專題06 閱讀理解之說明文10篇——2022-2023學(xué)年高一英語下學(xué)期期末專題沖刺復(fù)習(xí)（人教版2019）-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

?人教版（2019）高一英語下學(xué)期期末復(fù)習(xí) 查缺補(bǔ)漏沖刺滿分
(名校最新期末真題)
專題06 閱讀理解之說明文10篇
（2022春·湖南永州·高一統(tǒng)考期末）Orcas, also known as killer whales, are some of the most social and intelligent of sea animals. They communicate with each other by different calls and whistles. Scientists have found increasing evidence that orcas have developed a complex culture: A series of behaviors animals learn from one another.
Through researches, scientists discover that orcas have unique family structures and behaviors, which are passed from generation to generation. They stay in groups and the leading female orcas will teach specific behaviors to younger animals. This complex culture influences deeply what and how orcas eat, what they do for fun, and even their choice of mates.
Brian Skerry, a photographer of National Geographic, traveled the globe to record orcas’ activities. “These animals have identity, they have personality, they have traditions, they have language, and food preferences and singing competitions. And they have empathy. They care about each other.” said Brian. He found that diving with these special creatures can lead to strange and wonderful situations. And he hopes that existing features of orcas can be an opportunity for us humans to begin to see ourselves not so different than the natural world.
Our own culture has helped us to accommodate to a number of evolutionary selection pressures — from hot deserts to the cold Arctic. And the same is true of orcas. By developing new behaviors, they have been able to occupy a range of ecological chain, such as penguin hunters in the South Ocean and fish eaters in the Pacific Ocean. Hal White, head of Dalhousie University, concludes, “Culture may be very important to orcas.” And he believes the new form of culture brings out all these changes.
1．What can we infer about orcas?
A．They prefer staying alone. B．They talk with others by gesture.
C．They learn behaviors from others. D．They have common family structures.
2．According to Brian, what chance do orcas provide for humans?
A．Finding that orcas are strange. B．Recording that orcas have characters.
C．Realizing that humans are not unique. D．Presenting that orcas care about each other.
3．Which word can best replace the underlined word “accommodate” in the fourth paragraph?
A．Object. B．Adapt. C．Stick. D．Contribute
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The features of fish eaters. B．The secret culture of orcas.
C．The evolution of female orcas. D．The traditions of marine animals.

（2023秋·內(nèi)蒙古赤峰·高一統(tǒng)考期末）Reading people’s minds seems to be a superpower that only exists in movies. But scientists have now made it possible to translate people’s brain waves!
Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco developed a new device. It can turn brain waves into words on a screen in front of the user. In the study, they tested it with a paralyzed (癱瘓) man.
“To our knowledge, this is the first successful demonstration of direct decoding of full words from the brain of someone who is paralyzed and cannot speak.” said Edward Chang, the senior author of the study. Each year, thousands of people lose the ability to speak due to accidents or diseases. With up to 93 percent accuracy, the new device shows “strong promise” to let these people fully communicate in the future.
One problem with such mind-reading machines, however, is that they have to put electrodes into people’s brains. It’s inconvenient and has health risks. But scientists from the University of Texas, US, have taken steps to change this. They tried to translate people’s thoughts without even touching their heads, reported Live Science.
The new brain scanning technique is called FMRI, or functional magnetic resonance imaging. It’s a safer way of “reading” brain activity. Active brain cells have more oxygen. By tracking this, scientists can translate brain activity.
The team asked participants to listen to 16 hours of radio shows while scanning their brains. Then they used a computer algorithm (算法) to create a story based on the FMRI recording. It matched the radio shows pretty well.
In other tests, the algorithm could basically explain the story of a silent movie that the participants watched. It could even retell a story that the participants imagined in their heads. Although it’s not a word-for-word translation, the technique provides many possibilities.
5．What do the words “strong promise” mean?
A．The device has high accuracy. B．The device can make a promise.
C．The device makes no mistakes. D．The device makes a paralyzed man speak.
6．How does FMRI “read” people’s minds?
A．It puts electrodes into people’s brains.
B．It tracks the oxygen of brain cells.
C．It makes predictions based on people’s habits.
D．It guesses people’s thoughts randomly.
7．What’s the advantage of FMRI compared to the first device mentioned in the story?
A．It’s safer. B．It’s cheaper. C．It’s smaller in size. D．It’s more accurate.
8．Which is TRUE about FMRI?
A．It can only record what participants hear.
B．It can record every detail of participants minds.
C．Its recordings can be used to retell what participants had seen and heard.
D．It is accurate because it can tell imagination from fact.

（2023秋·山東濱州·高一統(tǒng)考期末）The CEO and founder of house-builder Project Etopia, Joseph Daniel, had unstable start in life. “My father was always drunk and my mother had mental disorder when I was 15. I’ve lived on the street and I need to do this,” says the 27-year-old young man. He left school without any qualifications.
Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.
The homes that Daniel wants to build are not traditional housings. They are made up of several parts and each part is made in Daniel’s own factory in Cheshire. Traditional houses take months to complete, while his homes can be put together easily on site due to being partially pre-built in the factory. The firm’s plan in Corby, Northamptonshire, is a village that will consist of 47 homes, the first four of which were each built in nine days.
Houses are not only faster to build, but will also have smart technology built in and be much more energy efficient than the average home. With solar panels, Daniel says he can build houses that will generate more power than they use, potentially making up for some of the six tons of carbon emitted annually by the “typical” house as a result of the heat and power required.
“I want to slow climate change through housing,” he says. “It’s our responsibility as humans. That’s what our project is about. If you can get the economics and the environment right, you can make things better.”
9．What can we know about Daniel from the passage?
A．He was qualified as an engineer after graduation.
B．He was abandoned by his parents when he was a child.
C．He was inspired by his own experience to deal with housing crisis.
D．He was forced to take the task of housing problem by his parents.
10．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．Daniel’s houses are similar to traditional ones. B．Daniel’s houses are partially built in advance.
C．Daniel’s firm produces the houses as a whole. D．Daniel’s firm has built 47 homes in a village.
11．Which of the following best describes Daniel’s houses?
A．Traditional but comfortable. B．Expensive but convenient.
C．Green and advanced. D．Fashionable and modern.
12．What’s the passage mainly about?
A．It introduces a talented house builder and his achievements.
B．It’s about Daniel’s unique way of solving housing and climate problems.
C．It tells us how to build houses faster and make them more affordable.
D．It stresses the importance of smart technology in house building.

