?解密09 閱讀理解之推理判斷題
A組 基礎(chǔ)練


1
Urban planners may soon have a new way to measure traffic jams. By putting in the different routes by which vehicles can travel between locations, researchers have developed a new computer algorithm (運(yùn)算法則) that helps quantify regions of jams in urban areas and suggests ways around them.
The study, published in the Journal of Physics: Complexity, used traffic speeds from taxis in New York City to demonstrate how road infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) and driver behavior can create complex road networks that differ among cities.
The team approached the issue by designing a computer algorithm to capture the topology-or relationship between the different routes between locations-of road networks. “We found that the most significant traffic bottlenecks in Manhattan seem to arise as a result of the city’s structural layout,” said study co-author Daniel Carmody. “For example, the fact that a bridge enters Manhattan at a range where traffic is already limited due to Central Park slows traffic in the area considerably.”
The researchers performed a comparative analysis using traffic patterns in Chengdu, China, to test if the algorithm works equally well in areas with different layouts. Manhattan has a long and thin structure, while Chengdu is round. There are significant differences in the way traffic moves between these two different setups, the researchers said.
“The bottlenecks in Chengdu seem to arise due to the function of the buildings in a particular area,” Carmody said. “For example, it is hard to travel in and out of the central business district in Chengdu because of the large amount of traffic alone. Beltways, or faster streets around busy areas, have emerged in circles around this area, which is not surprising because this feature was intentionally built into the city.”
In Manhattan, the bridges and underpasses that form the entry and exit points cause traffic slowdowns. However, in lower Manhattan, where drivers seem to obey the lower posted speed limits, traffic moves more smoothly, forming a new traffic beltway with the southern end of Central Park acting as a block between lower and central Manhattan.
“It surprised us that there is an emergent beltway in such a busy area of Manhattan,” Carmody said. “This indicates that, unlike in Chengdu, beltways seem to arise from driver behavior even when they aren’t part of the structural plan of a traffic network.”
“The researchers have imagined that this technology could give urban planners a means to quantify traffic patterns, leading to better traffic,” Carmody said. “As methods of transportation develop, new problems will emerge, and we hope that our tools will give planners new ways to measure what is going on with city traffic.”
1. According to the new study, what contributes to traffic jams in Manhattan?
A. The number of bottlenecks and beltways.
B. The location of bridges and underpasses.
C. Road facilities and driver behavior.
D. Road signs and urban population.
2. Researchers also studied Chengdu in order to .
A. compare the layouts of the two cities
B. find better infrastructure for one city
C. design traffic patterns with the algorithm
D. assess the effectiveness of the algorithm
3. Why do vehicles move faster in lower Manhattan?
A. Because of lower posted speed limits.
B. Because drivers follow the traffic rules.
C. Because it is planned in the traffic network.
D. Because a beltway has emerged around the area.
4. Who is the target of this new computer algorithm?
A. City planners.
B. Slower drivers.
C. Infrastructure developers.
D. Road sign designers.
【答案】CD B A
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)出了一種新的計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)算法則，該法則可以幫助城市規(guī)劃者量化城市地區(qū)的擁堵區(qū)域，處理交通堵塞的問(wèn)題。
1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“The study, published in the Journal of Physics: Complexity, used traffic speeds from taxis in New York City to demonstrate how road infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) and driver behavior can create complex road networks that differ among cities. (這項(xiàng)發(fā)表在《物理學(xué)雜志：復(fù)雜性》上的研究，利用紐約市出租車(chē)的交通速度，展示了道路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和司機(jī)的行為是如何在不同城市中創(chuàng)造出復(fù)雜的道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的)”可知，根據(jù)這項(xiàng)新研究，是道路設(shè)施與駕駛員行為導(dǎo)致了曼哈頓的交通堵塞。故選C項(xiàng)。
2. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“The researchers performed a comparative analysis using traffic patterns in Chengdu, China, to test if the algorithm works equally well in areas with different layouts. (研究人員利用中國(guó)成都的交通模式進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析，以測(cè)試該運(yùn)算法則在不同布局的地區(qū)是否同樣有效)”可知，研究人員也對(duì)成都進(jìn)行了研究，以評(píng)估運(yùn)算法則的有效性。故選D項(xiàng)。
3. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段中“However, in lower Manhattan, where drivers seem to obey the lower posted speed limits, traffic moves more smoothly (然而，在曼哈頓下城，司機(jī)似乎遵守較低的限速，交通移動(dòng)更平穩(wěn))”可知，因?yàn)樗緳C(jī)遵守交通規(guī)則，所以曼哈頓下城的車(chē)輛跑得更快。故選B項(xiàng)。
4. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Urban planners may soon have a new way to measure traffic jams. (城市規(guī)劃者可能很快就會(huì)有一種處理交通堵塞的新方法)”可知，這個(gè)新的計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)算法則的目標(biāo)人群是城市規(guī)劃者。故選A項(xiàng)。
2
Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, you’ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time that you built a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.
Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.
The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Don’t allow doubts to occur in it.
It very well might be that you are having a negative self-image because you can’t move past one weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves(卷起你的袖子) and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think you’re silly because you aren’t good at math, find a tutor. If you think you’re weak because you can’t run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think you’re dull because you don’t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesn’t mean it’s true.
The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat yourself on the back, you’ll know you’re well on your way. Good luck!
5. You need to build a positive self-image when you ________.
A. dare to challenge yourself.
B. feel it hard to change yourself.
C. are unconfident about yourself.
D. have a high opinion of yourself.
6. According to the passage, our self-image ________.
A. have positive effects.
B. are probably untrue.
C. are often changeable.
D. have different functions.
7. How should you change your self-image according to the passage?
A. To keep a different image of others.
B. To make your life successful.
C. To understand your own world.
D. To change the way you think.
8. What is the passage mainly about?
A. How to prepare for your success.
B. How to face challenges in your life.
C. How to build a positive self-image.
D. How to develop your good qualities.
9. Who are the intended readers of the passage?
A. Adolescents. B. Parents. C. Educators. D. Grandparents.
【答案】 CBDC A
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章主要講述如何建立積極的自我形象。
5. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time that you built a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.(如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)相信自己是一種挑戰(zhàn)，那么是時(shí)候建立一個(gè)積極的自我形象并學(xué)會(huì)愛(ài)自己了。)”可知，當(dāng)你對(duì)自己不自信時(shí)，就需要建立起一個(gè)積極的自我形象。故選C項(xiàng)。
6. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be.(有趣的是，我們的自我形象往往與別人對(duì)我們的印象截然不同。不幸的是，大多數(shù)形象都比它們應(yīng)有的更消極。)”可推知，我們的自我形象可能是不真實(shí)的。故選B項(xiàng)。
7. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.”可知，改變你對(duì)自己的看法是改變你的自我形象和整個(gè)世界的關(guān)鍵。故選D項(xiàng)。
8. 主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第一段最后一句“If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time that you built a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.(如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)相信自己是一種挑戰(zhàn)，那么是時(shí)候建立一個(gè)積極的自我形象并學(xué)會(huì)愛(ài)自己了。)”可知，本文主要講述如何建立積極的自我形象。故選C項(xiàng)。
9. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics…(當(dāng)然，我們都知道我們是父母的掌上明珠，我們的奶奶認(rèn)為我們是偉大的天才，我們的羅伯茨叔叔認(rèn)為我們會(huì)去奧運(yùn)會(huì)……)”可知，本文是寫(xiě)給青少年的。故選A項(xiàng)。
3
The first wave of a new class of anti-aging drugs have begun human testing. These drugs won't let you live longer but aim to treat specific illnesses by slowing a fundamental process of aging.
