高考頻度：★★★★★
議論文是英語(yǔ)中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。
議論文就是說(shuō)理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過(guò)程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點(diǎn)、提供充分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。議論文的寫法通常有以下三種形式：
寫法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我認(rèn)為……
寫法二：提出問(wèn)題，分析問(wèn)題，解決問(wèn)題。
寫法三：論點(diǎn)，理由(證據(jù))，重申論點(diǎn)。
議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個(gè)方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會(huì)較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候，我們要認(rèn)真把握作者的態(tài)度，領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合理的推斷。
　　注意事項(xiàng)：
　　1. 避免讀得太快，做題靠印象和直覺(jué)。(要求每一道題回到原文去找答案)
　　2. 要先看題目，后讀文章。(與先讀文章，后看題目的比較)
　　高考材料閱讀方法：先通讀全文，重點(diǎn)讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略讀，再審題定位，比較選項(xiàng)，選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。
　　3. 閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號(hào)的有：
　　(1)標(biāo)志類、指示類的信息。
　?、俦硎静⒘嘘P(guān)系：and, also, coupled with等；
　?、诒硎巨D(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；
　　③表示因果關(guān)系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；
　?、鼙硎具f進(jìn)關(guān)系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等；
　?、荼硎局匾缘脑~：prime, above all, first等。
　　以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對(duì)文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。
　　(2)具有感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞：blind盲目的(貶), excessively過(guò)分的(貶), objective(客觀)等。
　　4. 常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題：
　　(1)讀不懂怎么？
　　問(wèn)題本身太空泛，應(yīng)該仔細(xì)分析問(wèn)題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識(shí)到自身問(wèn)題所在。
　　unconscious incompetent (無(wú)意識(shí)無(wú)能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第一階段；
　　conscious incompetent (有意識(shí)無(wú)能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第二階段；
　　conscious competent (有意識(shí)有能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第三階段；
　　unconscious competent (無(wú)意識(shí)有能力)屬于問(wèn)題認(rèn)知的第四階段。
　　從認(rèn)知的第三階段達(dá)到第四階段，是一個(gè)反復(fù)熟練的過(guò)程。
　　(2)讀懂了文章之后還做錯(cuò)題怎么辦？
　　(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦？
　　(4)做題技巧用不上怎么辦？
　　能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。
在課堂聽(tīng)明白之后，還需要回去自己思考，針對(duì)自己的實(shí)際進(jìn)行分析，從而對(duì)癥下藥。
【命題分析】
議論說(shuō)理類文章就是議論文，是高考閱讀理解題中一種較難的題目。議論說(shuō)理類文章具有以下特點(diǎn)：
1. 題材多樣化、知識(shí)化，它包括社會(huì)科學(xué)的多種領(lǐng)域，以及和自然科學(xué)交叉學(xué)科，體現(xiàn)以人為本的特點(diǎn)。具體說(shuō)來(lái)：
(1)一般按提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題、社會(huì)上的重大問(wèn)題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題入手，即提出問(wèn)題。然后，分析利弊，舉例說(shuō)明，推理判斷，即分析問(wèn)題。最后，闡述觀點(diǎn)，提出辦法，即解決問(wèn)題。
(2)以作者的觀點(diǎn)或情感為核心，對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。
(3)文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題、重大問(wèn)題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題等。
2. 側(cè)重考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章深層意義的理解。通常情況下，深層理解題占多數(shù)，這就要求學(xué)生讀議論文時(shí)，不能僅限于對(duì)文章的表層理解，只抓一些事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，而且要注重對(duì)文章的意圖、作者的觀點(diǎn)以及內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的審視。
3. 深層理解題的主要表現(xiàn)形式：
(1)主旨性題目：此類題常針對(duì)文章主題、中心思想、標(biāo)題或作者的寫作意圖，通常有以下提問(wèn)方式：
a. What would be the best title for the text?
b. The text is mainly about _________.
c. From the passage we know that _________.
d. The main idea of the paragraph is _________.
e. The writer’s purpose of writing this text is _________.
f. The passage could be titled _________.
g. The passage deals with _________.
h. What’s the subject discussed in the text?
(2)推理判斷題：此題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的把握，通常有以下出題方式：
a. 回答對(duì)why和how的提問(wèn)。
b. According to the text, which of the statements is true/wrong?
c. From the text, we can infer that _________.
d. Where can this text be selected from?
e. What can you imagine will be dealt with/written in the following passage?
f. 以短語(yǔ)according to the writer of the text或 in the writer’s opinion等引出的其他問(wèn)題。
(3)詞義猜測(cè)題：判斷詞義的詞可能有四種情況，一是詞未學(xué)過(guò)，二是詞已學(xué)過(guò)，但在該篇中不是已學(xué)過(guò)的詞義，三是某個(gè)代詞it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句話的意思。
【應(yīng)試策略】
議論文體閱讀理解題的應(yīng)對(duì)策略
解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手考慮：
作者在開(kāi)始敘述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，然后對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時(shí)要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因—結(jié)果(Cause & Effect)型。還有一種比較常見(jiàn)的是問(wèn)題—答案型，作者在一開(kāi)始或一段末以問(wèn)句提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)象)，然后給出該問(wèn)題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對(duì)文中問(wèn)題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。
這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)，答題時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案)，然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解答特征等其他角度對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無(wú)法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮。
考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時(shí)，記?。菏紫葟恼w上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解題方法：
1. 把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言。
2. 互推法：在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論?？忌诶斫庾h論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。
3. 推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生要由文字的表層信息挖掘出文章的深層含義，要能透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。
二、解題技巧
歷年全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的題型無(wú)非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷和細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。其中，命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測(cè)題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對(duì)原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控能力，難度相對(duì)較小，廣大考生除了平時(shí)必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定的解題技巧對(duì)解答閱讀理解題來(lái)說(shuō)也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說(shuō)來(lái)：
1. 主旨大意型
干擾項(xiàng) 可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。
干擾項(xiàng) 可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。
干擾項(xiàng) 可能是非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。
正確答案 根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來(lái)；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過(guò)其實(shí)或以偏概全。
主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實(shí)踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。
選擇＂主題＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)概括。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly about?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.
