??專題16 閱讀理解各類文體體裁滿分策略
考點精講








一、【應(yīng)用文解法策略】
審題口訣：
應(yīng)用文體較容易，快速瀏覽明大意。
跳讀內(nèi)容重細節(jié)，亦可舍文先讀題。
相關(guān)內(nèi)容細比對，信息吻合破無機。

[方法1].先題后文法
應(yīng)用文體文章比較長，此時我們不必記住所有信息，可以先閱讀題目，帶著問題閱讀，多注意細節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物或數(shù)據(jù)等，簡明扼要地抓住所需信息，理解文章內(nèi)容。尤其是廣告文章的閱讀一般采取跳讀、略讀等快速閱讀法，快速瀏覽信息，搜索對比。對文中信息的快速處理能力是考查閱讀理解能力的重要方面。

【典例剖析】
(You may read the questions first.)
History Fair Competition
Understanding history is vital to understanding ourselves as a people and as a nation.
History is much more than the study of dusty old objects and events long past. It is an essential part of who we are today and who we will become. Thornton Middle School History Fair Competition makes understanding history exciting, engaging, and fun！
This Year’s Theme
All participants must address how communication or transportation technology has promoted the quality of life for Americans throughout history. To many people, technology means computers, hand-held devices, or vehicles that travel to distant planets. However, technology is also the application of scientific knowledge to solve a problem, touching lives in countless ways.
Individuals or groups may enter one of the following categories：
·Performance
·Documentary
·Essay Writing
Category Requirements
Performance: A dramatic presentation of the topic no more than 10 minutes long. If special clothes are used，they should truly represent a given period.
Documentary: A visual presentation (such as a video，slide show，or computer project) no more than 10 minutes long. A desktop computer, screen, projector, and loudspeakers will be available. Students must provide their presentations on CDs before Friday, March 23.
Essay Writing: An academic paper of 2,000 to 2,500 words. No illustrations are allowed. Please do not include covers. A list of references must be included.
Important Dates
January 5 Submit a topic proposal to your history teacher. The teacher may require a second proposal if the first is off-topic or unclear.
February 5 Submit a first draft of your essay, performance script, or documentary
highlights.
February 19 A committee of teachers will evaluate materials and give opinions. Students then have an opportunity to improve their products.
March 9 Submit a final draft of your essay.
March 15 Performance and documentary committee preview
March 24 Thornton Middle School History Fair Competition
7：00 A.M.—9：00A.M. Participants signing in at the gym
10：00 A.M. —6：00P.M. Competition and judges’ review
7：00 P.M. Awards ceremony

1. What is the theme of this year’s competition?
A. Technology advances science.
B. Science interacts with technology.
C. Science has made the study of history easy.
D. Technology has improved the life of Americans.
2. What would a participant have to do with an essay of 1,500 words to meet the category requirement?
A. Include more information in the essay. B. Remove the references.
C. Provide a cover for the essay. D. Explain the details with illustrations.
3. What will the committee of teachers do on February 19?
A. Preview performances and documentaries.
B. Make comments on the materials.
C. Improve the participant’s first draft.
D. Collect a second proposal from the participant.

[方法2]. 題干定位法

應(yīng)用文閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對信息的需求，但在試題中，常常是就某一點提問，以細節(jié)理解題為主，考生完全沒有必要從頭到尾全部仔細閱讀，因為材料中有很多冗余無效信息。做此類題時，宜采用＂題干定位法＂，即先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問題要求，按照題目順序依次有針對性地結(jié)合題干關(guān)鍵詞到文中定位答案范圍，閱讀相關(guān)部分，快速尋找有效信息，再把原文和選項相比較。問題與材料相同→對號入座；問題與原文相同→同義替換、歸納事實等。

【典例剖析】
Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum
Our monthly talks start at 19:30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book. They end around 21:00.
November 7th
The Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”.
December 5th
Ice for the Metropolis, by Malcolm Tucker. Well before the arrival of freezers, there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering, Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells, and how London’s ice trade grew.
February 6th
An Update on the Cotsword Canals, by Liz Payne. The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening. The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer. We will have a report on the present state of play.
March 6th
Eyots and Aits -Thames Islands, by Miranda Vickers. The Thames has many islands. Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them. She will tell us about those of greatest interest.
Online bookings:www.canalmuseum.org.uk/book
More info: www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatson
London Canal Museum
12-13 New Wharf Road, London NI 9RT
www.canalmuseum.org.uk www.canalmuseum.mobi
Tel:020 77130836
1. When is the talk on James Brindley?
A. February 6th. B. March 6th.
C. November 7th. D. December 5th.
2. What is the topic of the talk in February?
A. The Canal Pioneers. B. Ice for the Metropolis
C. Eyots and Aits- Thames Islands D. An Update on the Cotsword Canals
3. Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames.
A. Miranda Vickers B. Malcolm Tucker C. Chris Lewis D. Liz Payne