The drugs are called senolytics—they work by removing certain cells that accumulate as we age. Known as “senescent” cells, they can create low-level inflammation (炎癥) that prevents normal systems of living cells repair and creates a poisonous environment for neighboring cells.
In June, San Francisco - based Unity Biotechnology reported initial results in patients with mild to severe osteoarthritis (關(guān)節(jié)炎) of the knee. Results from a larger clinical trial are expected in the second half of this year. The company is also developing similar drugs to treat age-related diseases of the eyes and lungs, among other conditions.
Senolytics are now in human tests, along with a number of other promising approaches targeting the biological processes that lie at the root of aging and various diseases.
A company called Alkahest injects patients with components found in young people's blood and says it hopes to stop conscious and functional decline in patients suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. The company also has drugs for Parkinson's and dementia in human testing.
And in December, researchers at Drexel University College of Medicine even tried to see if a cream including the immune-suppressing drug could slow aging in human skin.
The tests reflect researchers' expanding efforts to learn if the many diseases associated with getting older- such as heart diseases, arthritis, cancer, and dementia- can be dealt with to delay their outbreak.
10. Why do the researchers develop the drugs?
A. To rid inflammation. B. To lengthen people's life.
C. To treat age-related diseases. D. To remove cancer cells.
11. What does the underlined word “senescent” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Repairing. B. Cycling. C. Aging. D. Dividing.
12. How does the text mainly develop?
A. By listing data. B. By providing details.
C. By making comparisons. D. By analyzing causes.
13. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine.
【答案】 CCB D
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章講述了第一批抗衰老藥物已經(jīng)開(kāi)始在人體上進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。
10. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“These drugs won't let you live longer but aim to treat specific illnesses by slowing a fundamental process of aging.（這些藥物不會(huì)讓你活得更久，但目的是通過(guò)減緩基本衰老過(guò)程來(lái)治療特定疾病。）”可知，研究人員研發(fā)這些藥物是為了治療與年齡相關(guān)的疾病。故選C。
11. 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文“The drugs are called senolytics- they work by removing certain cells that accumulate as we age.（這些藥物被稱(chēng)為衰老解藥——它們通過(guò)清除某些隨著我們年齡增長(zhǎng)而積累的細(xì)胞發(fā)揮作用。）”可推知，此處表示“它們被稱(chēng)為“衰老”細(xì)胞”，senescent意為“衰老的”。故選C。
12. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“In June, San Francisco - based Unity Biotechnology reported initial results in patients with mild to severe osteoarthritis of the knee.（今年6月，總部位于舊金山的Unity生物技術(shù)公司報(bào)告了輕度至重度膝關(guān)節(jié)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者的初步結(jié)果。）”、文章第五段“A company called Alkahest injects patients with components found in young people's blood and says it hopes to stop conscious and functional decline in patients suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.（一家名為Alkahest的公司向患者注射在年輕人血液中發(fā)現(xiàn)的成分，并表示希望阻止輕度至中度阿爾茨海默氏癥患者的意識(shí)和功能下降。）”以及文章第六段“And in December, researchers at Drexel University College of Medicine even tried to see if a cream including the immune-suppressing drug could slow aging in human skin.（去年12月，德雷塞爾大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究人員甚至試圖研究一種含有免疫抑制藥物的護(hù)膚霜是否能減緩人類(lèi)皮膚的衰老。）”可知，文章通過(guò)列舉一系列研究的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)組織和發(fā)展的。故選B。
13. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“The first wave of a new class of anti-aging drugs have begun human testing.（第一批抗衰老藥物已經(jīng)開(kāi)始在人體上進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。）”可知，文章主要介紹了這些抗衰老藥物的相關(guān)研究。由此可推知，文章可能來(lái)自一本雜志。故選D。
4
Teaching children to empathize with others measurably improves their creativity, and could potentially lead to several other benefits, new research suggests.
The findings are from a year-long University of Cambridge study with Design and Technology (D&T) year 9 pupils at two London schools. Pupils at School A spent the year following the standard curriculum, while School B’s D&T lessons used a set of engineering design thinking tools to foster students’ creativity and empathy in solving real-world problems.
Both sets of pupils were assessed for creativity at the start and end of the school year using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: a well-established psychological test.
The results showed a significant increase in creativity among pupils at School B. At the start, the creativity scores of pupils in School A were 11% higher than those at School B. By the end, however, creativity scores from School B were 78% higher.
Pupils from School B again scored higher in categories such as “emotional expressiveness” and “open-mindedness”, indicating an improvement in empathy was driving the overall creativity scores.
Meanwhile, the study suggests encouraging empathy can deepen pupils’ general engagement with learning. They found that boys in School B showed an improvement in emotional expression, scoring 64% higher at the end of the year than at the start, while girls improved more regarding cognitive empathy, showing 62% more perspective-taking.
The research is part of a long-term cooperation between the Faculty of Education and the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge, led by Bill Nicholl and Ian Hosking. “Teaching for empathy has been problematic despite being part of the National Curriculum for over two decades. It’s vital if we want education to encourage the designers and engineers of tomorrow.” said Nicholl.
