考點(diǎn)精講
【思維導(dǎo)圖】
【詞義猜測題微技能】
1．單詞或短語意義猜測
詞匯量小是制約學(xué)生閱讀理解能力的一個(gè)重要因素。具體技巧如下：
(1)根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測。有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。
(2)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系對(duì)前面或后面的詞義或短語意義進(jìn)行猜測。
(3)根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。當(dāng)詞或短語之間有并列連詞and 或r時(shí)，其連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的或相反的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，進(jìn)而可推知其大致意思。
(4)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化等)進(jìn)行猜測。在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴或在后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成另外一個(gè)詞，乍看起來，這個(gè)詞可能是新詞，但掌握一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)，就不難猜出它的詞義了。
(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。在一篇文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果；同樣，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。
(6)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。文章中的代詞it，that，this，he，him 或them等可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；有時(shí)還需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。
【典例剖析1】
Rather unsurprisingly, a massive 77 percent f the peple surveyed admitted t being bsessed with regularly taking selfies. What was mre interesting, thugh, was the fact that an astnishing 82 percent f peple said that they wuld rather see ther selfies n scial media.Diefenbach calls this the “selfies paradx”: the idea that we like taking selfies but seriusly dislike lking at ther peple’s selfies nline.
41. What des the wrd “paradx”(paragraph 5) mean?
A. cmplicated statementsB. cntradictry statements
C. cnstructive statementsD. cmplimentary statements
[解析] 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后的“the idea that we like taking selfies but seriusly dislike lking at ther peple’s selfies nline.”可知，我們喜歡自拍，但不喜歡在網(wǎng)上看別人的自拍，這兩點(diǎn)是相互矛盾的，由此可知畫線詞詞義為“相互矛盾的說法”，故B項(xiàng)正確。
【典例剖析2】
Take the mystery f migratin fr example. Scientists can’t really explain why many species f birds migrate in the autumn even thugh the temperature is still summery. The birds just seem t snub the cmfrtable weather that they are having. When a certain time cmes, they travel suth by the thusand. In spring time, they migrate nrthwards when thugh there prbably is snw still cvering the grund when they finally arrive. Smething said “g”, and they did.
37. The underlined wrd “snub” in the third paragraph prbably means ________.
A. fight B. ignre C. symblize D. criticize
[解析] 詞句猜測題。根據(jù)上文Scientists can’t really explain why many species f birds migrate in the autumn even thugh the temperature is still summery.(科學(xué)家無法真正解釋為什么許多鳥類在秋天遷徙，即使溫度仍然是夏季。)可推斷劃線句The birds just seem t snub the cmfrtable weather that they are having．句意：鳥兒似乎在忽視它們所擁有的舒適的天氣。結(jié)合下文When a certain time cmes, they travel suth by the thusand. ( 當(dāng)某一時(shí)刻到來時(shí)，它們大批大批地向南旅行。)可知，候鳥不管天氣如何，只要到了某個(gè)時(shí)間就會(huì)遷徙，因此推斷劃線詞詞義為“忽視”，與ignre意思相近。故答案為B。
【典例剖析3】
Nervus suspects lcked up in Britain's newest plice statin may feel relieved by a pleasant yellw clur n the dr. If they are clse t cnfessing a crime, the blue n the wall might tip the balance.
56. The expressin “tip the balance” in paragraph 1 prbably indicates that the blue might_________.
A. let suspects keep their balance.
B. make suspects cld and unfriendly in law curt.
C. help suspects t cnfess their crimes.
D. enable suspects t change their attitudes t clurs.
[解析] 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)Nervus suspects(嫌疑犯) lcked up in Britain's newest plice statin may feel relieved by a pleasant yellw clur n the dr. If they are clse t cnfessing a crime, the blue n the wall might tip the balance可知，黃色和藍(lán)色是讓人放松心情的顏色，所以在坦白罪行的時(shí)候能夠緩解情緒，有利于罪行的交代，故選C。
【典例剖析4】
I guess that there’s prbably sme demanding wrk schedule, r scial anxiety arund stepping up t help fr an unknwn sprt. She may just need a little persuading. S I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mentin the single parent with fur kids running the shw and I talk abut the dad caching a team that his kids aren’t even n… At this pint the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll d it.”
57. What des the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Encurage team wrk.B. Appeal t feelings.
C. Prmte gd deeds.D. Prvide advice.
[解析] 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線前句she may just need a little persuading.和下面的一句話I mentin the single parent with fur kids running the shw and I talk abut the dad caching a team that his kids aren’t even n ...可知，作者為了勸服這位家長，舉了兩個(gè)例子。故可知，劃線句此處應(yīng)是“煽情”之意。故選B。
2．句意猜測題
句意猜測題要求考生通過閱讀文章理解句意，然后用合適的語句對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。
具體技巧如下：
(1)返回原文，找到該句，對(duì)原句進(jìn)行語法和邏輯關(guān)系的準(zhǔn)確分析。對(duì)于需要推理的句子，首先要理解此句前后的語境，其次對(duì)其在文章中的意思進(jìn)行合理的推斷，最后再歸納總結(jié)。
(2)一般說來，正確選項(xiàng)的意思與原句的意思完全相同，但是用其他的英語詞匯或句式來表達(dá)的。
【典例剖析1】
Breathtaking scenery and famus sights everywhere. Frm the legendary Island f Capri t the haunting ruins f Pmpeii ,and frm the unfrgettable “Amalfi Drive” t the delightful resrts f Psitan, Srrent and Ravell, the area is a feast fr the eyes! Shuld yu chse t jin us, we knw that yu will nt be disappinted!