標(biāo)題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個(gè)名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，用詞簡(jiǎn)短、精練。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text?
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
不管是選擇＂主題＂還是選擇＂標(biāo)題＂，實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語(yǔ)篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，都是圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)展開(kāi)的。在試題設(shè)計(jì)上，3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別。
2. 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型
細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實(shí)的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語(yǔ)意理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。
做此類題時(shí)可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位)，然后進(jìn)行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換)，從而選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時(shí)可能是幾個(gè)句子)或段落，然后進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析、推理等，從而找出正確答案。
(1)解題原則：忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。
文章中心是論點(diǎn)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題常對(duì)文中某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，所提問(wèn)題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。
提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實(shí)和特定細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題常有以下幾種命題方式：
①Which of the following statements is true?
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干擾項(xiàng)：范圍過(guò)大、過(guò)??；偷換概念；正誤并存，某個(gè)分句是正確的。
閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有以下幾個(gè)原則：
①包含項(xiàng)原則
在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其他三項(xiàng) (或其中某一項(xiàng))的理解，那么我們就說(shuō)選項(xiàng)A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如在＂花＂與＂玫瑰＂兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反項(xiàng)原則
所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個(gè)相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng)，正確答案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中。
③委婉項(xiàng)原則
所謂委婉，這里是指說(shuō)話不能說(shuō)死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語(yǔ)氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)，如：probably, possibly,?may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。
④同形項(xiàng)原則
命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍，然后通過(guò)語(yǔ)言形式的細(xì)微變化來(lái)考查考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)中有正確答案的存在。
⑤常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則
議論文中，那些符合一般常識(shí)、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。
⑥因果項(xiàng)原則
閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過(guò)因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，在推理題的選項(xiàng)中，有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理過(guò)頭(止于后果)，這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原則啟示我們：假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過(guò)程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。如果因項(xiàng)可產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果，那么答案就是因；如果果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因，那么答案就是果。
解題方法：原文定位法。
查讀法：(1)帶著問(wèn)題找答案，把注意力集中在與who, what, when, where問(wèn)題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。
(2)細(xì)心!
3. 詞義猜測(cè)型
閱讀理解的測(cè)試中經(jīng)常有猜測(cè)詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)、句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞義猜測(cè)題的考查方法呈多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境推測(cè)詞義將會(huì)越來(lái)越多。有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語(yǔ)，后文接著會(huì)出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子，這就是判斷該詞或短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù)。
除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來(lái)確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō)，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時(shí)積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。
(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷。
(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。
(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。
(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來(lái)確定另一句的含義。
(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說(shuō)，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。
(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時(shí)出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋。
(7)利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和提示詞猜測(cè)詞義。分號(hào)還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義；破折號(hào)表示解釋說(shuō)明。
常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題形式有：
(1)The?word?＂…＂?in?Line?…?means/can?be?best?replaced?by?…
(2)As?used?in?the?passage,?the?phrase?＂…＂?suggests…
(3)From?the?passage,?we?can?infer?that?the?word/phrase?/the?sentence?＂…＂?is/refers?to?/means…
(4)The?word?＂…＂?is?closest?in?meaning?to?…
常用應(yīng)對(duì)方法：
同義法：常在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or，它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可以推測(cè)詞義。
反義法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定?？傊?，互為反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。
釋義法：對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(yǔ)(從句)、表語(yǔ)，甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以解釋說(shuō)明。
此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。
做題要領(lǐng)
(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；
(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；
(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。
(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！
4. 推理判斷型
做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過(guò)文章表面文字信息推測(cè)文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見(jiàn)的命題方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出結(jié)論) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推論)?
(4)What is the tone (語(yǔ)氣) of the author?
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear?

題組一（2020年高考真題）
Passage1(2020·天津卷7月，D)
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges (驅(qū)策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
51. In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________.
A. propose a definition
B. make a comparison
C. reach a conclusion
D. present an argument
52. What does the example of Galileo tell us?
A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.
B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C. Creativity results from challenging authority.
D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
53. What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?
A. Observe the unknown around you.
B. Develop a questioning mind.
C. Lead a life of adventure.
D. Follow the fashion.
54. What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
55. What could be the best tile or the passage?
A. Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B. Reflections on Human Nature
C. The Keys to Achievement
D. Never Too Late to Learn
Passage2(2020·天津卷3月，D)
Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history.
History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide.
History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.
History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （無(wú)知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.
History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody.
The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives.
51．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________.
A．the turning point in our history
B．the present state of our nation
C．the location of our homeland
D．the total area of our country
52．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life?
A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past.
B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today.
C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors.
D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems.
53．What can be concluded from Para.4?
A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers.
B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures.
C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore.
D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness.
54．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________.
A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature.
B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets.
C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period.
D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields.
55．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．How to Build Cultural Identity
B．Why Studying History Matters
C．Know the Past, Know the Present
D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons

題組二（2019年高考真題）
Passage1(2019·天津卷，D)
Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉訶德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate（視……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
Passage2(2019·江蘇卷，C)
Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造業(yè)) with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.
61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to __________.
A. a lack of confidence in technology
B. a slow progress in technology
C. a conflict of public opinions
D. a waste of limited resources
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should __________.
A. take people's essential needs into account
B. make their programmes attractive to people
C. ensure that each child gets financial support
D. provide more affordable internet facilities
63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B. Believing that the world has become borderless.