（2023秋·江蘇鹽城·高一江蘇省射陽中學(xué)?？计谀〣eavers (河貍) are famous for building impressive dams in streams. They have a rare ability to transform the landscapes they live in. This is primarily because beavers need to use their dams to hide from predators (捕食者) like bears, wolves, and river otters. Beavers live in dome-shaped constructions within the ponds that can only be accessed by underwater entrances. Inside, they are safe from threats. Besides, they can also store food inside and keep warm in winter.
Beavers build dams up to 5 meters high, and the largest one, in Alberta, Canada, is 850 meters long. Most dams are built from pieces of wood, with stones at the base and a sealing layer of mud and plants on the upstream side. The dams are thicker at the bottom with a shallow slope on the upstream side, meaning that the weight of the water pushes down on the dam, keeping it in place and allowing it to hold back large volumes of water. Their engineering work is so effective that beaver dams can last for decades.
Beaver dams can promote the creation and development of stable wetland ecosystems, one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, which serve as the home of rare and endangered species. In addition, the dams can help water flow to the newly created ponds, thus, preventing flooding in areas downstream of the rivers where these dams are built. They also protect the land from soil erosion (侵蝕, 腐蝕) and block pollutants in the water flow downstream into major water bodies.
However, Ph. D．student Robert Needham, from the International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research at Southampton, expressed a great deal of his concern about the possibility of beaver dams blocking the upstream and downstream migration (遷移) of Atlantic salmon (鮭魚) and trout during their reproduction seasons, as well as affecting habitat (棲息地) quality. Thus, people should control the construction of beaver dams, especially in human-inhabited areas, near agricultural fields and pasture lands.
13．What is the main reason for beavers to build dams?
A．Keeping warm in winter.
B．Storing food for later use.
C．Protecting themselves from predators.
D．Saving their habitats from river flooding.
14．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The living environment of beavers.
B．The features of beaver dams.
C．The methods of building beaver dams.
D．The introduction to the largest beaver dam.
15．What can we infer from paragraph 3?
A．River pollution poses a big danger to beavers.
B．Beaver dams have great ecological(生態(tài)的)significance.
C．Stable wetland ecosystems are important to dam construction.
D．Beaver dams serve as the place of reproduction for some species.
16．Which of the following may Robert Needham agree with?
A．People may be disturbed by too many beaver dams.
B．Beaver dams make many sea animals leave their habitats.
C．Farmers could benefit a lot from beavers engineering work.
D．Beaver dams promote an increase of some species in the Atlantic

（2023秋·新疆昌吉·高一新疆昌吉回族自治州第二中學(xué)?？计谀〦very week in China, millions of people will sit in front of their TVs watching teenagers compete for the title Character Hero which is a Chinese-style spelling bee (拼寫大賽) . In this challenge, young competitors must write Chinese characters by hand. To prepare??for the competition, the competitors usually spend months studying dictionaries.
Perhaps the show’s popularity should not be a surprise. Along with gunpowder and paper, many Chinese people consider the creation of Chinese calligraphy (書法) to be one of their primary contributions to civilization. Unfortunately , all over the country, Chinese people are forgetting how to write their own language without computerized help. Software on smart phones and computers allows users to type in the basic sound of the word using the Latin alphabet. The correct character is chosen from a list. The result? It’s possible to recognize characters without remembering how to write them.
But there’s still hope for the writing brush. China’s Ministry of Education wants children to spend more time learning how to write. In one Beijing primary school we visited, students practise calligraphy every day inside??a specially decorated classroom with traditional Chinese paintings hanging on the walls. They look up at the blackboard often to study their teacher’s examples before carefully attempting to reproduce those characters on thin rice paper. “If adults can survive without using handwriting, why bother to teach it now?” we ask the calligraphy teacher Shen Bin. “The ability to write characters is part of Chinese tradition and culture.” she reasons. “Students must learn now so they don’t forget when they grow up,” says the teacher.
17．What can we learn about the Chinese-style spelling bee?
A．It’s open to people of all ages and all walks.
B．It’s the most-viewed TV programme in China.
C．It aims to spread Chinese culture to the world.
D．It draws great public attention across the country.
18．Why are Chinese people forgetting how to write the characters?
A．Chinese people don’t refer to dictionaries very often.
B．Chinese people no longer use brush pens or practise calligraphy.
C．Chinese people are using the Latin alphabet instead of the characters.
D．Chinese people needn’t write by hand as often with the help of technology.
19．According to Shen Bin, being able to write characters by hand is ________ .
A．necessary for adults to survive in China
B．a(chǎn) requirement made by the Ministry of Education
C．helpful to keep Chinese tradition and culture alive
D．a(chǎn)n ability to be developed only when you are students
20．Where does this text probably come from?
A．A news report. B．A science report.
C．An advertisement. D．Children’s literature