62. The underlined part “the area is a feast fr the eyes” in the passage means __________.
A. the area is pleasing t the eye B. the area is really unfrgettable
C. the area catches the turists’ eye D. the area is crwded with turists
[解析] 句子理解題。根據(jù)這一段中“Breathtaking scenery and famus sights everywhere .可猜測出the area is a feast fr the eyes的意思是“這個(gè)地方非常令人賞心悅目，故選A。
【典例剖析2】
Lndn reslved t live a full， exciting life．He nce said，"I wuld rather be a superb meter（流星）， every atm f me in magnificent glw，than a sleepy and permanent planet．" Each day，he pushed himself． Once Lndn determined that he was ging t be a writer，nthing culd stp him．His gal was t write at least ne thusand wrds every day．He refused t stp even when he was sick．In eighteen years，the writer published fifty﹣ne bks and hundreds f articles．He was the best﹣selling and highest﹣paid authr f his day．Many peple als cnsidered him t be the best writer．White Fang and The Call f the Wild are his mst famus stries and are abut surviving in the Alaskan wilderness．Readers can enjy Jack Lndn's energy and his talent fr telling wnderful stries each time they pen ne f his nvels．
The underlined sentence in the last paragraph indicates that Jack Lndn ．
A．is expert at universe． B． aims high and strive t succeed．
C．is excited abut life if the wildness．D． face a chice between life and death．
[解析] 句子理解。根據(jù)最后一段 He nce said， "I wuld rather be a superb meter（流星）， every atm f me in magnificent glw， than a sleepy and permanent planet．" Each day， he pushed himself．他曾說："我寧愿成為一顆卓越的流星，我的每一個(gè)原子都在燦爛的光輝中，也不愿成為一個(gè)沉睡的、永恒的行星．"每天，他都在鞭策自己．可知暗示Jack Lndn要制定高遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)奮斗到成功，故選B．
_____
真題演練

[方法1] 根據(jù)上下文語境進(jìn)行猜測
猜測任何詞義都離不開上下文，所以可借助上下文對(duì)需要猜測的詞、短語或句子進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推測。
【典例1】Salvadr Dali (1904～1989) was ne f the mst ppular f mdern artists.The Pmpidu Centre in Paris is shwing its respect and admiratin fr the artist and his pwerful persnality with an exhibitin bringing tgether ver 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and mre.Amng the wrks and masterwrks n exhibitin the visitr will find the best pieces, mst imprtantly The Persistence f Memry.There is als L'Enigme sans Fin frm 1938, wrks n paper, bjects, and prjects fr stage and screen and selected parts frm televisin prgrammes reflecting the artist's shwman qualities.
The visitr will enter the Wrld f Dali thrugh an egg and is met with the beginning, the wrld f birth.The exhibitin fllws a path f time and subject with the visitr exiting thrugh the brain.
The exhibitin shws hw Dali draws the viewer between tw infinities(無限),“Frm the infinity small t the infinity large，cntractin and expansin cming in and ut f fcus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the shwy Barque f ld painting that he used in his museum－theatre in Figueras,” explains the Pmpidu Centre.
The fine selectin f the majr wrks was dne in clse cllabratin (合作) with the Muse Nacinal Reina Sfia in Madrid，Spain，and with cntributins frm ther institutins like the Salvadr Dali Museum in St.Petersburg, Flrida.
What des the wrd “cntributins” in the last paragraph refer t?
A．Artwrks. B．Prjects. C．Dnatins. D．Dcuments.
[解析] 根據(jù)最后一段可知，多家博物館通力合作，共同精選展出作品。文中提到像西班牙馬德里的博物館和圣彼德斯堡的博物館這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)也提供薩爾瓦多·達(dá)利的作品參加展覽。由此推測，cntributins指“作品”。
[答案] A
[方法2] 根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測
英語文章中的代詞ne，it，that，them等可以指上文提到的人或事物。有時(shí)代詞與指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事物。
【典例2】Yu may nt have heard f Ashka，but fr the past 27 years，this assciatin，funded by Bill Draytn，has fught pverty and sickness，prmted educatin and encuraged small businesses.T supprt these wrthy causes，Ashka prvides mney fr the wrld's mst prmising “changemakers” seeking t slve urgent prblems and wuld like t create a wrld in which every citizen is a changemaker.
Draytn believes that anyne can becme an agent fr change.The imprtant thing is t simply give yurself permissin.If yu see a prblem that yu care abut，yu can help slve it.The yung in particular are willing t accept this cncept because at heart every child wants t grw int a happy，healthy，cntributing adult.In fact，it is many yung peple's ambitin t set up prgrammes r businesses that imprve scial cnditins.An excellent example is an Ashka prject started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish prblem facing the city，helped lcal farmers and prvided an incme fr pr peple there.
When Masqsd and Iftekhar began t study the prblem f all the uncllected rubbish that lay in Dhaka's streets，attracting rats and disease，they discvered that 80% f it was natural waste.S they educated the pr peple in the city t cmpst (把……制成堆肥) this waste.They knew that they wuld have a market fr the end prduct because lcal farmers were struggling with chemical fertilisers (化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the sil ver the years.At first，they were refused，but nce they were able t persuade them that there was mney t be made，the prject tk ff.In 2009 sales were $14,000.
