高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)練習(xí)專題16閱讀理解之詞義猜測題與主旨大意題 (含解析)-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

?專題16 閱讀理解之詞義猜測題與主旨大意題解題技巧
一．學(xué)詞義猜測題解題技巧
詞義猜測可以是對一個單詞的意義的推斷，也可以是對一個短語或句子的意義的推斷；既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新義，還可以是對替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，而要根據(jù)短文提供的語境，通過閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或短語的含義。
[設(shè)問方式]
By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________.
In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”．
The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________.
Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？
As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________.
The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________.
詞義猜測題7大猜詞技巧
要做好詞義猜測題，考生除了必須熟練掌握《考試大綱》規(guī)定的詞匯外，在平時的訓(xùn)練中還要注意積累生詞和短語，掌握構(gòu)詞法的基本知識，對于各種前、后綴的變化形式了然于心，還要學(xué)會根據(jù)上下文語境進行合理推測，掌握一定的解題技巧。

1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進行猜測
有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋。標(biāo)點符號，如逗號后的解釋(名詞同位語)、破折號后的解釋、括號內(nèi)的解釋等。這都是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：
①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
句子給予了annealing一個明確的定義，即“退火”。
②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
從that is(也就是說)后的解釋中我們可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。
③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定語從句中l(wèi)ooks after sheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。
④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.
分號后的句子在解釋什么樣的天氣是treacherous, sudden change與treacherous在語義上相對應(yīng)，因此含義是“突變的”。
⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read.
visualize的意思由破折號后的picture(想象)給出了說明，因此含義為“想象”。
⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)．
abrazo對大多數(shù)人來說都很陌生，但由括號內(nèi)的hug(擁抱)，我們不難推測abrazo也是“擁抱”的意思。
典例1
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Complex.　　　　 B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.

[分析]　根據(jù)畫線詞所在句子可知，人類社會發(fā)展的很多因素導(dǎo)致許多語言消失，而逐漸被英語、西班牙語、漢語等語言取代，畫線詞前后的解釋暗示了這些語言逐漸占主導(dǎo)地位，故選C項powerful (強大的，有影響力的)。
[答案]C
2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進行猜測
閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時后面緊跟一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋，因此可利用同位關(guān)系對前面的詞義或句意進行猜測。例如：
①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times.
同位語部分“a large building in old times”給出了castle的確切詞義，即古時候的“城堡”。
②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week.
兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.
此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位語。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之間的海底隧道。
典例2
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干細胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐獻者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
A．provider B．delivery man
C．collector D．medical doctor
[分析]　“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位語；根據(jù)文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干細胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任務(wù)就是將捐獻者捐獻的干細胞運送給需要的病人，即作者是干細胞遞送員。故選擇B項。
[答案] B
3.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、派生等)進行猜測
在英語中，有很多詞可以通過增加前綴和后綴的方式，構(gòu)成新詞。乍看起來，這個詞可能是新詞，但在掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識之后，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中interactive是由前綴inter-(相互的)和active(活動的，活躍的)構(gòu)成的，同時根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動的”。
②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?
possibility是possible的同根名詞，據(jù)此可以判斷possibility的意思是“可能性”。
例子3
A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
[分析]　根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可猜測uneasiness為“不安；擔(dān)憂”之意。

4.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行猜測

在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如：
①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
從后面的結(jié)果“永遠不能再運動”可以推測permanent的意思為“永遠的，永久的”。
②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading.
從前面的結(jié)果“當(dāng)我走進教室時，瑪麗沒有注意到我”可以推測engrossed的意思為“全神貫注的”。
③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window.
由后面的結(jié)果couldn't see(看不見)可知，我們的視線被樹遮擋住(obscured)了。
典例3
If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
[分析]　該段第一句含有一個if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，若滿足該條件，則產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是第一句的后半句和第二句， “you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘soft-serve’ creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.” 即“將冰凍香蕉和其他莓類、水果片放進去，出來的是奶油狀甜品”。由此因果關(guān)系可推知juicer指的是榨汁機。故選擇D項。
[答案] D
5.根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行猜測
文章中的代詞it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指代一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認真查找；有時也需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事物。例如：
①Like Schmid, the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion (捍衛(wèi)) found photographs. One of them,_called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else：“Why's your car HERE at HER place？”
them指的是前面出現(xiàn)的self-published art magazines。
②However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
it指的是月球人(moon people)所問的問題(the question)。
典例4
[2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
[3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
…
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
[分析]　根據(jù)語境可知，畫線詞that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的內(nèi)容，即爵士樂聽眾的數(shù)量減少并且趨于老齡化，不受年輕人喜歡的現(xiàn)狀。故選C。
[答案] C
6.根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進行猜測
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者為了避免語言的單調(diào)、重復(fù)，有時會使用意思相同或相近的詞。因此，考生只要讀懂上下文，知道其中一個詞的意思，就能猜出另外一個詞的意思。
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
典例5…
32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．The more, the better.
B．Enough is enough.
C．More money, more worries.
D．Earn more and spend more.
[分析]　根據(jù)該段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”可知，作者認為成年人都理解物質(zhì)過剩的那種感覺，后面又用反問句提出了問題：但是，說到孩子們和他們的物品，我們?yōu)槭裁赐ǔＳ终J定more is more呢？由此推知，這里的 more is more與前面的 flooded with為近義呼應(yīng)，指“越多越好”。故選A。
[答案] A

7.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行猜測
根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but, however, otherwise等可以推斷上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而可以依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。例如：
①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun.