[方法3]. 選項排除法

排除法在應(yīng)用文閱讀中也應(yīng)用得較多，即排除與文章內(nèi)容不一致的錯誤信息，從而確定正確選項。應(yīng)用文閱讀理解設(shè)題以細節(jié)理解題為主，因此，閱讀這類文章時，應(yīng)該在整體把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)的前提下，主要注意細節(jié)信息。細節(jié)題的題干都是相應(yīng)原文的變形(如同義改寫、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等)，因此要找到答案一定要找到題干在原文中的出處，再把原文和選項相比較。做題時，根據(jù)所提問題用尋讀、跳讀的方法可達到事半功倍的效果。同時，在閱讀時也要特別注意文中以粗體、大寫、下劃線等方式加以提示的文字，因為這很有可能是文章的核心或某一部分內(nèi)容的概括。

【典例剖析】

Rubbermaid Commercial Stainless(不銹的) Steel Oven Monitoring Thermometer(溫度計) FGTHO550

by Rubbermaid Commercial Products
4.3 out of 5 stars 2,274 customer reviews
Price: $7.01

Color: Metallic
Made of wearable stainless steel, this oven thermometer is designed to endure the test of the toughest professional and home kitchens. The scale reads in both Fahrenheit and Celsius, and it features clearly marked temperature differences to aid accurate readings. Easy to install, the thermometer comes equipped with a convenient hanger, so it can be suspended from an oven rail. Its self-standing design also allows it to stand upright on a baking pan in the oven.
Easy-to-Real Dial
This oven thermometer measure and displays true oven temperature, helping to ensure precise result when preparing food.
Durable Stainless Steel Design
With its stainless steel construction and rock-resistant lens, this thermometer withstands tough and repeated use. And with its long 10-year warranty, it’s sure to become one of your kitchen mainstays.
About manufacturer
Rubbermaid Commercial Products, headquartered in Winchester, Va., is a manufacturer of innovative, solution-based products for commercial and institutional markets worldwide. Since 1968, RCP has pioneered technologies and system solutions in the categories of food prep services, cleaning maintenance, waste handling, material transport, and safety products.

Product details
Product Dimensions: 6.1 × 4.5×1.5 inches; 1 pound
Domestic Shipping: Item can be shipped within U.S.
International Shipping: This item can be shipped to selected countries outside of the U.S. Learn More

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
# 1 in Home& Kitchen＞ Oven Thermometers
Special offers and product promotions
Pay with your credit or your Amazon.com Gift Card. Apply now.

1. Which of the following features does the products enjoy?
A. It’s made of quality plastic easy to be bent.
B. It is assisted with electronic dial reading system
C. It could be positioned within the oven in two days.
D. It is resistant to shake and pressure.

2. Which description about the product is TRUE?
A. It provides unconditional domestic and international shipping
B. It sells best in Oven Thermometers section on Amazon.
C. Over 3000 customers have commented on the product.
D. It could be paid for only through credit card.

3. Which of the following products is NOT likely to be manufactured by Rubbermaid Commercial Products?
A. Deskside Plastic Wastebasket.
B. Airtight Snack Container
C. Full Pan Carrier
D. Over-ear Bass Sound Stereo Headphones
二、【記敘文解法策略】

[方法1]　順藤摸瓜
記敘文中有大量的事件發(fā)展過程中的細節(jié)，包括記敘文的5W(what，who，when，where，why)要素。因此作答細節(jié)題的時候，就沒有那么復(fù)雜，一般只需要由前到后，從上到下，一題一題地做就可以了。
【典例剖析】
McCoy was looking for a safe place to do drugs when something clearly out of place caught his eye: a luxurious brown leather handbag.
McCoy, 36, could relate all too well. One of his few possessions, the sleeping bag he used in an abandoned house, had recently been stolen. Remembering how angered he’d been by his own loss, he resolved to return the purse to its owner.
He began right away, starting with the address on the bill found in the handbag. After traveling much of the day and finally approaching the address on the bill, he was stopped by a woman, who asked whether she could buy the purse. McCoy refused, saying he was searching for its owner. “But I am the owner,” the woman said. “That’s my purse.”
..........
What drove McCoy to look for the owner of the handbag?
A. The urge to find a business partner. B. The resolution to recover his sleeping bag.
C. His own unfortunate experience. D. His anger over the poor living condition.

[方法2]　左顧右盼
推理判斷題在做題過程中，我們大都不能在文中找到與題干一字不差的詞語或句子。這時我們需要認真研究問題，抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞語，然后到文中準確地找到與之相關(guān)的語句，或是疑似語句的位置，接著去左顧，或右盼，在前句或后句尋找線索。
【典例剖析】
When she was ten years old, Isadora Duncan dropped out of school to teach people dance. If that job was left to any other ten-year-old, it would have turned out frustrating, difficult, and a little discouraging.
...............
There is an old quotation “if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.” And it captures an important truth. At school, Isadora Duncan was a failure. In the dance hall, she gave form to brilliance.

What does the author try to tell the readers in the last paragraph?
A. It is useless climbing a tree to catch fish.
B. Everybody is a genius in his own way.
C. Miseries come from human stupidity.
D. Teachers can impact students greatly.


