解密12 閱讀理解七選五提分策略(講義+分層訓(xùn)練)-【高頻考點(diǎn)解密】2022年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義+分層訓(xùn)練(浙江專用)-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

解密12 閱讀理解七選五提分策略考點(diǎn)熱度 ★★★★☆內(nèi)容索引核心考點(diǎn)1 七選五試題的語(yǔ)篇主題以及行文邏輯對(duì)解題的影響核心考點(diǎn)2 小標(biāo)題、主題句、首段尾句和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等在試題解答中的作用1.考試大綱對(duì)閱讀理解七選五的要求試卷中題干表述如下：根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。閱讀理解七選五，即給出一篇缺少5個(gè)句子的文章，對(duì)應(yīng)有七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處。該類題型要求從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中（均為完整的句子）選出五個(gè)能填入文章空處的最佳選項(xiàng)，主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。其命題形式深受閱讀多項(xiàng)選擇題的影響，體現(xiàn)了《新課標(biāo)》“用英語(yǔ)獲取、處理和運(yùn)用信息的能力；逐步獲取用英語(yǔ)思維的能力。”的閱讀學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)理念。七選五和傳統(tǒng)題型完型填空有些類似，雖然完型填空題考查的是詞匯層面，七選五考查的是句子層面，但是它們的考查方式是一樣的，只要考生選擇的答案能夠使行文連貫，符合英文的語(yǔ)法以及習(xí)慣表達(dá)就行，因此，這兩類題型在做題方法上有共同之處。該題型命題形式仍然具有客觀題的特點(diǎn)，又與完形填空具有異曲同工之妙，只是選項(xiàng)少，以句子形式出現(xiàn)，考查目的和側(cè)重點(diǎn)不完全相同而已。從《考試說明》對(duì)該題型命題目的的表述“主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。”可以得出以下判斷：該題備選項(xiàng)可分為主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容）、過渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）和注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）三類。其多余的兩個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)也往往從這三方面進(jìn)行設(shè)置，例如主旨概括句或過于寬泛或以偏概全或偏離主題，過渡性句子不能反映文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，注釋性句子與上文脫節(jié)等。2.閱讀理解七選五題型的特點(diǎn)符合《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中“提高學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)獲取信息、處理信息、分析問題和解決問題的能力”的要求和《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試說明》中“如果希望準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解一篇文章，必須對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握住全篇的文脈，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。”的要求。如果說通常意義上的高考英語(yǔ)完形填空題是詞法和句法范圍內(nèi)的考查，它是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的基本單位，屬于語(yǔ)言的組織規(guī)律，那么閱讀填空題就是章法范圍內(nèi)的考查，是語(yǔ)言使用的范疇，屬于言語(yǔ)的組織規(guī)律，簡(jiǎn)單地說，前者側(cè)重語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)—語(yǔ)法，而后者側(cè)重語(yǔ)言的使用—章法。注重考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力。閱讀本質(zhì)就是一種理解、吸收、鑒賞、評(píng)價(jià)文章的思維過程，新題型不但要求考生具備詞匯、句子、語(yǔ)段、語(yǔ)篇等方面的知識(shí)，而且要有辨證、綜合、分析、歸納方面的邏輯思維能力，是閱讀的深層理解，也是閱讀的核心和關(guān)鍵。題材新穎，具有濃厚的時(shí)代氣息和較高的真實(shí)性，與學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷和生活經(jīng)歷相適應(yīng)，與新課程理念下的高考改革走向相適應(yīng)，與高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)際相適應(yīng)，遵循了《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的評(píng)價(jià)理念，保證了試題的效度、信度、真實(shí)性和公平性原則。在解題過程中，每做一道有把握的題后最好在7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中將其畫掉縮小范圍外，通過觀察語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)也可將選擇范圍大大縮小，心情變得更加輕松，一般可將7個(gè)選項(xiàng)縮小到2～4個(gè)選項(xiàng)，因此，也提高模棱兩可題的正答率。通過觀察篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和設(shè)題特點(diǎn)，由外在特征即可預(yù)測(cè)答案。這些外在線索包括小標(biāo)題、主題句、首段尾句和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等。突破策略1：關(guān)注小標(biāo)題在“總——分”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中，有一些由小標(biāo)題引領(lǐng)各部分。如設(shè)空處恰好處于小標(biāo)題的位置，則該處應(yīng)為一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。而小標(biāo)題的供選項(xiàng)一般為祈使句，相對(duì)于其他選項(xiàng)，句子較短，特征較為突出。一個(gè)小標(biāo)題常有兩個(gè)供選項(xiàng)，其中一個(gè)為迷惑選項(xiàng)，通常也是最終多余的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)之一，不會(huì)是任何題的答案。小標(biāo)題線索題目較為明顯，學(xué)生容易發(fā)現(xiàn)小標(biāo)題的特征，題目較為簡(jiǎn)單，學(xué)生可優(yōu)先做該題。【真題示例】　(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ片段)?__37__Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants，flowers，patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料).38.Still__others__may__simply__enjoy being__outdoors and__close__to__plants.However，there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.?Recall (回憶) your childhood memories...A．Know why you gardenB．Find a good place for your own garden【分析】　由該空所在位置可知這是一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。A項(xiàng)(Know why you garden)和B項(xiàng)(Find a good place for your own garden)都是祈使句，故只能從這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇。由其后內(nèi)容“有些人可能認(rèn)為花園……，有些人關(guān)心……然而，還有很多其他原因……”可知，本段的主題應(yīng)該是A項(xiàng)“知道你為什么要做園藝工作”，其中的garden為動(dòng)詞，意為“從事園藝工作”。