從分號前后兩句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意義，所以不難判斷hassle的意思是“困難，麻煩”。
②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一詞表示轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根據(jù)后半句的意思“她今天第一節(jié)課上了一半才來”，可得出她平時一向“準(zhǔn)時”的結(jié)論。
③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于轉(zhuǎn)折詞“while”引導(dǎo)的兩個分句前后意義相反，我們可推測出amateurs是professionals(專業(yè)人士)的反義詞，意思為“業(yè)余人士，業(yè)余選手”。
典例6…
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
…
29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.
[分析]　畫線詞的前句說明在黃石公園和美洲大部分地區(qū)曾有許多的灰狼，連詞but轉(zhuǎn)折了句子意義，后來由于人類的發(fā)展，灰狼數(shù)量逐漸減少，幾乎消失，由此可推斷出畫線詞的意思為“被迫離開”，故選擇C項。
[答案]C
二．學(xué)主旨大意題解題技巧
主旨大意題常見三種類型：標(biāo)題歸納題題、文章大意題與段落大意題。
類型一　標(biāo)題歸納題
一、常見設(shè)問方式
The best title of the passage is ________.
Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
What would be the best title for the passage?
·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.
二、解題必備知能
(一)理解標(biāo)題的3大特點
一個好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點：
1．概括性——準(zhǔn)確而又簡短；
2．針對性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；
3．醒目性——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。
(二)巧用3大方法確定文章標(biāo)題
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個選項能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對照，一一排除不符選項；
3．研讀備選項本身：研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。
典例1
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she explains. “I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight-part series (系列節(jié)目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D．Cooking Well for Less
[解題示范]
第一步：讀文章，概括文意
本文是一篇新聞報道?！对绨灿返墓?jié)目主持人蘇珊娜·瑞德新推出了一檔節(jié)目——Save Money: Good Food，向觀眾展示如何用較少的預(yù)算做出美味營養(yǎng)的飯菜。
第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷
A
通過明智的吃來保持健康
文中雖提到有關(guān)飲食和健康方面的內(nèi)容，但這不是文章主要內(nèi)容。
以偏概全，主次不分
B
平衡我們的日常飲食
文中沒有提到平衡日常飲食。
無中生有，生搬硬套
C
讓你自己成為一個完美的廚師
文中只是提到用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜，沒有說做一個完美的廚師。
以偏概全，主次不分
D
用的少，烹飪好
文章圍繞用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜展開的。
涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文
[答案]　D

類型二　文章大意題
一、常見設(shè)問方式
·What's the main idea/point of the passage?
·The passage is mainly about ________.
·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?
·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
二、解題必備知能
掌握尋找主題句的4個小竅門，快速確定文章大意
文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句，各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要進一步加工概括。觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細節(jié)。
用瀏覽法(skimming)，即快速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個小竅門：
1．段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however, but, in fact, actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。
2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。
4．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等詞，通常是主旨。
典例 2
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (聯(lián)系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
31．What is the main idea of the text?
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
[解題示范]
第一步：讀文章，概括文意
文章介紹了世界上語言的種類隨著人類社會的發(fā)展而逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。
第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷
A
新語言將會被創(chuàng)造。
文章介紹的是語言的減少而不是新語言的創(chuàng)造。
移花接木，偷換概念
B
人們的生活方式會反映到語言上。
文中沒有這種說法。
無中生有，生搬硬套
C
人類的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致語言越來越少。
文章介紹了世界上語言多樣性的發(fā)展變化以及現(xiàn)在很多語言面臨消亡的威脅這一現(xiàn)象。
涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文
D
地理決定語言的發(fā)展。
文中沒有這種說法。
無中生有，生搬硬套
[答案]　C
類型三　段落大意題
一、常見設(shè)問方式
What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...?
The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
Which of the following can best summarize Para.1?
What is the first paragraph mainly about?
二、解題必備知能
歸納段落大意的2種方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
(1)如果該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說明，其他句子對其進行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；
(2)如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；
(4)如果按總分總的順序，段落結(jié)構(gòu)相對難度較低，我們可以很明顯的看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致，正確答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會在一段中討論兩個平行的內(nèi)容，整個段落可以從中間處分開，前后是平行關(guān)系，這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)的答案通常也會是很明顯的并列關(guān)系；
(6)如果對比各事物，那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有時，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。
典例3
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
…
28．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．The basic data of the Transition.
B．The advantages of flying cars.
C．The potential market for flying cars.
D．The designers of the Transition.
[解題示范]
第一步：讀文章，概括段意
該段沒有主題句，但是從以下幾個方面說明了飛車the Transition的相關(guān)情況：
①制造商：Terrafugia Inc.