[方法3]　刨根問底
如前所述，主旨大意題或作者意圖題等實際上是同一類型的問題，或者說是可用同種方法解答的題型。在解答此類題目的時候，不可被題干的表象所迷惑，要像剝洋蔥一樣，一層一層地剝；在四個可選項中，一個一個地去證實，去排除。特別是解答推論或暗指類的題目，比如“What can be inferred from...？”或是“What does the author imply in...？”之類的題目，文中所陳述的往往不是答案。我們要在文前文后去查找，在字里行間里去尋覓。有時還少不了借助自己的生活經(jīng)驗和常理來體會這言外之意。
【典例剖析】
McCoy was looking for a safe place to do drugs when something clearly out of place caught his eye: a luxurious brown leather handbag.
McCoy, 36, could relate all too well. One of his few possessions, the sleeping bag he used in an abandoned house, had recently been stolen. Remembering how angered he’d been by his own loss, he resolved to return the purse to its owner.
He began right away, starting with the address on the bill found in the handbag. After traveling much of the day and finally approaching the address on the bill, he was stopped by a woman, who asked whether she could buy the purse. McCoy refused, saying he was searching for its owner. “But I am the owner,” the woman said. “That’s my purse.”
A month earlier, Kaitlyn Smith, 29, a sales representative for a medical device company, had woken up to find her apartment broken into and her purse stolen. Now she came across a tall, messy-looking man holding it tightly. She could instantly tell he wasn’t in good shape.
At Smith’s urging, McCoy told her his story. He’d been in charge of a landscaping business until 2012, when a car accident left him addicted to drugs.
Smith, amazed this stranger had gone to such great lengths to return her bag, asked whether there was anything she could do to help. “I’m a drug addict,” McCoy warned. “I don’t want to intrude on your life; I’m probably gonna let you down.”
Unafraid, Smith gave him her phone number, saying, “If you want to go to rehab (戒毒所), call me.” She then drove him back to his neighborhood and left, thinking that would be the end of it. Two days later, she got a call.
Smith realized that McCoy was serious about getting better, so she dug into her savings account and bought McCoy a plane ticket to Florida. While there, he would call her to let her know how he was doing. “We were getting to know each other,” Smith says. “His scared, desperate voice turned into a healthy, lively one.” After 28 days at a rehab program at Johns Hopkins Hospital, McCoy is drug-free. He lives at a residential recovery center in Baltimore, and a GoFundMe page set up by Smith has covered his rent, groceries, and incidentals. His life is back on track, all because one crime victim could understand another’s loss.

Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
A. Drug-abuse Can Heal. B. Lost and Found.
C. Mutual Communication Matters. D. Good Deeds Repaid.


[方法4]　撥云見日
閱讀題中，特別是記敘文的閱讀題，都會出現(xiàn)一至兩道詞義猜測題。而這些詞匯往往是與你素昧平生的，或者和你有點頭之交的，在文中卻另有新意的，總之，猜的是那些在詞匯表要求之外的詞匯。小小的一個詞，一個短語，考核的不是你的語法的熟練程度，也不是你的記憶力，而是你對文章通篇或者一個段落的整體把握和變通能力。
【典例剖析】
When you attend a writing conference, you see a facade that took months or longer to make up. Plenty is going on behind the scenes. Let’s take a look behind the curtain.
The day starts long before attendees walk through the door. Registration is set up, signs posted and tables arranged. Logistics (后勤) all fall on the conference organizers. For example, the annual conference I direct in San Francisco (see the poster above) is a simple one-day conference that takes more than eight months to put together and around 15 staff and volunteers to manage. Larger multi-day conferences have even more going on behind the scenes.
The underlined word facade refers to ___.
A. the effort behind the scenes B. the scenes visible to the public
C. the literary masterpiece on display D. the material distributed at the meeting

三、【說明文解法策略】
審題口訣：
說明文章是“素描”，無情無議只介紹。
闡明事理遵順序，客觀敘述不作造。
不管題干如何問，原文材料是依靠。
相關(guān)語句提信息，比對成功不動搖。
科普類文章往往具有跨學科、行文邏輯性強等特點:要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以 及重要細節(jié)上全面把握?？破照f明文常設(shè)置下列題型：細節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測題、推理判斷題以及主旨大意題等,其中以主旨大意和推理判斷題居多。 從詞匯角度來看,在科普類文章中,詞匯的意義具有單一性和準確性的特點。從語法和句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面看,其結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜,長難句較多,語法分析較困難。文章中常用被動語態(tài)、定語從句等結(jié)構(gòu)?？破照f明文在結(jié)構(gòu)上常采用的寫作方法有:①總分式。在說明事物或事理時,段落(層次)之間有一個總分關(guān)系,表現(xiàn)為由總到分或由分到總;②承接式。各層之間按照事物的發(fā)展過程,或者按時間、因果、條件等關(guān)系安排,前后相互承接;③遞進式。后邊在前邊的基礎(chǔ)上進一步說明,各層之間的關(guān)系由淺入深。文章的命題除了遵循科普類文章的命題方式外,還經(jīng)常考查文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和修辭手法。
[方法1]　細節(jié)理解題
說明文通常突出介紹事件的過程、步驟和方法，同時通過具體的事例、數(shù)字、定義或圖表等加以說明，所以該文體中的細節(jié)理解題常常和這些過程、步驟、方法、事例、數(shù)字、定義、圖表等相關(guān)。考生解題時一定要準確地理解這些事實細節(jié)，進而做好相關(guān)的細節(jié)理解題。
【典例】　
When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn't sit quietly.Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds,VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It's a plant's way of crying out.But is anyone listening？Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive, the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other？Scientists don't know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged, but it wasn't a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate (親密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.There's a whole lot going on.
What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A．It makes noises. B．It gets help from other plants.
C．It stands quietly. D．It sends out certain chemicals.