而B項(xiàng)為最終多余選項(xiàng)中的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)之一。突破策略2：留意主旨句在“總——分”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中，觀察每一部分(段落)的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果每一部分(段落)都有主旨句引領(lǐng)，這些主旨句往往句式相同，并且前面往往有實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)。如果設(shè)空處恰好處于段落主旨句的位置，則該處應(yīng)為段落主旨句，然后根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容做出選擇。此類題目較為簡(jiǎn)單，學(xué)生可優(yōu)先做該題。【真題示例】　(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ片段)·__37__ Do not follow the people who make you feel not－good－enough.Why do you follow them？Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs？Know that your life is your own；you are the only you in this world.·Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.We are often ashamed of our shortcomings，our mistakes and our failures.38.Remember，you__are__only human.You will make mistakes，time and time again.Rather than getting caught up in how you could have done better，why not offer yourself a compassionate(有同情心)response？“That didn’t go as planned.But，I tried my best.”C．Nothing is too small to celebrate.D．Remember，you are only human.E．Set an intention for self－acceptance.F．Stop comparing yourself with others.【分析】　由每段前的實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)來看，每段首句是主題句。再觀察下一段首句“Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.”是祈使句，應(yīng)排除C選項(xiàng)。由空后的兩個(gè)問句Why do you follow them？...your life is better than theirs？可知，本段主要講不要和他人對(duì)比，故F項(xiàng)(停止與他人作比較)符合語(yǔ)境。突破策略3：觀察首段末尾處在“總——分”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中，首段的末尾句，往往起到總起作用，引領(lǐng)下文。所選答案的語(yǔ)句通常為：“Following is the advice on how to...”“Here are a few tips to...” “The following steps may help you...”，而下文內(nèi)容正是這些advice，tips，steps的具體內(nèi)容。【真題示例】　(2018·浙江6月卷片段)Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience.Of course，you want to make sure that you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood.The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.__31__Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property (房產(chǎn)) neat，clean，and in good repair...E．Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passing car，pick it up.F．People tend to take pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting.G．Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly.【分析】　第一段講如果你想成為鄰居中一個(gè)可以接受和有價(jià)值的部分，最簡(jiǎn)單的方法就是確保你的行為舉止像一個(gè)好鄰居應(yīng)該有的。下文介紹了幾種具體做法，故選G項(xiàng)“這里有一些技巧，可以幫助你迅速贏得鄰居的信賴”，承上啟下。突破策略4：利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)如果設(shè)空處后面是逗號(hào)，則該處填入的句子應(yīng)為“未完待續(xù)”的句子，這些句子往往是從句或是主句；如果設(shè)空處前面是逗號(hào)，則該處填入的句子的首字母應(yīng)為小寫(專有名詞除外)。我們可以據(jù)此來迅速鎖定選擇范圍。【真題示例】　(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ片段)In Asia，messaging platforms are growing rapidly，with users in the hundreds of millions，both at work and play.36.The__popularity__of__these__platforms__is spreading__globally.It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.Written communications can often read as cold and dull.Using emojis can add humor and feeling，keeping intention clear.__37__，encouraging better and more frequent communication.A．Messages with emojis feel more conversationalB．Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendlyC．Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange【分析】　設(shè)空處后為逗號(hào)可知，這個(gè)設(shè)空處應(yīng)填入不完整的句子。上文講“Written communications can often read as cold and dull.Using emojis can add humor and feeling，keeping intention clear.”，談到了在書面交流中使用表情符號(hào)的好處，故結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，A項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。突破策略5：詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)指相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用、同義詞和近義詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)或同一范疇詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)。英語(yǔ)的線性思維表現(xiàn)為第一句話的賓語(yǔ)往往是第二句的主語(yǔ)，或者前后句有相同或重疊的詞語(yǔ)。這種前后句語(yǔ)義的銜接常以句子中關(guān)鍵詞(組)(常為名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞)的同義詞(組)、近義詞(組)或反義詞(組)復(fù)現(xiàn)的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)。解題時(shí)可以利用這些詞(組)作為解題線索。【真題示例】　(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ片段)·Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.