C. Ignoring the power of economic development.
D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
64. What can we learn from the passage?
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.
Passage3(2019·新課標(biāo)III卷，B)
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(來(lái)源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(時(shí)尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美學(xué))on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?
A. It promoted the sales of artworks. B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
25. What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world.
26. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with D. competing against
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
題組三（2018年高考真題）
Passage1(2018·新課標(biāo)II卷，D)
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(潤(rùn)滑劑) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動(dòng)) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
Passage2(2018·新課標(biāo)III卷，D)
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.
33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A. Saving up for her holiday B. Raising money for a poor girl
C. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother
34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?
A. To try out an idea B. To show a parent's love
C. To train his attention D. To help him start a hobby
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Take It or Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids
C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving
Passage3(2018·北京卷，D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責(zé)任與維護(hù)問(wèn)題). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affordability. D. Management.
49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
Passage4(2018·天津卷，D)
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的) to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(癡迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.
51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more _____________.
A. anxious to do wonders B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them
52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions. B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice. D. To admit mistakes honestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they ____________.
A. are very patient in their observation
B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds
D. question the accuracy of the field guides
54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.
B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
題組四
Passage 1
（2020·重慶高三開(kāi)學(xué)考試） At the World Economic Forum last month, President Trump drew claps when he announced the United States would respond to the forum's proposal to plant one trillion(萬(wàn)億) trees to fight climate change. The trillion-tree idea won wide attention last summer after a study published in the journal Science concluded that planting so many trees was “the most effective climate change solution to date”.
If only it were true. But it isn't. Planting trees would slow down the planet's warming, but the only thing that will save us and future generations from paying a huge price in dollars, lives and damage to nature is rapid and considerable reductions in carbon release from fossil fuels, to net zero by 2050.
Focusing on trees as the big solution to climate change is a dangerous diversion(偏離). Worse still, it takes attention away from those responsible for the carbon release that are pushing us toward disaster. For example, in the Netherlands, you can pay Shell an additional 1 euro cent for each liter of regular gasoline you put in your tank, to plant trees to balance the carbon release from your driving. That's clearly no more than disaster slightly delayed. The only way to stop this planet from overheating is through political, economic, technological and social solutions that end the use of fossil fuels.
There is no way that planting trees, even across a global area the size of the United States, can absorb the huge amounts of fossil carbon released from industrial societies. Trees do take up carbon from the atmosphere as they grow. But this uptake merely replaces carbon lost when forests were cleared in the first place, usually long ago. Regrowing forests where they once grew can undo some damage done in the past, but even a trillion trees can't store enough carbon to head off dramatic climate changes this century.
In a sharp counter argument to last summer's Paper in Science, Justin Gillis wrote in the same journal in October that the study's findings were inconsistent with the dynamics of the global carbon cycle. He warned that “the claim that global tree restoration(復(fù)原) is our most effective climate solution is simply scientifically incorrect and dangerously misleading”.
16．What do we know about the trillion-tree idea?
A．It was published in a journal.
B．It was proposed last summer.
C．It was put forward by Trump.
D．It drew lots of public attention.
17．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．A drawback of the tree planting strategy.
B．An example of balancing carbon release.
C．An anecdote of making a purchase at Shell.
D．A responsibility for politicians and economists.
18．What was Justin Gillis's attitude towards global tree restoration?
A．Indifferent. B．Opposed.
C．Hesitant. D．Supportive.
19．What is the best title for the text?
A．Contradictory Ideas on Tree Planting.
B．A Trillion Trees Come to the Rescue.
C．Planting Trees Won't Save the World.
D．The Best Solution to Climate Change.
Passage 2
（2020·寧夏興慶?銀川一中高二期末） Do you want to live another 100 years or more? Some experts say that scientific advances will one day enable humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural limit of the human life span.
“I think we are knocking at the door of immortality(永生),” said Michael Zey, a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future. “I think by 2075 we will see it and that’s a conservative estimate(保守的估計(jì)).”
At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術(shù)) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what was possible in the past. “There is a great effort so that people can live from 120 to 180 years,” he said. “Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years.”
However, many scientists who specialize in aging are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years. Even with healthier lifestyles and less disease, they say failure of the brain and organs will finally lead all humans to death.
Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live. “It remains to be seen if you pass 120, you know; could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life?” said Leonard Poon, director of the University of Georgia Gerontology Centre. “At present people who could get to that point are not in good health at all.”
1．By saying“we are knocking at the door of immortality”,Michael Zey means_________.
A．they have got some ideas about living forever
B．they believe that there is no limit of living
C．they are able to make people live past the present life span
D．they are sure to find the truth about long living
2．Donald Louria’s attitude towards long living is that________.
A．the human body is designed to last past about 120 years
B．it is possible for humans to live longer in the future
C．it is still doubtful how long humans can live
D．people can live from 120 to 180
3．The underlined word“it”(in Paragraph 4)refers to________.
A．a(chǎn) great effort
B．the conservative estimate
C．the idea of living from 200 to 300 years
D．the idea of living beyond the present life span
4．What would be the best title for this text?
A．No Limit for Human Life
B．Living Longer or not
C．Science,Technology and Long Living
D．Healthy Lifestyle and Long Living

Passage 3
（2019·河南高考模擬） When you were at school, the last thing you probably wanted to do was spend your weekends going to work. There was homework to do, sport to play and fun to have. But our parents probably persuaded us to find a job to earn some money and get some life experience. When I was a teenager I had a paper round: delivering newspapers to people's homes. I then progressed to a Saturday job in a supermarket: stacking shelves and working at the checkout.