Draytn is ptimistic that in ten years Ashka will be making really serius，practical prgress in bringing abut scial change by changing the way we lk at ecnmic develpment.
The underlined wrd “them” in Paragraph 3 prbably refers t“ ________”．
A．the lcal farmers B．Masqsd and Iftekhar
C．Draytn and his team D．the pr peple in the city
[解析] 考查代詞指代。在1995年，Masqsd和Iftekhar教城里的窮人把垃圾制成堆肥，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這些化肥會(huì)有市場。起初他們遭到了拒絕，但是當(dāng)他們使這些人信服這樣做有錢可賺時(shí)，這一項(xiàng)目得以實(shí)施。故畫線的them指代“the pr peple in the city”。
[答案] D
[方法3] 根據(jù)同義或類比關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測
當(dāng)詞語被并列連詞and，r as well as所連接或詞語之間有just as，like，similarly等時(shí)，前后的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或相近的，由此可確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞或短語所表達(dá)的意義。
【典例3】 [1]．..[2]．..
[3]Smething else，hwever，has been n the rise.While GM seeds are expensive，GM cmpanies tell farmers that they will make gd prfits by saving mney n pesticides (殺蟲劑)．On the cntrary，US gvernment data shw that GM crps in the US have prduced an verall increase in pesticide use cmpared t traditinal crps.“The prmise was that yu culd use less chemicals and bst prductin.But neither is true,” said Bill Christisn, President f the US Natinal Family Farm Calitin.
...
[解析] 聯(lián)系上下文及bst所在句子的意思可知，其承諾是你能夠使用很少的化學(xué)物質(zhì)并且可以提高產(chǎn)量，本題的關(guān)鍵詞為and。
[答案] D
[方法4] 根據(jù)定義或解釋進(jìn)行猜測
有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。此類由定義或解釋來猜測詞義的方法很多：①表示定義關(guān)系的常見信息詞有be，mean，represent，be called/named，be cnsidered，be defined as(被定義為)，be knwn as，refer t等；②表示同位關(guān)系的常見信息詞有that is，that is t say，in ther wrds，namely，r rather(精確地說)等；③有些生詞會(huì)以破折號(hào)、括號(hào)、逗號(hào)、冒號(hào)等暗示讀者，解釋說明前面的詞。
【典例4】 [1]．..
[2]D yu knw what a “territry” is? A territry is an area that an animal，usually the male，claims as its wn.Only he and his family are welcme there.N ther families f the same species are welcme.Yur yard and huse are yur territry where nly yur family and friends are welcme.If a stranger shuld enter yur territry and threaten yu，yu might shut.Prbably this wuld be enugh t frighten him away.
...
What is a bird's “territry”？
A．A place where families f ther species are nt accepted.
B．A place where a bird may shut at the tp f its vice.
C．An area fr which birds fight against each ther.
D．An area which a bird cnsiders t be its wn.
[解析] 文章第二段首先提出什么是“territry”，緊跟著就是對(duì)“territry”的解釋，由定義可推知，這里“territry”指的是“鳥類的地盤”。
[答案] D
[方法5] 根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測
在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)兩種事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比的描述，考生可以利用這種關(guān)系猜詞悟義。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞語主要有hwever，but，instead，despite，unlike，yet，while，whereas(反之，而，卻)，rather than，instead f，in spite f，n the cntrary，n the ther hand，in cntrast等。
【典例5】 There was a gardener wh lked after his garden with great care.T water his flwers，he used tw buckets.One was a shiny and new bucket.The ther was a very ld and dilapidated ne，which had seen many years f service，but was nw past its best.
What des the underlined wrd “dilapidated” prbably mean?
A．Dirty. B．Dark.
C．Wrn－ut. D．Plain－lking.
[解析] 由“ ther...”結(jié)構(gòu)可知，“l(fā)d and dilapidated”對(duì)應(yīng)前面的“shiny and new”。由此可判斷dilapidated的意思應(yīng)與shiny and new相反，即wrn－ut。
[答案] C
[方法6] 根據(jù)舉例進(jìn)行猜測
在一些閱讀材料中，為了闡明某一種重要觀點(diǎn)或者講清楚某一抽象概念，作者往往采取舉例的方式對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)或概念進(jìn)行具體的說明和解釋，從而使讀者理解得更具體些，而這些例子恰好為猜測詞義提供了重要線索。表示列舉關(guān)系的信息詞有l(wèi)ike，fr example，fr instance，such as，include等。
【典例6】 his bk，he had challenged readers t make deep cuts in persnal emissins t keep the wrld frm reaching extremely imprtant tipping pints，such as the melting f the ice sheets in Greenland r West Antarctica...
The underlined wrds “tipping pints” mst prbably refer t “ ________”．
A．freezing pints B．burning pints
C．melting pints D．biling pints
[解析] 本題要求猜測tipping pints的意思，根據(jù)下文的例子“such as the melting(融化)f the ice sheets in Greenland r West Antarctica”可知，tipping pints的意思為“融化點(diǎn)”，與C項(xiàng)同義。
[答案] C
[方法7] 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測
在有些文章或段落中，兩種現(xiàn)象或兩個(gè)事物之間可能會(huì)構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，可以利用這種關(guān)系來猜測詞義。
【典例7】 [1]．..
