專題16 閱讀理解之主旨大意題講解與練習-2023年高考英語一輪復習小題多維練（通用版）-試卷下載-教習網(wǎng)

主旨大意題有一個明顯的特點：要求學生通讀全文，從四個選項中選出最佳標題或能夠說明文章或段落大意的選項?？疾閷ο蠓譃槿箢悾杭雌獦祟}歸納題、文章大意題和段落主旨大意題。篇章主旨是針對全文主題進行提問，而段落主旨是針對某一段落或幾個段落的主題進行提問。主旨大意題考查閱讀理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力，所以在閱讀理解中難度較大。
選項特征
正確選項特征
涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文或全段。
確定的范圍恰當，既不太大，也不太小。
精確性強，不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩。
干擾選項特征
過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云
所給選項內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。
以偏概全，主次不分
所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細節(jié)信息或個別詞作為選項的設置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實或細節(jié)充當全文的主要觀點。
移花接木，偷換概念
所給選項被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯答案。
無中生有，生搬硬套
所給選項的關鍵詞雖然文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過仔細閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。
主旨大意類題目常見的設問方式如下：
The main idea/key pint f this passage is that _____.
The passage is mainly abut_____.
The best title/headline fr this passage is ______.
The tpic/subject discussed in this passage is ______.
Frm the passage we can learn/cnclude that_____.
The last paragraph is chiefly cncerned with ______.
Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea f the passage?
Which f the fllwing best states the theme f the passage?
Part 2 方法指導
明確一個好的標題應具備三大特點：
概括性——準確而有簡短；
針對性——標題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；
醒目性——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。
文章大意題解題方法
掌握尋找主題句，快速確定文章大意
文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務的，理解全文的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心思想的基礎上的。主題句有兩個功能：一是介紹段落的主題；二是闡述控制概念，控制概念用以控制段落中句子討論的內(nèi)容。
主題句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶爾在段落中間。在非故事性文章中，主題句尤為明顯。有的文章無明顯的主題句，二是把主題隱含在段意之中，這就需要進一步加工概括。
用瀏覽法，快速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題句。一下是找主題句的四個竅門。
主題句位于段首
尋找主題句
有些段落明顯的引出細節(jié)的信息詞，常見的信息詞有fr example, an example f, the mst imprtant example, first, secnd, next, then, last, finally, t begin with, als, besides that等。
在閱讀中應盡量利用上述信息詞確定主題句的位置。從段落中的fr example可以斷定前一句是主題句。如果沒有明顯的信息詞，可先假設第一句為主題句，在第二句前面添加一個fr example，看看第二句是否可以支撐第一句話，如果第二句不能支撐第一菊花，便在其他地方找出主題句。
選擇答案
先徹底弄懂主題句的句意，然后閱讀A、B、C、D四個選項，選擇與主題句句意相吻合的答案，如主題句的再現(xiàn)，主題句意的復述或推論等，排除與主題句句意無關的答案，如支撐細節(jié)和文章中未曾闡述的事實等。
主題句位于段末
主題句位于段末是作者采用了先擺事實，后作結論的手法。這種段落稱作歸納型段落。
主題句位于段落的中間
段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語，如hwever，but，in fact，actually等時，該句很可能就是主題句。
表示總結的或結論的句子常包含therefre，thus，in shrt，cnclude，cnclusin等詞。
典題例證（2018.全國卷I閱讀C）
Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (聯(lián)系)grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther.Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisatin. the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin. Especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6 800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages. Often spken by many peple while ht. wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers.Eurpe has nly arund 200 Languages: the Americas abut 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位數(shù))f speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the wrlds languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f, 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin(消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers),Chiapanec in Mexic(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(tw r three)r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
31. What is the min idea f the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B Peples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human develpment results in fewer languages
Hunter—getherers
D. Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
Farmers:
第一步：讀文章，理清結構perhaps 12,000languages
Reasns: trade,
industrialisatin,
glbalisatin and better
cmmunicatin etc.
