專題9.必過語法謂語動(dòng)詞（時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，主謂一致） ——2023年高中英語學(xué)業(yè)水平考試專項(xiàng)精講+測(cè)試（譯林版2020）-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)歷來是高考考查的重點(diǎn)。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)考查雖多，但考向非常集中，最常考的是一般過去時(shí)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，其次是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其他時(shí)態(tài)考查相對(duì)較少。因此備考重點(diǎn)是：①動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法　　②動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的基本用法　　③主謂一致高頻考點(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(以動(dòng)詞do為例) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般時(shí)do/doesdidshall/will doshould/would do進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are doingwas/were doingshall/will be doingshould/would be doing完成時(shí)have/has donehad doneshall/will have doneshould/would have done完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/has been doinghad been doingshall/will have been doingshould/would have been doing1.一般時(shí)態(tài)(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)①表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。We have meals three times a day.我們一日吃三餐。②表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)及自然現(xiàn)象。The sun sets in the west.太陽從西方落下。③在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。I’ll write to her when I have time.有時(shí)間我會(huì)寫信給她。(2)一般過去時(shí)①表示過去發(fā)生的一次性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。We often played basketball together.我們(過去)經(jīng)常在一起打籃球。②時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語從句中，若主句用了過去將來時(shí)，從句常用一般過去時(shí)。He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.他說他一見到她就把這個(gè)消息告訴她。單句語法填空①The 80，000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, ____________(form) the core collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.②The unmanned Chang’e－4 probe (探測(cè)器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—____________(touch) down last week in the South Pole－Aitken basin.③When/As he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (傳奇的) artist, they smiled and ____________(point) down the river.④New methods ____________(mean)that fewer people worked in farming.⑤While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it ____________(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.⑥Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school ____________(come) first.I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling.”【答案】1.formed 2.touched 3.pointed 4.meant5.is6.comes 2．進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are＋現(xiàn)在分詞)①表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。He is working on a paper.他在寫一篇論文。②與always，often等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行為或某種感情色彩。The girl is always talking aloud in public.這個(gè)女孩總是在公眾場(chǎng)合大聲說話。③表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。這樣的動(dòng)詞有go，come，start，leave，arrive，begin，return等。I’m leaving for Beijing next month.我下個(gè)月要去北京。(2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were＋現(xiàn)在分詞)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他在讀一本有趣的書。(3)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(will/shall＋be＋現(xiàn)在分詞)表示將來某時(shí)或某一時(shí)段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常表示事情的正常發(fā)展。I’ll be doing some housework tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我將要干些家務(wù)活。補(bǔ)全句子①Listen! Mary ________________________________________________．聽！瑪麗正在教室里唱一首英文歌。②He ________________________ from 3：00 to 5：00 yesterday afternoon.昨天下午從3點(diǎn)到5點(diǎn)他一直在家看電視。③They ________________________ at the station.他們會(huì)在車站接我們的。【答案】1.is singing an English song in the classroom2.was watching TV at home3.will be meeting us 3．將來時(shí)態(tài)(1)一般將來時(shí)①“will/shall＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，即單純的將來事實(shí)。I shall call you as soon as I arrive.我一到就給你打電話。They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.他們可能去上海度假。②一般將來時(shí)的常用結(jié)構(gòu)·用于“I expect, I’m sure, I think, I wonder＋賓語從句”中·用于“祈使句＋and＋陳述句”中·與表示時(shí)間或條件的狀語從句連用Don’t worry about the exam.I’m sure you’ll pass.不要擔(dān)心這次考試，我確信你會(huì)通過的。If you ask him, he will help you.如果你請(qǐng)他幫忙，他會(huì)幫助你的。③表示一般將來時(shí)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)·be going to do sth表示計(jì)劃、打算要做某事或者有預(yù)兆要發(fā)生某事。·be to do sth表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將做某事，或者按照職責(zé)、義務(wù)、規(guī)定等要做某事。·be about to do sth表示即將發(fā)生某事。該結(jié)構(gòu)通常不與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用。He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在電視上講話。Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看這些烏云，要下雨了。When are you to leave/leaving for home?你什么時(shí)候回家？The train is about to start.火車就要開了。(2)過去將來時(shí)(should/would＋動(dòng)詞原形)①過去將來時(shí)是“立足過去，著眼未來”的一種時(shí)態(tài)，常用于賓語從句中。 He said he would be here at eight o’clock.他說他將在八點(diǎn)鐘到這里。②三種表示過去將來時(shí)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)·was/were going to＋動(dòng)詞原形·was/were to＋動(dòng)詞原形·was/were about to＋動(dòng)詞原形I thought it was going to rain.我當(dāng)時(shí)覺得要下雨。He told me he was to get married the next week.他告訴我他下周結(jié)婚。單句寫作①我今天下午有空。(shall do)________________________________________________.②如果你努力，就會(huì)成功的。(祈使句＋and＋陳述句)________________________________________________.③除非下雨，否則我們是要去的。(unless)________________________________________________.④這條公路將在五月份通車。(be to do)________________________________________________.⑤今年冬天我打算買一件新大衣。(be going to)________________________________________________.【答案】1.I shall be free this afternoon.2.Work hard and you will succeed.3.We shall go unless it rains.4.The highway is to be open to traffic in May.5.I’m going to buy a new coat this winter.4．