[2]Of curse，the gd f xen is nt limited t plwing.In fact，they are seen as “ bats n land” fr their ability t carry lads.Besides，the whle bdy f an x is full f treasures.Their meat and milk are fd full f nutritin，and their skin can be used t make clthes and shes.With all these qualities，xen are regarded as generus creatures.
...
The wrds “bats n land” underlined in Paragraph 2 refer t ________.
A．a(chǎn)nimals fr taking gds B．creatures fr pulling plws
C．treasures f the flk culture D．tls in the farming ecnmy
[解析] 畫線部分后的fr their ability t carry lads是對(duì)前面的解釋說明，由此可以很輕松地得到結(jié)果：牛被看作“陸地之舟”，是一種運(yùn)輸貨物的動(dòng)物。
[答案] A
[方法8] 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行猜測
閱讀中常常會(huì)遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。掌握構(gòu)詞法對(duì)猜測詞義很有幫助。如：unfreseeable.這個(gè)詞，可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法把它拆成un, fre, see , able；其中 see 是詞根，fre是“先，前，預(yù)”的含義，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unfreseeable是“未能預(yù)見到的”意思。
1．根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義
例如：D yu have any strng pinin n c-educatinal r single-sex schls?
根據(jù)詞根educatinal （教育的），結(jié)合前綴c-（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出c-educatinal的意思是：＂男女同校教育的＂意思。
2．根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義
例如：It's a quiet, cmfrtable htel verlking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncmmercialized Crnish fishing village n England's mst sutherly pint．
后綴 -ise/ize意思是＂使成為…；使…化＂，結(jié)合詞根cmmercial（商業(yè)的），不難猜出 uncmmercialized 的意思是：＂未被商業(yè)化的＂。
3．根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義
例如：Gd tl design is imprtant in the preventin f veruse injuries. Well-designed tls and equipment will require less frce t perate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand psitins.
Well-designed 或許是個(gè)生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由well （好，優(yōu)秀）和design （設(shè)計(jì)）兩部分組成，合在一起便是＂設(shè)計(jì)精巧的＂意思。
We live in a technlgical sciety where mst gds are mass-prduced by unskilled labr. Because f this, mst peple that craft (手藝) n lnger exists.
根據(jù)合成詞中的mass（大量的）和prduce（生產(chǎn)），我們可以推測 mass-prduce的意思是：＂大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)＂的意思。
【例】
…Baker cncludes that peple d nt have the ability t sense when they’re being stared at. If peple dubt the utcme f his tw experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see fr themselves.” …
70. The underlined wrd “utcme” in the last paragraph mst prbably means ________________.
A. value B. result
C. perfrmance D. cnnectin
【答案】B
【解析】運(yùn)用“構(gòu)詞法”進(jìn)行猜測。動(dòng)詞詞組cme ut 的意義為“露出、出現(xiàn)、顯露出”。再根據(jù)句子的語境，可猜測出其意義是：(實(shí)驗(yàn)的)結(jié)果。
詞匯拓展
1.合成法
man-made handwriting
greenhuse
all-rund typewriter
breakthrughhigh-class
blacklist ne-way
English-speaking
2.派生法
A.否定前綴
un-（不）unimprtantin-/im-/ir-/il-（不）impssible
dis-（不）dislikemis-（不）misunderstand
B.其他前綴
re-（再）rebuildinter-（互）interchange
pre-（前）preschlanti-（反）antifreeze
nn-（否）nnprfit
C.名詞后綴
-er（人）teacher-er（物）cker
-ician（人）physician
D.形容詞后綴
-able（能）eatable-less（否）hmeless
E.動(dòng)詞后綴
-en（使）widen-fy（使）satisfy
-ize（使）mdernize
英語單詞大多是由詞根、詞頭(前綴)和詞尾(后綴)所組成的。詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達(dá)單詞的基本含義。在詞根前或后加上前綴或后綴，可以用來引申或轉(zhuǎn)變原詞的意義或改變詞性。掌握前綴、后綴規(guī)律有助于理解詞義。如un－，im－，in－，dis－，il－等前綴與－less等后綴可構(gòu)成反義詞，后綴－ful，－ly，－ism，－ness等可改變詞性。
_____
好題必測
2022年6月新高考I卷C篇
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
30. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.C. Begin.D.
【答案】 C
【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民們非常歡迎該項(xiàng)目的想法和創(chuàng)意會(huì)議。我們期待這個(gè)項(xiàng)目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣)”以及劃線處前的“ne f the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilsn是著手這項(xiàng)工程的人之一，劃線處的含義與C項(xiàng)：“Begin (開始)”含義相近。故選C。
2022年6月新高考II卷B篇
This hit hme fr me as I was sitting with my 2-year-ld grandsn n a sfa ver the Spring Festival hliday. I had brught a children’s bk t read. It had simple wrds and clrful pictures — a perfect match fr his age.
4. What d the underlined wrds “hit hme fr me” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Prvided shelter fr me.B. Became very clear t me.