14. What was the purpose to introduce engineering design thinking tools in D&-T lessons?
A. To assess the pupils' creativity accurately.
B. To show the superiority of standard curriculum
C. To train pupils to empathize with others in reality.
D. To improve pupils' involvement with class activities.
15. How did the researchers get the result?
A. By doing an experiment.
B. By conducting interviews.
C. By giving out questionnaires.
D. By referring to related literature.
16. What can we infer from the study result?
A. The creativity of pupils in School B always took the lead.
B. The empathy of pupils in School A promotes their creativity.
C. Boys and girls differed in their change due to the D&T course.
D. Teaching for empathy has already achieved a lot due to education reform.
17. Where is the text probably from?
A. A popular journal.
B. A political report.
C. An autobiography.
D. A science magazine.
【答案】CACD
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)研究，研究表明，教會(huì)孩子與他人產(chǎn)生共鳴可以顯著地提高他們的創(chuàng)造力，并可能帶來(lái)其他一些好處。
14. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“while School B’s D&T lessons used a set of engineering design thinking tools to foster students’ creativity and empathy in solving real-world problems.”（而B(niǎo) 學(xué)校的D&T課程使用了一套工程設(shè)計(jì)思維工具來(lái)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生來(lái)解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題的創(chuàng)造力和同情心。）可知，B學(xué)校引進(jìn)工程設(shè)計(jì)思維工具的目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題的能力。故選C項(xiàng)。
15. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Both sets of pupils were assessed for creativity at the start and end of the school year using the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: a well-established psychological test.”（這兩組學(xué)生在學(xué)年開(kāi)始和結(jié)束時(shí)都使用Torrance創(chuàng)造性思維測(cè)驗(yàn)對(duì)創(chuàng)造力進(jìn)行了評(píng)估，該測(cè)驗(yàn)是一個(gè)公認(rèn)的心理測(cè)驗(yàn)。）可知，研究人員通過(guò)做實(shí)驗(yàn)得到結(jié)果的。故選A項(xiàng)。
16. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中的“They found that boys in School B showed an improvement in emotional expression, scoring 64% higher at the end of the year than at the start, while girls improved more regarding cognitive empathy, showing 62% more perspective-taking.”（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，B學(xué)校的男生在情感表達(dá)方面有所改善，年末的分?jǐn)?shù)比年初高出64% ，而女生在認(rèn)知移情方面的改善更多，表現(xiàn)出62% 的觀點(diǎn)采納能力。）可知，男孩和女孩在他們的變化上有所不同。故選C項(xiàng)。
17. 推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果：教會(huì)孩子與他人產(chǎn)生共鳴可以顯著地提高他們的創(chuàng)造力，并可能帶來(lái)其他一些好處。這屬于科研類(lèi)文章，故猜測(cè)該文章應(yīng)選自科學(xué)雜志。故選D項(xiàng)。
5
An unusual experiment in Botswana suggests that painting eyes on the rear (臀部) ends of cows may help protect them from large predators (食肉動(dòng)物) like lions. Protecting cows could also end up protecting the lions from angry farmers.
Large predators like lions are under pressure. Much of the land they used to roam (徜徉) has been taken over by humans. Many are hunted illegally. One serious threat to large predators comes from farmers, who often shoot or poison them after losing farm animals for their attacks.
This has long been a problem in the Okavango Delta. Some parts of the Okavango are protected, but there are also many small farms in the area, with between 6 and 100 cows. Lions are the biggest threat to cattle in the area. At night, farmers normally keep their animals in closed areas protected from predators. But in the daytime, when many predators are most active, the cattle are allowed out to eat grass.
Scientists from the University of New South Wales wondered if painting pictures of eyes on the cows' rear ends might protect them. The idea isn't as strange as it may sound. There are many examples of animals such as butterflies or fish using fake “eyes” to protect themselves.
Working with over 2,000 cows 8 on 14 different farms in the Okavango area, the scientists tested their ideas in a four-year study. The researchers separated the cows into three different groups. They painted large eyes on the rear ends of one group of cows. The second group got simple Xs. The final group got nothing.
The eyes worked very well. Of the 683 cows with eyes painted on them, none were killed in the four-year period. Cows with nothing on their rear ends didn't do so well. Fifteen of the 835 cows with bare backsides were killed. The scientists were surprised to learn that even Xs seemed to give the cows some protection. Only 4 of the 543 cows with Xs were killed.
18. What makes farmers become a threat to large predators?
A. Hunting them for meat.
B. Defending themselves.
C. Protecting farm animals.
D. Shooting them for pleasure.
19. Why are butterflies mentioned?
A. They are close to life.
B. Their colors vary.
C. They are fierce enough.
D. Their fake eyes work.
20. How is the fifth paragraph carried out?
A. By listing the number of cows.
B. By presenting the facts of tests.
C. By analyzing the varieties of tests.
D. By showing the differences of tests.
21. What can be the best title for the text?
A. Protecting Cows Proves Urgent.
B. Lions Become Enemies of Cows.
C. Fake Eyes Protect Cows from Lions.
D. Cows Are in Danger of Extinction.
【答案】CD BC
【解析】本文為說(shuō)明文。文章介紹，為了更好地保護(hù)牛免遭大型食肉動(dòng)物的危害，人們?cè)谂：蟛客可涎劬Α?br /> 18. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“Large predators like lions are under pressure. Much of the land they used to roam (徜徉) has been taken over by humans. Many are hunted illegally. One serious threat to large predators comes from farmers, who often shoot or poison them after losing farm animals for their attacks.(像獅子這樣的大型食肉動(dòng)物正處于壓力之下。它們?cè)?jīng)漫游的大部分土地都被人類(lèi)占領(lǐng)了。許多人被非法獵殺。對(duì)大型食肉動(dòng)物的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重威脅來(lái)自于農(nóng)民，他們?cè)谝u擊中失去農(nóng)場(chǎng)動(dòng)物后經(jīng)常射殺或毒殺大型食肉動(dòng)物)”可知，農(nóng)民成為了大型食肉動(dòng)物的威脅，其原因就是為了保護(hù)家畜。故選C。
19. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“There are many examples of animals such as butterflies or fish using fake ‘eyes’ to protect themselves.(有很多動(dòng)物比如蝴蝶和魚(yú)用假眼睛保護(hù)自己的例子)”可推知，它們的假眼睛很有效。故選D。
20. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容“Working with over 2,000 cows 8 on 14 different farms in the Okavango area, the scientists tested their ideas in a four-year study. The researchers separated the cows into three different groups. They painted large eyes on the rear ends of one group of cows. The second group got simple Xs. The final group got nothing.(科學(xué)家們?cè)趭W卡萬(wàn)戈地區(qū)14個(gè)不同的農(nóng)場(chǎng)飼養(yǎng)了2000多頭牛，在一項(xiàng)為期4年的研究中測(cè)試了他們的想法。研究人員將奶牛分成三組。他們?cè)谝蝗号５奈膊慨?huà)上了大眼睛。第二組得到簡(jiǎn)單的X。最后一組什么都沒(méi)有得到)”可知，此段主要是通過(guò)陳述測(cè)試的事實(shí)進(jìn)行展開(kāi)的。故選B。
21. 主旨大意題。文章由第一段“An unusual experiment in Botswana suggests that painting eyes on the rear (臀部) ends of cows may help protect them from large predators (食肉動(dòng)物) like lions. Protecting cows could also end up protecting the lions from angry farmers.(在博茨瓦納進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)不尋常的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，在牛的尾部畫(huà)上眼睛可能有助于保護(hù)它們免受獅子等大型食肉動(dòng)物的傷害。保護(hù)奶牛也可能最終使獅子免遭憤怒的農(nóng)民的傷害)”可知，選項(xiàng)C Fake Eyes Protect Cows from Lions.(假眼睛保護(hù)奶牛免受獅子的傷害)能夠概況本文中心。故選C。
6
Most parents can remember the artful mix of excitement and anxiety accompanying the choice of their baby’s name—it will follow the child his or her entire life. But the effect could be even more significant. In research recently published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, our research team shows that the stereotype (模式思維) that a given society has of a first name can influence the way people look.
In eight studies, we found that participants shown ID-style photos of people they’d never met were able to recognize the first name of the described person well above the chance level. In other words, there is something about an Emily that…just looks like an Emily.