Today in the UK you are allowed to work from the age of 13, and many children do take up part-time jobs. It's one of those things that are seen almost as a rite of passage(成人儀式).It's a taste of independence and sometimes a useful thing to put on your CV(簡(jiǎn)歷).Teenagers agree that it teaches valuable lessons about working with adults and also about managing their money.
Some research has shown that not taking up a Saturday or holiday job could be deleterious to a person later on. A 2015 study by the UK Commission on Employment and Skills found that not participating in part-time work at school age had been blamed by employer's organizations for young adults being ill-prepared for full-time employment, but despite this, recent statistics have shown that the number of schoolchildren in the UK with a part-time job has fallen by a fifth in the past five years.
So, does this mean that British teenagers are now afraid of hard work? Probably not. Some experts feel that young people feel going out to work will affect their performance at school, and they are under more pressure now to study hard and get good exam results-and a good job in the long term. However, Geoff Barton, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, told BBC News that "Properly regulated（控制的）part-time work is a good way of helping young people learn skills that they will need in their working lives." In reality, it's all about getting the right balance between doing part-time work and having enough time to study and rest.
1．How did the author feel about doing part-time jobs on weekends when he was a teenager?
A．Unwilling. B．Interested.
C．Delighted. D．Angry.
2．Which of the following may NOT be the benefit of school children's doing part-time jobs?
A．Learning to be independent. B．Gaining some life experience.
C．Being prepared for future jobs. D．Spending what they earn as they like.
3．What does the underlined word "deleterious" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．valuable. B．harmful.
C．necessary. D．beneficial.
4．What can we learn from Paragraph 4?
A．Students should spend all their time on studies.
B．Students should have as many part-time jobs as possible.
C．Doing part-time jobs must affect students' school results.
D．It's important for students to balance part-time jobs and studies.

Passage 4
（2020·江蘇江都?高三二模） The idea that some kids pick up information better when it's presented visually, and others physically or by listening, is a myth(錯(cuò)誤觀念) that could rob children of opportunities to learn and a waste of parents' money, according to scientists.
Researchers at the University of Michigan looked at the pervasiveness of myths about so-called learning styles. They questioned what is known as psychological essentialism(本質(zhì)主義): The idea that the category something fits into is determined by a biological "truth" with a genetic basis. For instance, girls liking pink, pit bulls being violent, or visual learners only remembering information when it is presented to them in a specific way.
They thought despite the theory existing for decades, there is no evidence to suggest tailoring a person's learning experience to their self-reported learning style helps them to remember information.
The researchers recruited a total of 668 U.S. adults for the study, asking them about their beliefs about learning styles. Respondents were asked to rate their agreement or disagreement with statements like "People are born with a tendency to have a certain learning style." In both surveys, over 90 percent of participants said they believed in learning styles. And around half of the people tested said they believed that we are born with learning styles; that they can easily be identified; inherited from our parents; and help to predict what a child will do in life.
Shaylene Nancekivell, a visiting scholar at the University of Michigan and study co-author, told Newsweek: "We should be using best practices in our classrooms and at home to teach our children. The popularity of the learning style myth and commercial products means that it is very easy to spend money and time on programs or strategies that may not be helping children learn. My biggest concern is that time is being spent teaching young children maladaptive strategies for learning. It is important that children from a very young age are taught with the best practices so they will succeed."
Asked how the study was limited, Nancekivell explained: "We need to reexamine and better understand our findings with educators. It will be important to dive deeper into educators' beliefs and reexamine our finding that educators who work with younger children are more likely to view learning styles in an essentialist light. We also need to better understand how the differing beliefs we have discovered translate into practice."
Dr. Paul A．Kirschner also commented: "The study identifies origins of the belief, and thus is possibly theoretically or philosophically significant, it stops there. The real problem is that THEY rob children of opportunities to learn by branding or classifying them as belonging to a specific group that cannot do certain things. It's also a good excuse for parents to blame teachers and schools for their children's poor study habits and for schools and teachers to blame makers of learning materials."
1．What effects will learning style myth probably cause?
①Robbing children of learning opportunities.
②Wasting children’s time and money.
③Acquiring maladaptive learning strategies.
④Being taught with the best practices.
⑤Believing they are born with a certain learning style.
A．①②⑤ B．①③⑤ C．②③④ D．①④⑤
2．What does the word “THEY” in last paragraph refer to?
A．Different beliefs. B．Both surveys.
C．Learning styles. D．Origins of the belief.
3．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．Children aren’t born with learning styles.
B．Self-reported learning style helps children succeed.
C．What is psychological essentialism and its effect?
D．Experts have different attitudes toward learning styles.