（2023秋·遼寧·高一校聯(lián)考期末）Birds that migrate long distances tend to be more likely than others to break up with their partners, according to an analysis of 232 species conducted by Sun Yat-sen University.
About 90 per cent of bird species are socially monogamous (一夫一妻制的), which means once they form pairs, they will stay together for life. However, some do end up getting “divorced” and move onto new partners.
To identify reasons that lead to bird break ups, Liu Yang at Sun Yat-sen University in China and his colleagues studied 232 species in one of the world’s largest bird databases, Birds of the World. They found that species that migrate particularly long distances to obtain food typically have higher rates of breaking up.
Great blue herons, for example, migrate more than 3000 kilometres and have a divorce rate of 100 per cent. This may be because travelling further makes it harder for a pair to return home at the same time, says Liu Yang. “If you’re the one who gets back first, it’s risky waiting for your partner because you don’t know if it’ll show up — it may have died or been blown off course,” Liu adds. Finding a new partner may seem a safer bet even if it requires energy to please a new mate, he says.
Liu and his team members acknowledge that it makes sense for birds with long migrations to have higher divorce rates, but there are exceptions.
Black-tailed godwits, for example, migrate more than 1000 kilometres from Iceland to the UK or southwest Europe each year but have relatively low divorce rates. This seems to be due to a super ability to keep pace with their partners. Although members of a pair will follow separate migration paths and typically end up more than 900 kilometres away from each other, they are somehow able to return to Iceland at almost the same time, which reduces the risk of break-ups. “But most birds are not able to do that — it’s pretty amazing.” Liu concludes.
21．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A．Most bird species have more than one partner for life.
B．Few bird species are devoted to their partners.
C．Most bird species have higher rates of breaking up.
D．Most bird species tend to have only one partner.
22．Why do great blue herons have a divorce rate of 100 per cent?
A．Because the bird pairs choose different migration routes.
B．Because they get tired of their partners.
C．Because they are impatient with waiting.
D．Because it is safer for them to move onto a new partner.
23．What can we learn about black-tailed godwits in the last paragraph?
A．They have a higher divorce rate than great blue herons.
B．The nearly same returning time reduces the risk of their divorce.
C．It is typical of them to migrate at the same speed with their partners.
D．They set a good example of romance for other birds.
24．Which of the following is the best title for the text? .
A．Migration Linked to Bird Divorce B．Reasons for Bird Migration
C．Bird Migration with Long Distances D．Birds — with High Rates of Divorce.

（2023秋·遼寧沈陽·高一沈陽市第一二〇中學(xué)?？计谀㏕he Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to extract precious metals for coins and gold bars. The factory will be the first of its kind in the world.
The Royal Mint is a Government-owned company that makes coins for the UK and lots of other countries. Most of its coins are made from cheaper metals, but the Mint sometimes makes coins and medals from precious metals like gold and silver. It also makes gold bars. Countries and banks like to keep gold bars because they are very valuable and their price doesn’t tend to go up or down suddenly.
The precious metals used by the Mint are mostly mined from the ground but now it plans to make use of the vast amounts of electronic waste (known as e-waste) that is thrown away in the UK each year. Many electronic devices use small quantities of precious metals such as gold and silver because they are good conductors of electricity. However, it is estimated that just 20% of old electronics are recycled worldwide. This is not just a waste; it can be dangerous, because when e-waste is buried in rubbish dumps, metals and chemicals can leak out and pollute the environment.
Currently, e-waste from the UK is sent abroad to be melted down to recover precious metals. The new factory will use chemical reactions to do the same job much quicker and using far less energy. The process can extract 99% of the precious metals from plastic circuit boards within a few seconds, and could provide the Mint with hundreds of kilograms of gold each year.
“Our new plant will see the Royal Mint become a leader in sustainably sourced precious metals,” said Anne Jessopp, the Mint’s CEO.
25．What does the underlined word “extract” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Obtain. B．Break. C．Limit. D．Add.
26．What’s a problem with the old electronics if not recycled?
A．Energy shortage. B．Environmental pollution.
C．A lack of workers. D．A waste of gold bars.
27．What does Anne Jessopp think of the new plant?
A．Costly. B．Risky. C．Promising. D．Demanding.
28．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．Making Use of E-waste B．Turning Junk into Gold
C．Building a New Factory D．Running a Junk Business

（2023秋·遼寧沈陽·高一沈陽市第一二〇中學(xué)?？计谀㏕he French writer Annie Ernaux was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in literature. The 82-year-old writer is the 16th French writer and the first Frenchwoman to receive the literature prize. In congratulating her, the president of France, Emmanuel Macron said that she was the voice of the freedom of women.
Ernaux was born in Lillebonne in 1940 and grew up in nearby Yvetot, where her parents ran a café and grocery in a working-class part of town. She studied at universities, qualified as a school teacher, and earned a higher degree in modern literature in 1971. In the early 1970s, Ernaux taught at a college, before joining the National Centre Distance Education, where she was employed for 23 years.
Ernaux started her literary career in 1974 with Cleaned Out, an autobiographical novel. In 1984 she won the Renaudot Prize for another of her works A Man’s Place, an autobiographical narrative focusing on her relationship with her father and her experiences growing up in a small town in France. A Woman’s Story was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. Ernaux’s 2008 historical memoir The Years was well-received by French critics. It is the story of a woman and of the society she lived in. The Years won the 2009 Telégramme Readers Prize and the 2016 Strega European Prize. Translated by Alison L. Strayer, The Years was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2019. Her popularity increased sharply after The Years was shortlisted for the international Booker.
“Her path to authorship was long and difficult, and the story is serious but the language is plain,” Anders Olsson of the Swedish Academy said on Thursday as he announced her award. “And when she with great courage and sharpness shows the physical or mental pain of the experience of class, combining historic and individual experiences to see who you are, she has achieved something admirable and lasting.” Anders Olsson added.
29．What does Macron think of Annie Ernaux?
A．She has a bad memory of her childhood. B．She is the 82nd French writer ever awarded.
C．She is concerned about women’s freedom. D．She is the most outstanding woman writer.
30．Which book makes Ernaux popular in the world?
A．Cleaned Out. B．The Years. C．A Woman’s Story. D．A Man’s Place.
31．What can be inferred from Ernaux’s books?
A．Most of her books are about French history. B．She began her writing career at a young age.
C．Her book is closely related to her strict father. D．She wrote the book based on her own experiences.
32．What can we learn from Ernaux’s story?
A．Hold your horses. B．Hang on to your dreams.
C．Success doesn’t happen overnight. D．Quitters never win and winners never quit.