If an Emily really does look like an Emily, even a computer should be able to guess her true name. The computer was even able to produce a “heat map” for each name, a face with the features that “betray” a person carrying that name shown in red or orange colors. How should we understand this effect? Until now, social psychologists knew that our facial appearance influences the extent to which others perceive us as attractive, intelligent, trustworthy or warm. These studies show that others’ perceptions of our first name are reflected in our faces.
Interestingly, the face -name effect occurs even if we can only see the hair of a person. Our hair is possibly the part of our face that we control with the most ease. The fact that this alone can produce the face name effect further illustrates the suspected self-fulfilling mechanism behind it.
Together, the eight studies suggest that we wear our social belonging on our face, and that we actively shape our features to be recognized by our reference group. Choosing baby names remains exciting. Whatever the first name you give to your child, he or she will end up wearing it.
22. What was the participants’ assignment?
A. To pick out ID-style photos they’d never met.
B. To match strangers’ photos with their names.
C. To find out Emily from various ID photos.
D. To perceive Emily’s character.
23. How is the “heat map” formed?
A. By drawing a map for each name.
B. By sorting out different faces in a map.
C. By showing a person’s face in different colors.
D. By highlighting certain features in warm colors.
24. What is the face-name effect?
A. People wear their character on their faces.
B. Hairstyle accounts for a large part in appearance.
C. A fixed idea of first names determines one’s look.
D. Social belonging is irrelevant to our facial features.
25. Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?
P=Paragraph
A. B.
C. D.
【答案】 BDAA
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了人們對(duì)名字的刻板印象會(huì)影響人們的長(zhǎng)相這一觀點(diǎn)。
22. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“In eight studies, we found that participants shown ID-style photos of people they’d never met were able to recognize the first name of the described person well above the chance level.（在8項(xiàng)研究中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，參與者向他們從未見(jiàn)過(guò)的人出示身份證風(fēng)格的照片，他們能夠認(rèn)出所描述的人的名字，幾率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于這個(gè)幾率。）”可知，參與者的任務(wù)是把陌生人的照片和他們的名字配對(duì)。故選B。
23. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“The computer was even able to produce a “heat map” for each name, a face with the features that “betray” a person carrying that name shown in red or orange colors.（電腦甚至可以為每個(gè)名字生成一張“熱圖”，一張帶有“背叛”這個(gè)名字的人特征的臉，以紅色或橙色顯示。）”可知，“熱圖”是通過(guò)用暖色突出某些特性形成的。故選D。
24. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Until now, social psychologists knew that our facial appearance influences the extent to which others perceive us as attractive, intelligent, trustworthy or warm. These studies show that others’ perceptions of our first name are reflected in our faces.（到目前為止，社會(huì)心理學(xué)家們都知道，我們的面部外表會(huì)在多大程度上影響到別人對(duì)我們的吸引力、智慧、值得信賴(lài)或溫暖的看法。這些研究表明，別人對(duì)我們名字的看法反映在我們的臉上。）”可知，臉-名效應(yīng)指的是人們把他們的性格表現(xiàn)在臉上。故選A。
25. 推理判斷題。第一段是引出本文論述主旨：人們對(duì)名字的刻板印象會(huì)影響人們的長(zhǎng)相；第二、三、四講述的是8項(xiàng)研究的現(xiàn)象分析；最后一段是總結(jié)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，重申論述觀點(diǎn)。所以本文是總分總結(jié)構(gòu)。故選A。
7
Skyscraper didn’t always mean a tall building. The earliest reference to the word dates back to 1788, when it was used to describe a really tall horse, according to The Oxford English Dictionary. By the 1790s, a Philadelphia doctor had used the term to describe the triangular sail at the very top of a ship.
After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the Home Insurance Company hired architect William Jenney to design a tall, fire-proof head office. Jenney was inspired to design the building’s steel framework (框架)after his wife placed a heavy book on a small birdcage and found that the cage supported the weight. Today, that revolutionary structure is widely considered to be the first skyscraper.
Since then, the competition to build the world’s tallest building has been as sharp as the top of the Empire State Building. In the late 1920s, Walter Chrysler and his architect arranged for the secret construction of a roof that added 125 feet of height to the new Chrysler Building, making it 1,046 feet tall. The plan allowed them to eclipse(使遜色)the 927-foot Bank of Manhattan Trust Building.
However, only 11 months after the Chrysler Building was ranked the world’s tallest, it was surpassed by a new neighbor — the Empire State Building. Yet when it opened in 1931, less than 25 percent of the building was occupied. New York jokers called it the “Empty State Building”.
The largest skyscraper in the world always seems to be under construction. Jeddah Tower in Saudi Arabia is the latest and it’s expected to stretch nearly one kilometer (3, 280 feet) into the sky.
26. What did the word “skyscraper” originally mean？
A. A triangular sail. B. A high building.
C. A fire-proof head office. D. An extremely tall horse.
27. Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “surpassed” in paragraph 4?
A. given away B. left behind C. put off D. taken up
28. Why was the Empire State Building called “Empty State Building”?
A. It was ranked the world’s tallest.
B. Tourists were not allowed to visit it.
C. Its construction lasted eleven months.
D. Only a few people lived or worked in it.
29. How does the passage develop?
A. In order of time. B. In order of space.
C. By analyzing causes. D. By giving definitions.
【答案】D B DA
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要講述摩天大樓的起源以及它的建造歷史。
26. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Skyscraper didn’t always mean a tall building. The earliest reference to the word dates back to 1788, when it was used to describe a really tall horse, according to The Oxford English Dictionary. ”（摩天大樓并不總是指高樓。據(jù)《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》記載，該詞最早見(jiàn)于1788年，當(dāng)時(shí)它被用來(lái)形容一匹非常高大的馬。）由此可知，摩天大樓起初意思是非常高的馬。故選D。
27. 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段“The largest skyscraper in the world always seems to be under construction.”（ 世界上最大的摩天大樓似乎總是在建設(shè)中。）可知上文“However, only 11 months after the Chrysler Building was ranked the world’s tallest, it was surpassed by a new neighbor — the Empire State Building.”（ 然而，在克萊斯勒大廈成為世界第一高樓的11個(gè)月后，它就被新鄰居——帝國(guó)大廈超越了。）可推斷，帝國(guó)大廈是繼克萊斯勒大廈之后又一所比克萊斯勒大廈更高的摩天大樓，由此猜測(cè)surpassed意為“超越”的意思，同leave behind（使落后）同義，故選B。
28. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Yet when it opened in 1931, less than 25 percent of the building was occupied. New York jokers called it the ‘Empty State Building’. ”（ 然而，當(dāng)它在1931年開(kāi)放時(shí)，只有不到25%的建筑被占用。紐約有人稱(chēng)其為“空州大廈”。）由此可知，帝國(guó)大廈又被叫做“Empty State Building”是因?yàn)樗徽加貌坏?5%，所以應(yīng)該很少的人在里生活或工作，故選D。
29. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的摩天大樓的一詞起源時(shí)間1788年，到到了18世紀(jì)90年代，一位費(fèi)城醫(yī)生用這個(gè)詞來(lái)描述船頂部的三角形帆，再到1871年芝加哥大火后，家庭保險(xiǎn)公司聘請(qǐng)建筑師威廉·詹尼設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)高大的防火總部，以及后來(lái)的一些建造各個(gè)摩天大樓的時(shí)間，可知本篇文章是按照時(shí)間順序敘述的，故選A。
B組 提升練


1
Famous American poet Robert Frost once said, “Poetry is what gets lost in translation.” Although it is not impossible to translate poetry, Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator, has striven to convey the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry throughout his life.