[方法2]　主旨大意題
說明文中的主旨大意題通常會體現(xiàn)作者寫作的目的、文章主題思想、段落大意及閱讀人群、文章出處等。這樣，考生需要根據(jù)文章或段落的主題句、作者說明的主要內(nèi)容等信息確定和主旨大意相關(guān)的試題，從而做出正確的選擇。
【典例】　
①Risk is something we face daily. However, some people are obviously more willing to take risks than others.
②Biologists appear to have discovered a physical reason that explains why some people are risk-takers. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that spreads signals between nerve cells. It is linked to the brains reward system and is the chemical that makes us feel good, and scientists believe it to be linked to risk-taking. Our nerve cells have dopamine receptors(接收器) which control the amount of dopamine that each cell receives. But not all receptors may be active. When a person has few active receptors to control the amount of dopamine that is received, a cell can become flooded resulting in an extreme feeling of happiness.
......
④Dopamine gives us a biological reason for risk-taking, but scientists believe there may be psychological reasons too. Sensation-seeking is a personality characteristic that describes the desire to find activities that bring us pleasure. In 1964, psychologist Marvin Zuckerman created the sensation-seeking scale. His 40-item questionnaire, still used today, was given to people who were active in seeking new activities, and to people who were more satisfied with a quiet life. While risk-taking is not a characteristic in itself, it is very much associated with sensation-seeking, as a high sensation-seeker does not evaluate risk in the same way that a low sensation-seeker does. A desire to achieve pleasure means that there is a greater willingness to take more risks.
⑤There are both biological and psychological explanations as to why some people may choose to take more risks than others. However, none of these explanations are definitive.
What can be concluded from paragraph 4?
A. The longing for pleasure may lead to risk taking.
B. A willingness to take more risks can be cultivated.
C. The sensation-seeking scale can help to evaluate risk.
D. High sensation-seekers are more common than low ones.

[方法3]　標題判斷題
科普說明文多出現(xiàn)標題判斷題，考查考生對全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage? What can be a suitable title for the text?等為設(shè)問方式，文章標題可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子，它的特點是：短小精悍，多為一短語；涵蓋性強，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當，既不能太大，也不能太??；精確性強，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后歸納文章中心。
【典例】　
Earth’s geologic ages—time periods defined by evidence in rock layers— typically last more than three million years. We’re barely 11,500 years into the current age, the Holocene. But a new paper argues that we’ve already entered a new one—the Anthropocene, or “new man”, age.
The name isn’t brand-new. Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen, a co-author of the paper, coined it in 2002 to reflect the changes since the industrial revolution. The paper, however, is part of new push to formalize the Anthropocene age.
.........
If the concept of the Anthropocene age is to be formalized, scientists will first have to identify and define a boundary line, or marker, that’s set in stone. “The key thing is thinking about how—thousands of years in the future—geologists might come back and actually recognize in the deposit record the beginning of the Anthropocene,” explained Alan Haywood of the University of Leeds in the U.K. “It’s not as straightforward as you might think. The marker has to be very precise, and it has to be recognized in many different parts of the world,” said Haywood, who wasn’t involved in the new study.
.........
The push for a formal declaration of the Anthropocene age is about more than just scientific curiosity. The move, the scientists write in the latest issue of the journal Environmental Science & Technology, “might be used as encouragement to slow carbon emissions and biodiversity (生物多樣性) loss” or “as evidence on protection measures.” Just as Haywood said, by underlining how much we’re changing the environment, the formalization would be “a very powerful statement”.
What is the best title for the passage?
A. Humans Are Destroying the Earth, Geologists Warn
B. Too Early to Set Things in Stone, Authorities Say
C. More Evidence Is Needed, Universities Require
D. A New Earth Age May Begin, Scientists Argue