C. Tk the pressure ff me.D. Wrked quite well n me.
【答案】 B
【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第一段“We jurnalists live in a new age f strytelling, with many new multimedia tls. Many yung peple dn’t even realize it’s new. Fr them, it’s just nrmal.”以及畫線詞后文“as I was sitting with my 2-year-ld grandsn n a sfa ver the Spring Festival hliday.”可知，作者是記者，生活在一個(gè)講故事的新時(shí)代，有許多新的多媒體工具。許多年輕人甚至沒有意識(shí)到它是新的。對(duì)他們來說，這很正常。而這在春節(jié)假期，作者和兩歲的孫子坐在沙發(fā)上，尤其清楚認(rèn)識(shí)到了這一點(diǎn)。故畫線詞意思是“我很清楚”。故選B。
2022年1月浙江卷A篇
Fr nearly a decade nw,Merebeth has been a self-emplyed pet transprt specialist. Her pet transprt jb was brn f the financial crisis（危機(jī)）in the late 2000s．The dwnturn hit the real estate（房地產(chǎn)）firm where she had wrked fr ten years as an ffice manager.The firm went brke and left her lking fr a new jb.One day,while driving near her hme,she saw a dg wandering n the rad, clearly lst. She tk it hme,and her sister in Denver agreed t take it. This was a lving hme fr sure,but 1,600 miles away.It didn’t take lng fr Merebeth t decide t drive the dg there herself. It was her first rad trip t her new jb.
Merebeth's pet delivery service satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her t every state in the US except Mntana,Washingtn and Oregn,she says prudly.If she wants t visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transprt needs there.She travels in all weathers.She has driven thrugh 55 mph winds in Wyming , heavy flding and strms in Alabama and ttal whiteut cnditins in Kansas.
This wanderlust is inherited frm her father,she says.He mved their family frm Canada t Califrnia when she was ne year ld,because he wanted them t explre a new place tgether. As sn as she graduated frm high schl she left hme t live n Catalina Island ff the Califrnian cast,away frm her parents,where she enjyed a life f sailing and ff-rad biking.
It turns ut that pet transprting pays quite well at abut $30,000 per year befre tax.She desn't wrk in summer, as it wuld be unpleasantly ht fr the animals in the car, even with air cnditining.As autumn cmes,she gets restless the same ld wanderlust returning. It's a call she must handle alne,thugh.Merebeth says,"When I'm n the rad, I'm just in my wn wrld. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strngly that I must help animals."
The wrd “wanderlust" in paragraph 2 means a desire t_?
A.make mney. B.try varius jbs.
C.be clse t nature. D.travel t different places.
【解析】 猜測詞義題。根據(jù)第一段It has taken her t every state in the US except Mntana, Washingtn and Oregn, she says prudly. 意思為：她很驕傲的說,這個(gè)工作帶她到了全美國除蒙大拿,華盛頓,俄勒岡以外的所有的州?？芍芟矚g到不同的地方旅行。以及第二段：This wanderlust is inherited frm her father, she says. He mved their family frm Canada t Califrnia when she was ne year ld, because he wanted them t explre a new place tgether. 遺傳自她的父親也喜歡探索新地方。故答案選D。
2021年6月北京卷
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars' warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries（簽署者）f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the "eclgical ftprint" cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, "it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century, " Jhnsn said in an email.
What des the underlined wrd "germane" in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A.Scientific. B.Credible. C.Original. D.Relevant.
【解析】本文介紹了在這個(gè)世界上技術(shù)最先進(jìn)的國家仍然無法控制的流行病和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的時(shí)刻，呼吁公眾參與不可思議的事情顯得尤為密切相關(guān)。作者同時(shí)也表達(dá)了對(duì)全球崩潰的認(rèn)識(shí)的擔(dān)憂。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)原文第三段 "The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins."在這個(gè)世界上技術(shù)最先進(jìn)的國家仍然無法控制的流行病和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的時(shí)刻，呼吁公眾參與不可思議的事情顯得尤為密切相關(guān)?？芍?段中帶下劃線的單詞"germane"可能是 "相關(guān)的" 意思。A.scientific科學(xué)的；B.credible可信的；C.riginal原件的；D.relevant相關(guān)的。故選D。
2021年6月新高考2卷B篇
I have wrked as a keeper at the Natinal Z, Paris fr 11 years. Spt and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been brn here. Glbally, a third f Sumatran cubs in zs dn't make it t adulthd, s I decided t give them rund-the-clck care at hme.
I've gt tw children—the yunger ne, Kynan, was extremely happy abut the tigers arriving - but all f us really lked frward t being part f their lives and watching them grw. I wasn't wrried abut bringing them int my hme with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed abut 2.5 kg and were s small that there was abslutely n risk.
As they grew mre mbile, we let them mve freely arund the huse during the day, but when we were asleep we had t cntain them in a large rm, therwise they'd get up t mischief. We'd cme dwn in the mrning t find they'd turned the rm upside dwn, and left it lking like a z.
Things quickly gt very intense due t the huge amunt f energy required t lk after them. There were sme tugh times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there t help. We had t have a bit f a prductin line ging, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bttles, and cleaning the flrs.
When Spt and Stripe were fur mnths ld, they were learning hw t pen drs and jump fences, and we knew it really was time fr them t g. It was hard fr us t finally part with them. Fr the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappinted that the cubs weren't there.
I'm nt sad abut it. I'm hands-n with them every day at the z, and I d lk back very fndly n the time that we had them.
What d the underlined wrds “get up t mischief” mean in paragraph 3?