②首飛成功：completed its first flight
③上市時間：within the next year
④飛車名字：the Transition
⑤飛車構(gòu)成：two seats, four wheels and wings
⑥飛行時速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air
⑦耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon
由以上信息可以看出該段主要描述了飛車the Transition的一些基本數(shù)據(jù)。
第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷
A
飛車the Transition的基本數(shù)據(jù)。
A項是對本段內(nèi)容的精煉概括和總結(jié)。
涵蓋性強，覆蓋全段
B
飛車的一些優(yōu)點。
該選項錯誤在于以下兩點：
①該段介紹了名字為the Transition的飛車；而不是全部飛車(flying cars)。
②該段列舉的是基本數(shù)據(jù)而不是優(yōu)點。
無中生有，生搬硬套
C
飛車的潛在市場。
原文沒有提及。
無中生有，生搬硬套
D
飛車the Transition的設(shè)計商。
該選項僅僅是文章中的一個方面。
以偏概全，主次不分
[答案]　A
考點練透
【真題再現(xiàn)】
Passage 01（2022年甲卷C篇）
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鵝) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (職業(yè)) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】文章主要介紹了71歲的Ginni Balinton從小就對旅行有著深深的熱愛，渴望探險，不再跳舞和孩子們成家立業(yè)之后，她開始周游世界，并在2008年開始了前往南極洲的旅程。
28.【答案】A
【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段劃線詞前文“Throughout her career(職業(yè)) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的職業(yè)舞蹈演員生涯中，她曾在英國巡演，但一直渴望進一步探索)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest (當(dāng)她不再跳舞，她的兒子們最終獨立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和兒子們成家立業(yè)之后，她決定嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情。由此推知，劃線詞組take the plunge與try challenging things“嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情”意思接近。故選A。
29.【答案】C
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego. (正是在智利，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己可以在最后一刻買到從火地島附近島嶼前往南極洲的廉價船票)”可知，是折扣的票價讓Ginni決定去南極洲旅行的。故選C。
30.【答案】C
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. (Ginni意識到這是一片珍貴的土地，值得人類的尊重和保護，這是她最深刻的領(lǐng)悟之一。)”可知，旅行結(jié)束后，Ginni認為南極洲應(yīng)該得到很好的保護。故選C。
31.【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了Ginni Balinton去南極旅行的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)第一段“These gentle lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. (這些溫柔可愛的接待員們迎接了Ginni并開啟了她終身難忘的一次旅行。)”和倒數(shù)第二段Ginni Balinton對南極之旅的評價可知，文章主要介紹了Ginni Balinton去南極洲之旅讓她非常難忘。由此可知，An unforgettable experience. (一次難忘的經(jīng)歷)能夠概括文章主旨。故選B。
Passage 02（2022年乙卷C篇）
Can a small group of drones（無人機）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient（高效）across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文主要介紹無人機將會保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性。
28. 【答案】A
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。本題詢問 What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? 是什么讓無人機在鐵路線上的應(yīng)用成為可能？根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 the application of drones to rail lines 可還原到第二段Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. 無人機已經(jīng)被用于檢查高壓電線。他們可以做同樣的事情來檢查鐵路線和鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的其它重要方面，如鐵軌的正確位置和換乘點可知，無人機已經(jīng)被用于檢查高壓電線使無人機在鐵路線上的應(yīng)用成為可能，故選A。
29. 【答案】C
【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. 據(jù)計算，僅歐洲鐵路每年就花費約200億歐元用于維護，包括派遣維護人員，經(jīng)常在夜間檢查和維修鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。可知畫線句子意為：這包括巨大的維護成本節(jié)約和更好地保護鐵路人員的安全，故選C。
30. 【答案】A
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。本題詢問What function is expected of the rail drones? 鐵路無人機被預(yù)想有什么功能？根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 are expeced 可找到第四段 Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 工程師們現(xiàn)在正在研究一個新概念：未來的鐵路無人機。它們將在火車前方的軌道上移動，并被編程能夠自動運行。帶有先進傳感器和人工智能的非常小的無人機，在火車前面行駛，可以像副駕駛一樣引導(dǎo)火車.由于他們能夠看到前方，他們可以預(yù)示出任何問題?？芍?，故選A。
干擾項分析
本試題誤選答案為B。考生會根據(jù)段中“They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. ”選擇B項，理解句子可知能夠自動運行的是無人機二不是火車。
31. 【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一句Can a small group of drones（無人機）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? 一小群無人機能否保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性，同時幫助鐵路運營商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元？點名主旨，可知本文主要介紹無人機將會保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性，或許會成為鐵路安全的新未來，故選D。
Passage 03（2022年新高考1卷C篇）
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善組織) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】英國倫敦的一個慈善組織資助當(dāng)?shù)仞B(yǎng)老院的老人，讓他們通過養(yǎng)母雞來緩解孤獨并改善健康狀況。
21. 【答案】D
【解析】題干中的the project指第一段中提及的“倫敦養(yǎng)老院讓老人們養(yǎng)母雞來減輕孤獨感”這一項目。文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善組織) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (該項目由當(dāng)?shù)匾患掖壬茩C構(gòu)構(gòu)想，旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況)”可知，這個由當(dāng)?shù)卮壬平M織發(fā)起的項目旨在幫助老人們減少孤獨感并改善他們的健康狀況，提高老人們的福祉。故選D。
22. 【答案】B
【解析】推理判斷題。RuthXavicr是一位參加了該項目的老人，本題考查該項目對這位老人的影響。第三段中Ruth Xavier說她以前養(yǎng)過母雞并回憶了她如何養(yǎng)雞，因此A、C項表述錯誤。根據(jù)第四段中的I like the project a lot和第五段中的I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful可知，Ruth Xavier喜歡這個項目，也享受這些富有創(chuàng)意的活動，因為做有用的事情她感覺很好，很有成就感。因此B項正確。D項“她養(yǎng)成了堅強的個性”在文中沒有提及。
23. 【答案】C
【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣)”以及劃線處前的“one of the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是著手這項工程的人之一，劃線處的含義與C項：“Begin (開始)”含義相近。故選C。
24.【答案】A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“諾丁山路徑”的負責(zé)人林恩·劉易斯說:我們很高興能參與這個項目。它將通過共同的興趣和創(chuàng)造性活動真正幫助我們與我們的居民建立良好關(guān)系)”可知，該項目的反響很好。故選A。
Passage 04（2022年新高考1卷D篇）
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (對齊), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (結(jié)構(gòu)), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的改變導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)在從世界上一半的語言中出現(xiàn)了新的語音。
第六段：這項研究推翻了普遍的觀點---所有的人類語音在大約30萬年前人類進化時就已經(jīng)存在。
32. 【答案】D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Damian Blasi, 定位到文章第二段最后一句Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.（現(xiàn)在，由瑞士蘇黎世大學(xué)的達米安·布拉西領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一個研究小組已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種趨勢是如何以及為什么會出現(xiàn)的），根據(jù)文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.（30多年前，學(xué)者Charles Hockett注意到，被稱為唇齒音的語音，如“f”和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會的語言中更常見。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重點是在語言的演變上。故選D項。
33.【答案】C
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“ancient human adults”定位到第三段。根據(jù)“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，古人類的上門牙和下門牙是對齊的，因此很難產(chǎn)生唇齒音，唇齒音是通過下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來，我們的下顎變成了覆蓋咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，更容易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因為古代成年人的下顎結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。選項中的“Their jaws were not conveniently structured”是原文的“the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned”以及“Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure”的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。故選C項。
34.【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（對語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析也證實，在新石器時代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過去幾千年里，“f”和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語言中仍然沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)）”可知，第五段主要是通過列明數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果來進一步證明研究結(jié)果。故選A項。
35. 【答案】C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Steven Moran”定位到文章最后一段。根據(jù)““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.（研究小組成員Steven Moran說:“自從人類出現(xiàn)以來，我們使用的語音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語音都是生物變化和文化進化等復(fù)雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物。”）”可知，Steven Moran認為語音是一個復(fù)雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。選項中的“complex and dynamic system”是原文中的“rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things”的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。故選C項。
【模擬過關(guān)】
Text 01（2022·河南·模擬預(yù)測）
Engineers from China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp ( CASC ) are known for their achievements such as landing a robot to explore Mars. However, the latest display of their wisdom and knowledge took place on the ground at the Bird’s Nest during the opening ceremony for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. They were tasked with building 11 major components for the 140-minute ceremony.