Fewer in number
many t disappear
Languages

Many languages will be clse t extinctin
At present
Abut 68,000 languages
第二步：細揣摩，概括文意
第三步: 分析選項，斟酌判斷
段落大意題解題方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要準確概括某段的大意，務必要知道該段落的行文邏輯結構。如該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說明，其他句子對其進行具體論述，這種結構的主題句就在段首；如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句在這段話的中間；如果對比個事物，那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有時，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，二是通過各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要讀者充分發(fā)揮想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。
典題例證（2017.全國卷II閱讀C節(jié)選）
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transitin – has tw seats， fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and bums 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. The basic data f the Transitin. B. The advantages f flying cars.
C. The ptential market fr flying cars. C. The designers f the Transitin.
第一步揣摩，概括段意
根據(jù)本段中的“The vehicle-named the Transitin – has tw seats， fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and bums 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.”可知，該斷詳細介紹了這款飛行汽車：兩個座位、四個輪子、上個月在1400英尺的高空飛行了8分鐘、速度是大約每小時70英里、空中速度115英里以及油耗。所以本段主要介紹了這款飛行汽車的基本資料。
第二步：分析選項，斟酌判斷
Part 3閱讀理解仿真組合練
A
Mre primary care dctrs in a cmmunity (社區(qū)）appear t lead t imprved life expectancy fr peple living there，thugh a lack f such physicians acrss U.S. culd be a cause f cncern fr verall ppulatin health in years t cme.
Fr the study, researchers lked at physician cunts per 100,000 peple in a range cvering 2005 t 2015 in the U. S.，alng with life expectancy and specific causes f death. They fund that an increase f 10 primary care physicians per 100,000 ppulatin was assciated with a 51. 5-day increase in life expectancy, while an increase f 10 specialty physicians per 100, 000 ppulatin increased life expectancy by 19. 2 days. An increase in primary care physicians als was assciated with reductins f many deaths including heart diseases and cancers.
Alng with thse findings, thugh, the study said many cmmunities did nt have primary care physicians in 2015，with the decline in supply mre prminent in rural areas than their urban areas. Many believe that a well-functining health care system requires a slid fundatin f primary care, hwever, payment difference between primary care and technical specialties cntinue t dispirit the U. S. primary care physician wrkfrce.
“Higher pay and lifestyle preferences lead mst students t chse nn-primary care fields, even when their hearts say primary care,” the study said. “We must turn this trend arund with practical changes in physician payment plicy； n amunt f superb primary care training r creative practice refrm will prevent further declines in primary care physician, which will lead t wrsening health fr the United States. ”
The study’s researchers cnclude that future research shuld fcus n the “quality and cver f primary care，types f primary care physician training and service fferings, and effective access rather than just supply”.
1.What des the authr intend t d in Paragraph 2?
A. Prvide sme data fr the readers.
B.Offer sme tips n life expectancy.
C. Add sme backgrund infrmatin.
D.Stress the imprtance f primary care.
2.Which f the fllwing best explains “prminent ” underlined in Paragraph 3?
A.Adequate.B. Cnsiderate. C.Obvius.D. Reasnable.
3. What discurages yung peple frm taking up the primary care?
A.Primary care is badly paid.
B.They have t wrk in rural areas,
C.They need t face fierce cmpetitin.
D.Primary care lacks superb training
4. What is the main idea f the text?
A. Primary care can lengthen life.
B. Primary care needs imprving.
C. Primary care physicians are decreasing.
D. Higher pay attracts mre primary care physicians.
B
It's nt a new phenmenn, but have yu nticed hw many nuns are being used as verbs? We all use them, ften withut nticing what we're ding.
I was arranging t meet smene fr dinner last week, and I said “I’ll pencil it in my diary”, and my friend said “Yu can ink it in”, meaning that it was a firm arrangement nt a tentative ne!
Many f these new verbs are linked t new technlgy. An bvius example is the wrd fax. We all gt used t sending and receiving faxes, and then sn started talking abut faxing smething and prmising we'd fax it immediately. Then alng came email, and we were sn all emailing each ther madly. Hw did we d withut it? I can hardly imagine life withut my daily emails.