A. Behave badly. B. Lse their way. C. Sleep sundly. D. Miss their mm.
【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“As they grew mre mbile, we let them mve freely arund the huse during the day, but when we were asleep we had t cntain them in a large rm, therwise they'd ”（隨著它們的活動(dòng)越來越多，我們白天讓它們在房子里自由活動(dòng)，但當(dāng)我們睡覺時(shí)，我們必須把它們關(guān)在一個(gè)大房間里，否則它們會(huì)）以及后文“We'd cme dwn in the mrning t find they'd turned the rm upside dwn, and left it lking like a z.”（我們早上下樓時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們把房間弄得亂七八糟，讓它看起來像個(gè)動(dòng)物園。）可知，作者不得不把老虎們在一個(gè)大房間里，否則它們就會(huì)調(diào)皮搗蛋，表現(xiàn)不好。早上下樓時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們把房間弄得亂七八糟，看起來像個(gè)動(dòng)物園。故畫線詞意思是“表現(xiàn)不好”。故選A。
_____
題型組合練
1.【Z20名校聯(lián)盟（浙江省名校新高考研宄聯(lián)盟）2022-2023學(xué)年髙三第一次聯(lián)考】
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出填入空白處最佳項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩處為多余選項(xiàng)。
The China State Cuncil issued a dcument in early August, suggesting emplyers acrss the cuntry make flexible wrking arrangements and give their wrkers Friday afternns ff during ht summer days in rder t bst turism and cnsumptin.
Online surveys have shwn that mst crrespndents are in favr f the State Cuncil’s prpsal fr lnger weekends, as tw and a half days are enugh even fr ne t plan a shrt jurney. Peple will have mre time t be tgether with their families. ____36____
Hwever, there are dubts as t whether this well-intentined initiative can be put int practice. ____37____ While the regular tw-day weekend is still a dream fr a large number f wrking peple in varius industries, a tw-and-half-day weekend is really a luxury many peple can barely affrd.
____38____ If staff wrkers f gvernment departments and public institutins n lnger wrk n Friday afternns, lcal residents will have nwhere t g if they have urgent issues t slve thrugh these establishments.
Obviusly, the nly way ut is t implement plicies cncerning paid annual leave in a realistic manner s that the wrking peple can make arrangements fr their days ff wrk. As a result, hlidaymakers dn’t need t all rush t the same scenic spts during the same perid f time, which wuld be beneficial t the prtectin and peratin f these spts. ____39____ Thus it serves the initial purpse f bsting ecnmic grwth thrugh develping turism.
____40____ The gvernment is suppsed t pay mre attentin t the prtectin f labr rights and emply all pssible means t ensure their hlidays as well as the functins f gvernment institutins, instead f just making ecnmically mtivated plicies.
A. Als, this is an effective way t increase cnsumer spending.
B. The right f wrkers t rest and paid annual leave are prtected under the law.
C. A larger number f wrkers, if nt all, will benefit frm fficial hliday arrangements.
D. Mst peple think that they will actually nt be able t enjy the benefits f such a scheme.
E. After rest and relaxatin, emplyees will becme mre energetic when they cme back t wrk.
F. Anther wrry is that this measure will finally be exclusively (專有地) enjyed by a limited number f emplyees.
G. As lng as paid annual leave remains unrealistic in mst industrial sectrs, the tw-and-half-day weekend seems pintless.
【答案】36. E 37. D 38. F 39. A 40. G
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。國務(wù)院辦公廳鼓勵(lì)依法優(yōu)化調(diào)整夏季作息安排，為職工周五下午與周末結(jié)合外出休閑度假創(chuàng)造有利條件。在穩(wěn)定全國統(tǒng)一的既有節(jié)假日前提下，各單位和企業(yè)可根據(jù)自身實(shí)際情況，將帶薪休假與本地傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日、地方特色活動(dòng)相結(jié)合，安排錯(cuò)峰休假。
【詳解】1. 根據(jù)空前“Peple will have mre time t be tgether with their families. ”（人們將有更多的時(shí)間和家人在一起）可知，享受更長的周末，員工可以和家人在一起休息，再回到崗位能夠更有活力。故E 項(xiàng)“After rest and relaxatin, emplyees will becme mre energetic when they cme back t wrk.”（經(jīng)過休息和放松，當(dāng)員工回到工作崗位時(shí)，他們會(huì)變得更有活力）符合語境。故選E。
2. 根據(jù)空前“Hwever, there are dubts as t whether this well-intentined initiative can be put int practice.”（然而，有人懷疑這一善意的倡議是否能付諸實(shí)踐）可知，人們對(duì)此項(xiàng)政策能夠?qū)嵤┊a(chǎn)生疑慮，擔(dān)心無法受益。故D項(xiàng)“Mst peple think that they will actually nt be able t enjy the benefits f such a scheme.”（大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為他們實(shí)際上無法享受到這樣一個(gè)計(jì)劃帶來的好處）符合語境，呼應(yīng)dubts。故選D。