__37__·Your metabolism (新陳代謝)gets a head start.__38__ If you work out in the mornings，then you will be getting the calorie (卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day，not in your sleep.A．You will stick to your diet.B．Your quality of sleep improves.C．You prefer healthy food to fast food.D．There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.E．You can keep your head clear for 4－10 hours after exercise.F．After you exercise，you continue to burn calories throughout the day.G．If you are planning to do exercise regularly，or you’re doing it now，then listen up!【分析】　37題　本段的主旨是“晨練能提高你的效率”。E項(xiàng)“鍛煉之后的4－10小時(shí)內(nèi)，你都能讓自己頭腦清醒”進(jìn)一步說明了鍛煉的好處，符合此處的語(yǔ)境。E項(xiàng)中的 exercise是上句中Exercising的原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。38題　這一段說的是晨練有助于人體的新陳代謝，能讓你一整天都感受到晨練消耗卡路里帶來的好處。F項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞“throughout the day”與文中的“the whole day”呼應(yīng)。故選F。突破策略6：代詞指代法英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中，代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高。代詞主要是為避免重復(fù)，用于指代前面提到的人或物，有時(shí)也用于指代前面提到的名詞或概念。代詞指代一定要注意兩種情況，一是選項(xiàng)中的代詞要特別關(guān)注，二是挖空后面的句子中的代詞要特別關(guān)注。巧妙利用這樣的指代關(guān)系可以有效地幫助我們做出正確的選擇。【真題示例】　(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ片段)__38__ This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served.There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party.The host or hostess of the party will，however，probably give all the guests a tour of their new home.Sometimes，because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home，people may be asked to help unpack boxes.39.This__isn’t__usual__though.B．It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.C．You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.D．If you’re lucky enough to receive gifts，keep them in a safe place.【分析】　空格后的this是關(guān)鍵信息詞。根據(jù)空后一句“This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served”可知，在喬遷聚會(huì)時(shí)供應(yīng)的食物不多，由此可判斷出this是指帶食物去參加聚會(huì)，你也可以帶食物或飲料與其他客人分享符合語(yǔ)境。突破策略7：邏輯關(guān)系法文章由段落組成，圍繞中心話題展開。各段、句之間形成一定的語(yǔ)義邏輯關(guān)系，有總分、解釋、例證、并列、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比、因果等關(guān)系。七選五解題攻略之一就是要理清這些關(guān)系，并據(jù)此選出正確答案。1.總分關(guān)系文章由段落組成，圍繞中心話題展開。“總分結(jié)構(gòu)法”中的“總”是指文章內(nèi)容的總體概括，出現(xiàn)在文章的首和尾；“分”是指文章內(nèi)容的具體展開，它實(shí)際上是文章的主體部分。一篇文章在總體布局上，可以先總后分，也可以先分后總，還可以先總后分再總，它們通常都稱作“總分結(jié)構(gòu)法”。【真題示例】　(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ片段)But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home：the small ones，the medium ones，and the large ones.__38__．They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows，mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms.Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa，small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas，dinner tables or bookshelves.39.Color__choices__in__this__range__are__a__step__up__from__the__small__ones__in__two__major__ways.They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones，and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls，ceilings，and floors.Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint，the time，effort and relative expense put into it are significant.40.So__it__pays__to__be__sure，because__you__want__to__get__it right__the__first__time.A．While all of them are usefulB．Whatever you’re looking forC．If you’re experimenting with a colorD．Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar withE．It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces【分析】　文中出現(xiàn)了“the small ones，the medium ones，and the large ones”，后面又提到了“small color choices”，由此可知空處所在段主要在講“the small ones”。故選D。2.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系若空格前后兩句之間是邏輯上的逆轉(zhuǎn)，則空格處很有可能表示轉(zhuǎn)折。表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有：but，however，yet，while/though/although，or/otherwise，on the contrary，instead，nevertheless(然而)，still，in contrast/comparison，by comparison等。【真題示例】　(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ片段)__40__While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin，they also give us beneficial Vitamin D．To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working，and that’s plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day’s worth of Vitamin D.A．Fresh air cleans our lungs.B．So what are you waiting for?C．