Email reminds me, f curse, f my cmputer and its sftware, which has prduced anther cuple f new verbs. On my cmputer I can bkmark thse pages frm the Wrld Wide Web that I think I'll want t lk at again, thus saving all the effrt f remembering their addresses and calling them up frm scratch. I can d the same thing n my PC, but there I dn't bkmark; I favrite—cming frm “favrite pages”, s the verb cmes frm an adjective nt a nun.
Nw my children bught me a mbile phne, knwn simply as a mbile and I had t learn yet mre new verbs. I can message smene, that is, I can leave a message fr them n their phne. Or I can text them, write a few wrds suggesting when and where t meet, fr example. Hw lng will it be befre I can mbile them, that is, phne them using my mbile? I haven’t heard that verb yet, but I’m sure I will sn. Perhaps I’ll start using it myself!
5. “I’ll pencil it in my diary” in the secnd paragraph prbably means .
A. it was a firm arrangement
B. he prefers a pencil t a pen
C. the arrangement shuld be written as a diary
D. it was an uncertain arrangement
6. A website address can be easily fund if it has been______.
A. favritedB. messagedC. emailedD. texted
7. Which f the fllwing has nt been used as a verb yet?
A. messageB. mbileC. emailD. page
8. The best title fr this passage is____.
A. Technlgy and Language.
B. Develpment f the English language
C. New Technlgy and New wrds
D. New Verbs frm Nuns
C
Debates ver the benefits f recycling started in 1996 when a writer called Jhn Tierney said “recycling is garbage”. Accrding t him, “Recycling prgrams ffer mainly shrt-term benefits t a few related grups while diverting mney frm real scial and envirnmental prblems. It dubles energy cnsumptin and pllutin while csting taxpayers mre mney than dealing with ld garbage. Recycling may be the mst wasteful activity in mdern America.”
Envirnmental grups were quick t respnd t Tierney by issuing reprts detailing the benefits f recycling and shwing hw municipal (市政的) recycling prgrams reduce pllutin and the use f resurces while decreasing the amunt f garbage and the need fr landfill space — all fr less, nt mre, than the cst f regular garbage cllectin and dispsal(處置).
But in 2002, New Yrk City, an early municipal recycling pineer, fund that its much-praised recycling prgram was lsing mney, s it eliminated glass and plastic recycling. Accrding t the Mayr, the benefits f recycling plastic and glass were utweighed by the price—-recycling cst twice as much as dispsal. Meanwhile, lw demand fr the materials meant that much f it was ending up in landfills anyway. NYC clsed its last landfill and brught in a mre efficient system, with mre famus service prviders than it had used previusly.
The lessns learned by New Yrk are applicable everywhere. Sme early recycling prgrams waste resurces and lead t new trash. But the situatin has imprved as cities have gained experience. If managed crrectly, recycling prgrams shuld cst cities and taxpayers less than garbage dispsal fr any given amunt f material. Even thugh the benefits f recycling ver dispsal are varius, individuals shuld keep in mind that it better serves the envirnment t reduce and reuse materials befre recycling even becmes an ptin.
9. Jhn Tierney thught that recycling ___________.
A. is a waste f mney
B. leads t a lack f emplyers
C. is beneficial t the envirnment
D. will becme ppular in the future
10. What’s the meaning f the underlined wrd “eliminated” in Paragraph 3?
A. Required.B. Frgt.
C. Encuraged.D. Cancelled.
11.What des the last paragraph imply?
A. We shuld make recycling an ptin.
B. Public recycling prgrams are in a bad situatin.
C. We shuld develp the awareness f resurce saving.
D. Cst-saving shuld be cnsidered first in recycling wrk.
12. What can be the best title fr this passage?
A. The harm f recycling
B. Is recycling really beneficial?
C. The recycling wrk in New Yrk City
D. Is envirnmental prtectin making prgress?
D
Experts nte that an unhealthy lifestyle can put yu at great risk f heart disease and strke. S dctrs urge us t eat healthy fds, get exercise, stp smking and limit ur alchl intake. But there is smething else yu can d. And it is free and easy. Smile!