3. 根據(jù)空后“ If staff wrkers f gvernment departments and public institutins n lnger wrk n Friday afternns, lcal residents will have nwhere t g if they have urgent issues t slve thrugh these establishments.”（如果政府部門和事業(yè)單位的工作人員在周五下午不上班，當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袢绻芯o急問題需要通過這些機(jī)構(gòu)解決，就無處可去了）可知，另外一個(gè)擔(dān)心是政府機(jī)關(guān)周五下午放假導(dǎo)致緊急公共服務(wù)缺失。F項(xiàng)“Anther wrry is that this measure will finally be exclusively (專有地) enjyed by a limited number f emplyees.”（另一個(gè)擔(dān)憂是，這一措施最終將只適用于有限數(shù)量的員工）符合語境。故選F。
4. 根據(jù)空前“Obviusly, the nly way ut is t implement plicies cncerning paid annual leave in a realistic manner s that the wrking peple can make arrangements fr their days ff wrk. As a result, hlidaymakers dn’t need t all rush t the same scenic spts during the same perid f time, which wuld be beneficial t the prtectin and peratin f these spts. ”（顯然，唯一的出路是切實(shí)執(zhí)行帶薪年假政策，讓勞動(dòng)人民可以安排他們的休息日。這樣一來，度假者就不需要在同一時(shí)間段都趕往同一景點(diǎn)，這將有利于這些景點(diǎn)的保護(hù)和運(yùn)營）可知，建議改進(jìn)以保障政策實(shí)施到位，由此推知，下面要進(jìn)一步指出這樣做的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。A項(xiàng)“Als, this is an effective way t increase cnsumer spending.”（此外，這也是增加消費(fèi)支出的有效方式） 符合語境。故選A。
5. 根據(jù)空后“ The gvernment is suppsed t pay mre attentin t the prtectin f labr rights and emply all pssible means t ensure their hlidays as well as the functins f gvernment institutins, instead f just making ecnmically mtivated plicies.”（政府應(yīng)該更加關(guān)注勞工權(quán)利的保護(hù)，采取一切可能的手段來確保他們的假期以及政府機(jī)構(gòu)的功能，而不是僅僅制定經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)的政策）可知，總結(jié)使帶薪年休實(shí)施到位的重要性。除非政府保護(hù)否則兩天半的周末沒有意義。G項(xiàng)“As lng as paid annual leave remains unrealistic in mst industrial sectrs, the tw-and-half-day weekend seems pintless.”（只要帶薪年假在大多數(shù)工業(yè)部門仍然不現(xiàn)實(shí)，兩天半的周末似乎就沒有意義）符合語境。故選G。
2.【2023屆安徽省江淮十所名校高三第一次聯(lián)考】
A cntact lens (隱形眼鏡) that can release a drug if it detects high pressure within the eye has been created by scientists wh say it culd help treat glaucma.
Glaucma is an eye disease that invlves damage t the ptic nerve, and can lead t blindness if nt treated. Accrding t the charity Glaucma UK, the mst cmmn frm f the disease, knwn as primary pen angle glaucma, is thught t affect almst 10% f peple lder than 75. This frm is generally caused by increased pressure within the eye, usually as a result f a buildup f fluid.
Researchers in China revealed they have develped a cntact lens that can sense an increase in pressure within the eye and release an anti-glaucma drug if the pressure transcends a certain level.
Writing in the jurnal Nature Cmmunicatins, the team describe hw they created the device using an upper and lwer lens, with a snwflake-shaped pressure sensr and wireless pwer transfer device sandwiched between them arund the rim f the lenses. When the pressure inside the eye increases, the gap between the upper and lwer lenses decreases. This is detected by the pressure sensr by means f a cantilever. The sensr then sends a signal t the wireless system which subsequently triggers the release f an anti-glaucma drug, frm a hydrgel attached t an electrde, and enables it t crss the crnea f the eye. The drug, brimnidine, acts t reduce the pressure within the eye.
The study reveals that the cntact lenses have s far been tested n pigs’ eyes and n the eyes f living rabbits—albeit with smaller-sized lenses—althugh trials have yet t be carried ut in humans. The researchers nte the lenses are nt nly sft and minimally invasive but are als battery-free, adding that the apprach culd be expanded t help tackle ther eye diseases.
Prf Zubair Ahmed frm the Institute f Inflammatin and Ageing at the University f Birmingham, wh was nt invlved in the wrk, said the research was ptentially very exciting, adding that a rise in pressure within the eye was a significant prblem fr mst peple with glaucma. “The materials required t create such cntact lenses are inexpensive and sn culd be mass-prduced.” he added.