His teacher Qian Zhongshu commented on his poetry translation, “You are dancing while chained by rhyme (押韻) and rhythm, but the dance shows amazing freedom and beauty, which is quite extraordinary.”
Xu has just turned 100 years old. On April 1, China Translation and Publishing House published a series of commemorative (紀(jì)念的) books about his life and career to pay tribute to this centenarian.
Since 1978, Xu has published more than 100 translated novels, anthologies (選集) and plays in Chinese, English and French, reaching potentially millions of readers at home and abroad. Most notably, he translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses in both English and French. He is also the first Asian winner of the “Aurora Borealis Prize” for Outstanding Translation of Fiction Literature.
Xu is known to be very fastidious in his work. He has dedicated his life to“[translating] beautifully”. For him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range of content. Following this principle, Xu not only keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translation.
Through Xu’s translations, time-honored Chinese wisdom has made an impact on Western societies and the world at large.
For instance, when former US president Barack Obama tried to begin a controversial healthcare reform during his presidency, some senators (參議員) were opposed at first. But after reading the poem titled Fishing in Snow (《江雪》) translated by Xu, one senator was so impressed with the fisherman’s independent, non-conformist (不墨守成規(guī)的) thinking that he chose to part with the party line to support Obama, noted NewsChina.
Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-old remains diligent. He lives alone in an old house near Peking University. In his simple room, decorated with Chinese traditional furniture, he maintains a routine. Every day he translates roughly 1,000 words, working till 3 to 4 am, sleeping about 3 hours and getting up at 6 am to continue.
“Translation is a means of communicating with the writer’s soul. A sudden flicker (閃現(xiàn)) of [a] good word or [a] good line thrills every pore (毛孔) and every inch of my skin,” Xu told NewsChina.
30. What does the article tell us about Xu Yuanchong?
A. He’s the first winner of The Aurora Borealis Prize.
B. He has translated about 100 Chinese literary works into English.
C. He is widely known for his translated rhymed verse.
D. He has mastered at least three foreign languages.
31. What does the underlined word “fastidious” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Particular. B. Satisfied. C. Inventive. D. Productive.
32. Why was Barack Obama mentioned in the article?
A. To show Xu’s popularity.
B. To illustrate Xu’s impact.
C. To introduce his reform.
D. To stress Xu’s wisdom.
33. Which of the following best describes Xu?
A. Modest and insightful.
B. Considerate and cautious.
C. Creative and open-minded.
D. Dedicated and passionate.
【答案】 C ABD
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要向讀者介紹了著名翻譯家許淵沖先生在詩(shī)歌翻譯方面的成就以及他的影響力。
30. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的“Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator, has striven to convey the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry throughout his life.(著名中文翻譯家許淵沖一生都致力于傳達(dá)中國(guó)古代詩(shī)歌的美)”第四段的“Since 1978, Xu has published more than 100 translated novels, anthologies (選集) and plays in Chinese(自1978年以來(lái)，許已經(jīng)出版了100多部中文翻譯小說(shuō)、選集和戲劇)”以及“Most notably, he translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses in both English and French. (最值得注意的是，他把中文詩(shī)歌翻譯成英語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)的押韻詩(shī)歌)”可知，許淵沖以其翻譯過(guò)的押韻詩(shī)而聞名。故選C項(xiàng)。
31. 詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第五段的“He has dedicated his life to “[translating] beautifully”. For him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range of content. Following this principle, Xu not only keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translation. (他一生都致力于“優(yōu)美的翻譯”。對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)是一種要求準(zhǔn)確的“科學(xué)”語(yǔ)言，而漢語(yǔ)是一種包含更廣泛內(nèi)容的“藝術(shù)”語(yǔ)言。按照這一原則，徐在翻譯中不僅保持忠誠(chéng)，而且保持感性的美)”可知， 他不僅僅致力于翻譯要忠實(shí)原文的意義，還力求保持翻譯出詩(shī)歌細(xì)膩的美。因此推斷，許對(duì)于他的作品很講究。故劃線詞與Particular意為“講究的，挑剔的”意思相近。故選A項(xiàng)。
32. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段的“Through Xu’s translations, time-honored Chinese wisdom has made an impact on Western societies and the world at large.(通過(guò)許的翻譯，歷史悠久的中國(guó)智慧對(duì)西方社會(huì)和整個(gè)世界產(chǎn)生了影響)”以及接下來(lái)第七段的“For instance”可推斷，舉例子是為了闡明他的作品在西方社會(huì)和世界有很大的影響力。故選B項(xiàng)。
33. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的“Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-old remains diligent.(在取得了如此偉大的成就之后，這位100歲的老人仍然很勤奮)”以及倒數(shù)第一段的“Translation is a means of communicating with the writer’s soul. A sudden flicker (閃現(xiàn)) of [a] good word or [a] good line thrills every pore (毛孔) and every inch of my skin(翻譯是一種與作者的靈魂交流的手段。一個(gè)好詞或一句好臺(tái)詞的突然的閃現(xiàn)刺激我的每一個(gè)毛孔和每一寸皮膚)”可推斷，許淵沖先生即使100歲高齡還每天要翻譯作品，并且他認(rèn)為翻譯是與作者的靈魂交流的方式，突然的靈光閃現(xiàn)的感覺(jué)非常美妙，由此可見(jiàn)他對(duì)翻譯事業(yè)的奉獻(xiàn)和熱愛(ài)。故選D。
2
The conductor on the podium (指揮臺(tái)) has no baton (指揮棒), no tailcoat and no musical score, but Android Alter 3 is kicking up a storm as it guides a symphony orchestra's players through their paces.
The robot has a humanoid face, hands and lower arms, which gesture with what could pass for passion as it bounces up and down and rotates during the live performance of Keiichiro Shibuya's opera Scary Beauty in the Emirate of Sharjah.
Video from the recent performance in the Emirate of Sharjah showed the machine turning to face orchestra members and waving its arms. Alter 3 even sang at times.
Shibuya said the involvement of robots in the everyday lives of humans is continually increasing. But, he said he thinks people will need to decide in the future how artificial intelligence can best improve the human experience.
Shibuya added that he believes humans and robots can learn to work together to create beautiful art. "This work is a metaphor of that relations between humans and technology," he said. Shibuya noted that sometimes the music-leading robot can "get crazy", making it difficult for the musicians to keep up. But other times, the humans and machines cooperate very well.
Shibuya said the robots and AI that exist today are "far from complete". He is interested in studying how such incomplete technology can be combined with art.