（2023秋·遼寧沈陽·高一沈陽市第一二〇中學(xué)?？计谀￤hether it’s a tricky math problem or unexpected bill, daily life is full of stressful experiences. No matter what happens, we know that spending time with dogs can help you feel better. While previous studies have suggested dogs might detect human’s emotions, possibly through smell, but now scientists have discovered that our furry friends understand human’s emotions much better than we realized. Thanks to a series of experiments, researchers found that dogs can smell when people are stressed.
The study took place at Queen’s University in Belfast. Four owners volunteered their dogs to take part—Treo, Fingal, Soot and Winnie—and 36 humans volunteered too. The people were asked to do a very difficult math test and if they became stressed (this was measured by checking their blood pressure and heart rate) then samples of their sweat and breath were taken. First, the dogs were trained to pick out a stressed person’s sample. Then they were given three samples to sniff—one was blank, one was a calm person’s smell and one was a stressed person’s smell. Out of 720 trials, the dogs picked the stressed smell 675 times, and were given a treat. This showed that, to a dog, stressed people and calm people smell completely different.
Researcher Clara Wilson told The Guardian Newspaper, “It was pretty amazing to see them so confident in telling me these two things definitely smell different.” The study could help to teach therapy dogs, which are trained to give people emotional support. However, the team say while it was unclear what chemicals the dogs picked up on, the study definitively shows humans produce different smell when they have a stress response.
33．What do the researchers find?
A．Dogs would like to be volunteers. B．Dogs can smell out people’s stress.
C．People’s stress is measured by math. D．Stress makes people socially relaxed.
34．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us?
A．The reason of the stress. B．The function of the math.
C．The number of the volunteers. D．The process of the experiment.
35．What do the underlined words “picked up on” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Held on to. B．Made up for.
C．Kept pace with. D．Became aware of.
36．What is the text?
A．A research article. B．A diary entry. C．A news report. D．A dog’s story.

（2023秋·吉林·高一統(tǒng)考期末）American English and British English are similar in many ways. For example, most spellings and grammar rules are largely the same. However, the two languages are truly different in speech. Take the accents (口音) of Chris Evans, the star of Captain America, and Rowan Atkinson, who played Mr Bean, as an example of how far the two languages differ in modern times. But have you ever wondered how this change happened?
For that, we have to look at how both dialects began. According to the BBC, British English dates back to 449 AD, when the Saxons and the Angles — tribes (部落) from modern-day Germany and Denmark — entered Britain, replacing the ancient Celtic language.
As Celtic slowly faded, an early form of British English appeared with influences from French and Latin. It later became standard all over the UK following the first complete Modern English translation of the Bible (圣經(jīng)) in 1535 and the appearance of writers like William Shakespeare. This went on to form British English as we know today.
However, in the USA, Britons’ language, other European languages, and Native American words all formed the basis of US English. New words also appeared. But they soon turned into a tool during the independence movement. In 1789, Noah Webster, a dictionary writer wrote, “As an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, in language as well as government.”
After the independence movement, US English kept changing based on neighboring cultures. This can still be seen through state names such as Delaware and Illinois, which were from Native American language, and Colorado and Nevada, which were influenced by Spanish in the 1800s.
These days, Britons and Americans still argue over terminology (術(shù)語) and spellings. But their differences form a key part of each nation’s historical culture. Indeed, it shows the truth behind the sentence, “Britain and America are two nations divided by a common language.”
37．Why does the writer mention Chris Evans and Rowan Atkinson in Paragraph 1?
A．To tell us both of them are world-famous actors.
B．To show there are differences between the two English.
C．To inform us which kind of English each of them speaks.
D．To compare which English is used more widely now.
38．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Put down. B．Got popular.
C．Died out. D．Made changes.
39．What do we know about US English?
A．It was based on several languages.
B．All its words came from other languages.
C．It led to the US independence movement.
D．Neighboring countries didn’t influence it.
40．Which is the most suitable title for the passage?
A．Discovering the Influence of English Languages
B．Arguing Over the Spellings of English Languages
C．Exploring the Development of English Languages
D．Guessing at the Future of English Languages

