
閱讀理解能力的培養(yǎng)是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù),也是中考的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。中考閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇閱讀能力、分析和判斷力。要求學(xué)生能較快地通過(guò)閱讀理解短文大意,獲取其中的主要信息,能做出正確判斷,然后根據(jù)試題的要求從A, B, C, D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案或回答出所提問(wèn)題等等。要求閱讀速度為每分鐘40-50個(gè)詞。
閱讀理解的閱讀材料的選取一般遵循三個(gè)原則:1. 閱讀文章不少于三篇,閱讀量在1,000單詞左右;2. 題材廣泛,包括科普,社會(huì),文化,政治,經(jīng)濟(jì)等;3. 體裁多樣,包闊記敘文,說(shuō)明文,應(yīng)用文等;
一、中考閱讀理解考查的主要內(nèi)容
1. 考查掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力。 此類(lèi)考查主旨和大意的題大多數(shù)針對(duì)段落(或短文)的主題,主題思想,標(biāo)題或目的,其主要提問(wèn)方式是:
(1) Which is the best title f the passage?(2) Which f the fllwing is this passage abut?(3) In this passage the writer tries t tell us that______.(4) The passage tells us that______.(5) This passage mainly talks abut_______.
2. 考查把握文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力。 此類(lèi)考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題目大多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的,其主要提問(wèn)方式是:
(1) Which f the fllwing is right?(2) Which f the fllwing is nt mentined?(3) Which f the fllwing is Nt True in the passage?(4) Chse the right rder f this passage.(5) Frm this passage we knw ________.
3. 考查根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞的含義的能力。 此類(lèi)猜測(cè)詞義的題目要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。其主要提問(wèn)方式是:
(1) The wrd “ ” in the passage prbably means ________.(2) The underlined wrd “It” in the passage refers t _______.(3) In this stry the underlined wrd “ ” means ________.(4) Here “it” means________.
4. 考查對(duì)閱讀材料全篇的邏輯關(guān)系的理解,對(duì)文章各段,各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系的理解能力。 此類(lèi)題目主要考查的是句與句之間,短語(yǔ)短之間的邏輯關(guān)系,其主要提問(wèn)方式是:
Many visitrs cme t the writer’s city t ________.(2) Air pllutin is the mst serius kind f pllutin because _____.(3) Why did the writer get ff the train tw stps befre Vienna statin?
5. 考查依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判 斷的能力。 此類(lèi)題目文章中沒(méi)有明確的答案,需要考生再理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理和判斷。其主要提問(wèn)方式是:
We can guess the writer f the letter may be a ______.(2) We can infer frm the text that _______.(3) Frm the letters we’ve learned that it’s very _____ t knw smething abut American scial custms.(4) Frm the stry we can guess ______.(5) What wuld be happy if …?
6. 考查推斷作者意圖和態(tài)度的能力。其主要提問(wèn)方式是:
(1) Hw did the writer feel at Vienna statin?(2) The writer writes this text t ______.(3) The writer believes that ______.(4) The writer suggests that ______.
二、閱讀理解題的方法和技巧
1.如何獲取段落的主旨和大意? 最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章(或一段文章)通常都是圍繞一個(gè)中心意思展開(kāi)的。而這個(gè)中心意思往往由一個(gè)句子來(lái)概括。這個(gè)能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此,理解一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。在一篇短文或一個(gè)段落中,大部分主題句的情況有三種:
(1)主題句在段首或篇首。 主題句在段首或篇首的情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文, 議論文大都采用先總述,后分述的敘事方法。
例如:陜西省英語(yǔ)中考試題閱讀材料B的第一段: All living things n the earth need ther living things t live. Nthing lives alne. Mst animals must live in a grup, and even a plant grws clse tgether with thers f the same kind. Smetimes ne living thing kills anther, ne eats and the ther is eaten. Each kind f life eats anther kind f life in rder t live, and tgether they frm a fd chain(食物鏈)。Sme fd chains becme brken up if ne f the links disappears
59. Which f the fllwing d yu think is the best title fr this passage? A. Animals B. Plants C. Fd Chains D. Living Things
評(píng)析:找出主題句即第一句。這個(gè)句子概括了本段的中心意思,“地球上所有的生物要生存都離不開(kāi)其它的生物”。后面講述了大量的事實(shí),“大部分動(dòng)物必須成群的生活,甚至一種植物也要和其它同類(lèi)的植物靠在一起生長(zhǎng)。有時(shí)一種生物殺死另一種生物,一種生物吃另一種生物,而另一種生物被吃”。在列舉了大量的事實(shí)之后,作者指出:如果這些食物鏈中的一個(gè)鏈環(huán)消失,所有的食物都會(huì)斷掉。所有這些事實(shí)都是圍繞第一個(gè)句子展開(kāi)的。
根據(jù)主題句的意思,我們可以很容易判斷:
(2)主題句在段末或篇末。 用歸納法寫(xiě)文章時(shí),往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前,概述性的句子在后,并以此結(jié)尾。這種位于段末或篇末的主題句往往是對(duì)前面細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié),歸納或結(jié)論。例如陜西省中考試題閱讀材料A的最后一段:
If yu buy sme well-made clthes, yu can save mney because they can last lnger. They lk gd even after they have been washed many times. Smetimes sme clthes cst mre mney, but it des nt mean that they are always better made, r they always fit better. In ther wrds, sme less expensive clthes lk and fit better than mre expensive clthes.