"I think this is a very exciting idea…We came to see what it looks like and how much is possible," said Anna Kovacevic. Another audience member, who gave his name only as Billum, said after the show, "You know, a human conductor is so much better." Although he said he is interested in AI and looks forward to big developments, he concluded on the project: "The human touch is lost."
34. What does Shibuya think of Alter 3?
A. It is not perfect at present. B. It teams up with humans well.
C. It often makes humans crazy. D. It is better than human conductors.
35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The performance drew mixed reactions.
B. Billum took no interest in the performance.
C. The audience were fascinated by the performance.
D. The audience thought Alter 3 would have a bright future.
36. What is the author's attitude towards the combination of robots and art?
A. Positive B. Negative. C. Objective. D. Critical.
37. What can be the best title for the text?
A. Robot Cooperates with Humans
B. Robot Conducts Human Orchestra
C. The Significance of Robots in Art
D. The Relations Between AI and Humans
【答案】AAC B
【解析】本文是說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了機(jī)器人Alter 3在Emirate of Sharjah指揮人類(lèi)管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)演出的情況，人們對(duì)此的觀點(diǎn)和不同反應(yīng)。
34. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Shibuya noted that sometimes the music-leading robot can "get crazy", making it difficult for the musicians to keep up.(Shibuya指出，有時(shí)候，指揮音樂(lè)的機(jī)器人會(huì)“發(fā)瘋”，讓音樂(lè)家很難跟上節(jié)奏)”和倒數(shù)第二段“Shibuya said the robots and AI that exist today are "far from complete". He is interested in studying how such incomplete technology can be combined with art. (Shibuya說(shuō)目前存在的機(jī)器人和人工智能“還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠完善”。他對(duì)研究這種不完善的技術(shù)如何與藝術(shù)結(jié)合很感興趣)”可知，Shibuya認(rèn)為Alter 3目前還不完美，還需要改進(jìn)。故選A。
35. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“"I think this is a very exciting idea…," said Anna Kovacevic. Another audience member, …said after the show, "You know, a human conductor is so much better." …h(huán)e concluded on the project: "The human touch is lost."”列舉的不同觀眾對(duì)機(jī)器人指揮人類(lèi)管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)發(fā)表的觀點(diǎn)，可知這一表演引起了觀眾們不同的反應(yīng)。故選A。
36. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章后四段中“Shibuya said”，“he said”，“Shibuya added”，“said Anna Kovacevic.”，“Another audience member, who gave his name only as Billum, said”等內(nèi)容可知，作者在文中只是客觀引用了人們對(duì)機(jī)器人與藝術(shù)的結(jié)合的看法，并沒(méi)有發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。所以作者的態(tài)度是客觀的，故選C。
37. 主旨大意題。文章前三段介紹了機(jī)器人Alter 3指揮人類(lèi)管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)演出的情況，下文介紹了人們對(duì)此的觀點(diǎn)和不同反應(yīng)。B項(xiàng)Robot Conducts Human Orchestra概括了全文內(nèi)容，適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選B。
3
Soft robots, which can move around the ocean without harming sea life, are ideal for underwater exploration. However, they are not so welcome in robot market because they are extremely slow and have a hard time operating through the water. But that may change soon thanks to a self-driven soft robot created by researchers at the University of California, San Diego.
The recently-developed robot, which resembles a paper lantern, was primarily built using soft materials. Its flexible ribs are attached to a circular plate at both ends. An adjustable nozzle (噴嘴) fitted on one side helps draw in and jet (射出) water each time the robot shrinks. The resulting jets of water enable it to swim forward, similar to a squid (烏賊). A plate holds a waterproof component that can house a camera to record data, which is of great value to further development of the robot. It also has its own power source, allowing it to float autonomously for long periods of time.
“Essentially, we recreated all the key features that squids use for high-speed swimming. This is the first robot that can achieve these jets of water by changing its body shape, which improves swimming efficiency,” said Professor Michael T. Though the squid robot has not been tested in open waters, it successfully swam around coral and fish in a large tank in the UC San Diego Birch Aquarium. What’s more, the robot clocked an impressive speed of 18 to 32 centimeters per second, or about half a mile per hour. Though nowhere close to real squids, it is faster than most other soft robots.
“After we were able to improve the design of the robot so that it would swim in a tank in the lab, it was especially exciting to see that the robot was able to successfully swim in a large tank among coral and fish, showing its possibility for real-world applications,” said Caleb Christianson, who led the study as part of his Ph. D paper.
38. Why were the previous soft robots seldom used?
A. Their application places are limited.
B. They do great damage to sea life.
C. They are very difficult to control.
D. Their advertising effect is hot good.
39. What’s the similarity between the newly-developed robot and squids?
A. Their body material. B. Their general speed.
C. Their power source. D. Their swimming pattern.
40. What can we learn about the squid robot according to Paragraph 3?
A. It is the first robot that can transform.
B. It will function well in open waters.
C. It has every feature that a squid has.
D. It can defeat most other soft robots in speed.
41. What’s Caleb Christianson’s attitude towards the newly-developed robot?
A. Positive. B. Critical. C. Uncaring. D. Doubtful.
【答案】 CD D A
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一種新型軟體機(jī)器人，包括它的行進(jìn)原理、目前取得的進(jìn)展及其應(yīng)用成果。
38. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“However, they are not so welcome in robot market because they are extremely slow and have a hard time operating through the water. (然而，它們?cè)跈C(jī)器人市場(chǎng)并不受歡迎，因?yàn)樗鼈兯俣葮O慢，在水中操作也很困難。)”可知，早期的軟體機(jī)器人在機(jī)器人市場(chǎng)中并不受歡迎是因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谒幸苿?dòng)得非常慢而且難以在水中操控。故選C項(xiàng)。
39. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“The resulting jets of water enable it to swim forward, similar to a squid (烏賊).(噴射出來(lái)的水流使它能夠向前游動(dòng)，就像烏賊一樣。)”可知，新型軟體機(jī)器人在水中（向前）移動(dòng)的方式和烏賊游動(dòng)的方式相似。故選D項(xiàng)。
40. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“What’s more, the robot clocked an impressive speed of 18 to 32 centimeters per second, or about half a mile per hour. Though nowhere close to real squids, it is faster than most other soft robots. (更重要的是，這個(gè)機(jī)器人的速度達(dá)到了每秒18到32厘米，也就是大約每小時(shí)半英里。雖然與真正的烏賊（的游動(dòng)速度）相差甚遠(yuǎn)，但它比其他大多數(shù)軟機(jī)器人都要快。)”可知，這種新型機(jī)器人的行進(jìn)速度大約是每小時(shí)半英里，它比其他大多數(shù)軟體機(jī)器人（的移動(dòng)速度）都要快。故選D項(xiàng)。
41. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“it was especially exciting to see that the robot was able to successfully swim in a large tank among coral and fish, showing its possibility for real-world applications (尤其令人興奮的是，看到這個(gè)機(jī)器人能夠成功地在一個(gè)大水族箱的珊瑚和魚(yú)中游泳，展示了它在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中被應(yīng)用的可能性)”可知，Caleb Christianson表示看到這種新型軟體機(jī)器人能在水族箱中成功地游泳是一件很令人興奮的事，這也展示了它在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中被應(yīng)用的可能性。因此，Caleb Christianson 對(duì)這種新型軟體機(jī)器人持積極的態(tài)度。故選A項(xiàng)。
4
My life as a tax-paying employed person began in middle school, when, for three whole days, I worked on an assembly (裝配) line. My best friend Betsy’s father was an executive (管理者) at Hough Bakeries, which, at special festivals, made little rabbit-shaped cakes for all its stores. The plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help, and the shift (輪班) fell over spring break, during which I had no plans. Cake? I loved cake-icing especially. I’d earn minimum wage. I’d see how a factory worked. My parents thought all of this was a grand idea for a girl like me and called Betsy’s dad with their permission.