題組一
Passage1(2020·天津卷7月，D)
【答案】51. D52. D53. B54. C55. C
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章論述了獲得成就的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素——好奇心和不滿足。
51. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.可知，作者經(jīng)過(guò)多年對(duì)人性的觀察，認(rèn)為成就非凡的人和平庸的人的區(qū)別在于好奇心和不滿足，而且兩者是相輔相成的。由此推知，作者寫第一段的目的是提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。故選D。
52. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一樣，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿地問(wèn)：“為什么？為什么？為什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告訴我們，偉大來(lái)自于持久的探索欲望。故選D。
53. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.可知，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿地問(wèn)：“為什么？為什么？為什么？”孟子認(rèn)為“不失去孩子的心，就是偉大的人。”然而，我們大多數(shù)人確實(shí)失去了它。我們不再問(wèn)問(wèn)題。我們不再挑戰(zhàn)習(xí)俗。我們只是隨大流。由此可知，你可以通過(guò)培養(yǎng)了一個(gè)善于提問(wèn)的頭腦，來(lái)重新獲得好奇心和不滿。故選B。
54. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.以及列舉了Thomas Costain在57歲時(shí)出版了他的第一部小說(shuō)，Grandma Moses在78歲時(shí)展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，這兩段想告訴我們“缺乏天賦和時(shí)間不是不采取行動(dòng)的理由”。故選C。
55. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.及下文論述可知，本文主要論述了獲得成就的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素——好奇心和不滿足。由此可知，C項(xiàng)The Keys to Achievement(成就的關(guān)鍵)適合做本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選C。
Passage2(2020·天津卷3月，D)
【答案】51．B52．A53．D54．D55．B
【解析】本文是議論文。開(kāi)頭提出問(wèn)題為什么歷史重要。然后分四方面論述學(xué)歷史的好處，最后總結(jié)扣題說(shuō)明學(xué)歷史的意義——?dú)v史的價(jià)值不可低估，通過(guò)從中學(xué)習(xí)，并利用學(xué)到的教訓(xùn)過(guò)更有意義的生活。
51．猜測(cè)詞義題。根據(jù)上句learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse(一瞥 )into our ancestral pasts.,可知學(xué)習(xí)我們祖國(guó)的歷史能更深、更有意義地了解我們祖先的過(guò)去。此處指學(xué)歷史著眼于大局，是從國(guó)家層面講的，與之一致，可推知畫線的where we are today指的是我們國(guó)家的現(xiàn)狀。故選B。
52．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.可知專家認(rèn)為，無(wú)論過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在，人們面臨的問(wèn)題都是一樣的。有了祖先的信息，我們?cè)谔幚砩钪械奶魬?zhàn)時(shí)會(huì)更有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。故選A。
53．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures和History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.可知?dú)v史為跨文化的同理心提供了一個(gè)相當(dāng)堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，歷史有可能打破對(duì)未知事物的恐懼和憎恨，為我們提供洞悉整個(gè)世界的機(jī)會(huì)。由此推之歷史幫助我們提高跨文化意識(shí)。故選D。
54．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段標(biāo)題是 History can inspire us to learn more:(歷史可以激勵(lì)我們學(xué)習(xí)更多),下面列舉了閱讀Oliver Twist的例子,通過(guò)Oliver Twist我們能去了解作者 Charles Dickens,還可能會(huì)學(xué)到一些關(guān)于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的東西，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)英國(guó)浪漫主義詩(shī)人的歷史。作者通過(guò)這個(gè)例子是為了說(shuō)明學(xué)習(xí)歷史可以引起人們對(duì)其他領(lǐng)域的興趣。故選D。
55．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段If you're studying history, asking yourself the question" why is history important" is a very good first step.提到學(xué)歷史前先問(wèn)自己為什么歷史重要。下文分四方面論述學(xué)歷史的好處，最后一段總結(jié)扣題說(shuō)明學(xué)歷史的意義——?dú)v史的價(jià)值不可低估，通過(guò)從中學(xué)習(xí)，并利用學(xué)到的教訓(xùn)過(guò)更有意義的生活。故Why Studying History Matters?能概括全文內(nèi)容。故選B。
題組二

Passage1
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文屬于議論文，講述要成功，就需要不斷的學(xué)習(xí)，這樣的生活才會(huì)有意義。
51.B
【解析】推理判斷題。第一段講述塞萬(wàn)提斯一生不幸，負(fù)債累累，因?yàn)閼?zhàn)爭(zhēng)受傷左手殘疾，同時(shí)還身陷囹圄，在53歲的時(shí)候決定寫書，最終寫出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根據(jù)后文可知，所有的困境都沒(méi)有阻擋他的成功，年齡也是如此，故選B。
52.D
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者談?wù)摰牟皇悄切](méi)有到達(dá)巔峰的人，而是談?wù)撃切┎辉賹W(xué)習(xí)成長(zhǎng)的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止學(xué)習(xí)，故選D。
53.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我們失去了好奇感，但是如果我們?cè)敢鈱W(xué)習(xí)，機(jī)會(huì)無(wú)處不在，故可知，機(jī)會(huì)總是留給那些好奇心的人，故選C。
54. D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段we learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我們學(xué)會(huì)承受那些無(wú)法改變的事情，學(xué)會(huì)避免自憐，也學(xué)會(huì)了無(wú)論我們?cè)趺慈ト倓e人，有些人是無(wú)法喜歡我們的，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)起初讓我們苦惱，但是之后會(huì)讓我們釋懷，故可知，本段作者告訴我們要學(xué)會(huì)使用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞絹?lái)對(duì)待生活，故選D。
55.A
【解析】主旨大意題。本文講述要成功，就需要不斷的學(xué)習(xí)，這樣的生活才會(huì)有意義，故本文作者的目的是為了指導(dǎo)我們過(guò)一個(gè)有意義的成年人生活，故選A。
Passage2
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文屬于議論文，講述對(duì)信息技術(shù)的過(guò)分迷戀對(duì)國(guó)家，對(duì)個(gè)人，對(duì)慈善事業(yè)都會(huì)有不利的影響。
61.D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. 可知，對(duì)信息技術(shù)的錯(cuò)誤判斷會(huì)導(dǎo)致有限資源的錯(cuò)誤使用，也就是資源的浪費(fèi)，故選D。