1．C????2．C????3．B????4．B
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)越來越多的證據(jù)表明，虎鯨已經(jīng)發(fā)展出了一種復(fù)雜的文化：動(dòng)物相互學(xué)習(xí)的一系列行為。文章還說明了虎鯨的文化以及帶給人們的啟示。
1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Scientists have found increasing evidence that orcas have developed a complex culture: A series of behaviors animals learn from one another.(科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)越來越多的證據(jù)表明，虎鯨已經(jīng)發(fā)展出了一種復(fù)雜的文化：動(dòng)物相互學(xué)習(xí)的一系列行為)”可推知，虎鯨從別人那里學(xué)習(xí)行為。故選C。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“And he hopes that existing features of orcas can be an opportunity for us humans to begin to see ourselves not so different than the natural world.(他希望虎鯨的現(xiàn)有特征可以成為一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，讓我們?nèi)祟愰_始看到自己與自然界沒有太大的不同)”可知，虎鯨為人類提供的機(jī)會(huì)是意識(shí)到人類并不是獨(dú)一無二的。故選C。
3．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“to a number of evolutionary selection pressures — from hot deserts to the cold Arctic”可知，后文提到了從炎熱的沙漠到寒冷的北極，說明我們自己的文化幫助我們適應(yīng)了許多進(jìn)化選擇的壓力。故畫線詞意思是“適應(yīng)”。故選B。
4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Through researches, scientists discover that orcas have unique family structures and behaviors, which are passed from generation to generation. They stay in groups and the leading female orcas will teach specific behaviors to younger animals. This complex culture influences deeply what and how orcas eat, what they do for fun, and even their choice of mates.(通過研究，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)虎鯨有獨(dú)特的家族結(jié)構(gòu)和行為，并代代相傳。它們成群結(jié)隊(duì)，領(lǐng)頭的雌性虎鯨會(huì)教年幼的逆戟鯨特定的行為。這種復(fù)雜的文化深深影響著虎鯨的飲食、娛樂方式，甚至它們對(duì)配偶的選擇)”結(jié)合文章還說明了虎鯨的文化以及帶給人們的啟示?？芍?，故B選項(xiàng)“虎鯨的秘密文化”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選B。
5．A????6．B????7．A????8．C

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)使翻譯人們的腦電波成為可能。FMRI裝置具有極高的精確度，通過追蹤腦細(xì)胞的氧氣“讀取”人們的思想，甚至可以用來復(fù)述參與者的所見所聞。
5．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“With up to 93 percent accuracy (新設(shè)備的準(zhǔn)確率高達(dá)93%)”可知，此處的“strong promise”表示的意思是“精確度高”。由此可知，“strong promise”的意思是該裝置具有高精度。故選A。
6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Active brain cells have more oxygen. By tracking this, scientists can translate brain activity.(活躍的腦細(xì)胞有更多的氧氣。通過追蹤這一點(diǎn)，科學(xué)家可以轉(zhuǎn)換大腦活動(dòng))”可知，F(xiàn)MRI通過追蹤腦細(xì)胞的氧氣“讀取”人們的思想。故選B。
7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)三段中的“One problem with such mind-reading machines, however, is that they have to put electrodes into people’s brains. It’s inconvenient and has health risks (然而，這種讀心機(jī)的一個(gè)問題是，它們必須將電極插入人的大腦。這既不方便又有健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn))”以及“They tried to translate people’s thoughts without even touching their heads, reported Live Science. (據(jù)《現(xiàn)場科學(xué)》報(bào)道，他們?cè)噲D翻譯人們的想法，甚至不用觸摸他們的頭)”可推知，與故事中提到的第一種設(shè)備相比，F(xiàn)MRI的優(yōu)勢是更安全。故選A。
8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“It could even retell a story that the participants imagined in their heads.(它甚至可以復(fù)述參與者在腦海中想象的故事)”可知，F(xiàn)MRI的錄音可以用來復(fù)述參與者的所見所聞。故選C。
9．C????10．B????11．C????12．B

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要說明了房屋建造商Project Etopia的首席執(zhí)行官兼創(chuàng)始人Joseph Daniel建造了高科技生態(tài)住宅，介紹了背后的原因以及這種住宅的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢。
9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.(他本人所經(jīng)歷的困難，不僅沒有被視為缺點(diǎn)，反而促使他接受挑戰(zhàn)，通過建造普通民眾不僅負(fù)擔(dān)得起，而且真正愿意居住的高科技生態(tài)住宅，解決英國住房危機(jī)和應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的問題)”可知，Daniel受到自己處理住房危機(jī)的經(jīng)歷的啟發(fā)。故選C。
10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“They are made up of several parts and each part is made in Daniel’s own factory in Cheshire. Traditional houses take months to complete, while his homes can be put together easily on site due to being partially pre-built in the factory.(它們由幾個(gè)部分組成，每個(gè)部分都是在丹尼爾在柴郡自己的工廠里制造的。傳統(tǒng)的房子需要幾個(gè)月才能完成，而他的房子可以很容易地在現(xiàn)場組裝起來，因?yàn)椴糠质窃诠S里預(yù)先建造的)”可推知，Daniel的房子部分是提前建造的。故選B。
11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Houses are not only faster to build, but will also have smart technology built in and be much more energy efficient than the average home. With solar panels, Daniel says he can build houses that will generate more power than they use, potentially making up for some of the six tons of carbon emitted annually by the “typical” house as a result of the heat and power required.(房屋不僅建造速度更快，而且還內(nèi)置了智能技術(shù)，比普通家庭節(jié)能得多。Daniel說，有了太陽能電池板，他可以建造產(chǎn)生比使用更多電力的房屋，有可能彌補(bǔ)“典型”房屋每年因所需的熱量和電力而排放的6噸碳中的一部分)”可推知，Daniel的房子環(huán)保且先進(jìn)。故選C。
12．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Far from seeing it as a shortcoming, the hardship he himself experienced is what drives him to take on the challenge of solving the UK’s housing crisis and dealing with climate change at the same time by building high-tech eco-homes that ordinary people cannot only afford, but will also really want to live in.(他本人所經(jīng)歷的困難，不僅沒有被視為缺點(diǎn)，反而促使他接受挑戰(zhàn)，通過建造普通民眾不僅負(fù)擔(dān)得起，而且真正愿意居住的高科技生態(tài)住宅，解決英國住房危機(jī)和應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的問題)”以及最后一段““I want to slow climate change through housing,” he says. “It’s our responsibility as humans. That’s what our project is about. If you can get the economics and the environment right, you can make things better.”(“我想通過住房來減緩氣候變化，”他說?！斑@是我們作為人類的責(zé)任。這就是我們項(xiàng)目的內(nèi)容。如果你能讓經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境變得正確，你就能讓事情變得更好?！?”結(jié)合主要說明了房屋建造商Project Etopia的首席執(zhí)行官兼創(chuàng)始人Joseph Daniel建造了高科技生態(tài)住宅，介紹了背后的原因以及這種住宅的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢?？芍?，這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容是關(guān)于Daniel解決住房和氣候問題的獨(dú)特方式。故選B。
13．C????14．B????15．B????16．A