完成時(shí)態(tài)(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has＋過去分詞)①表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過去，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(甚至到將來)。常與之連用的時(shí)間狀語有：lately，recently，in the last(past) few days/years，since then，up to now，so far等。In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.在過去的幾年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。②表示過去發(fā)生的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果。常用的狀語有：already，ever，just(剛剛)，yet等。He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)他已經(jīng)關(guān)掉燈了。③在“最高級(jí)＋名詞”或“It/This is＋the＋序數(shù)詞＋time”之后的從句中謂語動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。This is the first time(that)I have come here.這是我第一次來這里。【易混辨析】have gone to意為“去某地了”，表示此人現(xiàn)在還在那里沒有回來。have been to意為“去過某地”，表示此人已經(jīng)回來了。He has gone to live abroad.他到國(guó)外居住了。Have you ever been to Shanghai?你去過上海嗎？(2)過去完成時(shí)(had＋過去分詞)①一件事情發(fā)生在過去，而另外一件事情先于它發(fā)生(即表“過去的過去”)，那么發(fā)生在前的動(dòng)作要用過去完成時(shí)。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他說他在國(guó)外待了3 年了。②hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)③在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely...when...”和“No sooner...than...”句型中，when和than從句里用一般過去時(shí)，主句用過去完成時(shí)，且用倒裝，表示“剛剛……就……”。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我剛到家，大雨就傾盆而下。(3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have/has＋been＋現(xiàn)在分詞)①表示動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且還要繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。I have been reading Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms recently.我最近一直在讀海明威的《永別了，武器》。②表示一個(gè)近期內(nèi)一直重復(fù)發(fā)生、反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。You’ve been saying that for five years.這話你已經(jīng)說了五年了。③現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have/has been doing)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等狀語以及since和for引導(dǎo)的狀語從句連用。He has been writing articles to the newspapers since he became a teacher.自從任教以來，他一直在為報(bào)刊撰稿。單句語法填空/補(bǔ)全句子①In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut ____________(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a belief that populations are increasing.②Sarah ________________________ (tell)that she could be Britain’s new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.③She ________________________ since she became a teacher.任教以來，她一直在努力工作。④When I got to the cinema，____________________________________．我到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)放映了。【答案】1.have reported2.has been told/was told 3.has been working hard4.the film had been on考點(diǎn)2動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)1.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)和句子時(shí)態(tài)的不同而變化。現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/should be done進(jìn)行is/am/are being donewas/were being donewill/shall be being donewould/should be being done完成have/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donewould/should have been done2.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義(1)“系動(dòng)詞look，sound，feel，smell，taste 等＋形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。The steel feels cold.鋼摸起來很涼。(2)動(dòng)詞need, require, want, be worth后加動(dòng)詞－ing形式的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)意義。My watch can’t work; it needs repairing.我的手表不能用了，需要修了。(3)某些可和well，easily 等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞，如read，write, draw，wash，clean，cook，sell 等。Nylon cleans easily.尼龍容易清洗。單句語法填空①The parts of a museum open to the public ____________(call) galleries or rooms.②The artist was sure he would ____________(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.③And，as more children were born，more food ____________ (need)．④This English saying has much truth in it：the best place ____________ (surround) by our loved ones and with a roof over our head.⑤On the last day of our week－long stay，we ____________ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.【答案】1. are called2.be chosen 3.was needed4.is surrounded5.were invited考點(diǎn)3主謂一致主謂一致是指謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上和主語一致，一般遵循三個(gè)原則，即：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。1．語法一致原則主語的單復(fù)數(shù)決定了謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、從句、不定代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.不得不換乘火車多少有些不便。(2)主語后接介詞短語或其他插入語，如with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，rather than，including，in addition to等時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語保持一致。Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.湯姆以及他的兩個(gè)朋友一起被邀請(qǐng)參加聚會(huì)了。(3)定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要與先行詞保持一致。My friend showed me around the small town，which was very attractive.我的朋友帶我參觀了這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)，它非常迷人。(4)“many a/more than one＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。each，every，no所修飾的名詞作主語時(shí)，即使有and連接，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.每個(gè)男生和女生都希望參加即將在周日舉辦的聚會(huì)。2．意義一致原則意義一致原則指不管主語的形式是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主語的意義決定了謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)集體名詞作主語時(shí)，若被看作一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；若被看作是集體中的每個(gè)成員，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.這個(gè)班由25個(gè)男生和20個(gè)女生組成。The class are doing an experiment.全班學(xué)生都在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(2)“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/the majority＋of＋名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義；all，some，half，most，the rest等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語實(shí)際表達(dá)的意義。About one third of the books are worth reading.這些書中大約有1/3值得一讀。(3)“the＋形容詞”表示一類人在句中作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.病人已被治愈，失蹤的人也都找到了。(4)a quantity of后接不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，后接可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。