[方法4]　推理判斷題
為了考查考生的邏輯推理判斷能力，說明文中的推理判斷題通常要求考生推斷出事件發(fā)展過程和步驟的重要環(huán)節(jié)以及作者使用舉例和對比等寫作手法的具體目的等。這時，考生需要聯(lián)系文章的主題思想對推理判斷題加以突破。
【典例】
Parallel worlds exist and interact with our world, say physicists.
Quantum mechanics (量子力學), though firmly tested, is so weird and anti-intuitive that physicist Richard Feynman once remarked, “I think I can safely say nobody understands quantum mechanics.” Attempts to explain some of the bizarre (奇異的) consequences of quantum theory have led to some mind-bending ideas, such as the Copenhagen interpretation and the many-worlds interpretation.
Now there’s a new theory on the block, called the “many interacting worlds” hypothesis (假設(shè)) (MIW), and the idea is just as profound as it sounds. The theory suggests not only parallel worlds exist, but that they interact with our world on the quantum level and are thus detectable. Though still speculative (推測的), the theory may help to finally explain some of the bizarre consequences inherent in quantum mechanics.
The theory is a spinoff of the many-worlds interpretation in quantum mechanics—an assumption that all possible alternative histories and futures are real, each representing an actual, though parallel, world. One problem with the many-worlds interpretation, however, has been that it is fundamentally untestable, since observations can only be made in our world. Happenings in these proposed “parallel” worlds can thus only be imagined.
MIW, however, says otherwise. It suggests that parallel worlds can interact on the quantum level, and in fact that they do.
“The idea of parallel universes in quantum mechanics has been around since 1957,” explained Howard Wiseman, a physicist at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia, and one of the physicists to come up with MIW. “In the well-known ‘Many-Worlds Interpretation’, each universe branches into a bunch of new universes every time a quantum measurement is made. All possibilities are therefore realized — in some universes the dinosaur-killing asteroid (小行星) missed Earth. In others, Australia was colonized by the Portuguese.”
“But critics question the reality of these other universes, since they do not influence our universe at all,” he added. “On this score, our ‘Many Interacting Worlds’ approach is completely different, as its name implies.”
Wiseman and colleagues have proposed that there exists “a universal force of repulsion between ‘nearby’(i.e. similar) worlds, which tends to make them more dissimilar.” Quantum effects can be explained by factoring in this force, they propose.
When asked about whether their theory might imply that humans could someday interact with other worlds, Wiseman said: “It’s not part of our theory. But the idea of human interactions with other universes is no longer pure fantasy.”
What might your life look like if you made different choices? Maybe one day you'll be able to look into one of these alternative worlds and find out.
According to paragraph 3-5, the new theory "MIW" differs from the previous one in that ______.
A. MIW develops from quantum mechanics
B. MIW suggests the interaction can be detected
C. The previous one is based on profound foundation
D. The previous one proves that MIW is imagined
The last sentence of the last paragraph implies that _______________________.
A. someday humans may live in different universes in one lifetime
B. humans may make different choices simultaneously (同時地) and live in different universes
C. humans may live again from the beginning if they regret their life in this universe
D. life would be more unexpected, but all you expect may be true in other universes

[方法5]　代詞指代判斷題
科技說明文在對自然奧秘、動植物生存侍點及產(chǎn)品工藝原理進行解釋時，易出現(xiàn)動作變換多、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變頻的現(xiàn)象，因此常出現(xiàn)代詞指代判斷題，這些試題常以it；they；them 等表物的代詞為命題題點，要求考生裉據(jù)上下文語語境邏輯推斷其指代對象。解題時應(yīng)認真分析動作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，區(qū)分動作不同執(zhí)行者，從而準確判斷代詞的正確指代。
【典例】
His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time.These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for.These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic，which brings with it not only necessary state welfare，but also alcoholism，betrayal and even suicide.
What does the underlined world “it” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．The modern French lifestyle. B．The self-supporting hunting.
C．The uncivilized world. D．The French Republic.

[方法6]　生詞詞義或句意猜測題
科普說明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動植物生存特點及產(chǎn)品工藝原理，易出現(xiàn)一些學術(shù)性較強的生詞，因此常出現(xiàn)生詞詞義判斷題，這種試題常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?為設(shè)問方式考查對生詞詞義的判斷。詞義猜測題的設(shè)置通常和定義、概念、舉例等有關(guān)，這有助于對詞匯的理解，解題時考生要注意捕捉這些信息，正確理解相關(guān)詞匯的意思。
【典例】
......
Researchers at Vanderbilt University and Albert Einstein College of Medicine asked 34 men and women to complete a questionnaire about their risk taking to assess whether they seek new opportunities or are cautious in life. The results of the research were consistent with similar studies carried out with rats, and had the same outcome. It concluded that people who are risk-takers have fewer dopamine receptors than people who are not.
The underlined phrase “consistent with” is closest to “__________” in meaning.
A. contrary to B. in agreement with C. at the cost of D. persistent in

【典例】
Is Paperless Office Really Paperless?
A rising economy increased paper sales by 6 to 7 percent each year in the early to mid-1990s, and the convenience of desktop printing allowed office workers to print anything and everything. In 2004, Merilyn Dunn, a communications supplies director, said that plain white office paper would see less than a 4 percent growth rate, a primary reason for which is that some 47 percent of the workforce entered the job market after computers had already been introduced to offices.
For office innovators, the dream of paperless office is an example of high-tech arrogance (傲慢). Today’s office service is overwhelmed by more newspapers than ever before. After decades of development, the American government can finally get rid of the madness on paper. In the past, the demand for paper has been far ahead of growth in the American economy, but the sales have slowed markedly over the past two to three years, despite the good economic conditions.
“Old habits are hard to break,” says Ms. Dunn. “There are some functions that paper serves where a screen display doesn’t work. Those functions are both its strength and its weakness.” Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases and communication systems. Escaping our eagerness for paper, however, will be anything but an easy affair.
......
What does the last sentence in Para. 3 mean?
A. We have to look at paper consumption from different angles.
B. There is little chance that paper consumption will fall in the digital age.
C. Paper consumption will be greatly reduced in the digital age.
D. People are no longer so addicted to paper in the digital age.