評(píng)析:這段文章前面列舉了兩件事實(shí):如果你買(mǎi)一些制作優(yōu)良的衣服,你會(huì)省錢(qián),因?yàn)檫@些衣服能穿得時(shí)間長(zhǎng)一些。即使他們洗了很多次,仍然看起來(lái)很好。有時(shí)有些衣服花得前更多,但并不意味著這些衣服做得更好。最后一句話是對(duì)這兩個(gè)事實(shí)的概括:有些價(jià)錢(qián)便宜的衣服比價(jià)錢(qián)貴的衣服更好看,更合身。段末這個(gè)句子就是主題句。
(3)無(wú)主題句有時(shí),一篇文章里并沒(méi)有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們應(yīng)該怎樣來(lái)確定文章的主題或中心意思呢?其實(shí)這也不難。我們可以首先找出每一段的中心意思,各段的中心意思往往都是圍繞一個(gè)中心來(lái)展開(kāi)的,或者說(shuō)是來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)問(wèn)題的。這個(gè)中心或這個(gè)問(wèn)題就是這篇文章的主題或中心意思。請(qǐng)看江西省中考試題閱讀理解A:
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sa Paul wanted bees t make mre hney(蜂蜜). S he put frty-six African bees with sme Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind f bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want t make mre hney. They wanted t attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees utside. Scientists culd nt cntrl(控制) the prblem. The bees increased fast. They went frm Brazil t Venezuela. Then they went t Central America. Nw they are in Nrth America. They travel abut 390 miles a year. Each grup f bees grws fur times a year. This means ne millin new grups every five years.
Why are peple afraid f killer bees? Peple are afraid fr tw reasns. First, the bees sting(叮) many mre times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nnstp fr tw hurs. Secnd, killer bees attack in grups. Fur hundred bee stings can kill a persn. Already several hundred peple are dead. Nw killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all ver the United States. Peple can d nthing but wait.
在這篇短文的后面就出了一道這樣的閱讀理解題:59. The best title f the passage is ____________. A. Hw t make mre hney B. Killer bees C. A flish scientist D. Hw t feed killer bees
評(píng)析:這篇短文就沒(méi)有主題句,那末怎樣來(lái)確定它的中心意思呢?按照上面的說(shuō)明,我們可以得出每一段的大意:第一段講的是“killer bees”的產(chǎn)生。第二段講的是“killer bees” 的急劇增加。第三段講的是人們害怕“killer bees”的原因。第四段講的是“killer bees”已經(jīng)殺死的人數(shù)和將來(lái)的狀況。 從這幾段的大意可以看出這篇文章自始至終都是圍繞“killer bees”這一中心展開(kāi)的。換句話說(shuō),“killer bees”就是這篇文章的主題。
2.如何根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義?猜測(cè)詞義也是一種英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。任何一個(gè)實(shí)詞,只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。所謂上下文(cntext),正如英語(yǔ)辭典所解釋的,其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的意義。據(jù)此,我們可以盡可能地利用上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義,即從已知推求未知,也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)猜測(cè)我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測(cè)詞義時(shí),我們可以從三個(gè)方面來(lái)考慮:1)根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理。2)運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析。3)依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出判斷。
(1)根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理猜測(cè)義:例1:中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀材料B: A bag is useful and the wrd “bag” is useful. It gives us sme interesting phrases(短語(yǔ)). One is “ t let the cat ut f the bag.” It is the same as “t tell a secret”…. Nw when smene lets ut (泄漏)a secret, he “l(fā)ets the cat ut f the bag.” 短文后面有一個(gè)理解題目: Jhn “l(fā)ets the cat ut f the bag” means he ________. A. makes everyne knw a secret B. the wman but a cat C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag
評(píng)析:在這篇文章里,“l(fā)et the cat ut f the bag”雖然是一個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的短語(yǔ),但緊接著后面就給出解釋It is the same as “t tell a secret”.