62.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.可知，與其給那些貧困地區(qū)孩子筆記本電腦或者建網(wǎng)絡(luò)中心，還不如給錢打井，鋪電網(wǎng)或者生產(chǎn)他們買得起的洗衣機(jī)，這些東西更能改善他們的生活。作者不是說(shuō)這些東西一定更重要，但是很多捐贈(zèng)者沒(méi)有仔細(xì)考慮捐贈(zèng)的東西的長(zhǎng)期成本，因此作者建議捐贈(zèng)者要考慮接受捐贈(zèng)的人的實(shí)際情況，而不是一味地追求信息化，故選A。
63.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". 以及Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.可知，對(duì)新東西的迷戀讓人們認(rèn)為如今通訊技術(shù)和交通的變革讓我們生活在一個(gè)無(wú)國(guó)界的世界。正是認(rèn)為我們生活在這樣一個(gè)世界，很多政府取消了關(guān)于跨國(guó)界的資本、勞動(dòng)力以及商品流動(dòng)的法律法規(guī)，故選B。
64.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造業(yè)) with negative consequences for their economies.可知，對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)呈現(xiàn)的通訊技術(shù)變革的迷戀讓很多富裕國(guó)家做出一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論，制造產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了，他們應(yīng)該靠創(chuàng)意生活，因而忽略了制造業(yè)，從而對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成不利影響，故可知傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)依然傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)依然有它的地位，不能新興的信息技術(shù)取代，故選B。
Passage3
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講了中國(guó)文化對(duì)世界時(shí)尚屆的影響，中國(guó)年輕的設(shè)計(jì)師和模特如何最終在許多方面被認(rèn)可。中國(guó)成了世界時(shí)尚的風(fēng)向標(biāo)。
24.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。答案定位在第三段The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.（此次展覽吸引的參觀者人數(shù)創(chuàng)下了記錄，顯示出人們對(duì)中國(guó)影響的濃厚興趣。）由此可知，紐約的展覽吸引了許多參觀者，故選B。
25.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。答案定位在第四段Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion-they are central to its movement . （中國(guó)模特是向全世界女性推銷夢(mèng)想的美和時(shí)尚活動(dòng)的代言人，這意味著中國(guó)女性不僅僅是時(shí)尚的消費(fèi)者——她們是這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的核心。）由此可知，Hill說(shuō)中國(guó)女性開(kāi)創(chuàng)了新時(shí)尚，故選A。
26.D
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。下文and beating them hands down in design and sales說(shuō)并在設(shè)計(jì)和銷售上擊敗他們。由此推斷出上文Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Mare Jacobs的意思是Vera Wang、Alexander Wang和Jason Wu正在與Galliano、Albaz和 Mare Jacobs競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。taking on意思是“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”，故選D。
27.D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段china and its culture have long been an inspiration for western creations.以及最后一段If you talk about fashion today , you are talking about China - its influences , its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."（如果你今天談?wù)摃r(shí)尚，你談?wù)摰氖侵袊?guó)——它的影響，它的方向，它令人驚嘆的服裝，以及年輕的設(shè)計(jì)師和模特如何最終在許多方面被認(rèn)可。），結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容，可知這篇文章最恰當(dāng)?shù)念}目是“中國(guó)文化助力國(guó)際時(shí)尚潮流”，故選D。
題組三
Passage1
【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。在當(dāng)今社會(huì)，人們?cè)诠矆?chǎng)合或沉迷于智能手機(jī)，或與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)?，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。但人與人之間是需要適當(dāng)?shù)慕徽勯e聊的，閑聊是人際關(guān)系社會(huì)交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好處。
32.C 【解析】主旨大意題。題干問(wèn)的是：第一段描述了什么現(xiàn)象。在公共場(chǎng)合（比如在電梯里，在銀行排隊(duì)，或在飛機(jī)上）人們深深地專注于他們的智能手機(jī)，或者更糟糕的是，與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)?。有此可知，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。A項(xiàng)意為：沉迷于智能手機(jī)。B項(xiàng)意為：在公共場(chǎng)所不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨?。C項(xiàng)意為：陌生人之間缺乏溝通。D項(xiàng)意為：對(duì)緩慢的服務(wù)不耐煩。故選C項(xiàng)。
33.B 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)得是對(duì)于Carducci來(lái)說(shuō)，成功的閑聊中重要的是什么。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功閑聊的關(guān)鍵是學(xué)習(xí)如何與他們交流，而不僅僅是與他們溝通。）由此推斷C符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：表現(xiàn)出良好的禮貌。B項(xiàng)意為：與他人有關(guān)的。C項(xiàng)意為：專注于一個(gè)話題。D項(xiàng)意為：做商業(yè)交易。故選B項(xiàng)。
34.D 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)的是：咖啡店的研究對(duì)閑聊有什么建議。根據(jù)第四段的調(diào)查結(jié)果可知，那些與服務(wù)員聊天的人，有顯著的積極情緒和更好的咖啡店體驗(yàn)。由此可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：閑聊改善了家庭關(guān)系。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊提高了人們的信心。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊和正式談話一樣重要。D項(xiàng)意為：閑聊讓人感覺(jué)很好。故選D項(xiàng)。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意題。整篇文章剛開(kāi)始介紹了社會(huì)的現(xiàn)象（公共場(chǎng)合人們沉迷于智能手機(jī)，陌生人之間缺乏溝通交流），接著分析了這一問(wèn)題的原因，接下來(lái)有專家對(duì)閑聊進(jìn)行了研究，最后得出結(jié)論，閑聊都有什么樣的好處。A項(xiàng)意為：談話很重要。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的方法。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的好處。D項(xiàng)意為：不舒服的沉默。故選C項(xiàng)。
Passage 2
【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。文章講述作者引導(dǎo)孩子主動(dòng)捐獻(xiàn)玩具，并從玩耍簡(jiǎn)單玩具中獲得快樂(lè)的做法。