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了海貍筑壩雖然有利于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)建和發(fā)展，但同時(shí)影響了其他物種的遷移以及人們的生活。
13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“This is primarily because beavers need to use their dams to hide from predators (捕食者)like bears, wolves, and river otters. (這主要是因?yàn)楹Ｘ傂枰盟鼈兊乃畨蝸矶惚苄?、狼和河獺等捕食者。)”可知，海貍筑壩的原因是為了利用它們躲避捕食者。故選C。
14．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段中“Beavers build dams up to 5 meters high, and the largest one, in Alberta, Canada, is 850 meters long. Most dams are built from pieces of wood, with stones at the base and a sealing layer of mud and plants on the upstream side. (海貍建造的水壩高達(dá)5米，最大的水壩位于加拿大阿爾伯塔省，有850米長。大多數(shù)水壩都是用木塊建造的，底部有石頭，上游有一層泥土和植物作為密封層。)”可知，本段主要介紹海貍建造的水壩的基本特征如壩高，壩長以及建造材料等等。故選B。
15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Beaver dams can promote the creation and development of stable wetland ecosystems (海貍水壩可以促進(jìn)穩(wěn)定濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)建和發(fā)展。)”可知，本段主要論述的是海貍建造的水壩是有利于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)建和發(fā)展的即具有重要的生態(tài)意義。故選B。
16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Thus, people should control the construction of beaver dams, especially in human-inhabited areas, near agricultural fields and pasture lands. (因此，人們應(yīng)該控制海貍水壩的建設(shè)，特別是在人類居住的地區(qū)，靠近農(nóng)田和牧場。)”可知，海貍筑建的水壩影響了人類的生活，故需要控制海貍的水壩建設(shè)。故選A。
17．D????18．D????19．C????20．A

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。作者通過介紹一個(gè)漢字拼寫大賽的相關(guān)情況談到了漢字拼寫的現(xiàn)狀，再提及文化傳承的希望。
17．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Every week in China , millions of people will sit in front of their TVs watching teenagers compete for the title Character Hero which is a Chinese-style spelling bee (拼寫大賽) . (在中國每周有數(shù)百萬的人坐在電視前觀看青少年?duì)帄Z“漢字英雄”的稱號(hào)，這是一種中國式拼寫大賽)”可知， Chinese-style spelling bee引起了全國公眾的極大關(guān)注。故選D。
18．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Unfortunately, all over the country, Chinese people are forgetting how to write their own language without computerized help. Software on smart phones and computers allows users to type in the basic sound of the word using the Latin alphabet. The correct character is chosen from a list. The result? It’s possible to recognize characters without remembering how to write them.(不幸的是，在全國各地，中國人正在忘記如何在沒有計(jì)算機(jī)幫助下書寫自己的語言。智能手機(jī)和電腦上的軟件讓用戶打出基本的拉丁字母的拼寫。正確的漢字就出現(xiàn)在列表中供用戶選擇。結(jié)果？很可能是只認(rèn)識(shí)漢字而不會(huì)書寫漢字了)”可知，中國人正在忘記如何寫漢字是因?yàn)樵诳萍嫉膸椭?，人們不需要?jīng)常用手書寫。故選D。
19．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Shen Bin說的話“The ability to write characters is part of Chinese tradition and culture.(書寫漢字的能力是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的一部分)”以及“Students must learn now so they don't forget when they grow up.(學(xué)生現(xiàn)在必須學(xué)會(huì)，否則長大了就會(huì)忘記)”可知，根據(jù)Shen Bin老師的說法，要求學(xué)生寫字有助于保持中國傳統(tǒng)和文化的活力。故選C。
20．推理判斷題。本文由漢字拼寫大賽的情況，談到中國漢字拼寫的現(xiàn)狀，再提及文化傳承的希望，由此可推斷本文來自一篇新聞報(bào)道。故選A。
21．D????22．D????23．B????24．A

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章一項(xiàng)研究表明：長途遷徙的鳥類往往比其他鳥類更有可能與伴侶分手，研究人員研究了其原因。
21．推理判斷題。由第二段中的“About 90 per cent of bird species are socially monogamous (一夫一妻制的), which means once they form pairs, they will stay together for life. (大約90%的鳥類在社會(huì)上是一夫一妻制，這意味著一旦它們結(jié)成一對(duì)，它們就會(huì)終生呆在一起)”可知，大多數(shù)鳥類往往只有一個(gè)配偶。故選D項(xiàng)。
22．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段中的“Finding a new partner may seem a safer bet even if it requires energy to please a new mate, he says. (他說，尋找新伴侶似乎是一個(gè)更安全的選擇，即使這需要精力來取悅新伴侶)”可知，大藍(lán)鷺的離婚率是100%，是因?yàn)閾Q一個(gè)新的伴侶對(duì)他們來說更安全。故選D項(xiàng)。
23．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段中的“Black-tailed godwits, for example, migrate more than 1000 kilometres from Iceland to the UK or southwest Europe each year but have relatively low divorce rates. This seems to be due to a super ability to keep pace with their partners. Although members of a pair will follow separate migration paths and typically end up more than 900 kilometres away from each other, they are somehow able to return to Iceland at almost the same time, which reduces the risk of break-ups. (例如，黑尾滕鷸每年從冰島遷徙1000多公里到英國或西南歐，但離婚率相對(duì)較低。這似乎是由于它們有超強(qiáng)的能力與伴侶保持同步。盡管一對(duì)成員會(huì)走不同的遷徙路線，最終通常相距900多公里，但它們幾乎可以同時(shí)返回冰島，這降低了分手的風(fēng)險(xiǎn))”可知，黑尾滕鷸幾乎相同的返回時(shí)間降低了它們離婚的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。故選B項(xiàng)。
24．主旨大意題。由第一段“Birds that migrate long distances tend to be more likely than others to break up with their partners, according to an analysis of 232 species conducted by Sun Yat-sen University. (中山大學(xué)對(duì)232種鳥類進(jìn)行的分析顯示，長途遷徙的鳥類往往比其他鳥類更有可能與伴侶分手)”和下文分析長途遷徙導(dǎo)致鳥類離婚率高的原因可知，文章一項(xiàng)研究表明：長途遷徙的鳥類往往比其他鳥類更有可能與伴侶分手，研究人員分析了長途遷徙導(dǎo)致鳥類離婚率高的原因，A項(xiàng)“遷徙與鳥類離婚率相關(guān)”符合文意。故選A項(xiàng)。
25．A????26．B????27．C????28．B