例2:北京市海淀區(qū)中考試題閱讀材料 As they g arund twn, the plice help peple. Smetimes they find lst children. They take the children hme. If the plice see a fight, they put an end t it right away. Smetimes peple will ask the plice hw t get t a place in twn. The plice can always tell the peple which way t g. They knw all the streets and rads well. 文章后面有這樣一道題:53. In the text, “put an end t” means “___________”. A. stp B. cut C. kill D. fly
評(píng)析: 根據(jù)文章所提供的情景,如果警察看到有人在打架,他們肯定會(huì)去制止。因?yàn)橹浦勾蚣芏窔蔷斓穆氊?zé)。
例3:中考英語(yǔ)試題的閱讀材料There is a place n ur earth where ht water and steam cme up under the grund. It is n a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is Nrth Island in New Zealand. 文章后面有這樣一道題: What des the wrd “steam” mean in Chinese?A. 自來(lái)水 B. 大氣 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽
評(píng)析:從語(yǔ)法上看,steam和ht water是并列關(guān)系,我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關(guān)的,是同一類(lèi)第物質(zhì)。在所給第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有“蒸汽”有這種可能。
3.如何確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)? 在閱讀理解題目中,有相當(dāng)一部分是考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。這類(lèi)題目相對(duì)容易一些。這些題目有兩個(gè)共同特點(diǎn):(1)凡屬針對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的考題,其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。這一部分可能是一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ),也可能是一個(gè)句子或相關(guān)的若干句子,但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式不同。(2)干擾項(xiàng)往往是主體思想與細(xì)節(jié)混雜,正確答案細(xì)節(jié)和非正確答案的細(xì)節(jié)混雜,甚至真假混雜。因此,要做好閱讀理解中的確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目,一要在文章中找出相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn),二要排除干擾項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)看陜西省中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解題第48小題:
What d plants make fd frm? They make fd frm _______.sunlight, water and things in the sil and airB. water, sunlight and things in the silC. water and things in the sil and airD. water, sunlight and things in the sil
評(píng)析:這一小題考查的就是文章的細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)。這一細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的表述在文章中可以直接找到:Plants are “factries”. They make fd frm sunlight, water and things in the sil and air.
4.如何進(jìn)行推斷? 所謂推斷,就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息,推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分,從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子,也可能是若干句子,甚至是全文。 中考英語(yǔ)試題中的推斷題很多,包括的面也很大。其類(lèi)型主要有以下幾種:
(1)事實(shí)推斷:這種推斷常常針對(duì)某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié),是比較簡(jiǎn)單的推斷。進(jìn)行這種推斷,要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字,然后加以分析,尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。 請(qǐng)看南京市中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解第14小題
Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing can yu mst pssibly watch n TV?Yu ften play ftball with yur friends after schl.B. Yur teacher has gt a cld.C. A tiger in the city z has run ut and hasn’t been caught.D. The bike in frnt f yur huse is lst. 在閱讀材料中,有這樣一段文字: Secndly, a news stry has t be interesting and unusual. Peple dn’t want t read stries abut everyday life. As a result, many stries are abut sme kind f danger and seem t be “bad” news.