The “ ice cube (立方) ” , a structure covered by LED screens, was an example of engineers using their knowledge to handle technical challenges. The main body weighed 180 tons and had to be raised gradually during the ceremony, which meant that engineers needed to design a reliable method to lift it. Designers and technicians developed a foldable frame capable of lifting the huge cube in just 43 seconds.
Another visual breakthrough is a ground-based display screen covering 10,100 square meters. They used industrial internet technologies to connect more than 40,000 screens and monitor their working conditions. It is essential that engineers should place four signal transmission lines for the screen to prepare sufficient backup capacity to ensure that it functions properly.
The torches (火把) carried by Chinese athletes during the final legs of the relay in the stadium were developed by researchers who used their knowledge and skills gained from developing rocket engines. The torches can burn among wind up to 28 meters per second. They will not go out during strong rain or in low temperatures. New flag poles in the stadium flying the Chinese national flag and the Olympic flag were also designed and made by space researchers.
There is no doubt that technology from space industry has had an unexpected effect on the performance stage during the opening ceremony. Famous filmmaker Zhang Yimou, director of the opening ceremony, said, “As a crucial technical company, it was responsible for the design and construction work for the performance stage. The designs and equipment provided by this company worked very well and far exceeded our expectations. ”
1．What might be a challenge in lifting the ice cube?
A．Making it more beautiful. B．Protecting the LED screens.
C．Lifting it safely within a short time. D．Using the engineers’ wisdom and skills.
2．What played a major role in keeping the display screen functioning well?
A．Industrial internet technologies. B．Sufficient signal transmission capacity.
C．The area of the display screen. D．A monitor for their working conditions.
3．What do Zhang Yimou’s words mean in the last paragraph?
A．He felt very satisfied with the opening ceremony.
B．He thought it was important to use space technology.
C．He thought little of the contribution of the company.
D．He felt confident in further using modern technology.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．Using Space Technology in the Beijing Winter Olympics
B．The Breakthrough of Space Technology in China
C．Using Knowledge to Handle Technical Challenges
D．A Wonderful Ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了來自中國航天的研究人員把用于太空的技術(shù)運用在北京冬奧會的開幕式中。
1．【答案】C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“The main body weighed 180 tons and had to be raised gradually during the ceremony, which meant that engineers needed to design a reliable method to lift it. Designers and technicians developed a foldable frame capable of lifting the huge cube in just 43 seconds. (主體重180噸，必須在儀式期間逐步提升，這意味著工程師需要設(shè)計一種可靠的方法來提升主體。設(shè)計師和技術(shù)人員開發(fā)了一種可折疊的框架，能夠在43秒內(nèi)舉起這個巨大的立方體。)”可知，要把巨型的“冰立方”在43秒鐘內(nèi)升起來，研究人員得想出一個萬全的辦法。從而推知，提升冰塊可能會有在短時間內(nèi)安全起吊的挑戰(zhàn)。故選C項。
2．【答案】B
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“It is essential that engineers should place four signal transmission lines for the screen to prepare sufficient backup capacity to ensure that it functions properly. (工程師必須為屏幕放置四條信號傳輸線，以準(zhǔn)備足夠的備用容量，確保其正常工作。)”可知，在保持顯示屏正常運行方面，足夠的信號傳輸能力起到了主要作用。故選B項。
3．【答案】A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中張藝謀所說“As a crucial technical company, it was responsible for the design and construction work for the performance stage. The designs and equipment provided by this company worked very well and far exceeded our expectations. (作為一家關(guān)鍵的技術(shù)公司，它負責(zé)演出階段的設(shè)計和施工工作。該公司提供的設(shè)計和設(shè)備非常好，遠遠超出了我們的預(yù)期。)”可知，張藝謀對開幕式感到非常滿意。。故選A項。
4．【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，根據(jù)第一段中“Engineers from China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp ( CASC ) are known for their achievements such as landing a robot to explore Mars. However, the latest display of their wisdom and knowledge took place on the ground at the Bird’s Nest during the opening ceremony for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. (中國航天科技集團公司（CASC）的工程師以他們的成就而聞名，比如讓機器人著陸探索火星。然而，他們的智慧和知識的最新展示是在北京2022年冬奧會開幕式期間在鳥巢的地面上進行的。)”可知，本文主要介紹了來自中國航天的研究人員把用于太空的技術(shù)運用在北京冬奧會的開幕式，選項A“在北京冬奧會上使用空間技術(shù)”符合文章主題，適合做標(biāo)題。故選A項。
Text 02（2022·福建省德化第一中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）
There’s just a 1 in 3, 700, 000 chance that a person will be killed by a shark in their lifetime, but the fear is still enough to have swimmers worrying about being perceived as prey (獵物). Now, new research supports the long-standing theory that when great whites do go in for a bite, it’s a case of “mistaken identity”.