12. Wh can prbably get help frm the cntact lens?
A. Thse wh are blind.B. Thse wh have glaucma.
C. Thse wh are lder than 75.D. Thse wh are under heavy pressure.
13. Which f the fllwing wrds can replace the underlined wrd “transcends” in paragraph 3?
A. Exceeds.B. Maintains.C. Lwers.D. Balances.
14. Hw did the team create the device?
A. By crssing the crnea f the eye and then sending a signal.
B. By enlarging the gap between the upper and lwer lenses.
C. By using brimnidine t increase the pressure within the eye.
D. By emplying pressure sensr and wireless pwer transfer device.
15. What can we learn abut the cntact lenses?
A. They are safe but t cstly.B. They have been tested n humans.
C. They will be put n the market sn.D. They need t be used with battery pwer.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. D 15. C
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一款由中國科學(xué)家研發(fā)的新型隱形眼鏡，可實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測眼壓輔助治療青光眼。
【12題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“A cntact lens that can release a drug if it detects high pressure within the eye has been created by scientists wh say it culd help treat glaucma.(科學(xué)家發(fā)明了一種隱形眼鏡，如果它檢測到眼睛內(nèi)高壓，就會(huì)釋放藥物?？茖W(xué)家稱這種隱形眼鏡有助于治療青光眼。)”可知，科學(xué)家認(rèn)為這種隱性眼鏡可輔助治療青光眼，所以受眾群體為青光眼患者，故選B項(xiàng)。
【13題詳解】
詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Researchers in China revealed they have develped a cntact lens that can sense an increase in pressure within the eye and release an anti-glaucma drug shuld the pressure transcend a certain level.(中國的研究人員透露，他們已經(jīng)開發(fā)出一種隱形眼鏡，可以感知眼睛內(nèi)的壓力增加，如果壓力transcend一定水平，就會(huì)釋放一種抗青光眼藥物。)”可知，這款隱形眼鏡可以感知眼壓的升高，并在壓力超過一定水平時(shí)釋放抗青光眼藥物?！癷ncrease”是提示詞，可猜測transcend為超過的含義，“exceed”意為“超過”，故選A項(xiàng)。
【14題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“…using an upper and lwer lens，with a snwflake-shaped pressure sensr and wireless pwer transfer device sandwiched between them arund the rim f the lenses.( 該團(tuán)隊(duì)在《自然通訊》雜志上發(fā)表文章，描述了他們是如何使用上下透鏡創(chuàng)造出這種設(shè)備的，在透鏡的邊緣，有一個(gè)雪花形狀的壓力傳感器和無線能量傳輸裝置夾在它們之間。)”可知，研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)在上下兩塊鏡片之間的邊緣夾著雪花狀壓力傳感器和無線電力傳輸裝置，故選D項(xiàng)。
【15題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“The materials required t create such cntact lenses are inexpensive and sn culd be mass-prduced (制造這種隱形眼鏡所需的材料很便宜，很快就可以批量生產(chǎn)。)”可知，這款隱形眼鏡很快就能大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)投人市場了，故選C項(xiàng)。
3.【河南省九師聯(lián)盟2022-2023學(xué)年高三開學(xué)考】
閱讀下面短文，在空白處填人1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
Last week, I tk a small bat and rwed miles alng a little river in the middle f New Yrk’s Adirndack Muntains ___41___(escape) the maddening nise in the city.
One f the rewards fr this remte trip was the ttal peace in the muntains. Here, I was cmpletely alne. There was nt anther sul ___42___ sight. N cars, n signals t draw me tward my phne.
I rwed thrugh little pnds ___43___ (surrund) by grass and red berries n the shres. T g deeper int the wild, I made my way thrugh a chain f rcky rapids (急流). As I rwed alng I saw a yellw maple leaf pressed against a rck by the current.
When it was impssible fr ___44___(I) t rw my bat, I tied it t my waist and pulled it behind me, w with my pants rlled t my ___45___(knee). T my delight, I fund that the water still held sme f the warmth summer.
Sn after I reached a stretch f rapids___46___ were t vilent t get thrugh, I was frced t carry my little bat n my shulders.___47___(walk) alng a trail in the shadwy frest, I saw___48___(variety) plants that have started t turn reddish. When the river slwed dwn again, I put dwn my bat and rwed n. On ___49___ (arrive) at the end f the little river, I was extremely tired ____50____ I felt really happy and cmplete relaxed.
【答案】41. t escape 42. in##within 43. surrunded 44. me 45. knees
46. that##which 47. Walking 48. varius 49. arrival 50. but
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者在Adirndack Muntains劃船的經(jīng)歷。
【41題詳解】
考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：上周，我乘坐了一條小船，沿著紐約阿迪朗達(dá)克山脈中間的一條小河劃了數(shù)英里，以逃離城市里令人發(fā)狂的噪音。分析該句成分可知，此處用所給動(dòng)詞的不定式作目的狀語。故填t escape。
【42題詳解】
考查介詞。句意：眼前一個(gè)人影也沒有。in/within sight意為“在視野范圍內(nèi)”，為固定短語。故填in/within。
【43題詳解】
考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：我劃船穿過小池塘，池塘的岸邊長滿了草和紅色的漿果。分析該句成分可知，所填詞在此處作后置定語，修飾pnds。而目surrund與pnds之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用過去分詞surrunded。
【44題詳解】
考查代詞。句意：當(dāng)我劃不動(dòng)船的時(shí)候，我就把它系在腰上，拉在身后，褲子卷到膝蓋上。分析該句成分可知，所填詞在此處作介詞fr的賓語，所以用所給代詞的賓格形式。故填me。
【45題詳解】
考查名詞的數(shù)。句意：當(dāng)我劃不動(dòng)船的時(shí)候，我就把它系在腰上，拉在身后，褲子卷到膝蓋上。根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，作者會(huì)把兩條褲腿都卷起來，所以此處用所給名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。故填knees。
【46題詳解】
考查定語從句。句意：在我到達(dá)一段急流后不久，我被迫把我的小船扛在肩上。分析該句成分可知，該句是一個(gè)限定性定語從句，從句中缺少主語，且先行詞為rapids，所以用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo)。故填that/which。
【47題詳解】
考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：在陰暗的森林里，我沿著一條小路走著，看到各種各樣的植物開始變紅了。分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，所填詞與邏輯主語I存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，故用所給動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，作狀語。故填Walking。
【48題詳解】
考查形容詞。句意：在陰暗的森林里，我沿著一條小路走著，看到各種各樣的植物開始變紅了。根據(jù)空后的名詞可知，此處需用所給名詞的形容詞形式。故填varius。
【49題詳解】
考查名詞。句意：當(dāng)我到達(dá)小河的盡頭時(shí)，我非常累，但我感到非常高興和徹底的放松。n/upn +名詞，表示“一……就……”。故填arrival。
【50題詳解】
考查連詞。句意：當(dāng)我到達(dá)小河的盡頭時(shí)，我非常累，但我感到非常高興和徹底的放松。根據(jù)句意可知，該空用連詞but表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。注意：這里不能用yet，因?yàn)榭涨皼]有逗號(hào)等分隔符。故填but。

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