評(píng)析: 根據(jù)這段文字,我們可以推斷:電視報(bào)道的新聞故事硬是有趣的和不平常的。
(2)邏輯推斷 這類(lèi)題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供的背景,人物的表情,動(dòng)作和語(yǔ)言來(lái)推斷出人物的態(tài)度或感覺(jué)。(3)對(duì)作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷這一類(lèi)考題大都要求考生就作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷, 如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì),還是猶豫不定,對(duì)記述或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠,還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來(lái),而往往隱含在字里行間。因此,進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí),我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提,又要注意作者的措辭,尤其是形容詞一類(lèi)的修飾語(yǔ)。
Let’s have a try
The undersea wrld is very beautiful. Nw mre and mre peple want t dive in the water t find the secrets there. Scuba diving is a new sprt tday. It can take yu int a wnderful undersea wrld. Yu will find many strange animals in the sea. Sme are as large as a schl bus. Many sea animals give ut light in the dark and sme have sharp teeth. During the day, there is enugh light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green. When fish swim nearby, yu can catch them with yur hands. When yu have bttles f air n yur back, yu can stay in deep water fr a lng time. Hwever, yu can’t dive t deep. And yu must be very careful when yu dive in deep water. The deep sea is nt an easy place t live in. It’s cld, and it’s dark, t. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is.
At abut 3,000 feet, there is n light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have n eyes. Sme have big eyes. A few have eyes n ne side. Besides (除了) the cld and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger --- ther animals. Animals eat! They must find fd t eat. Many animals eat plants. Hwever, sme Animals eat meat. This means these sea animals have animals have tw big jbs. They need t find animals as fd, and they have t try nt t becme ther animals’ meal.
Why d peple want t dive in the sea? Because ________. A. they want t catch fish B. they want t find the secrets f the undersea wrld C. the sea is deep D. there are all kinds f plants in the sea
2. In the daytime, when yu dive in the sea, yu _________. A. can see everything green and blue B. can’t be in danger C. can catch nthing D. can’t see anything clearly3. Hw many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea? A. One. B. Tw. C. Three. D. Fur.4. When yu d scuba diving, yu can __________. A. stay in deep water fr a lng time B. dive very, very deep C. live in deep water easily D. dive freely withut any dangers5. Which f the fllwing is WRONG? A. One animals finds smething t eat, and it may be eaten by thers. B. At the depth f 3,000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way by hearing and feeling. C. The deeper the sea is, the darker and clder it is. D. At the depth f 3,000 feet under the sea, all animals can find their way by seeing.
1. B。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章開(kāi)頭的第二句明確說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。“現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的人想潛水,為的是尋找海下世界的秘密”。2. A。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章第三段開(kāi)頭就說(shuō)明了這一事實(shí)?!癉uring the day, there is enugh light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green.”3. C。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章的第5段說(shuō)明了這一問(wèn)題:Besides (除了) the cld and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger --- ther animals.4. A。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章的第三段有這樣一句話:When yu have bttles f air n yur back, yu can stay in deep water fr a lng time. 背著 空氣瓶潛水就是“scuba diving”。
5. D。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章的第四段有這樣的敘述:At abut 3,000 feet, there is n light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have n eyes.在3,000米的深處,一點(diǎn)光線都沒(méi)有,很多于都沒(méi)有眼睛,他們?cè)觞N能夠通過(guò)“看”來(lái)找到路呢?
Try again,please!
In America, just as in Eurpe, men usually pen drs fr wmen, and wmen always walk ahead f men int a rm r a restaurant, unless (除非)the men have t be ahead f the ladies t chse the table, t pen the dr f a car r d sme ther things like the abve n the street, men almst always walk r crss the street n the clser side f the ladies t the traffic But if a man walks with tw ladies, he shuld walk between them Then if the hst (男主人)r hstess (女主人)r bth f them cme in a car t get their guest fr dinner, the guest shuld sit at the frnt seat and leave the back seat thugh there is n peple sitting n it
1.In America men usually _______
A.walk ahead f wmen? B.eat in a restaurant
C.walk behind wmen??? D.drive a car t wrk
2.In the street men ________
A.crss the street
B.walk n the right side f the ladies
C.walk n the clser side f the ladies t the traffic
D.walk near the ladies
3.If a man walks with tw ladies, he shuld _________
A.walk between them?? B.run befre them?? C.fllw them?? D.g away
4.If Mrs. Green wants yu t her huse in a car, yu shuld _________
A.sit beside a guest??? B.sit at the frnt seat
C.sit at the back seat? D.drive the car
教師寄語(yǔ):閱讀理解題取材廣泛,但仍然有規(guī)律可循。1.平時(shí)要多閱讀并善于總結(jié),積累 解題技巧。2.考試時(shí)要研讀好文本,不放過(guò)文 本中細(xì)節(jié)。3.做完題后要仔細(xì)檢查,每篇材料 應(yīng)有完整情節(jié)。
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