Our roles on the line were simple: Place cakes on conveyor belt. Attach icing ears. Apply icing eyes and nose. Remove the cakes from belt; place onto trays. This was harder than it sounds. With your mind wandering, the cakes pile up. As I told my parents that first night, it was all a little more high-pressure than I’d expected. Dad smiled. This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the money you earned, he told me. And if your feet hurt or the minutes felt like hours, well then that was just motivation to keep those grades up and get that college education.
And the icing? We kids were allowed to eat as much as we wanted. By noon the first day, I could barely look at the stuff. To borrow a favorite phrase from my father: The executives weren’t born yesterday.
42. Why did the writer decide to take the job?
A. To earn lots of money.
B. To enjoy her spring break.
C. To help Betsy’s father temporarily.
D. To learn of the operation of the plant.
43. What can we learn from paragraph 2?
A. The writer found the job simple.
B. The job needed great concentration.
C. The writer quit the job the first night.
D. Father laughed at the writer’s performance.
44. How did Dad respond to the writer’s first-day experience?
A. Inspiring. B. Doubtful. C. Critical. D. Sympathetic.
45. What does the writer mean by saying “I could barely look at the stuff”?
A. She found the icing ugly. B. She was tired from the work.
C. She had eaten too much icing. D. She felt depressed with the job.
【答案】DBAC
【解析】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者第一次工作，在蛋糕生產(chǎn)線上工作的經(jīng)歷。
42. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段中的“I’d see how a factory worked. (我想看看工廠是怎么運(yùn)作的。)”可知，因?yàn)橄肓私夤S的運(yùn)作情況作者才決定接受這份工作。故選D項(xiàng)。
43. 推理判斷題。由第二段中的“Our roles on the line were simple: Place cakes on conveyor belt. Attach icing ears. Apply icing eyes and nose. Remove the cakes from belt; place onto trays. This was harder than it sounds. With your mind wandering, the cakes pile up. (我們?cè)谏a(chǎn)線上的角色很簡(jiǎn)單：把蛋糕放在傳送帶上。安裝冰耳。給眼睛和鼻子放糖霜。把蛋糕從生產(chǎn)線上取下來(lái)；放在托盤(pán)上。這比聽(tīng)起來(lái)更難。你心不在焉，蛋糕就堆起來(lái)了。)”可知，在蛋糕生產(chǎn)線上工作，工作程序繁雜，一不留心，蛋糕就堆起來(lái)亂了，可得出這項(xiàng)工作需要全神貫注。故選B項(xiàng)。
44. 推理判斷題。由第二段中的“Dad smiled. This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the money you earned, he told me. And if your feet hurt or the minutes felt like hours, well then that was just motivation to keep those grades up and get that college education. (爸爸笑了。他告訴我，這種工作讓你感激自己掙的錢(qián)。如果你的腳受傷了，或者感覺(jué)幾分鐘就像幾個(gè)小時(shí)，那么這就是保持這些成績(jī)，接受大學(xué)教育的動(dòng)力。)”可知，爸爸認(rèn)為作者現(xiàn)在感到的壓力與困難都會(huì)成為作者以后前行的動(dòng)力。由此推知，爸爸說(shuō)的話很鼓舞人心（Inspiring）。故選A項(xiàng)。
45. 句意猜測(cè)題。由最后一段中的“And the icing? We kids were allowed to eat as much as we wanted. By noon the first day, I could barely look at the stuff. (糖霜呢？我們孩子可以想吃多少就吃多少。到了第一天中午，我?guī)缀醪豢茨切〇|西。)”可知，作者他們可以想吃多少糖霜就吃多少糖霜，以至于最后吃了太多的糖霜，都不想看見(jiàn)糖霜了，由此可知“I could barely look at the stuff”在此處意為“她吃了太多糖霜”。故選C項(xiàng)。
5
A young woman was walking in Santa Ana, California, when she came upon an elderly street vendor (小販) selling tamales (玉米粉蒸肉). Seeing how tired he looked in his wheelchair, she decided to give him a few bucks and a sandwich—and she also gave him a sympathetic ear to listen to his story.
When Kenia Barragan first saw Jose Villa Ochoa, she thought of her own parents. “I felt for him,” she told KTTV News, “My parents are both older, and I would hate to see my dad out selling tamales for somebody and barely making ends meet.”
Known as “Don Joel”, he explained that although he wanted a job, no company would hire him because of his age. In order to keep himself out of debt, he started to sell tamales cooked by a local woman. At the end of each hard day, she would give him a cut of the earnings. This allowed him to buy food, but was not enough for him to afford his medical treatment or a phone.
The 28-year-old woman was happy to listen to Don Joel’s story, but she wanted to do more. She made an appeal to her followers on Instagram for some assistance. Within a week, friends and strangers flooded her with more than $84 000 in donations.
In addition to the money raised for Don Joel’s retirement, Kenia purchased him a new wheelchair and a shiny new pair of shoes. Even though he’s 94, he says he feels like he’s 40 now, because the kindness has made him feel so alive. He describes the generosity as “l(fā)ife-changing”.
Kenia feels exactly the same way. She says she’s always looking for a purpose that helps people and that she’s been living in line with those values in her current job, working with people who have disabilities to get them transportation. Her goal in life is to establish a homeless shelter.