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了英國建造新工廠來處理電子垃圾，以獲得用于鑄幣和金條的貴金屬。介紹了電子垃圾的危害以及新工廠的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
25．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“The Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to”以及后文“precious metals for coins and gold bars”可知，英國皇家造幣廠宣布了建造新工廠的計(jì)劃，該工廠將對(duì)電子垃圾進(jìn)行處理，以獲得用于鑄幣和金條的貴金屬。故畫線詞意思“獲得”。故選A。
26．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“However, it is estimated that just 20% of old electronics are recycled worldwide. This is not just a waste; it can be dangerous, because when e-waste is buried in rubbish dumps, metals and chemicals can leak out and pollute the environment.(然而，據(jù)估計(jì)，全球只有20%的舊電子產(chǎn)品被回收。這不僅僅是一種浪費(fèi)；這可能很危險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)楫?dāng)電子垃圾被埋在垃圾場時(shí)，金屬和化學(xué)物質(zhì)會(huì)泄漏出來，污染環(huán)境)”可知，舊電子產(chǎn)品如果不回收利用會(huì)造成環(huán)境污染問題。故選B。
27．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段““Our new plant will see the Royal Mint become a leader in sustainably sourced precious metals,” said Anne Jessopp, the Mint’s CEO.(造幣廠首席執(zhí)行官安妮·杰索普說：“我們的新工廠將使皇家造幣廠成為可持續(xù)采購貴金屬的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。”)”可推知，Anne Jessopp認(rèn)為新工廠是有前途的。故選C。
28．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“The Royal Mint has announced plans for a new factory where it will process electronic junk to extract precious metals for coins and gold bars. The factory will be the first of its kind in the world.(英國皇家造幣廠宣布了建造新工廠的計(jì)劃，該工廠將對(duì)電子垃圾進(jìn)行處理，以提取用于鑄幣和金條的貴金屬。該工廠將是世界上第一家此類工廠)”結(jié)合介紹了電子垃圾的危害以及新工廠的優(yōu)點(diǎn)?？芍珺選項(xiàng)“變廢為寶”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選B。
29．C????30．B????31．D????32．C

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了Annie Ernaux被授予2022年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，介紹了其個(gè)人經(jīng)歷以及做平。
29．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“In congratulating her, the president of France, Emmanuel Macron said that she was the voice of the freedom of women.(法國總統(tǒng)埃Emmanuel Macron在祝賀她時(shí)表示，她是女性自由的聲音)”可知，Macron認(rèn)為Annie Ernaux 關(guān)心婦女的自由。故選C。
30．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“The Years won the 2009 Telégramme Readers Prize and the 2016 Strega European Prize. Translated by Alison L. Strayer, The Years was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2019. Her popularity increased sharply after The Years was shortlisted for the international Booker.(《歲月》獲得了2009年Telégramme讀者獎(jiǎng)和2016年斯特雷加歐洲獎(jiǎng)?！稓q月》由Alison L. Strayer翻譯，于2019年獲得國際布克獎(jiǎng)提名?！稓q月》入圍國際布克獎(jiǎng)后，她的人氣急劇上升)”可知，The Years讓Ernaux風(fēng)靡全球。故選B。
31．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“In 1984 she won the Renaudot Prize for another of her works A Man’s Place, an autobiographical narrative focusing on her relationship with her father and her experiences growing up in a small town in France.(1984年，她的另一部作品《男人的地方》獲得雷諾多獎(jiǎng)，這是一部自傳體小說，講述了她與父親的關(guān)系，以及她在法國一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)長大的經(jīng)歷)”可推知，Ernaux根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)歷寫了本書。故選D。
32．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段““Her path to authorship was long and difficult, and the story is serious but the language is plain,” Anders Olsson of the Swedish Academy said on Thursday as he announced her award. “And when she with great courage and sharpness shows the physical or mental pain of the experience of class, combining historic and individual experiences to see who you are, she has achieved something admirable and lasting.” Anders Olsson added.(“她成為作家的道路漫長而艱難，故事很嚴(yán)肅，但語言樸實(shí)，”瑞典文學(xué)院的Anders Olsson周四宣布她獲獎(jiǎng)時(shí)說。“當(dāng)她以極大的勇氣和敏銳展現(xiàn)階級(jí)經(jīng)歷中身體或精神上的痛苦，結(jié)合歷史和個(gè)人經(jīng)歷來看看你是誰時(shí)，她已經(jīng)取得了令人欽佩和持久的成就?！盇nders Olsson補(bǔ)充道)”可推知，厄諾的故事告訴我們成功不是一蹴而就的。故選C。
33．B????34．D????35．D????36．A