Being in nature refreshes us.D．Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.【分析】　空格后一句說，雖然陽(yáng)光會(huì)使我們的皮膚衰老并受到傷害，但陽(yáng)光也能帶來有益的維生素D，這應(yīng)該與上一句之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故空格處應(yīng)填呼吸新鮮空氣附帶的好處，因此D項(xiàng)“呼吸新鮮空氣的另一個(gè)附帶好處是陽(yáng)光”符合語(yǔ)境，D項(xiàng)中的sunlight與空格后的the sun’s rays相呼應(yīng)。故選D。3.例證關(guān)系前后的某句是為了證明另一句而舉的例子。例證的形式具有多樣性，思維過程基本是歸納(從例子到觀點(diǎn))和推理(從觀點(diǎn)到例子)。常見的表示例證關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有：for example，for instance，in fact/as a matter of fact，actually，in other words/that is to say等。【真題示例】　(2020·山東高考模擬卷)Never mind that most travelers nowadays have smart phones with built－in alarm clocks.__17__ Here are some examples.At the Wolcott Hotel，if a wake－up call is unanswered，they will send an employee to your door.At Las Ventanas al Paraiso，an employee shows up at your room to wake you up with tea，coffee and breakfast bread.At the Mandarin Oriental，a person rather than an automated system will call to wake you up.E．The hotel gets 15 to 30 requests for wake－up calls each day.F．The human wake－up call is a way to personalize a guest’s stay.G．Some guests sleep through the call，while others turn their phone ringers off.【分析】　由17空之后的“Here are some examples...”可知前后是例證關(guān)系。根據(jù)后面舉的例子可知應(yīng)該選擇F項(xiàng)“The human wake－up call is a way to personalize a guest’s stay.”4.解釋關(guān)系從邏輯意義上來看，句子與句子之間常常是解釋關(guān)系，往往作者提出觀點(diǎn)，緊接著對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行解釋說明。因此，把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，理清作者所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要。【真題示例】　(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ片段)__39__ Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.Exercise energizes you，so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.A．You will stick to your diet.B．Your quality of sleep improves.C．You prefer healthy food to fast food.【分析】　此處缺少一個(gè)主題句?？蘸缶渥咏忉屃嗽缙疱憻挼娜吮韧砩襄憻挼娜怂酶谩Ｋx答案應(yīng)是對(duì)后面內(nèi)容的總述。故選B。5.對(duì)比關(guān)系若空格前后兩句之間是邏輯上的對(duì)比比較，則空格處很有可能表示對(duì)比關(guān)系。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有：while，if not，some...others等。【真題示例】　(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ片段)Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you’ve tried a new method for a week，take a look at your record.__20__ If not，take another look at other methods you could try.E．If the steps you take are working，keep it up.F．Stick to your set bedtime and wake－up time，no matter the day.G．Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.【分析】　考查前后句的連貫。本段談到對(duì)自己所做的計(jì)劃要記錄、評(píng)價(jià)和調(diào)整。本空后的“If not”說明前面是討論計(jì)劃有效就應(yīng)該堅(jiān)持，因此選E。6.因果關(guān)系表示因果關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有：so，therefore，thus，consequently(結(jié)果)，as a result (of)，so/such...that...，so that...等。【真題示例】　(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ片段)Even the most successful public speaker will make mistakes.Yet，the only one who cares about any mistake is the one who is speaking.People’s attention wanders constantly.In fact.most people only absorb about 20 percent of a speaker’s message.So，don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one.__18__A．Do the opposite.B．You want to be an effective public speaker.C．You don’t need to apologize for a minor slip.【分析】　根據(jù)上文中的“So，don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one.”可知，當(dāng)你犯錯(cuò)時(shí)不要停止演講，除非是非常嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。據(jù)此可以推知，空處承接上文，說明犯小錯(cuò)誤無需道歉，故C項(xiàng)正確。7.并列關(guān)系表示并列關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有：similarly，and，first(ly)，second(ly)，first，then/next，finally/last，to begin with，for one thing，for another thing等。【真題示例】　(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ片段)Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.__19__ And like everything else in life，that takes practice.Remember，even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.B．You want to be an effective public speaker.C．You don’t need to apologize for a minor slip.D．When it comes to public speaking，less is usually more.【分析】　根據(jù)上文中的“Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.”可知，你的目標(biāo)不是成為一個(gè)完美的演說家。據(jù)此可知，空處與此對(duì)應(yīng)，說明自己的目標(biāo)是要成為高效的演說家，故選B項(xiàng)。

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