32.A 【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句…I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less可以推斷出，人們通常認(rèn)為越多越好。故選A。
33.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)可知，當(dāng)我們承諾給她把賣玩具的錢放到她的教育基金里時(shí)，她同意賣玩具。故選C。
34.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是為了測(cè)試自己的一種想法是否可行。故選A。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段可知，作者想要教會(huì)孩子how to live more with less，而二三段是作者的嘗試，故C作標(biāo)題適合。
Passage 3
【文章大意】本文為議論文。文章主要討論有關(guān)無(wú)人駕駛汽車的發(fā)展前景和面臨的問(wèn)題。
47.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 可知，政策制定者應(yīng)該討論無(wú)人駕駛車怎么幫助削減交通阻塞，減少尾氣排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行選擇，由此可見(jiàn)人們應(yīng)該多關(guān)注無(wú)人駕駛車怎么幫助處理與交通有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。故選A。
48.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 可知，不管花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)都有可能改變我們的交通系統(tǒng)和我們的城市，不管是好是壞，這取決于如何這種轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)绾伪灰?guī)范，再根據(jù)文章最后一句話The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 可知，我們需要為其做好計(jì)劃，故作者的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)是對(duì)這種轉(zhuǎn)變的管理規(guī)范，故選D。
49.A 【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責(zé)任與維護(hù)問(wèn)題). 可知，鑒于自主駕駛的費(fèi)用以及責(zé)任和維護(hù)問(wèn)題，無(wú)人駕駛車幾乎可以肯定將會(huì)被打車服務(wù)使用。故劃線詞是“被應(yīng)用”的意思。A. Employed被應(yīng)用；B. Replaced被取代；C. Shared被分享；D. Reduced被減少。故選A。
50.B 【解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章最后一段The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 中的 advancement，move more people, and more affordably. 以及plan for it可推知，作者是積極的態(tài)度。故選B。
Passage 4
【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。我們有多久沒(méi)有仔細(xì)觀察我們周圍的世界了。作者通過(guò)此文要告訴我們：放慢腳步，帶著我們所有的感官來(lái)感受周圍世界的奇妙。
51.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder.可知，與成人相比較，孩子觀察得更多，孩子的一天充滿了魔力、新奇和驚奇。從而可以推斷出孩子更急于探索他們周圍的世界。故選D。
52.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段作者敘述在一個(gè)寒冷的夜晚，作者和學(xué)生徒步旅行穿過(guò)一條小溪的時(shí)候，學(xué)生們抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，結(jié)果事實(shí)上那是一個(gè)溫泉。作者舉這樣一個(gè)事例是為了向讀者傳遞這樣的觀念：避免過(guò)早下結(jié)論。故選A。
53.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段全段及首句Another block to awareness is the obsession(癡迷) many of us have with naming things.可知，鳥觀察者發(fā)現(xiàn)鳥后只關(guān)心鳥的名字，并不關(guān)心它在做什么。故選C。
54.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只關(guān)心能夠及時(shí)到達(dá)目的地，而很少關(guān)心周圍的事物。故選B。
55.A 【解析】推理判斷題。文章作者想要通過(guò)此文要告訴我們：大自然只展現(xiàn)給那些善于觀察和等待的人，帶著我們所有的感官來(lái)感受周圍世界的奇妙吧。故選A。
題組四
Passage 1
【答案】16．D17．A18．B19．C
【解析】本文為一篇議論文。文章論述了作者不贊成美國(guó)總統(tǒng)Trump響應(yīng) “種一萬(wàn)億棵樹(shù)”來(lái)對(duì)抗氣候變化的倡議，作者認(rèn)為真正能解決問(wèn)題的方法是迅速地大量減少碳排放。
16．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段The trillion-tree idea won wide attention last summer after a study published in the journal Science concluded that planting so many trees was “the most effective climate change solution to date”.去年夏天，發(fā)表在《科學(xué)》雜志上的一項(xiàng)研究得出結(jié)論，大量種樹(shù)是“迄今為止最有效的氣候變化解決方案”，這 “一萬(wàn)億棵樹(shù)”的想法贏得了廣泛關(guān)注?？芍?，一萬(wàn)億樹(shù)的想法引起了公眾的廣泛關(guān)注。故選D項(xiàng)。
17．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段Focusing on trees as the big solution to climate change is a dangerous diversion(偏離). Worse still, it takes attention away from those responsible for the carbon release that are pushing us toward disaster. 把樹(shù)木作為解決氣候變化的主要辦法是一種危險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移。更糟糕的是，它把注意力從那些對(duì)碳排放負(fù)責(zé)的人身上移開(kāi)，正是這些人把我們推向?yàn)?zāi)難。因此，第3段主要論述了以植樹(shù)來(lái)保護(hù)環(huán)境的缺點(diǎn)。故選A項(xiàng)。
18．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段In a sharp counter argument to last summer's Paper in Science, Justin Gillis wrote in the same journal in October that the study's findings were inconsistent with the dynamics of the global carbon cycle. He warned that “the claim that global tree restoration(復(fù)原) is our most effective climate solution is simply scientifically incorrect and dangerously misleading”. Justin Gillis在《科學(xué)》雜志上發(fā)表了與去年夏天《科學(xué)》雜志公布的研究結(jié)果截然相反的觀點(diǎn)，他認(rèn)為去年夏天公布的那個(gè)研究結(jié)果是不符合地球碳循環(huán)動(dòng)力學(xué)的。同時(shí)，他發(fā)出警告：通過(guò)植樹(shù)來(lái)解決氣候問(wèn)題是不科學(xué)的，是錯(cuò)誤的，是危險(xiǎn)的，是具有誤導(dǎo)性的。推測(cè)，Justin Gillis對(duì)植樹(shù)提議是持反對(duì)態(tài)度的。故選B項(xiàng)。
19．主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文，文章論述了作者不贊成美國(guó)總統(tǒng)Trump響應(yīng) “種一萬(wàn)億棵樹(shù)”來(lái)對(duì)抗氣候變化的倡議，作者認(rèn)為真正能解決問(wèn)題的方法是迅速地大量減少碳排放，種樹(shù)的想法是不科學(xué)的，且具有誤導(dǎo)性。C項(xiàng)“植樹(shù)不會(huì)拯救世界?！狈衔恼轮髦?，適合作為標(biāo)題。故選C項(xiàng)。
Passage 2