[方法7]篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題
對文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)的考查不外乎兩個層次。一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，一是按寫作方法(論證方法)理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。為突出主題作者可能采用不同的寫作手法來組織文章，通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。對這類題型的考查主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：最常見的提問方式是：The sentence in paragraph means _______.; The example of in para.is used to illustrate/show______ .Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
【典例】
The Indian government may use 3D paintings as virtual speed-breakers on major highways arid roads, in an attempt to check speeding and careless driving, and eventually make its deadly roads a little safer. “We are trying out 3D paintings used as virtual speed breakers to avoid unnecessary requirements of speed breakers,” India's transport minister Nitin Gadkari tweeted.
The visual illusions are supposed to encourage drivers to slow down automatically. Earlier this month, India had ordered the removal of all speed breakers from highways, which are considered to be a danger to safety for high-speed vehicles.
India has the highest number of road accident deaths in the world. According to the World Health Organisation, over 200,00 people are killed by road accidents due to poor application of road safety laws. This is considerably higher than its official figures of 141,526 for 2014.
The use of visual illusions as speed breakers was first pioneered in the American city of Philadelphia in 2008, as part of a campaign against speeding motorists. The technique has also been tried out in China to create floating 3D crossings.
In India, cities such as Ahmedabad and Chennai have already experimented with 3D zebra crossings in the last one year. In Ahmedabad for instance, two artists, mother and daughter have painted 3D crosswalks in the first few months of this year. The artists say their motto is “to increase the attention of drivers”, and that the concept has been successfully tested in zones where accidents easily occur on a highway.”
However, critics argue that once drivers know that these speed breakers arc visual illusions, they may ignore them. Others also point out that India's decision does not consider the safety of a large number of walkers. In the end, the new policy may be just one step towards improving road safety.
The author explains the experiment of 3D zebra crossings in India by ________.
A. giving examples B. analyzing causes
C. providing figures D. making comparisons

_____
真題演練







2022年6月北京卷 （應(yīng)用文）
Peer ( 同伴 ) Assisted Study Sessions (PASS) is a peer-facilitated learning programme available to students enrolled ( 注冊 ) in most core units of study in our business school.
PASS involves weekly sessions where you work in groups to tackle specially prepared problem sets, based around a unit of study you’re enrolled in.
PASS doesn’t re-teach or deliver new content. It’s an opportunity to deepen your understanding of the key points from lecture materials while you are applying your skills to solve problems.
You work interactively with your peers. As a peer group, you decide what is covered in each session. That way, PASS directly responds to your needs and feedback.
Registration in Term 2 will open at 9 am, 21 September 2022.
Waiting lists
If a session is full, you can register for the waiting list. We will email you if a place becomes available or if a new session is to be held.
When you are placed on a waiting list, we will email you a number which tells you where you are on the list. If you are close to the front of the list, you have a good chance of gaining a place in the programme in the near future.
Deregistering
If you miss two PASS sessions in a row, you will be deregistered and your place will be given to someone on the waiting list. Make sure you fill in the attendance sheet at each session to record your attendance.
You’ll be informed by email if you are being deregistered as a result of missing sessions. If you believe you have received the email in error, email the PASS office at passoffice@umbs. edu..
21. In PASS, students ________.
A. attend new lectures B. decide their own schedules
C. prepare problem sets in groups D. use their skills to solve problems
22. What can students do if a session is full?
A. Fill in the attendance sheet. B. Sign up for the waiting list.
C. Report their needs and feedback. D. Email the office their numbers on the list.
23. Students will be deregistered if ________.
A. they send emails in error B. they fail to work interactively
C. they give their places to others D. they miss two sessions in a row