quantities of后無論接可數(shù)名詞還是接不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞均用復(fù)數(shù)形式。With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.由于越來越多的森林被毀，每年有大量的沃土被沖走。(5)“a number of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，“the number of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。The number of the students from the north is small.來自北方的學(xué)生人數(shù)很少。(6)表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、金額等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.對(duì)于一個(gè)男孩來說，3 000美元是一筆大數(shù)目。3．就近一致原則就近一致原則指謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于離它最近的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but (also)．..，not...but...等連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)常與最近的主語保持一致。Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.要么是你或者你的一名學(xué)生將出席明天的會(huì)議。(2)由there，here引起的主語不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語保持一致。There are three books and a pen on the desk.桌子上有三本書和一支鋼筆。單句語法填空①Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection ____________(be) on display.②This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers ____________(carry) special significance.③“This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it ____________(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon ____________(construct)．”【答案】1.is 2.carries 3.means ，is constructed綜合精練一.單句語法填空1．I ____________ (do)my homework when someone knocked at the door.2．Then all Rylee was looking forward to ____________(be) to be able to see Waba’s appearance.3．The twins, who ____________ (finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton in the playground.4．These dams ____________ (construct) so delicately that they look more like the work of man than of little dumb beasts.5．However, a pile of cells does not have the chewy texture of a chicken breast.Cells without a support ____________(be) more like a soup, or at best a meatball.6．There are many differences between China and India when it comes to how yoga ____________(practise)．7．And on weekends, she ____________(teach) local kids who needed extra help with their schoolwork.8．What I regret now ____________(be) not having ever really done anything for her.I suppose she never needed it.9．As a result, their number ____________ (grow) from just 20 pairs to 40 pairs in the past two years.10．Archaeologists started a new excavation at No.1 Pit in 2009.The 200 new warriors ____________(find) as a result of this effort.【答案】1.was doing2.was3.had finished4.are constructed5.are 6.is practised7.taught 8.is 9.has grown10.were found 二.語法填空My best friend Kaiya is like me.She 1.____________ (remind) me of myself.In the past, I 2.____________ (be)never confident because of my appearance.People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hairstyle, etc.At that time, I was the shortest student in my class.I started getting depressed.However, someone told me something that I will always remember.It was in March.Surrounded by a group of girls who 3.____________ (point) at me and laughed at me, I couldn’t help crying.The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river.To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li.She said，“you 4.____________ (be) perfect the way you are.You should never change or hate yourself.People 5.____________ (accept)you for who you 6.____________ (be)．But if you cannot accept yourself, then how will other people accept you？” I 7.____________ (inspire)by her words.Over the past few months，I 8.____________ (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws.Now I have wonderful friends who 9.____________ (love)me for who I am.Now, seeing Kaiya cry，I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10.____________ (tell)me.【語篇解讀】　英語老師的鼓勵(lì)讓我充滿自信。我決定把她的方法用來幫助我的好友。1．reminds　【解析】根據(jù)第一句的時(shí)態(tài)可推知，本空應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又因?yàn)橹髡Z為She，故答案為reminds。2．was　【解析】根據(jù)語境中的In the past可知，設(shè)空處用一般過去時(shí)，故答案為was。3．pointed　【解析】根據(jù)后面的laughed可知，設(shè)空處為pointed。4．are　【解析】本句為直接引語，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。5．will accept　【解析】結(jié)合下文的then how will other people accept you可知，答案為will accept。6．are　【解析】由上下文語境可知，應(yīng)填are。7．was inspired　【解析】設(shè)空處表示過去的事情且主語與inspire為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。8．have learned(learnt)　【解析】根據(jù)前面的Over the past few months可知，設(shè)空處用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。9．love　【解析】“who 9.________(love)me for who I am”為定語從句，先行詞為 friends 且設(shè)空處說的是現(xiàn)在的情況，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故答案為love。10．told　【解析】“Miss Li 10.________ (tell)me”為定語從句，設(shè)空處表示過去的事情，故用一般過去時(shí)。三.寫作運(yùn)用根據(jù)漢語提示補(bǔ)全短文，并注意本部分語法的使用Dear Bella，Learning from your e－mail that you want to know something about domestic garbage sorting in our country, 1.____________________________________(我想和你分享一下)．Garbage sorting is not only beneficial to the environment, but can save lots of natural resources.In our city，2.____________________________________(已經(jīng)采取措施)．For example, 3.________________________________________________(已組織了各種活動(dòng)來強(qiáng)調(diào)這一重要性)and there’re dustbins with signs for recyclable, harmful, kitchen and other waste so that 4.________________________________________________(公民能清楚地知道把垃圾放在哪里)．Since the measures are reasonable and favorable, we should stick to them.I hold the belief that 5.________________________________________________(只要我們繼續(xù)合作，我們的環(huán)境就會(huì)得到改善)．What’s your idea about garbage sorting? Please write to me.Yours，Li Hua【答案】1.I’d like to share it with you2.measures have been taken3.various activities have been organized to stress the importance4.citizens can know clearly where to put the garbage5.our environment will be improved as long as we keep working together

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