解密11 閱讀理解之詞義猜測題(講義+分層訓(xùn)練)-【高頻考點解密】2022年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義+分層訓(xùn)練(浙江專用)-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

解密11 閱讀理解之詞義猜測題考點熱度 ★★★★☆內(nèi)容索引核心考點1 詞義猜測題的考查方法核心考點2 詞義猜測題的解答方法猜測詞義是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識較多的課外詞匯。詞義猜測題要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的上下文語境來判斷其意義，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。我們要學(xué)會＂順藤摸瓜＂，通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、上下文等線索確定詞義。1. 定義法。Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子給予annealing 以明確的定義，即＂退火＂。It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是＂脆＂的意思。The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為＂牧人＂。2. 同位法。They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義，即＂城堡＂。We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是＂夜班＂的意思。3. 對比法。She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是＂她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來＂，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向＂準(zhǔn)時＂的結(jié)論。4. 構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等)。Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞,據(jù)此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是＂可能性＂。5. 因果法。The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.從后面的結(jié)果＂永遠(yuǎn)不能再運動＂中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為＂永遠(yuǎn)的，永久＂。核心技能1：利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義構(gòu)詞法能夠不借助閱讀上下文便能夠大體猜出詞義，然后再結(jié)合語境猜測，這樣事半功倍，而且有雙重保險，大大提高了解題效率和正確率。所以我們主張：可以利用構(gòu)詞法的，一定先利用構(gòu)詞法，再結(jié)合語境解題。構(gòu)詞法主要有派生、合成和轉(zhuǎn)化三種形式。例如2019年全國卷Ⅱ第25題：tug at the heartstrings中的heartstrings是合成詞：heart(心)＋string(弦)→heartstrings心弦，故本單詞可能與feeling有關(guān)。【真題示例】　(2018·北京卷閱讀D)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol－powered private cars worldwide with electric，self－driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride－hailing services，considering the cost of self－driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (責(zé)任與維護(hù)問題)．But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.49．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A．Employed. B．Replaced.C．Shared. D．Reduced.【分析】　利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義。field常用作名詞，表示“場地，領(lǐng)域”，此處用作動詞，引申為“使用，應(yīng)用”。根據(jù)上段中畫線詞所在句的前半部分內(nèi)容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并結(jié)合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，隨著價格的降低以及人們對這項技術(shù)開始應(yīng)用自如，第一批上市的無人駕駛車輛會“被應(yīng)用”到“叫車服務(wù)”中。核心技能2：利用反義詞猜測詞義有時作者會用表示對比或轉(zhuǎn)折的信號詞連接意思相反的兩個詞或句子，這時就可根據(jù)反義詞線索猜測詞義。表示對比或反義的信號詞(組)常見的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast, contrary to，on the other hand等。【真題示例】　(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ閱讀D)According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research，both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.13．What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to?A．Big eaters.B．Overweight persons.C．Picky eaters.D．Tall thin persons.【分析】　利用反義詞猜測詞義。根據(jù) “And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”，研究表明，與現(xiàn)存的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)(應(yīng)該避免和食量大的胖人一起吃飯) 相反，你真正需要避開的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根據(jù)“contrary to”可知，畫線詞與heavier people含義相反。核心技能3：利用上下文猜測詞義這是最常見的方法，一定要先從畫線詞語最近的位置找起，要求理解句子的順序是：本句的意思→前后句的意思→本段和前后段的意思【真題示例】　(2020·全國卷Ⅲ閱讀B)Yet“Apes”is more exception than the rule.In fact，Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately.One nonprofit organization，which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment，is keeping__tabs__on more than 2，000 productions this year.Already，a number of films，including“Water for Elephants，”“The Hangover Part Ⅱ”and “Zookeeper，”have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.26．What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in paragraph 3 probably mean?A．Listing completely.B．Directing professionally.C．Promoting successfully.D．Watching carefully.【分析】　利用上下文猜測詞義。根據(jù)最近句子 “One nonprofit organization...more than 2，000 productions this year.”可知，一個非營利組織的工作就是監(jiān)督在電影拍攝中動物是如何被對待的，這個非營利組織正在密切關(guān)注今年2 000多部電影的制作。根據(jù)上下文語境，畫線短語keeping tabs on與monitor(監(jiān)督)意義最為接近。核心技能4：利用“語法關(guān)系”猜測詞義【真題示例】　(2018·全國卷Ⅰ閱讀C)In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation－state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.【分析】　利用“語法關(guān)系”猜測詞義。根據(jù)“dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”中such as后的內(nèi)容可知，英語、西班牙語和漢語正在替代其他語言。由此推知，dominant languages意為“強(qiáng)有力的語言”。核心技能5：利用“邏輯關(guān)系”猜測詞義【真題示例】　(2020·全國卷Ⅰ閱讀B)While I tend to buy a lot of books，these three were given to me as gifts，which might add to the meaning I attach to them.But I imagine that，while money is indeed wonderful and necessary，rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.But remember，it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.26．What does the underlined word“currency”in paragraph 4 refer to?A．Debt. B．Reward.C．Allowance. D．Face value.【分析】　利用“邏輯關(guān)系”猜測詞義。根據(jù)But I imagine that...the highest currency a reader can pay them.可知，作者認(rèn)為，雖然金錢確實是美妙而必要的，但重讀作家的著作是讀者對該作家的最高獎勵，因此畫線詞在此處指“獎勵”。核心技能6：“就近原則”解答代詞猜測題代詞猜測題主要考查文章中的人稱代詞、不定代詞、指示代詞或關(guān)系代詞所指代的內(nèi)容。解答這類題目時候一定要遵循“就近原則”，即：代詞往上找，就近原則不能忘，找出離代詞最近的名詞、詞組或句子等。【真題示例】　(2020·浙江7月卷閱讀B)The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue，Washington，generally don’t flash the same length of green twice in a row，especially at rush hour.At 9：30 am，the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds.By 9：33 am，a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds.Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to 135.Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.That is by design.Bellevue，a fast－growing city just east of Seattle，uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US：intersection(十字路口)signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions.These lights，known as adaptive signals，have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.25．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．Increased length of green lights.B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.C．Flexible timing of traffic signals.D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.【分析】·第一步　確定題干中的關(guān)鍵信息：the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2·第二步　定位到原句，并找出該詞所代替的內(nèi)容：根據(jù)代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后的原則，故代詞所指代的內(nèi)容應(yīng)在這一句的前面一句或者前面幾個句子中。所以該詞所代替的內(nèi)容為：Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.·第三步　綜合判斷得出答案：that指代第一段中的多變的交通信號燈時間。核心技能7：“意義吻合”突破句意猜測題句意猜測題一般出現(xiàn)在前后文有解釋的特殊含義的語句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合適的句子解釋這一語句或這一語句的某一部分。鎖定語句前后尋，意義吻合是解題關(guān)鍵。【真題示例】　(2019·浙江6月卷閱讀B)Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?A．Money spent without hesitation.B．Money not legally made.C．Money offered without conditions.D．Money not tied together.【分析】·第一步　定位到原句，找出題干關(guān)鍵信息在原文中的位置：money with no strings attached·第二步　尋找信息句，找出與該句相關(guān)的信息句：“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”·第三步　分析選項，細(xì)讀信息句，合理推斷畫線句的句意。綜合判斷得出畫線句的意思應(yīng)該是“無條件提供錢”。·第四步　仔細(xì)比對選項，Money offered without conditions.符合句意。

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