46. Why did Don Joel sell tamales?
A. To buy a new wheelchair. B. To struggle for a living.
C. To pay off his medical debt. D. To help a local woman.
47. How did Kenia change Don Joel’s life?
A. By establishing a homeless shelter. B. By giving him money and sandwiches.
C. By collecting donations on Instagram. D. By listening to his story attentively.
48. What can we infer about Kenia in the text?
A. She disliked her father because of his job.
B. She is a wealthy woman ready to help others.
C. She helped Don Joel when she was 40 years old.
D. She is a kind woman aiming to do more charity.
49. What does the author want to tell us?
A. Rose given, fragrant in hand. B. The best hearts are always the bravest.
C. No pain, no gain. D. Sharp tools make good work.
【答案】 B C DA
【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一位熱心的年輕女士在遇到一位年邁的靠賣(mài)玉米粉蒸肉維持生計(jì)的老人后，決定通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)募捐來(lái)幫助這位老人的故事。
46. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“In order to keep himself out of debt, he started to sell tamales cooked by a local woman.(為了不欠債，他開(kāi)始售賣(mài)由一位當(dāng)?shù)氐呐酥谱鞯挠衩追壅羧?”可知， Don Joel是為了維持生計(jì)才去賣(mài)玉米粉蒸肉的。故選B。
47. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二、三句“She made an appeal to her followers on Instagram for some assistance. Within a week, friends and strangers flooded her with more than $84000 in donations.(她在Instagram上向她的粉絲請(qǐng)求幫助。不到一周，朋友和陌生人就向她捐贈(zèng)了超過(guò)84000美元)”及倒數(shù)第二段內(nèi)容可知，Kenia通過(guò)在Instagram上為 Don Joel籌集捐款進(jìn)而改善了Don Joel艱苦的生活。故選C。
48. 推理判斷題。通讀全文尤其是最后一段最后一句“Her goal in life is to establish a homeless shelter.(她的人生目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)無(wú)家可歸者收容所)”可知，Kenia不僅幫助 Don Joel提升了生活質(zhì)量，她還想專(zhuān)門(mén)為無(wú)家可歸的人們建立一個(gè)收容所。由此可推知，她是一個(gè)想要做更多慈善（工作）的善良女性。故選D。
49. 推理判斷題。通讀全文尤其是倒數(shù)第二段最后一句“He describes the generosity as ‘life-changing’.(他將這種慷慨描述為“改變生活的”)”及最后一段第一句“Kenia feels exactly the same way.(Kenia也有同樣的感覺(jué))”可知，Kenia Barragan在幫助他人的同時(shí)感覺(jué)自己的生活也發(fā)生了改變。由此可推知，文章旨在告訴我們，贈(zèng)人玫瑰，手有余香。故選A。
6
When we experience earthquakes, medical emergencies — whatever the situation, the first thing you probably do is panic. Everybody does. While many of us think that we’re cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, we’re anything but at our best.
These normal human reactions can be reversed. For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing — you can learn these techniques in minutes. Once you calm down, you’ll identify accurately what the problem is really about. Lack of practice always causes us to judge problems in wrong ways. Doing the thinking ahead of time also helps you fire off the solution when it’s show time. This is why you are advised to find the closest exit before the flight. And sometimes we aren’t prepared with all the knowledge we need. Let’s say we’re on a hike and a bear shows up. What shall we do? Better to read suggestions on how to respond before heading into the wild.
Performing in a crisis is becoming more important for all of us for two reasons. Back in the good old days, the reliability of most anything we used or did was far less than it is today. Now think about what happens to our preparedness as the probability of something had happening reduces. Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong. Consequently, terrible situations can “come out of nowhere”. Ironically, the systems that were designed to lessen our workload might require us to remain in a state of increased vigilance (警覺(jué)) in order to survive these increasingly infrequent events when they do happen.
As technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.
50. According to the passage, when an armed robbery (搶劫) happens, most witnesses will first___________.
A. observe the surroundings
B. pretend to be calm
C. decide what to do
D. focus on the gun
51. What does the underlined word “reversed” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Tested. B. Changed. C. Predicted. D. Understood
52. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ___________.
A. things are less dependable than they used to be
B. cautiousness helps prevent the occurrence of crisis
C. convenience reduces our problem-solving capability
D. the complexity of present systems ensures our safety
53. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To introduce ways of avoiding crisis situations.
B. To point out the connection between stress and risks.
C. To raise awareness of the preparation for emergencies.
D. To analyse the influence of technology on crisis management.
【答案】DBCC
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章講述的是，雖然很多人都認(rèn)為自己在危機(jī)中很冷靜，但科學(xué)告訴我們，我們很少能做到。因此，市民對(duì)突發(fā)事件的防范意識(shí)要提高。
50. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“While many of us think that we’re cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us.（雖然很多人都認(rèn)為自己在危機(jī)中很冷靜，但科學(xué)告訴我們，我們很少能做到。此時(shí)此刻，我們需要敏銳地意識(shí)到我們周?chē)沫h(huán)境，但我們的注意力卻集中在了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)最可怕的東西上，讓我們對(duì)周?chē)钠渌跋?、聲音甚至氣味渾然不覺(jué)。）”可知，根據(jù)文章，危機(jī)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，人們的注意力集中在了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)最可怕的東西上，可得出當(dāng)武裝搶劫發(fā)生時(shí)，大多數(shù)目擊者會(huì)首先關(guān)注槍。故選D。
51. 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段中“At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, we’re anything but at our best.（此時(shí)此刻，我們需要敏銳地意識(shí)到我們周?chē)沫h(huán)境，但我們的注意力卻集中在了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)最可怕的東西上，讓我們對(duì)周?chē)钠渌跋蟆⒙曇羯踔翚馕稖喨徊挥X(jué)。目前，我們還沒(méi)有達(dá)到最佳狀態(tài)。）”，和第二段中的“For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing — you can learn these techniques in minutes.Once you calm down, you’ll identify accurately what the problem is really about. （例如，消防員被教導(dǎo)如何快速降低他們的血壓和心率，箱式呼吸法，腹部呼吸法，哼哼呼吸法——你可以在幾分鐘內(nèi)學(xué)會(huì)這些技巧。一旦你冷靜下來(lái)，你就會(huì)準(zhǔn)確地識(shí)別出問(wèn)題的真正原因。）”可知，上文講危機(jī)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，人們的注意力集中在了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)最可怕的東西上，害怕因而無(wú)法冷靜，下文講通過(guò)適當(dāng)方法，人們可以冷靜下來(lái)，所以這些正常的人類(lèi)反應(yīng)（害怕/無(wú)法冷靜）是可以逆轉(zhuǎn)的。由此推知，劃線詞的意思是“改變”。故選B。
52. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong.（除非我們練習(xí)幾乎不發(fā)生的事情，否則當(dāng)事情發(fā)生時(shí)，我們的反應(yīng)能力往往會(huì)消失?？煽啃詴?huì)毀了你。此外，我們今天使用的系統(tǒng)更加復(fù)雜。在肉眼可見(jiàn)的情況下，很少有活動(dòng)部件能讓我們看到事情什么時(shí)候會(huì)出錯(cuò)。）”可知，從第三段中可以推斷出，現(xiàn)代生活給予人們生活可靠性，系統(tǒng)性讓人們規(guī)避很多錯(cuò)誤，世界的便利性降低了我們解決問(wèn)題的能力。故選C。
53. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“As technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.（隨著技術(shù)成為絕大多數(shù)事物的一部分，隨著曾經(jīng)的巨大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)演變成無(wú)數(shù)的小風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，危機(jī)局勢(shì)可能會(huì)成為常態(tài)。我們都應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)呼吸，認(rèn)識(shí)到情況，并執(zhí)行計(jì)劃，我們足夠聰明地提前做好準(zhǔn)備。）”可知，危機(jī)局勢(shì)可能會(huì)成為常態(tài)，人們應(yīng)該要做好準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)對(duì)它，這篇文章的目的是為了提高市民對(duì)突發(fā)事件的防范意識(shí)。故選C。


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