2022年6月浙江卷 （記敘文）

Pasta and pizza were on everyone’s lunch menu in my native land of Italy. Everyone who had such a lunch was fair-skinned and spoke Italian. A few years later, as I stood in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a school in Brooklyn, I realized things were no longer that simple. My classmates ranged from those kids with pale skin and large blue eyes to those with rich brown skin and dark hair. The food choices were almost as diverse as the students. In front of me was an array of foods I couldn’t even name in my native language. Fearing that I would pick out something awful, I desperately tried to ask the boy ahead of me for a recommendation. Unfortunately, between us stood the barrier of language.
Although my kindergarten experience feels like a century ago, the lessons I learned will stick in my mind forever. For the past three summers, I have worked in a government agency in New York. New immigrants much like the little girl in the lunch line flooded our office seeking help. I often had to be an interpreter for the Italian-speaking ones. As I served the role of vital communication link, I was reminded of my desperate struggle to converse before I learned English. I watched with great sympathy as elderly Italians tried to hold a conversation in Italian with people who did not speak the language. It suddenly became very clear to me how lucky I was to be fluent in two languages.
In New York, a multicultural city, students like me are blessed with a chance to work with a diverse population. In my English to Italian translations, I’ve learned about social programs that I didn’t know existed. This work expanded my mind in ways that are impossible inside the four walls of a classroom. Walking through the streets of Brooklyn today, I am no longer confused by this city’s sounds and smells. Instead, enjoy its diversity.
21. What did the author realize after entering school in Brooklyn?
A. Time passed quickly. B. English was hard to learn.
C. The food was terrible. D. People were very different.
22. Who does “the little girl” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. An Italian teacher. B. A government official.
C. The author herself. D. The author’s classmate.
23. How did the summer job benefit the author?
A. It strengthened her love for school. B. It helped sharpen her sense of direction.
C. It opened her eyes to the real world. D. It made her childhood dream come true.

2022年6月全國乙卷 （說明文）

The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate ￡240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (設(shè)施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
32. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education.
33. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.
35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.
_____
好題必測





1.【2023屆山東省齊魯名校高三第一次學業(yè)質(zhì)量聯(lián)合檢測】
This Is the Way Learning Center
The staff, parents and children enrolled (招收) at This Is the Way Learning Center are one big family. We take the health and safety of our family very seriously. This Is the Way Learning Center is committed to maintaining a safe environment for your children. We are following all safety rules. Should you have any questions regarding the processes in place please call our center. We will be happy to answer your questions.
This Is the Way Learning Center cares for and educates children aged 6 weeks and up. We are enrolling for all programs (Preschool and Nursery School) in addition to basic childcare. There will be no enrollment fees and registration fees. We are devoted to the future of your child and creating a lifetime love of learning at every age and stage. What can be more precious or important than the early developmental and learning years of our children?
This Is the Way Learning Center is located across the street from Henry Barnard School at 18 Shaker Road. It is conveniently located just minutes from 91 North and South, in the town of Enfield.
Hours:
? 6:30 am through 5:30 pm
? Monday through Friday
? Closed only on major holidays.
Ages:
? Children through kindergarten
? School age
Features:
? All-day, all-year daycare
? Homelike setting
? Age-appropriate play areas
? Child-friendly curriculum
? Computer education
? Trained and experienced teachers
You may email us at requests@thisisthewaylc.com or call us at 860-253-0010 to ask your questions and request a free brochure.
1. What is This Is the Way Learning Center?
A. It’s a big family. B. It’s a training center.
C. It’s a safety center. D. It’s a local program.
2. Who can teach in This is the Way Learning Center?.
A. Everyone enrolled at it. B. Age-appropriate coaches.
C. Computer education teachers. D. Trained and experienced teachers.
3. For whom is this text probably written?
A. Parents. B. Visitors. C. Students. D. Professors.

2.【Z20名校聯(lián)盟（浙江省名校新高考研宄聯(lián)盟）2022-2023學年髙三第一次聯(lián)考】
A boy shivered in the harsh Oslo winter, pathetically wrapping his arms around himself on a bus stop bench. He wasn’t wearing a coat and temperatures in the Norwegian capital regularly plunge to -10C during winter.
A heartbreaking scene, but the actions of the ordinary people who witnessed the difficult situation of 11-year-old Johanne Linnestad Flaaten were both joyous and inspiring.
A young woman sat next to the boy and noticed him rubbing his arms. She immediately asked him, “Don’t you have a jacket?”
“No, someone stole,” he replied. She questioned him and discovered he was on a school trip and was told to meet his teacher at the bus stop. She asked him the name of his school and where he was from as she selflessly covered her own coat around his shoulders.
Later, another older woman at first gave him her scarf, and then wrapped him in her large padded jacket.
Throughout the day, more and more people offered Johanne their gloves and even the coats off their backs as they waited for their bus.
Johanne’s predicament was a hidden camera experiment by Norwegian charity SOS Children’s Village as part of their winter campaign to gather donations to send much-needed coats and blankets to help Syrian children get through the winter. Many of the refugees have left their homes without winter clothing.
“People should care as much about children in Syria as they care about this boy,” Synne Runnine th information head of SOS Children’s Villages Norway, told The Local. She also noted that the child was a volunteer who was never in any danger during the filming.
24. Why did Johanne Linnestad Flaaten shiver on the bus stop bench?
A. His parents couldn’t afford him a warm coat
B. Someone stole his jacket.
C. He was a volunteer to do an experiment.
D. He was doing an experiment of cold resista
25. The underlined word “predicament” in paragraph 7 means ________.
A. difficult situation B. miserable life
C. inspiring courage D. selfless spirit
26. What do Synne Running’s words imply?
A. People’s care about Johanne is enough.
B. People’s care about children in Syria is not enough.
C. People should care more about children in Syria than they care about Johanne.
D. People should care more about Johanne than they care about children in Syria.
27. What is the best title for the passage?
A. When You Have No Coat in a Harsh Winter
B. When You Face Refugees Crowding into Your Country
C. When You Help Syrian Children without Winter Clothing
D. When You Meet a Boy Wearing No Coat