Dr. Chckalingam, a heart disease specialist in Clumbia, advises his patients t smile. He says a smile may be ne way t help yur heart. “When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are mre psitive.” He says smiling is the first step in fighting physical and emtinal stress and its smetimes harmful effects n human health. This is nt just New Age advice. Several studies supprt his pinin.
When yu feel stressed r under pressure, yur bdy releases many natural hrmnes (荷爾蒙) including adrenaline and crtisl. Adrenaline increases yur heart rate and bld pressure. Crtisl is the bdy’s main stress hrmne. It increases sugar in the bldstream. If yu are truly in danger, these hrmnes can help yu. They are part f what we call ur fight-r-flight respnse.
Hwever, when we are stressed fr a lng perid, these stress hrmnes are ever-present in ur bdies. And that, medical researchers warn, may lead t health prblems.
Researchers say the cnnectin between stress and heart disease is still unclear. Hwever, they claim that when peple are stressed fr lng perids f time, they may have an unhealthy lifestyle, which can lead t health prblems.
Dr. Chckalingam says a smile may be ne way t help. He tells his patients t smile 20 times an hur. T sme, that might seem like a lt f smiling. Or sme might even feel flish smiling fr seemingly n reasn. But a smile des nt invlve drugs. It is nt invasive like a surgical peratin. It is free and it has n bad side effects.
“Once peple smile, they are relaxing. This relaxatin directly lwers bld pressure, imprves sugar levels in the bld. If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health.” And it just may prvide a little extra prtectin t everyne’s heart health.
13. Which f the fllwing agrees with Dr. Chckalingam’s pinin?
A. Smile has the same effects as laughter.
B. Smile can be used t take the place f medicine.
C. Smile is better than any healthy lifestyle t health.
D. Smile can make ur bdy prduce beneficial chemicals.
14. What can we knw abut the mentined stress hrmnes?
A. They can lwer ur bld pressure.
B. They will surely lead t heart diseases.
C. They can benefit us when we are in danger.
D. They will make us live an unhealthy lifestyle.
15. Why des Dr. Chckalingam think smiling is helpful t ur health?
A. It can make us relax.B. It increases sugar levels.
C. It has little bad side effects.D. It can happen fr n reasn.
16. What can be the best title fr the text?
A. A Thrugh Analysis f the Causes f Heart Diseases
B. One Thing Yu Can D Right Nw t Help Yur Heart
C. One Thing That Is Clsely Cnnected with Stress Hrmnes
D. The Clear Cnnectin Between Unhealthy Lifestyles and Heart Diseases
段落大意
文意
第一段
在獵人聚集的時代，語言是很多的
本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了世界上語言的種類隨著人類社會的發(fā)展而逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。
第二段
隨著人類的定居，語言變得少了一些
第三段
目前，全球大約有6800種語言，其中分布及其不均勻
第四段
一些語言使用的很少，正面臨消亡的威脅
A
將會創(chuàng)造新語言。
文章介紹的是語言的減少而不是新語言的創(chuàng)造。
無中生有，生搬硬套
B
人們的生活方式在語言中得以反映。
這種說法過于寬泛。
過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云
C
人類的發(fā)展導致語言的減少。
文章介紹了語言的種類隨著人類社會的發(fā)展而逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。
涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文
D
地理決定語言的演變。
文中提到了地理位置對語言分布的影響，但沒有說地理決定語言的演變。
以偏概全，主次不分
A
the transitin的基本數(shù)據(jù)。
A項是對本段內(nèi)容的精煉總結和概括。
涵蓋性強，覆蓋全段
B
飛行汽車的優(yōu)點。
本段最后三句只是列舉了這款飛行汽車在路上和在空中行駛時的一些數(shù)據(jù)對比，并沒有提及其優(yōu)勢。
移花接木，偷換概念
C
這種飛行汽車的潛在市場。
這段沒有提及這款飛行汽車的潛在市場。
無中生有，生搬硬套
D
the Transitin的設計者。
本段沒有提到the Transitin的設計者。
無中生有，生搬硬套

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