A team of biologists from the UK and Australia compared videos of seals swimming with videos of humans swimming. They then edited the videos to simulate (模擬) a great white’s vision — the sharks are likely colorblind, and they can’t make out fine detail-and found that from the point of view of the ocean creatures, humans do indeed bear a strong resemblance to seals.
“Great white sharks are often regarded as ‘mindless killers’ and ‘fond of human flesh’. However, that's not the case — we just look like their food,” Laura Ryan, lead author of the study, said.
Despite their dissatisfying vision and spatial perception, great white sharks are highly visual creatures, and rely on motion and shadows when on the lookout for prey. To really see through the species’s eyes, the research team had to get creative.
“We attached a camera to an underwater scooter (輕便小車), and set it to travel at a typical speed for predatory sharks,” Ryan said in a statement. The researchers then paired the recordings with computer models to simulate how similar people look from a shark's view below the surface.
“I knew there would be some similarities, but not to the extent we have found,” Ryan said. “Specifically, I thought swimmers might not be as similar as surfers to seals as they typically aren’t involved in as many shark bites. However, the swimmers are also difficult to tell apart from seals.”
Ryan put it in a statement, “Understanding why shark bites occur can help us find ways to prevent them, while keeping both humans and sharks safer.”
5．What do the underlined words “the ocean creatures” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Seals. B．Sharks. C．Humans. D．Swimmers.
6．Why did the researchers use the scooter with a camera?
A．To measure the speed of predatory sharks.
B．To take clear pictures of underwater seals.
C．To keep track of sharks’ travel underwater.
D．To see human beings through sharks' view.
7．What does the research find?
A．Swimmers are easy to tell apart from seals.
B．Swimmers are not as similar as surfers to seals.
C．The similarities between humans and seals are few.
D．Swimmers surprisingly resemble seals in sharks’ eyes.
8．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Why Sharks Attack Humans B．Are Shark Bites Common?
C．How Sharks Hunt for Food D．Are Sharks Really Dangerous?
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。研究表明，鯊魚攻擊人類是因為它們將人類誤認為它的獵物——海豹。
5．【答案】B
【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線短語所在句“They then edited the videos to simulate (模擬) a great white’s vision — the sharks are likely colorblind, and they can’t make out fine detail-and found that from the point of view of the ocean creatures, humans do indeed bear a strong resemblance to seals. (然后，他們編輯了視頻，以模擬大白鯊的視覺——鯊魚可能是色盲，它們無法分辨出細節(jié)——發(fā)現(xiàn)從這種海洋生物的角度來看，人類確實與海豹非常相似)”可知，劃線短語“the ocean creatures”指的是前文中的“大白鯊”。故選B項。
6．【答案】D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“To really see through the species’s eyes, the research team had to get creative. (要真正從物種的角度看問題，研究團隊必須要有創(chuàng)意)”及第五段“We attached a camera to an underwater scooter (輕便小車), and set it to travel at a typical speed for predatory sharks. (我們在水下滑板車上安裝了一個攝像頭，讓它以食肉鯊魚的典型速度行駛)”可知，研究人員使用帶有相機的水下輕便小車是為了從鯊魚的視角看在水中的人類。故選D項。
7．【答案】D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段““I knew there would be some similarities, but not to the extent we have found,” Ryan said. “Specifically, I thought swimmers might not be as similar as surfers to seals as they typically aren’t involved in as many shark bites. However, the swimmers are also difficult to tell apart from seals.”(“我知道會有一些相似之處，但沒有我們發(fā)現(xiàn)的那種程度，”瑞安說?！熬唧w來說，我認為游泳者可能不像沖浪者那樣與海豹相似，因為他們通常不會被鯊魚咬傷。然而，游泳者也很難與海豹區(qū)分開來?！?”可知，Laura Ryan原本知道游泳的人類和海豹在鯊魚的眼中是有相似之處的，但是研究表明，他們在鯊魚的眼中驚人的相似。故選D項。
8．【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，以及文章第一段“Now, new research supports the long-standing theory that when great whites do go in for a bite, it's a case of “mistaken identity”. (現(xiàn)在，新的研究支持了長期以來的理論，即當(dāng)大白鯊真的想咬一口時，這是一種“錯誤的身份”)”和最后一段“Ryan put it in a statement, “Understanding why shark bites occur can help us find ways to prevent them, while keeping both humans and sharks safer.” (瑞安在一份聲明中說，“了解為什么會發(fā)生鯊魚咬傷，可以幫助我們找到預(yù)防鯊魚咬傷的方法，同時讓人類和鯊魚都更安全?！?”可知，文章主要通過實驗驗證了一個理論——鯊魚攻擊人類是因為它們將人類誤認為它的獵物——海豹。由此可知，Why Sharks Attack Humans(為什么鯊魚攻擊人類)適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選A項。
Text 03（2022·遼寧·模擬預(yù)測）
At most schools in the U. S., it’s customary to have a cheer squad (啦啦隊) to support athletics. Cheerleaders drum up excitement before games, put on jaw—dropping routines at games, and provide support on the sidelines of most events. But students who participate in performing and visual arts seldom receive the same displays of support as athletes do. A group of students at Mountain View High School in Orem, Utah, decided to change that fact by creating a cheer squad just for the arts.