3.【湖北省高中名校聯(lián)盟2023屆新高三第一次聯(lián)合測評】
C
There are many sources of debate on a long Toad trip, including route selection, the choice of snacks, and, probably most importantly, what to Play on the radio. Finding a way for all parties to listen to their own audio without the need for headphones has been a goal of car makers for decades, and scientists may have finally managed it.
A team from the University of Le Mans in France carefully positioned microphones, speakers and filters（過濾器）to create personalised sound zones (PSZs) inside a car, and the small regions are where sound from a set of speakers can be heard clearly. Outside these, it can not be heard.
One barrier which scientists have previously been unable to overcome was the impact of moving one’s seat. They were able to form a PSZ, but unable to move it to follow a person if they moved the seat forwards or backwards.
The French team created a new algorithm(算法) specifically to tackle this issue, which handles the sound waves to create “bright” and “dark” zones in the car. “Loudspeakers are placed in the headrests, and specific filters for each transducer(換能器) are calculated to reproduce a sound signal that maintains good quality in the zone under consideration and is strongly weakened in other zones.” said Dr Lucas Vindrola, the author of the study. “The key to the technique working properly is having sufficient microphones placed around the car to detect how many people are in the car and where they are sitting. The price to pay is to have control microphones in the passenger section, so that the algorithm can work.”
However, the technique is not yet ready to be commercially rolled out as a luxurious optional extra just yet, as it currently works only for a limited range of frequencies.
28. What was once a challenge for scientists?
A. PSZs could hardly be formed.
B. The sound of moving a seat is loud,
C. They couldn’t create movable PSZs.
D. The seats couldn’t be moved back and forth.
29. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. How the impact of moving one’s seat was addressed.
B. Why enough microphones are placed around the car.
C. When the algorithm can work well for all passengers.
D. Where “bright” and “dark” zones are created in the car.
30. What can we infer about the new technique?
A. It currently works without limitation.
B. It has been put into use commercially.
C. It can function well with enough microphones.
D. It is costly to detect the position of microphones.
31. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To launch a new debate.
B. To tackle an old problem.
C. To advertise an algorithm.
D. To introduce a new technology.
D
Several days ago Spanish fashion brand Zara sparked a fee debate after releasing its latest campaign featuring a Chinese model with freckles（雀斑）. Actually, there are some different beauty standards between the East and the West.
In East Asia, freckles might be considered a “destructive weakness” for celebrities, especially actors or singers. Although normal people don’t care that much, subconsciously they might prefer a “clean” face. Generally speaking, freckles are more likely to appear if people are out in the sun frequently, and most East Asian women avoid the sun as best they can.
Having freckles, instead, is a trademark for unconventional beauty in the Western world, and some call freckles “angel kisses”. For most westerners, having freckles is no longer just something you have to live with; instead, it is something to be desired. After all, not everyone is lucky enough to have freckles.
When it comes to eye shapes, it seems Western and Chinese beauty standards don’t see eye-to-eye. Many Chinese think girls with big eyes are the most beautiful. If their eyes have a double fold eyelid, that is considered perfect. However, most foreigners seem to prefer Chinese girls with slanted（斜的）and narrow eyes and eyebrows. Chinese known model Lyv Yan is often considered the country’s most beautiful by foreigners, while quite a few Chinese people think her appearance doesn’t fit with traditional beauty standards.
Young, girly feature or hot and mature feature? Zhao Liying from China, Aragaki Yui from Japan and Lim Yoon-A from South Korea enjoy high popularity in Asia, as they boast bright faces with warm smiles, which win them lots of male fans. The three young celebrities represent Asia’s beauty standards: women with cute, girly features. Most women in Asia try their best to stay young accordingly. Unlike Chinese girls, Western girls think a more mature look shows independence and uniqueness. The superhero Wonder Woman is an ideal type for most.
As ties continue to grow between China and the West, it is unavoidable that these beauty standards develop. But one thing’s for sure — no matter how you look, you are who you are, and that should be satisfaction enough.
32. What do most western people think of having freckles?
A. It is something unbearable.
B. It is a destructive weakness.
A. It is something to wish for.
D. It is a symbol of traditional beauty.
33. What do the underlined words “see eye-to-eye” mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Have the same opinion.
B. Recognize their strengths.
C. Misunderstand each other.
D. Argue against one another.
34. Why do western girls prefer to appear mature?
A. They think this beauty standard is better.
B. They want to look independent and unique.
C. They hope to have high popularity in Asia.
D. They admire Wonder Woman very much.
35. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. What Zara’s beauty standard is.
B. Why Chinese people don’t like freckles.
C. What causes the different beauty standards.
D. How easterners and westerners think of beauty.
_____

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