mre details. Ranjan’s uncle had cme frm Bmbay, riding the new mtrbike. Every afternn when he slept, we wuld gather arund the blue bike, admiring it. Smetimes Ranjan managed t take ut his uncle's red helmet (頭盔). We wuld wear it in turn and sit n the bike, imagining starting it and being ff. In the evenings, we watched Ranjan g ut fr a ride with his uncle and ur eyes were filled with envy (羨慕).
One Mnday mrning I was struggling with the hmewrk when Ranjan whispered in my ear, “I am learning t ride it, Tny.” “What?” I dubted. “I will shw yu this afternn. ”Ranjan sunded cnfident.
Ranjan, like the rest f us, knew everything abut the mtrbike, every part f it. But t ride it was anther stry. Like all grwn-ups, his uncle had this belief that furteen-year-lds culd nt ride things like mtrbikes. It is unfair really.
The big mment came at last. After lunch, I came t meet Ranjan, wh appeared at the gate secnds later, wearing the red helmet. Niselessly, he wheeled the bike ut f the gate. He lked arund carefully, pushed it dwn the rad, and started it. “Get n, by!”I felt excited as I climbed nt the back seat, but still culd nt believe that he culd ride it. “Ready?”Ranjan shuted. “Yeah. What are yu waiting fr?”
We were ff. The rad was nearly empty and we were mving smthly. I had a lk at the speedmeter (速度計(jì)): 30 kmph. Hw cl it was!
注意:
1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右;
2.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。
Suddenly, a dg rushed ut and ran acrss the rad.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
We picked up the mtrbike and fund ne mirrr was missing.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【參考范文】
Suddenly, a dg rushed ut and ran acrss the rad. “Hey, Ranjan stp!” I yelled, gripping his shulders. Our minds raced, trying t think f a way t d smething. But it was t late. In the twinkling f an eyelid, he stepped n the brakes and the mtrbike screeched t a halt. N sner had we kncked int the pr dg than we stpped ur mtrbike. In a daze, I saw the dg sprawling n the rad, withut mving a muscle. At the same time, we were thrwn t the grund heavily, s was the mst beautiful mtrbike.
We picked up the mtrbike and funded ur mirrr was missing. “What shall we d?” He muttered. I shk my head, helplessly. We walked slwly n the way hme, with ur legs trembling and ur hearts bumping nearly ut f check. It seemed like hundreds f years befre we apprached hme. Hw we wished we culd wheeled int the yard quitely. Hwever, uncle had waited fr us ut the dr. He gazed at the mtrbike, unbelievable. “We are really srry, but... .” Silence surrunded us. “It’s nthing serius. But alway remember safety is alway the first imprtant.” S ashamed was I that we culd feel the bld rush t my face. YES, vercnfidence cmes at cst.
【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文以一輛藍(lán)色摩托車為線索展開,講述了Ranjan的叔叔有一輛有兩個(gè)智能后視鏡的藍(lán)色摩托車,這是附近最漂亮的摩托車,也是附近第一輛這樣的摩托車。Ranjan和我一直夢(mèng)想著有一天我們能夠騎著這輛摩托車出去兜風(fēng)。這樣的日子終于來了,利用中午Ranjan叔叔休息的空檔我們兩個(gè)偷偷地騎著這輛摩托車出去兜風(fēng)。一切進(jìn)展順利直到一條狗出現(xiàn)在空無一人的馬路上,結(jié)果可想而知。這次的魯莽行為直接導(dǎo)致摩托車的一個(gè)智能后視鏡不見了。緊張、不安和后悔使得我們不知道該如何去面對(duì)叔叔,而叔叔卻用他的寬容讓我們意識(shí)到過分自信最終會(huì)讓我們付出代價(jià)。
1.段落續(xù)寫:
①由第一段首句內(nèi)容“突然一只狗沖了出來,跑過了馬路。”可知,第一段可寫作者和Ranjan在撞上這條狗之前的一系列操作以及撞上之后的情況。
②由第二段首句內(nèi)容“我們推起摩托車,發(fā)現(xiàn)有一面鏡子不見了?!笨芍?,第二段可寫發(fā)現(xiàn)鏡子不見了之后作者和Ranjan的反應(yīng)以及將摩托車騎回家之后叔叔的寬容和作者的感悟。
續(xù)寫線索:騎行——撞狗——摔車——鏡子遺失——回家——認(rèn)錯(cuò)——原諒——感悟
詞匯激活
行為類
①大喊,喊叫:yell/shut/scream
②尖叫:screech/squeal
③凝視:gaze/stare
情緒類
①無助地:helplessly/hpelessly
②慚愧的:ashamed/guilty
【典型句式】
【句式1】I yelled, gripping his shulders.(使用了現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語)
【句式2】S ashamed was I that we culd feel the bld rush t my face.(使用了部分倒裝)
策略
表達(dá)舉例
使用目的
使用介詞短語
waited in the glass
描述等待時(shí)的心態(tài)等
使用介詞短語
at a nail’s pace
描述移動(dòng)的速度的特征
使用名詞
a valuable life jurney
再現(xiàn)友誼的珍貴
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