Their school’s athletics cheer squad is called the Bruin Crazies, so they named their artistic cheer squad the Bruin Classies! This is a new brand with which they could create something for all of the arts, whether it is band, dance show, photography and art galleries—to give them some publicity and cheer them on.
Classies wear a “uniform” of bow ties to indicate the “sense of class”artistic efforts bring their school. They carry around signs to advertise the upcoming play, musical, or dance performance. Hoping to drum up ticket sales, they encourage their fellow students to come out to support the hard work of others. They also attend performances and displays at school to cheer their classmates on.
After years of discussion to make a cheer squad for the arts, this is the first time they’ve been able to pull it off. More than 90 students have already signed up to be a Bruin Classy! “The students have poured their time and energy into their arts, and it is worthy to be celebrated. ”Caleb Stay, the cheer squad leader, said, “If you worked really hard on something and no one showed up, it would be disappointing. We just want to make sure that no one feels that way. ”
This is such an amazing idea! We can’t believe no one has come up with it before, but hopefully these thoughtful teens have started a new trend to support the arts in other schools, too.
9．Why did the students in Mountain View high school set up the Bruin Classies?
A．To support the arts in their schoo1. B．To compete with the Bruin Crazies.
C．To participate in the art performing. D．To cheer the athletes on in the games.
10．How do Classies make the art performances appealing to students at school?
A．By offering free tickets to students.
B．By popularizing the art performances.
C．By inviting students to attend performances.
D．By wearing a special uniform for art festivals.
11．What can be inferred from Caleb Stay’s words?
A．More students will sign up the Bruin Classy.
B．Few students like to attend the art performance.
C．The artistic cheer squad will become a new trend.
D．The students’artistic efforts deserve to be admired.
12．What is the best title of the text?
A．Move over, “Crazies,” the “Classies” are here
B．“Crazies” keep up, never give in to “Classies”
C．The Bruin Crazies, a “uniform” of bow ties
D．The Bruin Crazies, a big hit in Orem, Utah
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文,介紹山景高中學(xué)生組建Bruin Classies拉拉隊支持學(xué)校藝術(shù)的發(fā)展。
9．【答案】A
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“This is a new brand with which they could create something for all of the arts, whether it is band, dance show, photography and art galleries—to give them some publicity and cheer them on.”（這是一個新的品牌，他們可以為所有的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造一些東西，無論是樂隊，舞蹈表演，攝影和藝術(shù)畫廊，可以給他們一些宣傳和鼓勵。）可知,山景高中學(xué)生組建Bruin Classies拉拉隊是為了支持學(xué)校藝術(shù)的發(fā)展。故選A項。
10．【答案】B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“They carry around signs to advertise the upcoming play, musical, or dance performance.”（他們隨身攜帶廣告牌，為即將到來的戲劇、音樂或舞蹈表演做廣告。）可知，Bruin Classies拉拉隊是通過進行宣傳來增加最新藝術(shù)表演的吸引力。故選B項。
11．【答案】D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段Caleb Stay所述“The students have poured their time and energy into their arts, and it is worthy to be celebrated. ”（學(xué)生們把他們的時間和精力投入到他們的藝術(shù)中，這是值得慶祝的。）可知, Caleb Stay認為學(xué)生們對藝術(shù)的努力值得贊賞。故選D項。
12．【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意題。文章開篇指出,美國多數(shù)學(xué)校有拉拉隊支持體育運動。山景高中有體育拉拉隊“Crazies”,學(xué)生們決定組建 “Classies”拉拉隊支持學(xué)校藝術(shù)的發(fā)展,下文主要介紹“Classies”拉拉隊的組建情況。故選A項。
Text 04（2022·北京·模擬預(yù)測）
Are you relatively skinny but growing a “beer belly”?
Then don’t be surprised at your next checkup if the nurse measures your waistline to determine your healthy weight. That’s because research is showing that a protruding (鼓出的) belly may be a sign of VAT — a dangerous form of fat around organs deep inside your body. “Studies confirm that visceral (內(nèi)臟的) fat is a clear health risk,” said Dr. Tiffany Wiley, a senior expert at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Unlike the fat just under your skin, visceral fat raises your risk for heart disease. Experts think that’s because visceral fat raises blood pressure and inflames (使發(fā)炎) tissues and organs.
However, you can’t assume you’re safe from visceral fat if your overall weight is healthy, experts stress. That’s because you can have dangerous visceral fat even if you’re not considered overweight — and not have any visceral fat even if you are overweight.
How do you know if your stomach is protruding into dangerous size? Do a check. Non-pregnant women with a waist size greater than 88 cm and men with a waist larger than 102 cm, are at higher risk according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If you’re Asian, it drops to 80 cm for women and 90 cm for men. But it is only a rough measure. “The only sure way to know is to check your visceral fat levels on a CT scan or MRI,” say experts.
According to the AHA committee, the most salutary physical activity to “shrink” belly is aerobic exercise. Aerobic means “with oxygen”, so aerobic exercise increases your breathing rate and promotes the circulation of oxygen through the blood. This type of exercise makes the heart work more effectively and improves its ability to move oxygen-carrying blood with every beat. Speed walking, jogging, stair climbing, cycling and swimming are all examples of aerobic exercise.