【答案】1．A2．B3．D4．B
【解析】這是一篇議論文。人類是否能夠獲得更長(zhǎng)更健康？科學(xué)家對(duì)此有不同的看法。
1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段““I think we are knocking at the door of immortality(永生),” said Michael Zey, a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future. “I think by 2075 we will see it and that’s a conservative estimate(保守的估計(jì)).” 我認(rèn)為我們正在敲永生的門,” 蒙特克萊爾州立大學(xué)的商業(yè)教授邁克爾說(shuō)， “我認(rèn)為,到2075年我們將會(huì)看到這種現(xiàn)象，這是一個(gè)保守的估計(jì)?！边@里教授表明到2075年就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)永生，由此判斷出這里的含義是科學(xué)家們對(duì)如何獲得永生有了一些想法。故選A項(xiàng)。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術(shù)) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what was possible in the past.”唐納德教授說(shuō)使用基因以及納米技術(shù)的進(jìn)步表明人類將生活在超越過(guò)去可能的未來(lái)是很可能的。所以這里教授覺(jué)得人類在未來(lái)會(huì)活的更久是有可能的，故選B項(xiàng)。
3．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段末尾“Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years.”有些科學(xué)家表明，人類可以活到200年，300年或者500年都是沒(méi)有限制的，但是許多專攻衰老方面的科學(xué)家對(duì)此抱有疑問(wèn)。所以這里it指代前一段提到的人類可以活到200年或300年，故選D項(xiàng)。
4．主旨大意題。文章第二段““I think we are knocking at the door of immortality(永生),” 教授邁克爾表明到2075年就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)永生，第四段“However, many scientists who specialize in aging are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.” 然而，許多專門研究衰老問(wèn)題的科學(xué)家對(duì)此表示懷疑，他們說(shuō)，人的身體設(shè)計(jì)不適合活過(guò)大約120年，提出人類永生的質(zhì)疑，所以整篇文章是圍繞著人類是否永生展開(kāi)。故短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“人類是否能夠獲得更長(zhǎng)更健康”。故選B項(xiàng)。
Passage 3
【答案】1．A2．D3．B4．D
【解析】本文為議論文。研究和調(diào)查表明，適當(dāng)?shù)募媛殨?huì)讓學(xué)生們學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立、獲取閱歷、為將來(lái)工作做好準(zhǔn)備，同時(shí)還要在做兼職和有足夠的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)和休息之間取得平衡。
1．推理判斷題。依據(jù)第一段When you were at school, the last thing you probably wanted to do was spend your weekends going to work.可知作者認(rèn)為當(dāng)你在學(xué)校的時(shí)候，你可能最不想做的事情就是周末去上班。故作者的態(tài)度是不情愿的，選A。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第二段It’s a taste of independence and sometimes a useful thing to put on your CV.…it teaches valuable lessons about working with adults and also about managing their money.第三段 not participating in part-time work...ill-prepared for full-time employment.可知兼職會(huì)讓學(xué)生們學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立、獲取閱歷、為將來(lái)工作做好準(zhǔn)備。故選D。
3．詞義猜測(cè)題。依據(jù)劃線詞后調(diào)研內(nèi)容A 2015 study... found that ...可知，該研究表明，雇主們一直將年輕人對(duì)全職工作準(zhǔn)備不足歸咎于他們?cè)谏蠈W(xué)時(shí)沒(méi)有參加兼職工作。故學(xué)生不參加兼職工作可能對(duì)以后的生活有害，選B符合題意。
4．推理判斷題。依據(jù)最后一段In reality, it’s all about getting the right balance between doing part-time work and having enough time to study and rest.可知，在做兼職和有足夠的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)和休息之間取得平衡是非常重要的。故選D。
Passage 4
【答案】1．B2．C3．A
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要駁斥了孩子天生具有學(xué)習(xí)方式這種觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該使用更好的方法去教孩子。
1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段提到了rob children of opportunities to learn(讓孩子喪失學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì))，第五段提到了being spent teaching young children maladaptive strategies for learning(把時(shí)間花在教導(dǎo)孩子學(xué)習(xí)的不良適應(yīng)策略上)，第二段提到了The idea that the category something fits into is determined by a biological "truth" with a genetic basis(某物所屬的類別是由具有遺傳基礎(chǔ)的生物學(xué)“真相”所決定的。)由此可見(jiàn)①③⑤都是“l(fā)earning style myth”帶來(lái)的影響。故選B。
2．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“The real problem is that THEY rob children of opportunities to learn by branding or classifying them as belonging to a specific group that cannot do certain things.(真正的問(wèn)題是，他們剝奪了孩子們學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，通過(guò)給他們打上烙印或?qū)⑺麄儦w類為某個(gè)特定的群體，使他們不能做某些事情。)”結(jié)合文意及上文可知，應(yīng)該是學(xué)習(xí)方式剝奪了孩子學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。所以they指代“l(fā)earning styles(學(xué)習(xí)方式)”。故選C。
3．主旨大意題。第一段The idea that some kids pick up information better when it's presented visually, and others physically or by listening, is a myth(錯(cuò)誤觀念) that could rob children of opportunities to learn and a waste of parents' money, according to scientists.（科學(xué)家稱，有些孩子通過(guò)視覺(jué)展示，而有些孩子通過(guò)聽(tīng)覺(jué)或身體接觸能更好地獲取信息，這種觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的，可能會(huì)剝奪孩子學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，浪費(fèi)父母的錢）是全文的主題句，結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要駁斥了孩子天生具有學(xué)習(xí)方式這種觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該使用更好的方法去教孩子。故選A。

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