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)人們有壓力的時(shí)候，狗可以嗅出。這項(xiàng)研究可以幫助指導(dǎo)治療犬，使它們被訓(xùn)練，來給予人們情感支持。
33．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Thanks to a series of experiments, researchers found that dogs can smell when people are stressed.(通過一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)狗可以嗅出人們壓力的時(shí)候。)”可知，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)狗能嗅出人們的壓力。故選B項(xiàng)。
34．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“The study took place at Queen’s University in Belfast. Four owners volunteered their dogs to take part—Treo, Fingal, Soot and Winnie—and 36 humans volunteered too. The people were asked to do a very difficult math test and if they became stressed (this was measured by checking their blood pressure and heart rate) then samples of their sweat and breath were taken. First, the dogs were trained to pick out a stressed person’s sample. Then they were given three samples to sniff—one was blank, one was a calm person’s smell and one was a stressed person’s smell. Out of 720 trials, the dogs picked the stressed smell 675 times, and were given a treat. This showed that, to a dog, stressed people and calm people smell completely different.(這項(xiàng)研究是在貝爾法斯特的女王大學(xué)進(jìn)行的。四名主人自愿讓他們的狗參加——Treo, Fingal, Soot和Winnie，還有36名人類也自愿。這些人被要求做一個(gè)非常困難的數(shù)學(xué)測試，如果他們感到壓力(這是通過測量他們的血壓和心率來測量的)，那么就會(huì)采集他們的汗水和呼吸樣本。首先，訓(xùn)練狗挑選一個(gè)有壓力的人的樣本。然后讓他們聞三種氣味——一種是空白的，一種是平靜的人的氣味，一種是壓力大的人的氣味。在720次試驗(yàn)中，這些狗挑選了675次壓力氣味，并得到了獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。這表明，對(duì)于狗來說，壓力大的人和平靜的人聞起來完全不同。)”可知，本段介紹了試驗(yàn)的過程。故選D項(xiàng)。
35．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線單詞前“what chemicals the dogs”后“?the study definitively shows humans produce different smell when they have a stress response(這項(xiàng)研究明確表明，當(dāng)人類有壓力反應(yīng)時(shí)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的氣味。)” 可知，此處表示，不管狗嗅到（覺察到）什么化學(xué)物質(zhì)，人類在有壓力時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同氣味。故選D項(xiàng)。
36．推理判斷題題。通讀全文，尤其是第一段最后一句“Thanks to a series of experiments, researchers found that dogs can smell when people are stressed.(通過一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)狗可以嗅出人們壓力的時(shí)候。)”和最后一段最后一句“?However, the team say while it was unclear what chemicals the dogs picked up on, the study definitively shows humans produce different smell when they have a stress response.(然而，研究小組表示，雖然還不清楚狗狗們會(huì)嗅到什么化學(xué)物質(zhì)，但這項(xiàng)研究明確表明，人類在應(yīng)激反應(yīng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的氣味是不同的。)”可知，文章介紹了一項(xiàng)研究，是一篇研究文章。故選A項(xiàng)。
37．B????38．C????39．A????40．C

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了英式英語與美式英語的形成及發(fā)展歷史，并指出兩者之間的關(guān)系：英國和美國是兩個(gè)被同一種語言分裂的國家。
37．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“However, the two languages are truly different in speech. Take the accents (口音) of Chris Evans, the star of Captain America, and Rowan Atkinson, who played Mr Bean, as an example of how far the two languages differ in modern times.(然而，這兩種語言在發(fā)音上確實(shí)不同。以美國隊(duì)長的主演克里斯·埃文斯和憨豆先生的扮演者羅文·阿特金森的口音為例，說明了這兩種語言在現(xiàn)代的差異有多大)”可推知，作者在第一段提到了克里斯·埃文斯和羅溫·阿特金森，是為了表明英式英語和美式英語是有差異的。故選B。
38．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中的“According to the BBC, British English dates back to 449 AD, when the Saxons and the Angles — tribes (部落) from modern-day Germany and Denmark — entered Britain, replacing the ancient Celtic language.(據(jù)BBC報(bào)道，英式英語可以追溯到公元449年，當(dāng)時(shí)來自今天德國和丹麥的撒克遜人和盎格魯人進(jìn)入英國，取代了古老的凱爾特語)”以及劃線句子中的后半部分“an early form of British English appeared with influences from French and Latin.(在法語和拉丁語的影響下，早期形式的英式英語出現(xiàn)了，受到法語和拉丁語的影響)”可知，凱爾特語慢慢消失了。由此可知，劃線詞faded與died out(滅亡、逐漸消失)意思接近。故選C。
39．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“However, in the USA, Britons’ language, other European languages, and Native American words all formed the basis of US English.(然而，在美國，英國人的語言、其他歐洲語言和美洲原住民的詞匯都構(gòu)成了美式英語的基礎(chǔ))”可知，多種語言構(gòu)成了美式英語的基礎(chǔ)。故選A。
40．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中的“American English and British English are similar in many ways. For example, most spellings and grammar rules are largely the same. However, the two languages are truly different in speech.(美式英語和英式英語在許多方面相似。例如，大多數(shù)拼寫和語法規(guī)則在很大程度上是相同的。然而，這兩種語言在發(fā)音上確實(shí)不同)”及下文可知，本文以時(shí)間為線索，探索了英式英語和美式英語形成及發(fā)展的歷史，從而產(chǎn)生了兩者之間的差異。由此可知，Exploring the Development of English Languages(探究英語語言的發(fā)展)適合作本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選C。

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