“However, more studies are needed to determine the best physical activity, food and other lifestyle changes to reduce heart disease risk,” Dr. Tiffany Wiley added.
13．What would a “beer belly” cause?
A．Enlarged organs inside the body. B．Higher risk of heart disease.
C．Raised mental pressure. D．Inflamed stomach.
14．Who would be relatively healthier according to the experts?
A．A white man with a waist size of 120 cm.
B．A white woman with a waist size of 90 cm.
C．An Asian man with a waist size of 102 cm.
D．An Asian woman with a waist size of 75 cm.
15．Which word can replace the underlined word “salutary” in paragraph 5?
A．Beneficial. B．Difficult. C．Enthusiastic. D．Useless.
16．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?
A．Doing aerobic exercise can remove visceral fat completely.
B．Heart ability improves when one does speed walking.
C．Further studies are needed to reduce heart disease risk.
D．Food and life style determine one’s body shape.
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了由內(nèi)臟脂肪過多導(dǎo)致的腹部肥胖問題及解決辦法。
13．【答案】B
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“Unlike the fat just under your skin, visceral fat raises your risk for heart disease.(與皮膚下的脂肪不同，內(nèi)臟脂肪會增加患心臟病的風(fēng)險)”可知，導(dǎo)致腹部肥胖的內(nèi)臟脂肪會增加患心臟病的風(fēng)險。故選B。
14．【答案】D
【解析】推理判斷題。通讀第四段中的“Non-pregnant women with a waist size greater than 88 cm and men with a waist larger than 102 cm, are at higher risk according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If you’re Asian, it drops to 80 cm for women and 90 cm for men. But it is only a rough measure.(根據(jù)美國疾病控制和預(yù)防中心的數(shù)據(jù)，腰圍大于88厘米的非懷孕女性和腰圍大于102厘米的男性患糖尿病的風(fēng)險更高。如果你是亞洲人，女性的平均腰圍為80厘米，男性為90厘米。但這只是一個粗略的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn))”可推知，腰圍75厘米的亞裔女性相對會更健康。故選D。
15．【答案】A
【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句中的“to “shrink” belly is aerobic exercise”可知，劃線詞所在句指有氧運動是對收縮腹部最有益的活動。由此推知，salutary意為“有益的，有用的”，與A項意思相符。故選A。
16．【答案】B
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段最后兩句“This type of exercise makes the heart work more effectively and improves its ability to move oxygen-carrying blood with every beat. Speed walking, jogging, stair climbing, cycling and swimming are all examples of aerobic exercise.(這種運動可以使心臟更有效地工作，并提高心臟每次跳動攜帶氧氣的血液的移動能力?？熳?、慢跑、爬樓梯、騎自行車和游泳都是有氧運動的例子)”可知，當(dāng)一個人進行快走時，心臟的能力會提高。故選B。
Text 05（2022·安徽蚌埠·三模）
Zhang Fan, 36, a movie visual effects designer who returned to Beijing from New Zealand for work last year, was surprised by the improvement to the city’s air quality. “I remember the smell in the air and the frequent smoggy days before I left in 2013, after getting a job offer from a film company in New Zealand, ” he said. Last year, a Chinese company offered Zhang a more promising position, so he returned, saying that he could find more opportunities in his line of work in Beijing than elsewhere. In addition to rapid economic development in the Chinese capital, he said the most impressive change is the local air quality. “People discussed air pollution a lot when I was in Beijing previously. Now, it seems that the topic has disappeared completely, as every day is good in terms of air quality,” Zhang said. “The sky in Beijing these days is so clear. ”
On Jan. 4, the municipal authorities in Beijing announced a comprehensive success in improving air quality, with the city’s annual average concentration of PM2. 5 in the air, falling to 33 micrograms per cubic meter, and ozone (臭氧) concentration dropping to 149 mcg per cu m last year.
Yu Jianhua, spokesman for the Beijing Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, said at a news conference, “This is a milestone for Beijing’s hard work in fighting air pollution and also means that the city has met its air quality target outlined in the 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-25) ahead of schedule. Beijing has demonstrated to the world over the past 20 years that a mega city with a rapidly increasing GDP, vehicle count, population and energy consumption can move forward to cut air pollution effectively. The PM2.5 reduction over the past few years has surpassed that of developed countries during the same period.
According to the Bureau, the city’s average concentration of PM2.5 dropped by 63 percent last year from 2013, an average annual reduction of about 8 percent. The city experienced 288 days of good air quality last year—up from 112 days in 2013—and just eight days of heavy air pollution. This achievement is clear to see and exciting, but it has not been easy work.
17．Why did Zhang Fan retumed to Beijing?
A．He was tired of his life abroad. B．He has a deep affection for the city.
C．The city’s air quality has improved. D．A golden chance was offered to him.
18．How do the municipal authorities show the improvement to the city’s air quality?
A．By using examples. B．By using figures.
C．By offering experimental findings. D．By citing personal experience.
19．What does the underlined word “mega” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Huge. B．Rich. C．Civilized. D．Noted.
20．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A．Business. B．Fashion. C．Environment. D．Entertainment.
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要講述了在政府有力的措施和百姓的努力下，北京近些年的空氣質(zhì)量有了極大改善。
17．【答案】D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Last year, a Chinese company offered Zhang a more promising position, so he returned, saying that he could find more opportunities in his line of work in Beijing than elsewhere.(去年，一家中國公司給他提供了一個更有前途的職位，所以他回到了北京。他覺得在北京的工作機會比其他地方都多)”可知，Zhang Fan得到了一個很好的工作機會，所以回到了北京。故選D項。
18．【答案】B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“On Jan. 4, the municipal authorities in Beijing announced a comprehensive success in improving air quality, with the city’s annual average concentration of PM2. 5 in the air, falling to 33 micrograms per cubic meter, and ozone (臭氧) concentration dropping to 149 mcg per cu m last year.(1月4日，北京市政府宣布在改善空氣質(zhì)量方面取得了全面成功，該市PM2的年平均濃度降低到了每立方米33微克。臭氧濃度去年降至每立方米149微克)”可知，市政府主要通過數(shù)據(jù)來顯示空氣質(zhì)量的提升。故選B項。
19．【答案】A
【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段該句中的“with a rapidly increasing GDP, vehicle count, population and energy consumption（快速增長的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值、汽車數(shù)量、人口和能源消耗)”可知，北京GDP增速快、汽車數(shù)量迅速上升，同時人口劇烈增長還伴隨著大量的能源消耗，由此推知“mega”意指北京是一個超級大都市。故選A項。
20．【答案】C
【解析】推理判斷題。該篇文章第一段通過具體的事例來引入本文的主題—北京的空氣質(zhì)量；第二段“On Jan. 4, the municipal authorities in Beijing announced a comprehensive success in improving air quality(1月4日，北京市政府宣布在改善空氣質(zhì)量方面取得了全面成功)”可知，政府宣布空氣質(zhì)量改善取得成功；以及第二，三，四段通過數(shù)據(jù)表明北京的空氣質(zhì)量改善的情況?？芍?，本篇文章主要在討論環(huán)境問題。故選C項。
Text 06
（2022·北京·模擬預(yù)測）Japanese automaker Toyota says it will team up with the country’s space agency to develop a vehicle called the Lunar Cruiser to explore the moon. The name comes from a popular Toyota vehicle called the Land Cruiser. The company said it plans to launch the vehicle in the late 2020s. After that, Toyota said the vehicle could assist people living on the moon by 2040 and could possibly be sent to Mars as well.
Takao Sato heads the company’s Lunar Cruiser project. He told The Associated Press the vehicle is based on the idea that people eat, work, sleep and communicate with others safely in cars. He hopes theLunar Cruiser can serve the same purpose in space. “We see space as an area for our once-in-a-century transformation, ” Sato said, “By going to space, we may be able to develop telecommunications and other technology that will prove valuable to human life. ”
Another company, Gitai Japan Inc., is partnering with Toyota to develop a robotic arm for the Lunar Cruiser. It will be designed to perform jobs such as carrying out inspections and maintaining the vehicle. The company said the arm will be built to work with different tools. These tools could be used to study the moon’s surface more closely.
Interest in space has been growing in Japan in recent years. Japanese space exploration company iSpace announced last April that it would transport an explorer belonging to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to the moon in 2022. Japan’s iSpace will provide the lander to carry the UAE’s rover(探測器).
The company plans to launch the lander on a Falcon 9 rocket built by American company SpaceX. Japanese citizens followed the trip to space last year of billionaire Yusaku Maezawa. He spent 12 days aboard the International Space Station. Maezawa also plans in the future to orbit around the moon on a SpaceX’s Starship spacecraft.
Toyota engineer Shinichiro Noda said he thinks the lunar project can extend the company’s tradition of serving customers to a place beyond Earth. He said Toyota currently has vehicles almost everywhere. “But this is about taking our cars to somewhere we have never been, ” Noda said.
21．What’s the ultimate purpose of the Lunar Cruiser project?
A．To better human life. B．To make safe vehicles.
C．To prove the previous idea. D．To transform communication.
22．What’s Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．Japan’s enthusiasm in space. B．Japan’s achievements in space.
C．Japan’s potential in space travel. D．Japan ’s ambition to explore space.
23．What’ s Shinichiro Noda’s attitude towards the lunar project?
A．Negative. B．Doubtful.
C．Cautious. D．Positive.
24．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Japanese Curiosity in Moon Travel Generated
B．Great Contribution Made in Exploring Mars
C．Rover Built by Toyota to Be Landed on Mars
D．Toyota to Help Develop Vehicle to Explore Moon
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要講述了日本汽車制造公司豐田計劃和日本航天局合作研發(fā)一款月球探測車。
21．【答案】A
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“He told The Associated Press the vehicle is based on the idea that people eat, work, sleep and communicate with others safely in cars. He hopes theLunar Cruiser can serve the same purpose in space.”（他對美聯(lián)社表示，這種車的設(shè)計理念是，人們在車里安全吃飯、工作、睡覺和與他人交流。他希望月球巡洋艦?zāi)茉谔罩邪l(fā)揮同樣的作用。）可知，月球巡洋艦項目的目的是改善人們的生活。故選A項。
22．【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Interest in space has been growing in Japan in recent years.”（近年來，日本對太空的興趣一直在增長。）可知，該段主要在說明日本對航天科技的興趣。故選A項。
23．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Toyota engineer Shinichiro Noda said he thinks the lunar project can extend the company’s tradition of serving customers to a place beyond Earth.”（豐田工程師Shinichiro Noda說，他認為月球項目可以將公司服務(wù)客戶的傳統(tǒng)延伸到地球以外的地方。）可知，Shinichiro Noda對于該項目的態(tài)度是很積極的。故選D項。
24．【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Japanese automaker Toyota says it will team up with the country’s space agency to develop a vehicle called the Lunar Cruiser to explore the moon.”（日本汽車制造商豐田公司表示，將與日本航天局合作開發(fā)一種名為“月球巡洋艦”的航天器，以探索月球。）以及后文主要在詳細說明該項目的各項情況及專業(yè)人士對待該項目的態(tài)度等，所以該篇文章主要在講述豐田公司計劃研發(fā)月球探測車。故選D項。

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